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JP4366541B2 - Oxyhalide-lithium battery - Google Patents
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JP4366541B2 - Oxyhalide-lithium battery - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP4366541B2
JP4366541B2 JP14727898A JP14727898A JP4366541B2 JP 4366541 B2 JP4366541 B2 JP 4366541B2 JP 14727898 A JP14727898 A JP 14727898A JP 14727898 A JP14727898 A JP 14727898A JP 4366541 B2 JP4366541 B2 JP 4366541B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
battery
oxyhalide
lithium
electrode active
binder
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Expired - Fee Related
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JP14727898A
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Japanese (ja)
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JPH11339749A (en
Inventor
広隆 酒井
景 大山
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FDK Twicell Co Ltd
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Toshiba Battery Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は負極作用物質としてリチウムあるいはリチウムと軽金属からになる合金を用い、正極作用物質としてオキシハライド化合物を用いたオキシハライド−リチウム電池に関し、さらに詳しくはそのセパレータの改良に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
オキシハライド−リチウム電池はエネルギー密度が極めて大きく、使用温度範囲が広く、貯蔵特性にも優れているという特性を生かして、メモリーのバックアップ電源等として広く用いられている。さらに近年は、小型機器の駆動用電源としての要求もあり、今後使用範囲が拡大していくものと見込まれている。
【0003】
オキシハライド−リチウム電池は、負極作用物質としてリチウムあるいはリチウムと軽金属からなる合金を、正極作用物質として塩化チオニル、塩化スルフリル等のオキシハライド化合物を用い、正極側主構成材として多孔質炭素材を用い、負極作用物質と多孔質炭素材との間にセパレータを介在させてこれらを隔離した構成を有している。従来セパレータとしては、結着剤としてアクリル系樹脂を使用したガラス不織布が用いられていた。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記結着剤として用いられるアクリル系樹脂は、オキシハライド化合物に対して耐性があるという点で好ましいが、高温環境下でわずかながら溶解して負極作用物質の表面で化合物を生成して不純物被膜となり、この不純物被膜が電池の放電初期に反応を阻害して、一時的ではあるが著しい電圧降下が生ずるという問題点がある。
【0005】
これに対してポリウレタンを結着剤として用いることが試みられ、ポリウレタンを用いた場合はこのような著しい電圧降下が生じないことが分かった。これは、ポリウレタンでは不純物被膜を生成しても放電に及ぼす影響が少ないためであると思われる。
【0006】
しかし、ポリウレタンはアクリル系樹脂と比較してオキシハライド化合物に溶解しやすく、電池内部でガラス繊維同士の結合が弱くなる傾向がある。さらに電池の放電深度が進むにつれて、反応生成物により外力が加えられるため、ガラス不織布が薄くなった部分で負極作用物質と多孔質炭素材が物理的に接触し、電池寿命の低下を招く危険があることが分かった。
【0007】
本発明はこのような状況に対処してなされたもので、オキシハライド−リチウム電池のセパレータの結着剤としてポリウレタンを用いる場合の問題点を改良して、優れた放電特性と高エネルギー密度をもつオキシハライド−リチウム電池を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的は、ガラス繊維の結着剤としてポリウレタンを用い、ガラス繊維不織布の厚さを0.25〜0.45mmとしたことによって達成した。すなわち本発明は、負極作用物質としてリチウムあるいはリチウムと軽金属からなる合金を用い、正極作用物質としてオキシハライド化合物を用い、正極構成材として多孔質炭素材を用い、前記負極作用物質と前記多孔質炭素材をガラス繊維からなる不織布で隔離したオキシハライド−リチウム電池において、ガラス繊維からなる不織布が結着剤としてポリウレタンを用いたもので、かつ厚さが0.25〜0.45mmのものであることを特徴とする。
【0009】
本発明では不織布の厚みを改良することによって、ポリウレタンの結着剤としての問題点を改善した。前記したように、ポリウレタンを結着剤として用いた場合は、アクリル系樹脂のように著しい電圧降下は生じないが、電池の放電深度が進むにつれてガラス不織布が薄くなった部分で負極作用物質と多孔質炭素材が物理的に接触する危険がある。本発明ではこれを不織布の厚さを0.25mm以上とすることで防ぐことができる。ただし、不織布の厚さが厚すぎると、電池容器内での作用物質の占有する割合が低くなり、エネルギー密度が低下するので、0.45mm以下とする。したがって、結着剤としてポリウレタンを用い、かつ不織布の厚さを0.25〜0.45mmの範囲とすることによって、電圧降下がなく、かつ負極作用物質と正極作用物質との隔離性もよく、さらにエネルギー密度の高いオキシハライド−リチウム電池が得られる。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の実施の形態を以下に説明する。
(実施例1)
以下本発明をチオニル−リチウム電池に適用した例について図1を参照して詳細に説明する。
【0011】
