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JP4328482B2 - Method for producing non-reducing disaccharide containing α-galactosyl group - Google Patents
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JP4328482B2 - Method for producing non-reducing disaccharide containing α-galactosyl group - Google Patents

Method for producing non-reducing disaccharide containing α-galactosyl group Download PDF

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JP4328482B2
JP4328482B2 JP2001359777A JP2001359777A JP4328482B2 JP 4328482 B2 JP4328482 B2 JP 4328482B2 JP 2001359777 A JP2001359777 A JP 2001359777A JP 2001359777 A JP2001359777 A JP 2001359777A JP 4328482 B2 JP4328482 B2 JP 4328482B2
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Prior art keywords
galactose
galactosidase
reaction
galactosyl group
enzyme
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JP2003160594A (en
Inventor
博之 橋本
孝輝 藤田
耕三 原
正通 岡田
茂治 森
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Amano Enzyme Inc
Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co Ltd
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Amano Enzyme Inc
Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07HSUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H3/00Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
    • C07H3/04Disaccharides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07HSUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H17/00Compounds containing heterocyclic radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H17/04Heterocyclic radicals containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、α−ガラクトシル基を含む非還元性二糖の製造方法に関し、詳細には、非還元性二糖のGalα1−1βGalの製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、非還元性二糖の一種であるトレハロース(Glcα1−1αGlc)は非還元性で耐熱・耐酸性に優れ、アミノ化合物と還元糖との反応に起因するメイラード反応によりアミノ酸やタンパク質が損なわれることがないなど、食品の加工や保存において他の素材への悪影響が少ないことが知られている。また、デンプンの老化、タンパク質の変性、脂質の酸化を抑制する作用も強い等、食品素材として優れた性質を有している。
一方、α−ガラクトシル基を非還元末端に有する糖質は、天然には三糖のラフィノースやメリビオースが知られ、強いビフィズス菌選択増殖活性や抗う蝕性の他に、免疫細胞活性化作用、制がん効果、アトピー性皮膚炎の改善効果などの様々な生理機能が報告されている。
従って、α−ガラクトシル基を含む非還元性二糖を合成できれば、叙述のトレハロースの有する諸性質あるいはラフィノースやメリビオースなどの有する諸機能を備え、ひいては優れた食品素材や医薬品素材の提供が期待できる。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、有用な食品素材や医薬品素材として期待されるα−ガラクトシル基を含む非還元性二糖の簡便な製造方法を提供することを課題とする。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するため鋭意検討し、本発明に想到した。
すなわち、本発明は、ガラクトース又はガラクトースを含む物質にアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)APC−9319株(寄託番号:FERM BP−7680)に由来するα−ガラクトシダーゼを作用させ、脱水縮合反応によりα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を生成させ、該オリゴ糖中の還元糖の分解後、分離操作することを特徴とする下記式(1)で表されるα−ガラクトシル基を含む非還元性二糖の製造方法に関する。
【0005】
【化2】

Figure 0004328482
【0006】
【発明の実施の形態】
式(1)で表される非還元性二糖の製造は、まずガラクトース又はガラクトースを含む物質にα−ガラクトシダーゼを作用させ、脱水縮合反応によりα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を製造する。
【0007】
α−ガラクトシダーゼを生産する微生物としては、例えばアスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属、ペニシリウム(Penicillium)属、トリコデルマ(Trichoderma)属などのカビ類、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属などの酵母類、あるいはバチルス(Bacillus)属に属する細菌類等が挙げられるが、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属に属する微生物由来のα−ガラクトシダーゼが好ましい。
【0008】
上記微生物の内、アスペルギルス属カビ類としては、アスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)、アスペルギルス・オリゼ(Aspergillus oryzae)、アスペルギルス・プルベルレンタス(Aspergillus pulverulentus)、ペニシリウム属カビ類としては、ペニシリウム・シトリナム(Penicillium citrinum)、ペニシリウム・マルチカラー(Penicillium multicolor)、トリコデルマ属カビ類としては、トリコデルマ・ビリデ(Trichoderma viride)が好ましく、これらの中でもアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)がより好ましい。
【0009】
アスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)の中でも、本出願人らにより寄託されたアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)APC−9319株(寄託番号:FERM BP−7680)が特に好ましい。この菌株が生産するα−ガラクトシダーゼは、脱水縮合反応の活性が極めて高く、従来α−ガラクトシダーゼの中でも脱水縮合反応の触媒活性が最も高いことで知られるカンジダ・ギリエルモンディー(Candida guilliermondii)H−404株(寄託番号:FERM P−11062)の生産するα−ガラクトシダーゼよりα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖が高収量で製造でき(PCT/JP01/06848参照)、これに対応して式(1)の非還元性二糖を高収量で製造できる。
【0010】
また、サッカロマイセス属酵母としては、サッカロマイセス・セレビジエ(Saccharomyces cervisiae)、バチルス属細菌としては、バチルス・メガテリウム(Bacillus megaterium)が好ましい。
【0011】
上記の各微生物からα−ガラクトシダーゼを生産する方法は、通常、固体培養又は液体培養が用いられる。固体培養の培地としては、小麦ふすま単独あるいは小麦ふすまに種々の添加物、例えば、きな粉、大豆粉、アンモニウム塩、硝酸塩、尿素、グルタミン酸、アスパラギン酸、ポリペプトン、コーンスティープリカー、肉エキス、酵母エキス、タンパク質加水分解物などの有機及び無機の窒素化合物などを適宜添加して用いることができる。さらに、適当な無機塩類を加えることもできる。また、液体培養の培地としては、当該微生物が良好に成育し、酵素を順調に生産するために必要な炭素源、窒素源、無機塩、必要な栄養源等を含有する合成培地又は天然培地が挙げられる。例えば、炭素源としては、澱粉又はその組成画分、焙焼デキストリン、加工澱粉、澱粉誘導体、物理処理澱粉及びα−澱粉あるいはガラクトースを含む物質等の炭水化物が使用できる。具体例としては、可溶性澱粉、トウモロコシ澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、甘藷澱粉、デキストリン、アミロペクチン、アミロース、ガラクトース、ラクトース、ラフィノース等が挙げられ、これらを単独で、もしくは2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。窒素源としては、ポリペプトン、カゼイン、肉エキス、酵母エキス、コーンスティープリカーあるいは大豆又は大豆粕などの抽出物等の有機窒素源物質、硫酸アンモニウム、リン酸アンモニウム等の無機塩窒素化合物、グルタミン酸等のアミノ酸類が挙げられ、これらを単独で、もしくは2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。無機塩類としては、リン酸1カリウム、リン酸2カリウム等のリン酸塩、硫酸マグネシウム等のマグネシウム塩、塩化カルシウム等のカルシウム塩、炭酸ナトリウム等のナトリウム塩等を単独で、あるいは2種以上を組み合わせて用いられる。
【0012】
固体培養の場合には、静置培養で行い、培地のpHを3〜7、好ましくは4〜7に調整したものに本菌を接種し、10〜40℃、好ましくは20〜37℃で1〜10日間培養を行う。培養後、その培養抽出物からα−ガラクトシダーゼをエタノール沈降などの手段により、粗酵素沈殿物として得ることができる。また、液体培養の場合、培養は振盪培養もしくは通気撹拌培養等の好気的条件下に行い、培地をpH4〜10の範囲、好ましくはpH5〜8の範囲に調整し、温度10〜40℃の範囲、好ましくは、25〜37℃で、24〜96時間培養する。培養後、遠心分離、その他の適当な固−液分離手段で菌体を除去し、培養上清液を得ることができる。また、菌体を物理的あるいは酵素的に処理し、菌体内抽出液を得ることができる。
【0013】
次いで、これらの粗酵素液から硫安塩析処理法、ゲル濾過処理、疎水クロマトグラフィー処理などを適宜組み合わせることにより、高純度のα−ガラクトシダーゼが得られる。
【0014】
α−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖の製造に用いる酵素としては、上記のようにして得た酵素標品の他に、固体培養の場合は、その抽出液を、液体培養の場合は、培養上清液又は菌体内抽出液を、そのまま酵素剤として用いることができる。また、必要に応じて、既知の方法で精製した酵素も使用できる。また、菌体をそのまま酵素剤として利用することも可能である。あるいは市販酵素剤、例えばセルラーゼ剤やプロテアーゼ剤等に混在したα−ガラクトシダーゼも使用でき、その場合、酵素剤をそのまま使用するか、あるいは酵素剤の中からα−ガラクトシダーゼを種々の既知方法で精製して使用することもできる。
また、これら酵素あるいは酵素を生産する菌体は、固定化して連続式で、あるいはバッチ式で繰り返し反応に利用することも可能である。
【0015】
式(1)の非還元性二糖を製造するためにα−ガラクトシダーゼの反応に供する原料は、ガラクトース又はガラクトースを含む物質である。具体的には、ガラクトース、ガラクトースと他の乳糖などのガラクトースを含む化合物の加水分解物などを挙げることができ、これらを単独で、もしくは組み合わせて使用できる。ガラクトースとしては市販のガラクトースはもちろん、メリビオース、マンニノトリオース、ラフィノース、スタキオース、プランテオース、ベルバスコース、ガラクタン、ガラクトマンナン、アラビノガラクタン、ラムノガラクタン、ガラクトリピド、フェルラ酸化ガラクトース、ガラクトピニトール、ガラクトシルグリセロール、ガラクチノール、乳糖、ラクチトール、ラクチュロース、ガラクトオリゴ糖などのα−ガラクトシル基あるいはβ−ガラクトシル基を含む天然あるいは合成オリゴ糖、配糖体あるいは多糖を酵素(β−ガラクタナーゼ、β−ガラクトシダーゼ、α−ガラクトシダーゼなど)あるいは酸を使用して加水分解したものから調製したガラクトースを使用できる。
【0016】
ガラクトースを含む化合物の加水分解物としては、メリビオース、マンニノトリオース、ラフィノース、スタキオース、プランテオース、ベルバスコース、ガラクタン、ガラクトマンナン、アラビノガラクタン、ラムノガラクタン、ガラクトリピド、フェルラ酸化ガラクトース、ガラクトピニトール、ガラクトシルグリセロール、ガラクチノール、乳糖、ラクチトール、ラクチュロース、ガラクトオリゴ糖などのα−ガラクトシル基あるいはβ−ガラクトシル基を含む天然あるいは合成オリゴ糖、配糖体あるいは多糖を酵素(β−ガラクタナーゼ、β−ガラクトシダーゼ、α−ガラクトシダーゼなど)あるいは酸を使用して加水分解したものをそのまま使用できる。
【0017】
α−ガラクトシダーゼは本来加水分解酵素であるが、基質たる原料のガラクトース濃度を高めれば、加水分解反応の逆反応の脱水縮合反応も触媒するようになる。従って、高濃度のガラクトースにα−ガラクトシダーゼを作用させた場合、α−(Gal)n(nは通常2〜10の整数、Galはガラクトース)の構造式を有する2糖、3糖、4糖等の多数のオリゴ糖が混在した組成物のα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を生成する。
【0018】
本発明の式(1)の非還元性二糖のGalα1−1βGalは、上記で得られたオリゴ糖中の還元糖の分解及び分離操作を行うことにより製造できる。オリゴ糖中の還元糖の分解は、アルカリ分解により行うことができ、例えば水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムなどのアルカリをオリゴ糖に添加して行うことができ、この分解操作により、Galα1−1βGal以外のオリゴ糖が分解される。アルカリの添加量は、終濃度0.1〜6.0Nが好ましい。また、分離操作は、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー、逆相クロマトグラフィー、活性炭カラムクロマトグラフィー、ゲル濾過カラムクロマトグラフィーなど既知の分離手段を用いて行うことができるが、活性炭クロマトグラフィーが好ましい。
【0019】
