JP4366901B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4366901B2 JP4366901B2 JP2002170992A JP2002170992A JP4366901B2 JP 4366901 B2 JP4366901 B2 JP 4366901B2 JP 2002170992 A JP2002170992 A JP 2002170992A JP 2002170992 A JP2002170992 A JP 2002170992A JP 4366901 B2 JP4366901 B2 JP 4366901B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- carbonate
- electrolyte battery
- bond
- aqueous electrolyte
- nonaqueous electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- XZXRBQFVMLTFHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;ethynylbenzene Chemical compound OC(O)=O.C#CC1=CC=CC=C1 XZXRBQFVMLTFHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N cis-aconitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C(C(O)=O)=C\C(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKKMVIVFRUYPLQ-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotononitrile Chemical compound C\C=C\C#N NKKMVIVFRUYPLQ-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptene Chemical compound C1CCC=CCC1 ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940105990 diglycerin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)CO GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl carbonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZTCPWRAHWXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethanediamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(N)(N)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZZTCPWRAHWXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=COC(=O)C=C BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N galactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric anhydride Chemical compound O=C1CCCC(=O)O1 VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Pb] JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octadecane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N maleamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N methyl (2s)-2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)[C@@H](N=C=O)CCCCN=C=O AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOVAGTYPODGVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl beta-galactoside Natural products COC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O HOVAGTYPODGVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052961 molybdenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QUANRIQJNFHVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxirane;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound C1CO1.OCC(O)CO QUANRIQJNFHVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005906 polyester polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical class [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000380 propiolactone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic anhydride Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC(=O)CC WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical group CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIYNFFGKZCOPKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sbb061129 Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C2C1C1C=C(C)C2C1 JIYNFFGKZCOPKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000108 silver(I,III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical class [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOZKAJLKRJDJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolylenediamine group Chemical group CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)N)N VOZKAJLKRJDJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic anhydride Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005609 vinylidenefluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は非水電解質電池に関し、特に、非水電解質の改良に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、非水電解質電池、特にリチウム二次電池は、携帯電話,PHS(簡易携帯電話),小型コンピューター等の携帯機器類用電源、電力貯蔵用電源、電気自動車用電源として注目されている。
【0003】
リチウム二次電池は、一般に、正極活物質を主要構成成分とする正極と、負極活物質を主要構成成分とする負極と、非水電解質とから構成される。
【0004】
リチウム二次電池を構成する正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物が、負極活物質としては、グラファイトに代表される炭素質材料が、非水電解質としては、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)等の電解質塩がエチレンカーボネート等を主構成成分とする非水溶媒に溶解されたもの等が広く知られている。
【0005】
しかしながら、エチレンカーボネートは融点が高く、低温で電解質が凝固し易い。そのため、エチレンカーボネートに代えて、より融点の低いプロピレンカーボネートを電解質の非水溶媒として使用する方法が知られているが、充電時、とりわけ初充電時にプロピレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解するため、電池性能が充分に得られないという問題があった。
【0006】
この問題を解決する手段として、特開平11−67266号公報などには、プロピレンカーボネートの上記分解を抑制するために、ビニレンカーボネートを必須成分とする非水溶媒を非水電解質電池に適用する技術が開示されている。すなわち、初充電時にビニレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制され、高い低温特性と高いエネルギー密度とを有する非水電解質電池が得られるとされている。
【0007】
しかしながら、ビニレンカーボネートは耐酸化性に劣り、正極上で分解するため、多量に添加すると電池性能を低下させるという問題があった。
【0008】
一方、特開2001−126761号公報などには、ビニルエチレンカーボネート類を必須成分とする非水溶媒を非水電解質電池に適用する技術が開示されている。すなわち、初充電時にビニルエチレンカーボネート類がグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制され、高い低温特性と高いエネルギー密度とを有する非水電解質電池が得られるとされている。
【0009】
しかしながら、ビニルエチレンカーボネート類の分解物による保護被膜は、ビニレンカーボネートの分解物による保護被膜に比較してプロピレンカーボネートの分解抑制能に劣り、その効果を充分に得るためには、上記したビニレンカーボネートの場合に比較し、多量に添加する必要があるという問題があることに加え、ビニレンカーボネートと同様、耐酸化性に劣り、正極上で分解するため、電池性能を低下させるという問題があった。
【0010】
さらに、特開2000−268859号公報などには、酸無水物を必須成分とする非水溶媒を非水電解質電池に適用する技術が開示されている。すなわち、初充電時に酸無水物がグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面に緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制され、高い低温特性と高いエネルギー密度とを有する非水電解質電池が得られるとされている。
【0011】
しかしながら、酸無水物の分解物による保護被膜は、ビニレンカーボネートやビニルエチレンカーボネート類の分解物による保護被膜に比較して非常に緻密であるため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解抑制能には優れているものの、負極と電解質の界面抵抗を上昇させる性質が大きいため、少しでも添加量が多いと、むしろ電池性能を低下させるという問題があった。
【0012】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、前記問題点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的は、充放電効率が高く、保存性能に優れた非水電解質電池を容易に提供することである。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するため、本発明者らは、鋭意検討の結果、非水電解質を構成する非水溶媒を特定のものとすることにより、驚くべきことに、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池が得られることを見出し、本発明に至った。すなわち、本発明の技術的構成およびその作用効果は以下の通りである。ただし、作用機構については推定を含んでおり、その正否は、本発明を制限するものではない。
【0014】