図1は本実施例及び比較例におけるAAサイズ塩化チオニル−リチウム電池の構造を示した断面図である。図中の1はステンレス鋼製の有底円筒状の缶体で、電池容器と負極端子を兼ねるものである。この電池容器1の内周面には負極活物質である金属リチウム2が圧着されている。
【0012】
金属リチウム2の内側には、セパレータ3を介して筒状多孔質炭素剤4が設けられており、セパレータ3は結着剤にポリウレタンを用いた密度0.13g/cm3 ,厚さ0.25mmのガラス不織布からなっている。多孔質炭素材4はアセチレンブラック及びケッチェンブラックに結着剤としてポリテトラフルオロエチレンを混練し、ニッケルのエキスパンドメタルを円筒形に成形した金属製集電体5が内側に圧着されるように成形した後、160℃空気中で乾燥させることにより作製される。
【0013】
前記電池容器1の上面開口部には電池蓋6がレーザー溶接等で接合されている。この電池蓋の中心の穴にはパイプ状正極端子7がガラス製のシール材8によって電池蓋6と電気的に絶縁され固定されている。さらに電池蓋6の下部にはパイプ状正極端子7に支持された前記セパレータ3と同様のガラス不織布からなり中央に穴を有する絶縁紙9が設けられている。
【0014】
前記パイプ状正極端子7の下部はリード線10を介して前記金属製集電体5に接続されている。このパイプ状正極端子7は注液口を兼ねており、電解液兼正極作用物質となる塩化アルミニウム(AlCl3 )と塩化リチウム(LiCl)を溶解した塩化チオニル(SOCl2 )溶液11を注入した後、例えばステンレス製の封口体12を挿入し、レーザー溶接により封止して完全密閉形とする。
【0015】
また、前記電池容器1の底部には薄肉部13が形成されており、温度上昇で電解液兼正極作用物質が体積膨張して内圧上昇した場合に、優先的に破断して安全弁としての機能を果たすようになっている。
この電池を100個作製した。
【0016】
(実施例2)
セパレータとして結着剤にポリウレタンを用いた密度0.13g/cm3 ,厚さ0.31mmのガラス不織布を用いた以外、実施例1と同様にして電池を100個作製した。
【0017】
(実施例3)
セパレータとして結着剤にポリウレタンを用いた密度0.13g/cm3 ,厚さ0.45mmのガラス不織布を用いた以外、実施例1と同様にして電池を100個作製した。
【0018】
(比較例1)
セパレータとして結着剤にアクリル樹脂を用いた密度0.14g/cm3 ,厚さ0.25mmのガラス不織布を用いた以外、実施例1と同様にして電池を100個作製した。
【0019】
(比較例2)
セパレータとして結着剤にポリウレタンを用いた密度0.13g/cm3 ,厚さ0.15mmのガラス不織布を用いた以外、実施例1と同様にして電池を100個作製した。
【0020】
(比較例3)
セパレータとして結着剤にポリウレタンを用いた密度0.13g/cm3 ,厚さ0.49mmのガラス不織布を用いた以外、実施例1と同様にして電池を100個作製した。
【0021】
図2は上記実施例及び比較例の電池を60℃の環境下に20日間貯蔵した後、30Ω−60秒間定抵抗放電させた場合の最低電圧を示したものである。本発明の電池は、アクリル系樹脂を結着剤として用いた比較例1の電池と比較して電圧の落ち込みが小さく、優れた放電性能を有していることがわかる。
【0022】
図3は上記実施例及び比較例の電池を20℃−1kΩで定抵抗連続放電させたときの放電特性を示したものである。結着剤としてポリウレタンを用いているが、不織布の厚さが0.15mmと薄い比較例2の電池は、放電中期に内部短絡による電圧降下がみられる。比較例2の電池と比較して、本発明電池は安定した放電特性と、高い放電容量を示していることがわかる。
【0023】
表1は実施例及び比較例の電池を100℃の環境下に10日間貯蔵した場合の、電池容器変形の発生数を示したものである。この変形は電池内圧の上昇による缶体の膨らみで、電解液漏洩事故の危険を伴うものである。本発明の電池及び比較例1,2の電池では変形は発生していないが、比較例3の電池では50個中38個が変形していた。この原因はガラス不織布が厚いため容器内の空隙が減少したためである。これを防止するには容器内の発電要素の充填量を減量しなければならず、エネルギー密度の低下となる。
【0024】
【表1】

Figure 0004366541
【0025】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明のオキシハライド−リチウム電池は、セパレータを改良したことによって、優れた放電特性と高エネルギー密度を有するものとなった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】オキシハライド−リチウム電池の構造を示す断面図。
【図2】本発明の実施例及び比較例の電池を60℃の環境下に20日間貯蔵した後、30Ω−60秒間定抵抗放電させた場合の最低電圧を示す図。
【図3】本発明の実施例及び比較例の電池を20℃−1kΩで定抵抗連続放電させたときの放電特性を示す図。
【符号の説明】
1…電池容器、2…金属リチウム、3…セパレータ、4…多孔質炭素材、5…金属製集電体、6…電池蓋、7…パイプ状正極端子、8…ガラス製シール材、9…絶縁紙、10…リード線、11…塩化チオニル溶液、12…封口体、13…薄肉部。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an oxyhalide-lithium battery using lithium or an alloy composed of lithium and a light metal as a negative electrode active material and using an oxyhalide compound as a positive electrode active material, and more particularly to improvement of the separator.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Oxyhalide-lithium batteries are widely used as memory backup power supplies and the like, taking advantage of their extremely high energy density, wide operating temperature range, and excellent storage characteristics. Furthermore, in recent years, there is a demand as a power source for driving small devices, and the range of use is expected to expand in the future.