ガラクトース以外に反応系にグルコースが存在すれば、ガラクトースとグルコースが結合したα−(Gal)n−Glc(nは通常1〜9の整数、Glcはグルコース)の構造式を有するα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖が生成し、またGalα1−1βGalも混在する。
【0020】
なお、上記(1)の非還元性二糖の製造において、酵素反応が進むにつれ、脱水縮合反応によって合成されたα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖が再度α−ガラクトシダーゼによって分解され、糖転移反応も並行して起こるため、糖転移反応もα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖の合成に寄与している。また、生成した化合物のガラクトースの結合位置、結合数、あるいはこれらの化合物の比率は原料のガラクトースとグルコースの組成、用いた酵素の由来や反応条件により影響を受ける。α−ガラクトシダーゼの反応条件は、用いる酵素により異なるが、反応pHは3.0〜10.0、好ましくは4.0〜9.0の範囲である。反応温度は、溶解度や反応速度の点から高い方が望ましく、通常20〜90℃、好ましくは40〜80℃の範囲である。反応時間は、酵素の使用量によって異なるが、通常1〜150時間である。しかしながら、以上の条件、あるいは反応形態のみに限定されるものではない。さらに、α−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を製造するには、原料のガラクトースの濃度は高い程良く、ガラクトースやグルコースは反応系に析出しても、また、ガラクトースやグルコースが過飽和状態でも良く、通常5〜110%(w/v)の濃度で用い、好ましくは50〜110%(w/v)の濃度である。
【0021】
【実施例】
次いで、本発明を実施例を挙げて説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0022】
参考例1(パラニトロフェニルα−ガラクトシドを基質とするα−ガラクトシダーゼの活性測定法)
10mMパラニトロフェニルα−ガラクトシド0.2mlと40mMの緩衝液(pHは酵素の至適pHに準じる)0.2mlにα−ガラクトシダーゼ溶液0.05mlを添加して、40℃にて10分間反応させた。反応後、0.2M炭酸ナトリウム0.5mlを加えて反応を停止し、遊離したパラニトロフェノール量を分光光度計にて400nmの吸光度を計ることにより測定した。酵素活性1単位(U)は、この条件で1分間に1マイクロモルのパラニトロフェノールを遊離する酵素量とした。
【0023】
参考例2(メリビオースを基質とするα−ガラクトシダーゼの活性測定法)
10mMメリビオース0.2mlと40mMの緩衝液(pHは酵素の至適pHに準じる)0.2mlにα−ガラクトシダーゼ溶液0.05mlを添加して、40℃にて10分間反応させた。次いで、100℃で10分間加熱して反応を停止させ、生じたグルコース量をロシュ・ダイアグノスティックス(株)製のF−キット(グルコース/フルクトース)あるいは高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)により定量した。
酵素活性1単位(U)は、この条件下で1分間に1マイクロモルのグルコースを生成する酵素量とした。
【0024】
製造例(α−ガラクトシダーゼの製造)
5%の小麦ふすまを含む液体培地(pH6.0)90mlを500ml容坂口フラスコに入れ、常法によりオートクレーブで殺菌後、アスペルギルス・ニガーAPC−9319株(寄託番号:FERM BP−7680)を接種して、25℃で3日間、前培養(種培養)を行った。ふすま500gに水400mlを添加して殺菌後、前培養液10mlを接種して良く撹拌した後、25℃にて4日間、本培養を行った。培養後、ふすま麹を細かく砕き、水を8L添加して4℃で一夜抽出した後、濾紙にて濾過して抽出濾過液を得た。得られた抽出濾過液のα−ガラクトシダーゼ活性を測定したところ、抽出濾過液1ml当たり3単位(U)であった。抽出濾過液6Lを限外濾過膜(旭化成(株)製SIP)で1Lまで濃縮し、70%飽和となるように硫酸アンモニウムを添加して塩析を行った。続いて、沈殿を遠心分離にて集め、500mlの水に溶解し、限外濾過膜で100mlまで濃縮し、更に500mlの水を加えて100mlまで濃縮し、この操作を3回繰り返し、脱塩を行った。脱塩後、凍結乾燥を行い、凍結乾燥粉末(250U/g)を得た。
【0025】
上記で得られた抽出濾過液に70%飽和になるように硫酸アンモニウムを添加して撹拌した後、4℃にて一晩放置した。その沈殿を遠心分離にて集め、10mMのリン酸緩衝液(pH6.0)に溶解した後、限外濾過膜(旭化成(株)製SIP)で濃縮し、再度同緩衝液を添加して濃縮した。この操作を3回繰り返し、脱塩を行った。
【0026】
次に、イオン交換クロマトグラフィーを行うために、同緩衝液にて平衡化したDEAE−トヨパール650M(東ソー(株)製)カラムに供した。続いて、疎水クロマトグラフィーを行うために、50%飽和硫酸アンモニウム中で、ブチル−トヨパール650M(東ソー(株)製)カラムに供した。活性画分を集めて、ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィーを行うために、0.3Mの塩化ナトリウムを含む50mM酢酸緩衝液(pH5.5)にて平 衡化したトヨパールHW−55S(東ソー(株)製)カラムに供した。これらのカラムクロマトによりタンパク質的に均一なα−ガラクトシダーゼを得た。
【0027】
上記で得られたα−ガラクトシダーゼは、以下の理化学的性質を有する。
(1)作用
α−ガラクトシド結合を加水分解してD−ガラクトースを遊離する反応を触媒する。
Galα1−OR+HO→Gal−OH+R−OH
(式中、Galα1−ORはα−ガラクトシル基を含む糖質を、Gal−OHは遊離のガラクトースを、R−OHは種々の糖、アルコール及びフェノール類などのヒドロキシル基を有する化合物を示す。)
(2)基質特異性
非還元末端にα−ガラクトシル基を有するメリビオース、ラフィノース、スタキオースなどや、パラニトロフェニルα−ガラクトシドに作用する。パラニトロフェニルα−ガラクトシドを基質とした場合の分解速度を100とした場合、メリビオースを分解する相対速度は約9である。
(3)至適pH及びpH安定性
至適pHは2.5〜6.0である。また、40℃で1時間放置した場合、pH3.5〜8.0の範囲で安定である。
(4)至適温度及び温度安定性
pH4.5(酢酸緩衝液)における至適温度は60℃である。また、pH4.5(酢酸緩衝液)で15分間放置した場合、60℃まで安定である。
(5)分子量及び等電点
YMC−Pack Diol−200カラム((株)ワイエムシィ製)を用いたゲル濾過法で測定した分子量は217,000で、SDS−PAGEで測定した分子量は117,000である(図1及び図2)。また、等電点電気泳動法により測定した等電点は4.2である。
本酵素は、これまでに報告されているアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)の生産するα−ガラクトシダーゼの72,000及び69,000(いずれもSDS−PAGE)に比べ、分子量が大きいことに特徴を有する。
【0028】
実施例1(式(1)のGalα1−1βGalの製造)
ガラクトース(和光純薬工業(株)製)60gと製造例で得られたα−ガラクトシダーゼ2,100Uを含むpH4.5の酢酸緩衝液100ml(ガラクトース濃度60%(w/v)、酵素濃度35U−ガラクトース)を調製し、50℃にて30時間反応させた。反応の経時変化を図3に示す。反応液を活性炭カラムに負荷し、水にてガラクトース、エチルアルコール0〜30%の濃度勾配にてオリゴ糖を溶出した。オリゴ糖溶出画分を濃縮乾燥してα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を24g得た。このオリゴ糖は、α−ガラクトシダーゼあるいは酸で加水分解すると、ガラクトースのみ生成した。なお、α−ガラクトシダーゼの中でも脱水縮合反応の触媒活性が最も高いことで知られるカンジダ・ギリエルモンディー(Candida guilliermondii)H−404株の生産するα−ガラクトシダーゼを用いて上記と同様の条件でオリゴ糖を製造したところ、収量は14gで製造例で得られたα−ガラクトシダーゼの収量が優れていた。
