JP4337958B2 - Method for dechlorination of aromatic chlorine compounds - Google Patents
Method for dechlorination of aromatic chlorine compounds Download PDFInfo
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- JP4337958B2 JP4337958B2 JP19530599A JP19530599A JP4337958B2 JP 4337958 B2 JP4337958 B2 JP 4337958B2 JP 19530599 A JP19530599 A JP 19530599A JP 19530599 A JP19530599 A JP 19530599A JP 4337958 B2 JP4337958 B2 JP 4337958B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、ダイオキシンなどの芳香族系塩素化合物を脱塩素化する方法に属する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ダイオキシンと総称されるポリ塩化ジベンゾダイオキシン(PCDD)やポリ塩化ジベンゾフラン(PCDF)などの芳香族系塩素化合物が、産廃、都市ゴミ又はプラスチックの焼却、紙の塩素漂白、農薬の生成などの様々な過程で発生している。これら芳香族系塩素化合物は、人体を含む生体に極めて有害であり、しかも環境中で分解されにくい。特に2,3,7,8-四塩化ジベンゾダイオキシン(TCDD)は、青酸カリの1万倍の急性毒性を示し、発ガン性や催奇形性を高めたり、免疫異常を起こさせることが知られている。
【0003】
従って、焼却施設においては、900℃以上の炉温で運転してダイオキシンの発生を抑える必要があるが、そのような高温での連続運転は、炉を早く劣化させるし、人口の少ない自治体や中小企業は、そのような処理能力を有する施設を備えていないところが多い。そこで、焼却灰にマイクロ波を照射して400〜600℃という低温で加熱することにより有害有機塩素化合物を分解する方法(特開平4−284885号)などの種々の脱塩素化技術あるいは無毒化技術が提案されている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記特開平4−284885号に記載の実施例では、分解によって生成するはずのベンゼンが確認されておらず、現実には分解ではなく単に揮発しているにすぎない可能性が高い。従って、その他に提案されている技術も含めて実用上可能な脱塩素化技術あるいは無毒化技術は未だ存在しないのが現状である。
それ故、この発明の目的は、芳香族系塩素化合物を脱塩素化して無毒化する実用上可能な方法を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
その目的を達成するために、この発明の芳香族系塩素化合物の脱塩素化方法は、
炭素系触媒担体に担持された白金族触媒と芳香族系塩素化合物とを含む反応系に、水素などの還元性物質の存在下でマイクロ波を照射することを特徴とする。
【0006】
この発明の方法によれば、通常の加熱による還元反応よりも格段に速い速度で芳香族系塩素化合物が分解する。その機構は定かでないが、触媒担体中の炭素が、それにマイクロ波を照射すると、渦電流を発生させて極めて高い温度になる。従って、その表面に付着している白金族触媒が活性化され芳香族系塩素化合物の分解を促進すると考えられる。即ち、マイクロ波照射によれば、反応系が溶液の場合でも局部的且つ短時間的に沸点以上に昇温させることができるので、水素が活性化するのである。
【0007】
前記触媒担体として好ましいのは吸着力及び触媒担持力の大きい活性炭である。又、反応系として好ましい形態は、水溶液である。反応中に生成した塩化水素を溶解するので、白金族触媒の活性を低下させないからである。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
触媒担体としては上記活性炭の他に、黒鉛、カーボンブラック、炭素繊維、活性炭素繊維、メソカーボンなどでも良い。触媒は、白金に限らず、パラジウムでもよいし、塩化白金酸を炭素粉末とともに加熱して担持された白金でも良い。又、還元性物質としては水素が一般的であるが、アルコールや炭化水素などの他の還元性の物質でもよい。
【0009】
【実施例】
[実施例1〜比較例7の実験方法]
実施例1から比較例7までの実験は、触媒の種類と加熱手段が還元反応に及ぼす影響について調べたものである。
−実施例1−
白金を5 wt% 担持した80〜100メッシュの活性炭(Pt/C:和光純薬製)50 mgを、75 mM パラクロロフェノール水溶液20mlに懸濁し,水素ガスを吹き込みながら周波数2.45GHz、照射エネルギー650ワットのマイクロ波を照射した。反応容器としては還流冷却器の付いた100mlフラスコを用いた。マイクロ波は一分間の照射と一分間の放置を交互に繰り返した。後述の反応時間はこれらの合計時間である。
【0010】
−比較例1−
マイクロ波を照射することに代えてオイルバスで加熱した以外は、実施例1と同一条件で反応させた。反応系の温度はおよそ95℃であった。
−比較例2−
Pt/Cに代えて白金黒(PtB:日本エンゲルハルド製)50 mgを用いた以外は、実施例1と同一条件で反応させた。
−比較例3−
マイクロ波を照射することに代えてオイルバスで加熱した以外は、比較例2と同一条件で反応させた。
【0011】
−比較例4−
硝酸ニッケルの還元により活性炭(和光純薬製)にニッケルを5 wt%担持させた。このニッケル担持活性炭(Ni/C)50 mgをPt/Cに代えて用いた以外は、実施例1と同一条件で反応させた。
−比較例5−
マイクロ波を照射することに代えてオイルバスで加熱した以外は、比較例4と同一条件で反応させた。
−比較例6−
Pt/Cに代えてラネーニッケル(RNi:和光純薬製)50 mgを用いた以外は、実施例1と同一条件で反応させた。
−比較例7−
マイクロ波を照射することに代えてオイルバスで加熱した以外は、比較例6と同一条件で反応させた。
【0012】
[実施例1〜比較例7の結果]