本発明は、正極と、負極と、非水電解質とから少なくとも構成される非水電解質電池において、前記非水電解質は、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと、酸無水物とを、それぞれ1種以上含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0015】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと、酸無水物をそれぞれ1種以上含有していることにより、初充電時に、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物とがグラファイト負極上で共に分解し、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を確実に抑制できるので、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。このとき、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと、酸無水物をそれぞれ1種以上含有していることにより、それぞれの添加量が少量でも、負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を効果的に抑制できる。よって、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有し、サイクル性能や保存性能に優れた非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0016】
そして、本発明は、請求項1に記載したように、正極と、負極と、非水電解質とから少なくとも構成される非水電解質電池において、前記非水電解質は、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと、酸無水物とを含有し、前記π結合を有する環状カーボネートと前記酸無水物の含有比は重量比10:1〜20:1であり、前記π結合を有する環状カーボネートとして、環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートと、環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネートとの両方を含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0017】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記「π結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートと、環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネートをそれぞれ1種以上含有したものとすることにより、前記「環内にπ結合を有するカーボネート」の添加量および前記「環外にのみπ結合を有するカーボネート」の添加量を少量とした場合においても、負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、特に緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制できる。また、前記「環内にπ結合を有するカーボネート」の添加量を少量とすることができるので、前記「環内にπ結合を有するカーボネート」の正極上での分解を低く抑えることができる。従って、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有し、サイクル性能や保存性能に優れた非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0018】
また、本発明は、請求項2に記載したように、前記「環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、(化学式1)に示される構造を有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。但し、R1とR2は同じであっても異なっていてもよく、H−、X−またはCnHmX(2n−m+1)−のいずれかである。ここでXはハロゲン原子を表し、nは4以下の自然数であり、0≦m≦2n+1である。
【0019】
【化3】
【0020】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記「環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、(化学式1)に示される構造を有する化合物とすることにより、初充電時に負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、より緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制でき、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。
【0021】
また、本発明は、請求項3に記載したように、前記「環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、(化学式2)に示される構造を有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。但し、R1、R2、R3、R4、R5およびR6は、独立で、H−、X−またはCnHmX(2n−m+1)−のいずれかである。即ち、R1、R2、R3、R4、R5およびR6の中から選ばれる任意の2個が同じであっても異なっていてもよい。ここでXはハロゲン原子を表し、nは4以下の自然数であり、0≦m≦2n+1である。
【0022】
【化4】
【0023】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記「環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、(化学式2)に示される構造を有する化合物であることにより、初充電時に負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、より緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制でき、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。
【0024】
また、本発明は、請求項4に記載したように、前記「環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」は、ビニレンカーボネートであることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0025】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記「環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、ビニレンカーボネートであることにより、初充電時に負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、特に緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に非常に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をさらに効果的に抑制でき、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。