【0029】
次いで、上記で得られたオリゴ糖10gを脱塩水90mlに溶解後、2.0N水酸化ナトリウムを10ml添加し、100℃で30分処理し還元糖のみを分解させた。塩酸で中和後、その処理液を活性炭カラムに供し、ピークaを検出・分取した。得られたピークa画分をH−NMR、13C−NMRで構造解析を行ったところ、ピークaは非還元性二糖のGalα1−1βGalであることが確認された。帰属データを表1に示す。なお、数値はTPSを内部標準とした時の化学シフト値(δ)を、括弧内の数値は結合定数を記した。
【0030】
【表1】
Figure 0004328482
【0031】
【発明の効果】
本発明の式(1)で表される非還元性二糖の製造方法は、アスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)APC−9319株(FERM BP−7680)に由来するα−ガラクトシダーゼを用いることにより、アミノ化合物と還元糖との反応に起因するメイラード反応によりアミノ酸やタンパク質が損なわれることがなく、食品の加工や保存において他の素材への悪影響が少ない食品素材として期待され、また、医薬素材として期待される非還元性二糖を高収量で製造でき、しかもこの酵素は有機発酵や種々の食品用酵素剤の給源として利用されており安全性にも優れる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】製造例で得られたα−ガラクトシダーゼの分子量をHPLCで測定した際の検量線を示す図である。
【図2】製造例で得られたα−ガラクトシダーゼの分子量をSDS−PAGEで測定した結果を示す図である。
【図3】ガラクトースを原料とする脱水縮合反応の経時変化を示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing a non-reducing disaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group, and more particularly, to a method for producing a non-reducing disaccharide, Galα1-1βGal.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, trehalose (Glcα1-1αGlc), a kind of non-reducing disaccharide, is non-reducing and excellent in heat resistance and acid resistance, and amino acids and proteins are damaged by the Maillard reaction resulting from the reaction between an amino compound and reducing sugar. It is known that there are few adverse effects on other materials in food processing and storage. In addition, it has excellent properties as a food material, such as strong aging of starch, protein denaturation, and lipid oxidation.
On the other hand, carbohydrates having an α-galactosyl group at the non-reducing end are naturally known to be trisaccharides such as raffinose and melibiose. In addition to strong bifidobacteria selective growth activity and anti-cariogenic activity, immune cell activation action and control Various physiological functions such as cancer effects and atopic dermatitis improving effects have been reported.
Therefore, if a non-reducing disaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group can be synthesized, it can be expected to provide various food properties and functions such as raffinose and melibiose, as well as the properties of trehalose described above.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a simple method for producing a non-reducing disaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group, which is expected as a useful food material or pharmaceutical material.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors diligently studied to solve the above-mentioned problems and arrived at the present invention.
That is, the present invention allows α-galactosidase derived from Aspergillus niger APC-9319 strain (deposit number: FERM BP-7680) to act on galactose or a substance containing galactose, and α-galactosylase by dehydration condensation reaction. Production of a non-reducing disaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group represented by the following formula (1), wherein an oligosaccharide containing a group is produced, and the reducing sugar in the oligosaccharide is decomposed and then separated. Regarding the method.
[0005]
[Chemical formula 2]
Figure 0004328482
[0006]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the production of the non-reducing disaccharide represented by the formula (1), first, α-galactosidase is allowed to act on galactose or a substance containing galactose, and an oligosaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group is produced by a dehydration condensation reaction.