所定時間反応後の溶液を、PEG−20Mをキャピラリーカラムとするガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析計(以下、GC−MS)で分析し、パラクロロフェノールの脱塩素化合物への転換率を求めた。分析結果を表1に示す。なお、実施例1及び比較例1については反応開始後40分までの各時間毎の分析結果を図1に打点した。図中、■及び△は、各々実施例1及び比較例1の未反応パラクロロフェノールの量、●及び○は、各々実施例1及び比較例1で生成したフェノールの量を示す。
【0013】
【表1】
【0014】
比較例4及び比較例5を除くいずれの反応系においても生成物はほとんどがフェノールと塩化水素で、GC-MSによる分析からは、その他の塩素を含む化合物の生成は認められなかった。塩化水素が生成していることは、反応時間の経過とともに水溶液のpHが低下していることから推測される。
【0015】
そして、図1にみられるように、Pt/Cを触媒とする反応系ではマイクロ波照射の場合(実施例1)のクロロフェノールの減少速度は、オイルバス加熱の場合(比較例1)の倍近い速度となり、しかも 40 分の反応時間でほぼ完全にクロロフェノールが消失した。従って、従来の加熱方法よりもマイクロ波照射が芳香族系塩素化合物の分解反応に著しく有効であることが明らかである。
【0016】
又、表1にみられるように、オイルバス加熱の場合、PtB(比較例3)はPt/C(比較例1)と同程度の活性を示すが、マイクロ波照射の場合(比較例2)にはかえって転換率が低下した。Ni/Cではいずれの場合(比較例4及び比較例5)にも還元反応は進行しなかった。一方、RNiを用いた場合、マイクロ波(比較例6)でもオイルバス(比較例7)でもいずれの加熱方法によっても反応は非常に早く進行し、反応時間10分程度でクロロフェノールが消失した。しかし、反応溶液の色が緑色に変化したことから、同時にNi金属がNiイオンへと酸化されたものと認められ、触媒的な反応とはならなかった。従って、マイクロ波照射によって芳香族系塩素化合物を分解する反応に作用する触媒は、炭素含有担体に担持された白金族に限られることが明らかである。
【0017】
[実施例2〜実施例4]
実施例2〜実施例4は、本発明の脱塩素化方法による反応が如何なる過程を経て進行するかを調べた実験である。
−実施例2−
実施例1で用いたものと同じ50 mg の Pt/C と 100 mg のパラクロロフェノールを吸着させ、水素ガス雰囲気下で実施例1と同一反応容器内で三分間実施例1と同一条件でマイクロ波を照射した。反応終了後、反応溶液をメタノールで洗浄して生成物を抽出した。
【0018】
転換率は52%で、GC-MSによる分析結果から、生成物はフェノールが生成物中37%、残部がシクロヘキサノール、1,1'-オキシビスシクロヘキサン及びその他の未同定水素化物であると認められた。よって、パラクロロフェノールは主にフェノールへと脱塩素化され,さらに還元を受けて芳香族性を失うものと考えられる。
【0019】
−実施例3−
実施例1で用いたものと同じ50 mg の Pt/C を 還流冷却器付きの100mlフラスコ中で10 ml モノクロロベンゼン(以下、CB)と10 ml 水との二相に分離している混合物に懸濁させた。Pt/Cは、実際には二相の界面に凝集していたと思われる。そして、水素ガスを吹き込みながら実施例1と同一条件でオイルバスで加熱し、あるいはマイクロ波を照射した。CBに代えて1,2-ジクロロ-ベンゼン(以下、1,2-DCB)及び1,2,4-トリクロロベンゼン(以下、1,2,4-TCB)についても各々同様の操作を行った。但し、オイルバスによる加熱については実施例1と異なり、反応時間20分とし、反応系の温度は90℃とした。
【0020】
所定時間反応後の溶液を実施例1と同様にGC−MSで分析し、各クロロベンゼンの脱塩素化反応の反応速度及び生成物の組成を求めた。分析結果を表2に示す。反応速度は、反応時間を1時間に換算したときのPt/C1g当たりの反応量(mmol)とした。
【0021】
【表2】
【0022】
表2にみられるように、いずれのクロロベンゼンを基質に用いた場合でもほぼ選択的にベンゼンへと脱塩素化され、反応溶液はクロロベンゼン層と水層とベンゼン層との三層に分離した。そして、反応速度はオイルバスによる加熱に比べてマイクロ波を照射した場合の方がはるかに速かった。また、多クロロ体は塩素一つずつが段階的に脱塩素化されることが判った。
【0023】
−実施例4−
実施例1で用いたものと同じ200 mg の Pt/C と 0.2 mM のペンタクロロフェノールのエタノール溶液を混ぜ、エバポレーターによりエタノールを除いて乾燥させた後、水素ガスを吹き込みながら10分間マイクロ波を照射した。反応終了後、メタノールで洗浄して生成物を抽出した。
【0024】
反応の途中経過は不明だが、反応後の溶液のGC-MSによる分析から、シクロヘキサノールとフェノールにエタノール由来のラジカルが付加したものと思われる物質がほぼ1:1の比で生成していた。これらのことから、ペンタクロロフェノールは一旦フェノールまで脱塩素化され、さらに還元を受けて芳香族性を失ったと考えられる。
【0025】
以上の実施例2〜実施例4の結果から、本発明の脱塩素化方法によれば、芳香族系塩素化合物である限り、その塩素置換量や他の官能基の有無にかかわらず、脱塩素化が優先的に進行してから、還元を受けて芳香族性を失うという過程を経ることがわかる。よって、本発明はダイオキシンの脱塩素化にも適応可能であることがあきらかである。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
芳香族系塩素化合物を低温且つ短時間で脱塩素化することができるので、ダイオキシンなどの有害塩素化合物を汎用可能な設備で無毒化することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 マイクロ波照射又はオイルバス加熱によるパラクロロフェノールの脱塩素化速度を示すグラフである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention belongs to a method for dechlorinating aromatic chlorine compounds such as dioxins.