【0026】
また、本発明は、請求項5に記載したように、前記「環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、ビニルエチレンカーボネートであることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0027】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記「環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネート」が、ビニルエチレンカーボネートであることにより、初充電時に負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、特に緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に非常に優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をさらに効果的に抑制でき、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。
【0028】
また、本発明は、請求項6に記載したように、前記酸無水物は、環状酸無水物であることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0029】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有する前記酸無水物が、環状酸無水物であることにより、初充電時にグラファイト負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、より緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性により優れたものとなるため、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制でき、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。
【0030】
また、本発明は、請求項7に記載したように、前記非水電解質が、π結合を有さない環状カーボネートをさらに含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0031】
このような構成によれば、前記非水電解質中が、π結合を有さない環状カーボネートをさらに含有することにより、非水電解質の沸点および引火点を高く保った上に、高誘電率を有するため、リチウムイオン伝導度を向上でき、さらに耐酸化性に優れることから、上記効果が効果的に得られる。よって、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0032】
また、本発明は、請求項8に記載したように、前記「π結合を有さない環状カーボネート」が、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびブチレンカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0033】
このような構成によれば、非水電解質中に含有するπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートを、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびブチレンカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種とすることにより、これらπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートが持つ高誘電率を有し、耐酸化性に優れた有機溶媒の特性を生かすことができるため、上記効果がより効果的に得られる。
【0034】
また、本発明は、請求項9に記載したように、前記負極は、グラファイトを主要構成成分としてなることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0035】
このような構成によれば、グラファイトは、金属リチウム電位(水溶液の場合−3.045V vs. NHE)に極めて近い作動電位を有し、かつ充放電における不可逆容量を少なくできることから、高作動電圧を有し、高エネルギー密度である非水電解質電池を得ることができる。
【0036】
また、本発明は、請求項10に記載したように、外装体に金属樹脂複合材料を用いたことを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0037】
このような構成によれば、金属樹脂複合材料は、金属よりも比重が小さく、また、薄形形状に容易に成形できるので、非水電解質電池の小形軽量化が可能である。
【0038】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に、本発明の実施の形態を例示するが、本発明は、これらの記述に限定されるものではない。
【0039】
本発明に係る非水電解質電池は、正極活物質を主要構成成分とする正極と、負極活物質を主要構成成分とする負極と、電解質塩を非水溶媒に溶解した、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物を含有している非水電解質とから構成され、一般的には、正極と負極との間に、非水電解質電池用セパレータが設けられる。
【0040】
π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物の含有量は、合計して非水電解質の全重量に対して0.01重量%〜15重量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.10重量%〜10重量%である。π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物の含有量が、非水電解質の全重量に対して0.01重量%以上であることによって、非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の初充電時における分解をほぼ完全に抑制し、充電をより確実に行うことができる。また、15重量%以下であることによって、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物が正極上で分解することによる電池性能の劣化がほとんど発生せず、充分な電池性能を発揮することができる。なお、π結合を有する環状カーボネートと酸無水物の含有比は、重量比5:1〜20:1であることが好ましく、本発明においては、重量比10:1〜20:1とする。