[0003]
The oxyhalide-lithium battery uses lithium or an alloy composed of lithium and light metal as a negative electrode active material, an oxyhalide compound such as thionyl chloride or sulfuryl chloride as a positive electrode active material, and a porous carbon material as a main component on the positive electrode side. The separator has a structure in which a separator is interposed between the negative electrode active substance and the porous carbon material. Conventionally, a glass nonwoven fabric using an acrylic resin as a binder has been used as a separator.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The acrylic resin used as the binder is preferable in that it is resistant to oxyhalide compounds, but dissolves slightly in a high-temperature environment to form a compound on the surface of the negative electrode active substance to form an impurity film. The impurity coating hinders the reaction at the early stage of discharge of the battery, causing a problem that a temporary but significant voltage drop occurs.
[0005]
In contrast, attempts have been made to use polyurethane as a binder, and it has been found that such a significant voltage drop does not occur when polyurethane is used. This is presumably because polyurethane has little influence on discharge even when an impurity film is formed.
[0006]
However, polyurethane is easier to dissolve in oxyhalide compounds than acrylic resins, and the glass fibers tend to be weakly bonded inside the battery. As the battery discharge depth further increases, an external force is applied by the reaction product, so that the negative electrode active substance and the porous carbon material are in physical contact with each other at the thinned portion of the glass nonwoven fabric, which may lead to a decrease in battery life. I found out.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in response to such a situation, and has improved discharge characteristics and high energy density by improving the problems when polyurethane is used as a binder for separators of oxyhalide-lithium batteries. An object of the present invention is to provide an oxyhalide-lithium battery.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above object was achieved by using polyurethane as the glass fiber binder and setting the thickness of the glass fiber nonwoven fabric to 0.25 to 0.45 mm. That is, the present invention uses lithium or an alloy composed of lithium and light metal as the negative electrode active material, uses an oxyhalide compound as the positive electrode active material, uses a porous carbon material as the positive electrode constituent material, and uses the negative electrode active material and the porous carbon. In an oxyhalide-lithium battery whose material is separated by a nonwoven fabric made of glass fiber, the nonwoven fabric made of glass fiber uses polyurethane as a binder and has a thickness of 0.25 to 0.45 mm. It is characterized by.