[0007]
Examples of microorganisms that produce α-galactosidase include molds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, yeasts such as Saccharomyces, and Bacillus. Examples include bacteria and the like, and α-galactosidase derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Aspergillus is preferable.
[0008]
Among the above microorganisms, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus pulverenum, Penicillium um, and Penicillium um Penicillium multicolor and Trichoderma fungi are preferably Trichoderma viride, and among them, Aspergillus niger is more preferred.
[0009]
Among the Aspergillus niger, the Aspergillus niger APC-9319 strain (deposit number: FERM BP-7680) deposited by the present applicants is particularly preferable. The α-galactosidase produced by this strain has a very high activity of dehydration condensation reaction, and Candida guilliermondii H-404, which is known to have the highest catalytic activity of dehydration condensation reaction among α-galactosidases. Oligosaccharides containing an α-galactosyl group can be produced in high yield from α-galactosidase produced by a strain (deposit number: FERM P-11062) (see PCT / JP01 / 06848), corresponding to the formula (1) Non-reducing disaccharide can be produced with high yield.
[0010]
Moreover, as Saccharomyces yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bacillus megaterium) is preferable as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bacillus genus).
[0011]
As a method for producing α-galactosidase from each of the above microorganisms, solid culture or liquid culture is usually used. As a solid culture medium, wheat bran alone or various additives such as wheat bran, soy flour, ammonium salt, nitrate, urea, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, polypeptone, corn steep liquor, meat extract, yeast extract, Organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds such as protein hydrolysates can be appropriately added and used. Furthermore, suitable inorganic salts can also be added. In addition, as a liquid culture medium, a synthetic medium or a natural medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, an inorganic salt, a necessary nutrient source, and the like necessary for the microorganism to grow well and produce an enzyme smoothly. Can be mentioned. For example, as the carbon source, carbohydrates such as starch or a composition thereof, roasted dextrin, modified starch, starch derivative, physically treated starch and α-starch or a substance containing galactose can be used. Specific examples include soluble starch, corn starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, dextrin, amylopectin, amylose, galactose, lactose, and raffinose, and these can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Examples of nitrogen sources include polypeptone, casein, meat extract, yeast extract, corn steep liquor, organic nitrogen source materials such as extracts such as soybeans and soybean meal, inorganic salt nitrogen compounds such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate, and amino acids such as glutamic acid. These can be used, and these can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Examples of inorganic salts include phosphates such as monopotassium phosphate and dipotassium phosphate, magnesium salts such as magnesium sulfate, calcium salts such as calcium chloride, sodium salts such as sodium carbonate, etc. Used in combination.