【0041】
π結合を有する環状カーボネートは、例えば、ビニレンカーボネート、カテコールカーボネート、1−フェニルビニレンカーボネート、1,2−ジフェニルビニレンカーボネートなどの環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネート類、スチレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、4−メチル−4−ビニル−1,3−ジオキサン−2−オンなどの環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネート類が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。これらは、2種以上混合して用いてもよいが、特に、本発明においては、環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートと、環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネートをそれぞれ1種以上含有する。中でも、ビニレンカーボネートとビニルエチレンカーボネートを少なくとも含有することが特に好ましい。なお、環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートと環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネートの含有比は、任意に選択することができるが、重量比1:1前後であることが好ましい。
【0042】
酸無水物は、例えば、無水酢酸、無水プロピオン酸、無水酪酸などの鎖状酸無水物類、無水コハク酸、無水メチルコハク酸、無水2,2−ジメチルコハク酸、無水2,3−ジメチルコハク酸、無水マレイン酸、無水メチルマレイン酸、無水2,3−ジメチルマレイン酸、無水フェニルマレイン酸、無水イタコン酸、無水グルタル酸、無水3−メチルグルタル酸、無水2,2−ジメチルグルタル酸、無水3,3−ジメチルグルタル酸、無水シトラコン酸、無水グルタコン酸、無水フタル酸、無水テトラヒドロフタル酸、無水ジグリコール酸、無水ホモフタル酸などの環状酸無水物類が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。これらは単独で用いてもよく、2種以上混合して用いてもよいが、特に、環状酸無水物を含有していることが好ましい。
【0043】
非水電解質を構成する有機溶媒は、一般に非水電解質電池用非水電解質に使用される有機溶媒が使用できる。例えば、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネート;γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、プロピオラクトン等の環状エステル;ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジフェニルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネート;酢酸メチル、酪酸メチル等の鎖状エステル;テトラヒドロフランまたはその誘導体、1,3−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、メチルジグライム等のエーテル類;アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル等のニトリル類;ジオキサランまたはその誘導体;スルホラン、スルトンまたはその誘導体等の単独またはそれら2種以上の混合物等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0044】
なお、本発明においては、非水電解質中に高誘電率を有するπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートを含有することにより、本発明の効果が充分に発揮できるため好ましく、なかでも、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびブチレンカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有することが、特に好ましい。
【0045】
電解質塩としては、例えば、LiClO4,LiBF4,LiAsF6,LiPF6,LiSCN,LiBr,LiI,Li2SO4,Li2B10Cl10,NaClO4,NaI,NaSCN,NaBr,KClO4,KSCN等のリチウム(Li)、ナトリウム(Na)またはカリウム(K)の1種を含む無機イオン塩、LiCF3SO3,LiN(CF3SO2)2,LiN(C2F5SO2)2,(CH3)4NBF4,(CH3)4NBr,(C2H5)4NClO4,(C2H5)4NI,(C3H7)4NBr,(n−C4H9)4NClO4,(n−C4H9)4NI,(C2H5)4N−maleate,(C2H5)4N−benzoate,(C2H5)4N−phtalate等の四級アンモニウム塩、ステアリルスルホン酸リチウム、オクチルスルホン酸リチウム、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸リチウム等の有機イオン塩が挙げられ、これらのイオン性化合物を単独、あるいは2種類以上混合して用いることが可能である。
【0046】
これらの塩の中で、LiPF6は解離性に優れ、優れた伝導度が得られる点で好ましい。また、LiBF4は、LiPF6と比較して解離度や伝導度は低いものの、電解液中に存在する水分との反応性が低いので、電解液の水分管理を簡素化することが可能であり製造コストを低減することが可能である点で好ましい。さらに、電極や外装材の腐食を引き起こすフッ酸発生の程度が少なく、外装材として金属樹脂複合フィルム等の200μm以下の薄い材料を採用した場合であっても、高い耐久性を有する非水電解質電池が得られる点で好ましい。また、LiPF6やLiBF4と、LiN(CF3SO2)2やLiN(C2F5SO2)2のようなパーフルオロアルキル基を有するリチウム塩とを混合して用いると、電解液の粘度をさらに下げることができる点、保存性を向上させる効果がある点で好ましい。
【0047】
非水電解質における電解質塩の濃度としては、高い電池特性を有する非水電解質電池を確実に得るために、0.1mol/l〜5mol/lが好ましく、さらに好ましくは、1mol/l〜2.5mol/lである。
【0048】