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Aromatic chlorine compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), collectively called dioxins, are used in various processes such as industrial waste, incineration of municipal waste or plastics, bleaching of paper chlorine, and generation of agricultural chemicals. Is occurring. These aromatic chlorine compounds are extremely harmful to living bodies including the human body, and are difficult to be decomposed in the environment. In particular, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) is known to exhibit 10,000 times the acute toxicity of potassium cyanide, increase carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, and cause immune abnormalities. Yes.
[0003]
Therefore, incineration facilities must be operated at a furnace temperature of 900 ° C. or higher to suppress the generation of dioxins. However, continuous operation at such a high temperature causes the furnace to deteriorate quickly, and the small population and small and medium-sized municipalities. Many companies do not have facilities with such processing capabilities. Therefore, various dechlorination technologies or detoxification technologies such as a method of decomposing harmful organic chlorine compounds by irradiating incinerated ash with microwaves and heating them at a low temperature of 400 to 600 ° C. (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 4-284888) Has been proposed.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the example described in the above-mentioned JP-A-4-284855, benzene that should be generated by decomposition has not been confirmed, and in reality, there is a high possibility that it is not decomposed but merely volatilized. Accordingly, there is no dechlorination technique or detoxification technique that is practically available, including other proposed techniques.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a practically feasible method for dechlorinating and detoxifying an aromatic chlorine compound.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the object, the method for dechlorinating an aromatic chlorine compound of the present invention comprises:
A reaction system including a platinum group catalyst supported on a carbon-based catalyst support and an aromatic chlorine compound is irradiated with microwaves in the presence of a reducing substance such as hydrogen.
[0006]
According to the method of the present invention, the aromatic chlorine compound is decomposed at a rate much faster than the reduction reaction by normal heating. Although the mechanism is not clear, when the carbon in the catalyst support is irradiated with microwaves, an eddy current is generated and the temperature becomes extremely high. Therefore, it is considered that the platinum group catalyst adhering to the surface is activated and promotes the decomposition of the aromatic chlorine compound. That is, according to the microwave irradiation, even when the reaction system is a solution, the temperature can be raised to the boiling point or more locally and in a short time, so that hydrogen is activated.