[0012]
In the case of solid culture, the culture is carried out by static culture, and the bacterium is inoculated into a medium adjusted to pH 3 to 7, preferably 4 to 7, and 10 to 40 ° C., preferably 20 to 37 ° C. Incubate for 10 days. After the culture, α-galactosidase can be obtained as a crude enzyme precipitate from the culture extract by means such as ethanol precipitation. In the case of liquid culture, the culture is performed under aerobic conditions such as shaking culture or aeration and agitation culture, the medium is adjusted to a pH range of 4 to 10, preferably a pH range of 5 to 8, and a temperature of 10 to 40 ° C. Incubate in the range, preferably 25-37 ° C., for 24-96 hours. After culturing, the cells can be removed by centrifugation or other suitable solid-liquid separation means to obtain a culture supernatant. Moreover, a microbial cell extract can be obtained by treating the microbial cell physically or enzymatically.
[0013]
Subsequently, high purity α-galactosidase can be obtained from these crude enzyme solutions by appropriately combining ammonium sulfate salting-out, gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography and the like.
[0014]
As an enzyme used for the production of an oligosaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group, in addition to the enzyme preparation obtained as described above, in the case of solid culture, the extract is used. In the case of liquid culture, the culture supernatant is used. The liquid or the intracellular extract can be used as an enzyme agent as it is. Moreover, the enzyme refine | purified by the known method can also be used as needed. It is also possible to use the bacterial cells as an enzyme agent as it is. Alternatively, α-galactosidase mixed in commercially available enzyme agents such as cellulase agents and protease agents can be used. In that case, the enzyme agent is used as it is, or α-galactosidase is purified from the enzyme agent by various known methods. Can also be used.
In addition, these enzymes or the bacterial cells producing the enzymes can be immobilized and used for the reaction in a continuous manner or in a batch manner.
[0015]
The raw material used for the reaction of α-galactosidase to produce the non-reducing disaccharide of formula (1) is galactose or a substance containing galactose. Specific examples include galactose and hydrolysates of compounds containing galactose such as galactose and other lactose, and these can be used alone or in combination. As galactose, not only commercially available galactose, but also melibiose, manninotriose, raffinose, stachyose, planteose, bellbass course, galactan, galactomannan, arabinogalactan, rhamnogalactan, galactolipid, ferulylated galactose, galactopinitol, galactosyl Natural or synthetic oligosaccharides containing α-galactosyl group or β-galactosyl group such as glycerol, galactinol, lactose, lactitol, lactulose, galacto-oligosaccharide, glycosides or polysaccharides (enzymes (β-galactanase, β-galactosidase, α- Galactosidase, etc.) or galactose prepared from hydrolyzed acid can be used.
[0016]
Hydrolyzates of compounds containing galactose include melibiose, manninotriose, raffinose, stachyose, planteose, verbasse course, galactan, galactomannan, arabinogalactan, rhamnogalactan, galactolipid, ferulylated galactose, galactopinitol Natural or synthetic oligosaccharides containing α-galactosyl group or β-galactosyl group, such as galactosylglycerol, galactinol, lactose, lactitol, lactulose, galactooligosaccharide, glycosides or polysaccharides (enzymes (β-galactanase, β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase etc.) or hydrolyzed with acid can be used as it is.
[0017]
α-Galactosidase is essentially a hydrolase, but if the concentration of galactose as a raw material is increased, it also catalyzes a dehydration condensation reaction that is the reverse reaction of the hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, when α-galactosidase is allowed to act on a high concentration of galactose, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, a tetrasaccharide, etc. having a structural formula of α- (Gal) n (n is usually an integer of 2 to 10, Gal is galactose), etc. The oligosaccharide containing the α-galactosyl group of the composition in which a large number of oligosaccharides are mixed is produced.
[0018]
The non-reducing disaccharide Galα1-1βGal of the formula (1) of the present invention can be produced by decomposing and separating the reducing sugar in the oligosaccharide obtained above. Degradation of the reducing sugar in the oligosaccharide can be performed by alkali decomposition, for example, by adding an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to the oligosaccharide. By this decomposition operation, other than Galα1-1βGal Oligosaccharides are degraded. The amount of alkali added is preferably a final concentration of 0.1 to 6.0 N. The separation operation can be performed using known separation means such as ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, activated carbon column chromatography, gel filtration column chromatography, and activated carbon chromatography is preferred.