正極の主要構成成分である正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、リチウム含有リン酸塩、リチウム含有硫酸塩などを単独あるいは混合して用いることが望ましい。リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物としては、一般式LiyCo1-xMxO2、LiyMn2-xMXO4(Mは、IからVIII族の金属(例えば、Li,Ca,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe,Coの1種類以上の元素)であり、異種元素置換量を示すx値については置換できる最大量まで有効であるが、好ましくは放電容量の点から0≦x≦1である。また、リチウム量を示すy値についてはリチウムを可逆的に利用しうる最大量が有効であり、好ましくは放電容量の点から0≦y≦2である。)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0049】
また、前記リチウム含有化合物に他の正極活物質を混合して用いてもよく、他の正極活物質としては、CuO,Cu2O,Ag2O,CuS,CuSO4等のI族金属化合物、TiS2,SiO2,SnO等のIV族金属化合物、V2O5,V6O12,VOx,Nb2O5,Bi2O3,Sb2O3等のV族金属化合物、CrO3,Cr2O3,MoO3,MoS2,WO3,SeO2等のVI族金属化合物、MnO2,Mn2O3等のVII族金属化合物、Fe2O3,FeO,Fe3O4,Ni2O3,NiO,CoO3,CoO等のVIII族金属化合物、または、一般式LixMX2,LixMNyX2(M、NはIからVIII族の金属、Xは酸素、硫黄などのカルコゲン化合物を示す。)等で表される、例えばリチウム−コバルト系複合酸化物やリチウム−マンガン系複合酸化物等の金属化合物、さらに、ジスルフィド,ポリピロール,ポリアニリン,ポリパラフェニレン,ポリアセチレン,ポリアセン系材料等の導電性高分子化合物、擬グラファイト構造炭素質材料等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0050】
負極の主要構成成分である負極活物質としては、炭素質材料、スズ酸化物,珪素酸化物等の金属酸化物、さらにこれらの物質に負極特性を向上させる目的でリンやホウ素を添加し改質を行った材料等が挙げられる。炭素質材料の中でもグラファイトは、金属リチウムに極めて近い作動電位を有するので電解質塩としてリチウム塩を採用した場合に自己放電を少なくでき、かつ充放電における不可逆容量を少なくできるので、負極活物質として好ましい。さらに本発明においては、環状カーボネートまたは鎖状カーボネートのフッ化物を含有する非水電解質が使用されるので、充電時にグラファイトを主成分とする負極上で非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を確実に抑制でき、グラファイトの上記有利な特性を確実に発現させることができる。
【0051】
以下に、好適に用いることのできるグラファイトのエックス線回折等による分析結果を示す;
格子面間隔(d002) 0.333から0.350ナノメートル
a軸方向の結晶子の大きさ La 20ナノメートル以上
c軸方向の結晶子の大きさ Lc 20ナノメートル以上
真密度 2.00から2.25g/cm3
【0052】
また、グラファイトに、スズ酸化物,ケイ素酸化物等の金属酸化物、リン、ホウ素、アモルファスカーボン等を添加して改質を行ってもよい。特に、グラファイトの表面を上記の方法によって改質することで、電解質の分解を抑制し電池特性を高めることができる点で好ましい。さらに、グラファイトに対して、リチウム金属、リチウム−アルミニウム,リチウム−鉛,リチウム−スズ,リチウム−アルミニウム−スズ,リチウム−ガリウム,およびウッド合金等のリチウム金属含有合金等を併用することや、あらかじめ電気化学的に還元することによってリチウムが挿入されたグラファイト等も負極活物質として使用可能である。
【0053】
また、正極活物質の粉体および/または負極活物質の粉体の少なくとも表面層部分を電子伝導性やイオン伝導性の良いもの、あるいは疎水基を有する化合物で修飾してもよい。例えば、金,銀,カーボン,ニッケル,銅等の電子伝導性のよい物質や、炭酸リチウム,ホウ素ガラス,固体電解質等のイオン伝導性のよい物質、あるいはシリコーンオイル等の疎水基を有する物質をメッキ,焼結,メカノフュージョン,蒸着,焼き付け等の技術を応用して被覆すること等が挙げられる。
【0054】
正極活物質の粉体および負極活物質の粉体は、平均粒子サイズ100μm以下であることが望ましい。特に、正極活物質の粉体は、非水電解質電池の高出力特性を向上する目的で10μm以下であることが望ましい。粉体を所定の形状で得るためには粉砕機や分級機が用いられる。例えば乳鉢、ボールミル、サンドミル、振動ボールミル、遊星ボールミル、ジェットミル、カウンタージェトミル、旋回気流型ジェットミルや篩等が用いられる。粉砕時には水、あるいはヘキサン等の有機溶剤を共存させた湿式粉砕を用いることもできる。分級方法としては、特に限定はなく、篩や風力分級機などが、乾式、湿式ともに必要に応じて用いられる。
【0055】
以上、正極活物質および負極活物質について詳述したが、正極および負極には、主要構成成分である前記活物質の他に、導電剤、結着剤およびフィラーが、他の構成成分として含有されてもよい。
【0056】
導電剤としては、電池性能に悪影響を及ぼさない電子伝導性材料であれば限定されないが、通常、天然黒鉛(鱗状黒鉛,鱗片状黒鉛,土状黒鉛等)、人造黒鉛、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、カーボンウイスカー、炭素繊維、金属(銅,ニッケル,アルミニウム,銀,金等)粉、金属繊維、導電性セラミックス材料等の導電性材料を1種またはそれらの混合物として含ませることができる。
【0057】
これらの中で、導電剤としては、導電性および塗工性の観点よりアセチレンブラックが望ましい。導電剤の添加量は、正極または負極の総重量に対して1重量%〜50重量%が好ましく、特に2重量%〜30重量%が好ましい。これらの混合方法は、物理的な混合であり、その理想とするところは均一混合である。そのため、V型混合機、S型混合機、擂かい機、ボールミル、遊星ボールミルといったような粉体混合機を乾式、あるいは湿式で混合することが可能である。
【0058】
結着剤としては、通常、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン,ポリフッ化ビニリデン,ポリエチレン,ポリプロピレン等の熱可塑性樹脂、エチレン−プロピレンジエンターポリマー(EPDM),スルホン化EPDM,スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、フッ素ゴム等のゴム弾性を有するポリマー、カルボキシメチルセルロース等の多糖類等を1種または2種以上の混合物として用いることができる。また、多糖類の様にリチウムと反応する官能基を有する結着剤は、例えばメチル化するなどしてその官能基を失活させておくことが望ましい。結着剤の添加量は、正極または負極の総重量に対して1〜50重量%が好ましく、特に2〜30重量%が好ましい。