[0009]
In this invention, the problem as a polyurethane binder was improved by improving the thickness of the nonwoven fabric. As described above, when polyurethane is used as the binder, a significant voltage drop does not occur as in the case of acrylic resin, but the negative electrode active substance and the porous material are removed at the portion where the glass nonwoven fabric becomes thinner as the discharge depth of the battery advances. Risk of physical contact with carbonaceous material. In the present invention, this can be prevented by setting the thickness of the nonwoven fabric to 0.25 mm or more. However, if the thickness of the non-woven fabric is too thick, the proportion occupied by the active substance in the battery container decreases and the energy density decreases, so the thickness is set to 0.45 mm or less. Therefore, by using polyurethane as the binder and setting the thickness of the nonwoven fabric to the range of 0.25 to 0.45 mm, there is no voltage drop, and the isolation between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material is good, Furthermore, an oxyhalide-lithium battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below.
(Example 1)
Hereinafter, an example in which the present invention is applied to a thionyl-lithium battery will be described in detail with reference to FIG.
[0011]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the structure of an AA size thionyl chloride-lithium battery in Examples and Comparative Examples. In the figure, reference numeral 1 denotes a bottomed cylindrical can made of stainless steel, which doubles as a battery container and a negative electrode terminal. Metal lithium 2 as a negative electrode active material is pressure-bonded to the inner peripheral surface of the battery container 1.
[0012]
Inside the metallic lithium 2, a cylindrical porous carbon agent 4 is provided via a separator 3, and the separator 3 has a density of 0.13 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.25 mm using polyurethane as a binder. Made of glass nonwoven fabric. The porous carbon material 4 is formed so that acetylene black and ketjen black are kneaded with polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder, and a metal current collector 5 formed of nickel expanded metal in a cylindrical shape is pressed inside. And then dried in air at 160 ° C.
[0013]
A battery lid 6 is joined to the upper surface opening of the battery container 1 by laser welding or the like. A pipe-like positive electrode terminal 7 is electrically insulated from the battery lid 6 and fixed by a glass sealing material 8 in the central hole of the battery lid. Further, an insulating paper 9 made of the same glass nonwoven fabric as the separator 3 supported by the pipe-like positive electrode terminal 7 and having a hole in the center is provided at the lower part of the battery lid 6.
[0014]
A lower portion of the pipe-like positive electrode terminal 7 is connected to the metal current collector 5 through a lead wire 10. This pipe-like positive electrode terminal 7 also serves as a liquid injection port, and after injecting a thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) solution 11 in which aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) and lithium chloride (LiCl) serving as an electrolytic solution and positive electrode active substance are injected. For example, a stainless sealing body 12 is inserted and sealed by laser welding to form a completely sealed shape.
[0015]
In addition, a thin-walled portion 13 is formed at the bottom of the battery container 1, and when the electrolyte / cathode active substance expands in volume due to a temperature rise and the internal pressure rises, the battery vessel 1 breaks preferentially and functions as a safety valve. It has come to fulfill.
100 batteries were produced.
[0016]
(Example 2)
100 batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a glass nonwoven fabric having a density of 0.13 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.31 mm using polyurethane as a binder was used as a separator.
[0017]
(Example 3)
100 batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a glass nonwoven fabric having a density of 0.13 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.45 mm using polyurethane as a binder was used as a separator.
[0018]
(Comparative Example 1)
100 batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a glass nonwoven fabric having a density of 0.14 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.25 mm using an acrylic resin as a binder was used as a separator.
[0019]
(Comparative Example 2)
100 batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a glass nonwoven fabric having a density of 0.13 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.15 mm using polyurethane as a binder was used as a separator.