[0019]
If glucose is present in the reaction system other than galactose, an α-galactosyl group having a structural formula of α- (Gal) n-Glc (n is an integer of 1 to 9, and Glc is glucose) in which galactose and glucose are bonded to each other. An oligosaccharide containing it is produced, and Galα1-1βGal is also mixed.
[0020]
In the production of the non-reducing disaccharide of (1) above, as the enzyme reaction proceeds, the oligosaccharide containing the α-galactosyl group synthesized by the dehydration condensation reaction is again decomposed by α-galactosidase, and the transglycosylation reaction is also performed. Since it occurs in parallel, the transglycosylation also contributes to the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing α-galactosyl groups. The galactose binding position, the number of bonds, or the ratio of these compounds in the produced compound is affected by the composition of the raw galactose and glucose, the origin of the enzyme used and the reaction conditions. The reaction conditions for α-galactosidase vary depending on the enzyme used, but the reaction pH is in the range of 3.0 to 10.0, preferably 4.0 to 9.0. The reaction temperature is preferably higher in terms of solubility and reaction rate, and is usually in the range of 20 to 90 ° C, preferably 40 to 80 ° C. Although reaction time changes with the usage-amounts of an enzyme, it is 1-150 hours normally. However, it is not limited only to the above conditions or reaction forms. Furthermore, in order to produce an oligosaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group, the higher the concentration of the raw material galactose, the better, the galactose and glucose may be precipitated in the reaction system, and the galactose and glucose may be supersaturated. It is used at a concentration of 5 to 110% (w / v), preferably 50 to 110% (w / v).
[0021]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Next, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated, this invention is not limited to a following example.
[0022]
Reference Example 1 (Method for measuring the activity of α-galactosidase using paranitrophenyl α-galactoside as a substrate)
Add 0.05 ml of α-galactosidase solution to 0.2 ml of 10 mM paranitrophenyl α-galactoside and 0.2 ml of 40 mM buffer solution (pH depends on the optimum pH of the enzyme), and react at 40 ° C. for 10 minutes. It was. After the reaction, 0.5 ml of 0.2 M sodium carbonate was added to stop the reaction, and the amount of liberated paranitrophenol was measured by measuring the absorbance at 400 nm with a spectrophotometer. One unit (U) of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1 micromole of paranitrophenol per minute under these conditions.
[0023]
Reference Example 2 (Method for measuring the activity of α-galactosidase using melibiose as a substrate)
0.05 ml of α-galactosidase solution was added to 0.2 ml of 10 mM melibiose and 0.2 ml of 40 mM buffer solution (pH corresponds to the optimum pH of the enzyme), and reacted at 40 ° C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the reaction was stopped by heating at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, and the amount of glucose produced was quantified by F-kit (glucose / fructose) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) manufactured by Roche Diagnostics Co., Ltd. .
One unit of enzyme activity (U M ) was defined as the amount of enzyme that produces 1 micromole of glucose per minute under these conditions.
[0024]
Production example (production of α-galactosidase)
90 ml of a liquid medium (pH 6.0) containing 5% wheat bran is placed in a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask, sterilized by an autoclave by a conventional method, and then inoculated with Aspergillus niger APC-9319 strain (deposit number: FERM BP-7680). Then, preculture (seed culture) was performed at 25 ° C. for 3 days. After sterilization by adding 400 ml of water to 500 g of bran, 10 ml of the preculture was inoculated and stirred well, followed by main culture at 25 ° C. for 4 days. After culturing, the bran cake was crushed finely, 8 L of water was added and extracted overnight at 4 ° C., and then filtered through a filter paper to obtain an extract filtrate. The α-galactosidase activity of the obtained extract filtrate was measured and found to be 3 units (U) per 1 ml of the extract filtrate. 6 L of the extracted filtrate was concentrated to 1 L with an ultrafiltration membrane (SIP manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.), and ammonium sulfate was added to achieve 70% saturation, and salting out was performed. Subsequently, the precipitate is collected by centrifugation, dissolved in 500 ml of water, concentrated to 100 ml with an ultrafiltration membrane, further added with 500 ml of water and concentrated to 100 ml, and this operation is repeated three times to remove desalting. went. After desalting, lyophilization was performed to obtain a lyophilized powder (250 U / g).
[0025]
Ammonium sulfate was added to the extract filtrate obtained above so as to be 70% saturated and stirred, and then left at 4 ° C. overnight. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, dissolved in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), concentrated with an ultrafiltration membrane (SIP manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.), and concentrated again by adding the same buffer. did. This operation was repeated three times for desalting.
[0026]
Next, in order to perform ion exchange chromatography, it was applied to a DEAE-Toyopearl 650M column (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) equilibrated with the same buffer. Subsequently, in order to perform hydrophobic chromatography, it was applied to a butyl-Toyopearl 650M (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) column in 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. Toyopearl HW-55S (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) equilibrated with 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 0.3 M sodium chloride to collect the active fractions and perform gel filtration chromatography It applied to the column. These column chromatograms gave α-galactosidase that is proteinaceous.
[0027]
The α-galactosidase obtained above has the following physicochemical properties.
(1) Action It catalyzes a reaction of hydrolyzing an α-galactoside bond to release D-galactose.