【0059】
フィラーとしては、電池性能に悪影響を及ぼさない材料であれば何でも良い。通常、ポリプロピレン,ポリエチレン等のオレフィン系ポリマー、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの金属酸化物、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウムなどの金属炭酸塩、ガラス、炭素等が用いられる。フィラーの添加量は、正極または負極の総重量に対して添加量は30重量%以下が好ましい。
【0060】
正極および負極は、前記活物質、導電剤および結着剤をN−メチルピロリドン,トルエン等の有機溶媒に混合させた後、得られた混合液を下記に詳述する集電体の上に塗布し、乾燥することによって、好適に作製される。前記塗布方法については、例えば、アプリケーターロールなどのローラーコーティング、スクリーンコーティング、ドクターブレード方式、スピンコーティング、バーコーダー等の手段を用いて任意の厚さおよび任意の形状に塗布することが望ましいが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0061】
集電体としては、構成された電池において悪影響を及ぼさない電子伝導体であれば何でもよい。例えば、正極用集電体としては、アルミニウム、チタン、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、焼成炭素、導電性高分子、導電性ガラス等の他に、接着性、導電性および耐酸化性向上の目的で、アルミニウムや銅等の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、チタンや銀等で処理した物を用いることができる。負極用集電体としては、銅、ニッケル、鉄、ステンレス鋼、チタン、アルミニウム、焼成炭素、導電性高分子、導電性ガラス、Al−Cd合金等の他に、接着性、導電性、耐酸化性向上の目的で、銅等の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、チタンや銀等で処理した物を用いることができる。これらの材料については表面を酸化処理することも可能である。
【0062】
集電体の形状については、フォイル状の他、フィルム状、シート状、ネット状、パンチまたはエキスパンドされた物、ラス体、多孔質体、発泡体、繊維群の形成体等が用いられる。厚さの限定は特にないが、1〜500μmのものが用いられる。これらの集電体の中で、正極としては、耐酸化性に優れているアルミニウム箔が、負極としては、還元場において安定であり、且つ電導性に優れ、安価な銅箔、ニッケル箔、鉄箔、およびそれらの一部を含む合金箔を使用することが好ましい。さらに、粗面表面粗さが0.2μmRa以上の箔であることが好ましく、これにより正極活物質または負極活物質と集電体との密着性は優れたものとなる。よって、このような粗面を有することから、電解箔を使用するのが好ましい。特に、ハナ付き処理を施した電解箔は最も好ましい。
【0063】
非水電解質電池用セパレータとしては、優れたレート特性を示す微多孔膜や不織布等を、単独あるいは併用することが好ましい。非水電解質電池用セパレータを構成する材料としては、例えばポリエチレン,ポリプロピレン等に代表されるポリオレフィン系樹脂、ポリエチレンテレフタレート,ポリブチレンテレフタレート等に代表されるポリエステル系樹脂、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−パーフルオロビニルエーテル共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−トリフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−フルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−ヘキサフルオロアセトン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−エチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−プロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−トリフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−エチレン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体等を挙げることができる。
【0064】
非水電解質電池用セパレータの空孔率は強度の観点から98体積%以下が好ましい。また、充放電特性の観点から空孔率は20体積%以上が好ましい。
【0065】
また、非水電解質電池用セパレータは、例えばアクリロニトリル、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、メチルメタアクリレート、ビニルアセテート、ビニルピロリドン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のポリマーと電解質塩とで構成されるポリマーゲルを用いてもよい。
【0066】
また、非水電解質電池用セパレータとしてポリマー固体電解質を用いてもよい。この場合、環状カーボネート等の有機溶媒は可塑剤として作用する。
【0067】
さらに、非水電解質電池用セパレータは、上述したような多孔膜や不織布等とポリマーゲルを併用して用いると、電解質の保液性が向上するため望ましい。即ち、ポリエチレン微孔膜の表面および微孔壁面に厚さ数μm以下の親溶媒性ポリマーを被覆したフィルムを形成し、該フィルムの微孔内に電解質を保持させることで、前記親溶媒性ポリマーがゲル化する。
【0068】
該親溶媒性ポリマーとしては、ポリフッ化ビニリデンの他、エチレンオキシド基やエステル基等を有するアクリレートモノマー、エポキシモノマー、イソシアナート基を有するモノマー等が架橋したポリマー等が挙げられる。架橋にあたっては、熱、紫外線(UV)や電子線(EB)等の活性光線等を用いることができる。
【0069】
該親溶媒性ポリマーには、強度や物性制御の目的で、架橋体の形成を妨害しない範囲の物性調整剤を配合して使用することができる。該物性調整剤の例としては、無機フィラー類{酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの金属酸化物、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウムなどの金属炭酸塩}、ポリマー類{ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン/ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメチルメタクリレート等}等が挙げられる。該物性調整剤の添加量は、架橋性モノマーに対して通常50重量%以下、好ましくは20重量%以下である。