[0020]
(Comparative Example 3)
100 batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a glass nonwoven fabric having a density of 0.13 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 0.49 mm using polyurethane as a binder was used as a separator.
[0021]
FIG. 2 shows the minimum voltage when the batteries of the above examples and comparative examples were discharged at a constant resistance of 30Ω-60 seconds after being stored in an environment of 60 ° C. for 20 days. It can be seen that the battery of the present invention has an excellent discharge performance with less voltage drop compared to the battery of Comparative Example 1 using an acrylic resin as a binder.
[0022]
FIG. 3 shows the discharge characteristics when the batteries of the examples and comparative examples were subjected to constant resistance continuous discharge at 20 ° C.-1 kΩ. Although polyurethane is used as the binder, the battery of Comparative Example 2 having a thin nonwoven fabric thickness of 0.15 mm shows a voltage drop due to an internal short circuit in the middle of discharge. Compared with the battery of Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that the battery of the present invention exhibits stable discharge characteristics and high discharge capacity.
[0023]
Table 1 shows the number of battery container deformations when the batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples were stored in an environment of 100 ° C. for 10 days. This deformation is a swelling of the can body due to an increase in the internal pressure of the battery, and there is a risk of an electrolyte leakage accident. Although no deformation occurred in the battery of the present invention and the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, 38 out of 50 batteries were deformed in the battery of Comparative Example 3. This is because the gap in the container is reduced because the glass nonwoven fabric is thick. In order to prevent this, the filling amount of the power generation element in the container must be reduced, resulting in a decrease in energy density.
[0024]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004366541
[0025]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the oxyhalide-lithium battery of the present invention has excellent discharge characteristics and high energy density by improving the separator.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of an oxyhalide-lithium battery.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the minimum voltage when batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention are stored in a 60 ° C. environment for 20 days and then subjected to a constant resistance discharge for 30Ω-60 seconds.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing discharge characteristics when batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention are subjected to constant resistance continuous discharge at 20 ° C.-1 kΩ.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Battery container, 2 ... Metal lithium, 3 ... Separator, 4 ... Porous carbon material, 5 ... Metal collector, 6 ... Battery cover, 7 ... Pipe-shaped positive electrode terminal, 8 ... Glass sealing material, 9 ... Insulating paper, 10 ... lead wire, 11 ... thionyl chloride solution, 12 ... sealing body, 13 ... thin part.

Claims (1)

負極作用物質としてリチウムあるいはリチウムと軽金属からなる合金を用い、正極作用物質としてオキシハライド化合物を用い、正極構成材として多孔質炭素材を用い、前記負極作用物質と前記多孔質炭素材をガラス繊維からなる不織布で隔離したオキシハライド−リチウム電池において、ガラス繊維からなる不織布が結着剤としてポリウレタンを用いたもので、かつ厚さが0.25〜0.45mmの範囲のものであることを特徴とするオキシハライド−リチウム電池。Lithium or an alloy comprising lithium and light metal is used as the negative electrode active material, an oxyhalide compound is used as the positive electrode active material, a porous carbon material is used as the positive electrode constituent material, and the negative electrode active material and the porous carbon material are made of glass fiber. In the oxyhalide-lithium battery isolated by the non-woven fabric, the non-woven fabric made of glass fiber uses polyurethane as a binder and has a thickness in the range of 0.25 to 0.45 mm. Oxyhalide-lithium battery.
JP14727898A 1998-05-28 1998-05-28 Oxyhalide-lithium battery Expired - Fee Related JP4366541B2 (en)

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JP14727898A JP4366541B2 (en) 1998-05-28 1998-05-28 Oxyhalide-lithium battery

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JPH11339749A JPH11339749A (en) 1999-12-10
JP4366541B2 true JP4366541B2 (en) 2009-11-18

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004335367A (en) * 2003-05-09 2004-11-25 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Lithium secondary battery
KR100859755B1 (en) * 2007-02-07 2008-09-24 한국과학기술원 Li / SOCl2 battery including separator for battery coated with polyurethane-based polymer compound

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