[0007]
Preferred as the catalyst carrier is activated carbon having a large adsorbing power and catalyst supporting capacity. A preferred form for the reaction system is an aqueous solution. This is because the hydrogen chloride generated during the reaction is dissolved, so that the activity of the platinum group catalyst is not lowered.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As the catalyst carrier, in addition to the activated carbon, graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, activated carbon fiber, mesocarbon and the like may be used. The catalyst is not limited to platinum but may be palladium or platinum supported by heating chloroplatinic acid together with carbon powder. Moreover, hydrogen is generally used as the reducing substance, but other reducing substances such as alcohols and hydrocarbons may be used.
[0009]
【Example】
[Experiment Method of Example 1 to Comparative Example 7]
In the experiments from Example 1 to Comparative Example 7, the effect of the type of catalyst and the heating means on the reduction reaction was examined.
Example 1
50 mg of 80-100 mesh activated carbon (Pt / C: manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) carrying 5 wt% of platinum is suspended in 20 ml of 75 mM parachlorophenol aqueous solution. A 650 watt microwave was applied. A 100 ml flask equipped with a reflux condenser was used as the reaction vessel. Microwaves were alternately repeated for 1 minute and left for 1 minute. The reaction time described below is the total time of these.
[0010]
-Comparative Example 1-
The reaction was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that heating was performed in an oil bath instead of irradiation with microwaves. The temperature of the reaction system was approximately 95 ° C.
-Comparative Example 2-
The reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that 50 mg of platinum black (PtB: manufactured by Nippon Engelhard) was used instead of Pt / C.
-Comparative Example 3-
It reacted on the same conditions as the comparative example 2 except having replaced with the microwave irradiation and heated with the oil bath.
[0011]
-Comparative Example 4-
5 wt% of nickel was supported on activated carbon (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) by reduction of nickel nitrate. The reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that 50 mg of this nickel-supported activated carbon (Ni / C) was used instead of Pt / C.
-Comparative Example 5-
It reacted on the same conditions as the comparative example 4 except having replaced with the microwave irradiation and heated with the oil bath.
-Comparative Example 6
The reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that 50 mg of Raney nickel (RNi: manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was used instead of Pt / C.
-Comparative Example 7-
It reacted on the same conditions as the comparative example 6 except having replaced with the microwave irradiation and heated with the oil bath.
[0012]
[Results of Example 1 to Comparative Example 7]
The solution after the reaction for a predetermined time was analyzed with a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (hereinafter referred to as GC-MS) using PEG-20M as a capillary column, and the conversion rate of parachlorophenol into a dechlorinated compound was determined. The analysis results are shown in Table 1. In addition, about Example 1 and the comparative example 1, the analysis result for every time until 40 minutes after reaction start was dotted in FIG. In the figure, ■ and Δ indicate the amount of unreacted parachlorophenol of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, respectively, and ● and ○ indicate the amounts of phenol produced in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, respectively.
[0013]
[Table 1]
[0014]
In any reaction system except Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 5, most of the products were phenol and hydrogen chloride, and no other chlorine-containing compounds were observed from the analysis by GC-MS. The generation of hydrogen chloride is presumed from the fact that the pH of the aqueous solution is lowered with the passage of the reaction time.
[0015]
As shown in FIG. 1, in the reaction system using Pt / C as a catalyst, the decrease rate of chlorophenol in the case of microwave irradiation (Example 1) is double that in the case of oil bath heating (Comparative Example 1). The chlorophenol disappeared almost completely after 40 minutes of reaction time. Therefore, it is clear that microwave irradiation is significantly more effective for the decomposition reaction of the aromatic chlorine compound than the conventional heating method.
[0016]
Moreover, as seen in Table 1, in the case of oil bath heating, PtB (Comparative Example 3) shows the same activity as Pt / C (Comparative Example 1), but in the case of microwave irradiation (Comparative Example 2). On the contrary, the conversion rate fell. In Ni / C, the reduction reaction did not proceed in any case (Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 5). On the other hand, when RNi was used, the reaction proceeded very fast by either the microwave (Comparative Example 6) or the oil bath (Comparative Example 7), and the chlorophenol disappeared in about 10 minutes. However, since the color of the reaction solution changed to green, it was recognized that Ni metal was oxidized to Ni ions at the same time, and the reaction was not catalytic. Therefore, it is clear that the catalyst acting on the reaction for decomposing the aromatic chlorine compound by microwave irradiation is limited to the platinum group supported on the carbon-containing support.