Galα1-OR + H 2 O → Gal-OH + R—OH
(In the formula, Galα1-OR represents a carbohydrate containing an α-galactosyl group, Gal-OH represents a free galactose, and R-OH represents a compound having a hydroxyl group such as various sugars, alcohols and phenols.)
(2) Substrate specificity Acts on melibiose, raffinose, stachyose and the like having an α-galactosyl group at the non-reducing end, and paranitrophenyl α-galactoside. When the degradation rate when paranitrophenyl α-galactoside is used as a substrate is 100, the relative rate of degradation of melibiose is about 9.
(3) Optimum pH and pH stability The optimum pH is 2.5 to 6.0. Moreover, when left at 40 ° C. for 1 hour, it is stable in the range of pH 3.5 to 8.0.
(4) Optimal temperature and temperature stability The optimal temperature in pH4.5 (acetate buffer solution) is 60 degreeC. In addition, it is stable up to 60 ° C. when left at pH 4.5 (acetate buffer) for 15 minutes.
(5) Molecular weight and isoelectric point The molecular weight measured by gel filtration using a YMC-Pack Diol-200 column (manufactured by YMC) was 217,000, and the molecular weight measured by SDS-PAGE was 117,000. Yes (FIGS. 1 and 2). The isoelectric point measured by isoelectric focusing method is 4.2.
This enzyme is characterized by a large molecular weight compared to 72,000 and 69,000 (both SDS-PAGE) of α-galactosidase produced by Aspergillus niger reported so far. .
[0028]
Example 1 (Production of Galα1-1βGal of Formula (1))
60 ml of galactose (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 100 ml of pH 4.5 acetate buffer containing 2,100 U M of α-galactosidase obtained in the production example (galactose concentration 60% (w / v), enzyme concentration 35 U) M -galactose) was prepared and reacted at 50 ° C. for 30 hours. The time course of the reaction is shown in FIG. The reaction solution was loaded onto an activated carbon column, and the oligosaccharide was eluted with a concentration gradient of galactose and ethyl alcohol from 0 to 30% with water. The oligosaccharide elution fraction was concentrated and dried to obtain 24 g of an oligosaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group. When this oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed with α-galactosidase or acid, only galactose was produced. Among α-galactosidases, oligosaccharides were produced under the same conditions as described above using α-galactosidase produced by Candida guilliermondii strain H-404, which is known to have the highest catalytic activity for dehydration condensation reaction. Was produced, the yield was 14 g, and the yield of α-galactosidase obtained in the production example was excellent.
[0029]
Next, 10 g of the oligosaccharide obtained above was dissolved in 90 ml of demineralized water, 10 ml of 2.0N sodium hydroxide was added, and the mixture was treated at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to decompose only the reducing sugar. After neutralization with hydrochloric acid, the treated solution was applied to an activated carbon column, and peak a was detected and collected. When the obtained peak a fraction was subjected to structural analysis by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR, it was confirmed that peak a was a non-reducing disaccharide, Galα1-1βGal. The attribution data is shown in Table 1. The numerical value indicates the chemical shift value (δ) when TPS is used as the internal standard, and the numerical value in parentheses indicates the binding constant.
[0030]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004328482
[0031]
【The invention's effect】
The method for producing a non-reducing disaccharide represented by the formula (1) of the present invention uses an α-galactosidase derived from Aspergillus niger APC-9319 strain (FERM BP-7680). The Maillard reaction resulting from the reaction between the compound and reducing sugar does not damage amino acids and proteins, and is expected as a food material that has little adverse effect on other materials in food processing and storage, and is also expected as a pharmaceutical material Non-reducing disaccharides can be produced in high yield, and this enzyme is used as a source of organic fermentation and various enzyme enzymes for foods, and is excellent in safety.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a calibration curve when the molecular weight of α-galactosidase obtained in a production example is measured by HPLC.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the molecular weight of α-galactosidase obtained in Production Example by SDS-PAGE.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a change with time of a dehydration condensation reaction using galactose as a raw material.

Claims (1)

ガラクトース又はガラクトースを含む物質にアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger)APC−9319株(寄託番号:FERM BP−7680)に由来するα−ガラクトシダーゼを作用させ、脱水縮合反応によりα−ガラクトシル基を含むオリゴ糖を生成させ、該オリゴ糖中の還元糖の分解後、分離操作することを特徴とする下記式(1)で表されるα−ガラクトシル基を含む非還元性二糖の製造方法。
Figure 0004328482
Α-galactosidase derived from Aspergillus niger APC-9319 strain (deposit number: FERM BP-7680) is allowed to act on galactose or a substance containing galactose, and an oligosaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group is obtained by a dehydration condensation reaction. A method for producing a non-reducing disaccharide containing an α-galactosyl group represented by the following formula (1), wherein the separation is performed after the reduction and decomposition of the reducing sugar in the oligosaccharide.
Figure 0004328482
JP2001359777A 2001-11-26 2001-11-26 Method for producing non-reducing disaccharide containing α-galactosyl group Expired - Fee Related JP4328482B2 (en)

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