[0017]
[Example 2 to Example 4]
Examples 2 to 4 are experiments in which the process by which the reaction by the dechlorination method of the present invention proceeds is examined.
-Example 2-
The same 50 mg of Pt / C and 100 mg of parachlorophenol used in Example 1 were adsorbed, and in a hydrogen gas atmosphere for 3 minutes in the same reaction vessel as in Example 1, under the same conditions as in Example 1. Irradiated with waves. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was washed with methanol to extract the product.
[0018]
Conversion rate is 52%, and GC-MS analysis results indicate that the product is phenol with 37% of the product, and the balance is cyclohexanol, 1,1'-oxybiscyclohexane and other unidentified hydrides. It was. Therefore, it is considered that parachlorophenol is mainly dechlorinated to phenol and further loses aromaticity upon reduction.
[0019]
Example 3
The same 50 mg of Pt / C used in Example 1 was suspended in a two-phase separated mixture of 10 ml monochlorobenzene (CB) and 10 ml water in a 100 ml flask equipped with a reflux condenser. Made cloudy. Pt / C seems to have actually aggregated at the two-phase interface. And it heated with the oil bath on the same conditions as Example 1 in blowing hydrogen gas, or irradiated the microwave. The same operation was performed for 1,2-dichloro-benzene (hereinafter 1,2-DCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (hereinafter 1,2,4-TCB) instead of CB. However, the heating with an oil bath was different from Example 1 in that the reaction time was 20 minutes and the temperature of the reaction system was 90 ° C.
[0020]
The solution after reaction for a predetermined time was analyzed by GC-MS in the same manner as in Example 1, and the reaction rate and product composition of the dechlorination reaction of each chlorobenzene were determined. The analysis results are shown in Table 2. The reaction rate was the reaction amount (mmol) per gram of Pt / C when the reaction time was converted to 1 hour.
[0021]
[Table 2]
[0022]
As can be seen from Table 2, even when any chlorobenzene was used as a substrate, it was almost selectively dechlorinated into benzene, and the reaction solution was separated into three layers of a chlorobenzene layer, an aqueous layer and a benzene layer. The reaction rate was much faster when microwaves were applied than when heated by an oil bath. In addition, it was found that polychlorinated products are gradually dechlorinated one by one.
[0023]
Example 4
The same 200 mg Pt / C and 0.2 mM pentachlorophenol ethanol solution used in Example 1 were mixed, dried by removing the ethanol with an evaporator, and then irradiated with microwaves for 10 minutes while blowing hydrogen gas. did. After completion of the reaction, the product was extracted by washing with methanol.
[0024]
Although the progress of the reaction is unknown, analysis by GC-MS of the solution after the reaction revealed that a substance that was thought to be an ethanol-derived radical added to cyclohexanol and phenol was produced at a ratio of approximately 1: 1. From these facts, it is considered that pentachlorophenol was once dechlorinated to phenol and further reduced to lose aromaticity.
[0025]
From the results of Examples 2 to 4 above, according to the dechlorination method of the present invention, as long as it is an aromatic chlorine compound, it is dechlorinated regardless of the chlorine substitution amount or the presence or absence of other functional groups. It can be seen that the process of reducing the aromaticity after undergoing reduction after the preferential conversion proceeds. Therefore, it is apparent that the present invention can be applied to dichlorin dechlorination.
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
Since the aromatic chlorine compound can be dechlorinated at a low temperature and in a short time, harmful chlorine compounds such as dioxin can be detoxified with a general-purpose facility.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the dechlorination rate of parachlorophenol by microwave irradiation or oil bath heating.
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| CA2418443C (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2007-04-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Method of treating fats and oils |
| WO2004007365A1 (en) * | 2002-07-10 | 2004-01-22 | Japan Envirochemicals, Ltd. | Method of heating active carbon |
| WO2009087994A1 (en) * | 2008-01-07 | 2009-07-16 | Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute | Method for dehalogenating aromatic halide |
| JP5287505B2 (en) * | 2009-05-27 | 2013-09-11 | 東京電力株式会社 | Detoxification treatment method and detoxification treatment apparatus for organohalogen compound residual equipment |
| JP2012111717A (en) * | 2010-11-25 | 2012-06-14 | Ne Chemcat Corp | Method for producing compound containing dichloromethyl group |
| CN106077039A (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2016-11-09 | 程秀 | The processing method of municipal refuse |
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