【0070】
前記アクリレートモノマーについて例示すると、二官能以上の不飽和モノマーが好適に挙げられ、より具体例には、2官能(メタ)アクリレート{エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、プロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、アジピン酸・ジネオペンチルグリコールエステルジ(メタ)アクリレート、重合度2以上のポリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、重合度2以上のポリプロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリオキシエチレン/ポリオキシプロピレン共重合体のジ(メタ)アクリレート、ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ヘキサメチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート等}、3官能(メタ)アクリレート{トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリントリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのエチレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのプロピレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのエチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート等}、4官能以上の多官能(メタ)アクリレート{ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ジグリセリンヘキサ(メタ)アクリレート等}が挙げられる。これらのモノマーを単独もしくは、併用して用いることができる。
【0071】
前記アクリレートモノマーには、物性調整等の目的で1官能モノマーを添加することもできる。該一官能モノマーの例としては、不飽和カルボン酸{アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸、けい皮酸、ビニル安息香酸、マレイン酸、フマール酸、イタコン酸、シトラコン酸、メサコン酸、メチレンマロン酸、アコニット酸等}、不飽和スルホン酸{スチレンスルホン酸、アクリルアミド−2−メチルプロパンスルホン酸等}またはそれらの塩(Li塩、Na塩、K塩、アンモニウム塩、テトラアルキルアンモニウム塩等)、またこれらの不飽和カルボン酸をC1〜C18の脂肪族または脂環式アルコール、アルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール、ポリアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール等で部分的にエステル化したもの(メチルマレート、モノヒドロキシエチルマレート、など)、およびアンモニア、1級または2級アミンで部分的にアミド化したもの(マレイン酸モノアミド、N−メチルマレイン酸モノアミド、N,N−ジエチルマレイン酸モノアミドなど)、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル[C1〜C18の脂肪族(メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、2−エチルヘキシル、ステアリル等)アルコールと(メタ)アクリル酸とのエステル、またはアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール(エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,4−ブタンジオール等)およびポリアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール(ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール)と(メタ)アクリル酸とのエステル];(メタ)アクリルアミドまたはN−置換(メタ)アクリルアミド[(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−メチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミド等];ビニルエステルまたはアリルエステル[酢酸ビニル、酢酸アリル等];ビニルエーテルまたはアリルエーテル[ブチルビニルエーテル、ドデシルアリルエーテル等];不飽和ニトリル化合物[(メタ)アクリロニトリル、クロトンニトリル等];不飽和アルコール[(メタ)アリルアルコール等];不飽和アミン[(メタ)アリルアミン、ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリルレート、ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等];複素環含有モノマー[N−ビニルピロリドン、ビニルピリジン等];オレフィン系脂肪族炭化水素[エチレン、プロピレン、ブチレン、イソブチレン、ペンテン、(C6〜C50)α−オレフィン等];オレフィン系脂環式炭化水素[シクロペンテン、シクロヘキセン、シクロヘプテン、ノルボルネン等];オレフィン系芳香族炭化水素[スチレン、α−メチルスチレン、スチルベン等];不飽和イミド[マレイミド等];ハロゲン含有モノマー[塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン等]等が挙げられる。
【0072】
前記エポキシモノマーについて例示すると、グリシジルエーテル類{ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル、ビスフェノールFジグリシジルエーテル、臭素化ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル、フェノールノボラックグリシジルエーテル、クレゾールノボラックグリシジルエーテル等}、グリシジルエステル類{ヘキサヒドロフタル酸グリシジルエステル、ダイマー酸グリシジルエステル等}、グリシジルアミン類{トリグリシジルイソシアヌレート、テトラグリシジルジアミノフェニルメタン等}、線状脂肪族エポキサイド類{エポキシ化ポリブタジエン、エポキシ化大豆油等}、脂環族エポキサイド類{3,4エポキシ−6メチルシクロヘキシルメチルカルボキシレート、3,4エポキシシクロヘキシルメチルカルボキシレート等}等が挙げられる。これらのエポキシ樹脂は、単独もしくは硬化剤を添加して硬化させて使用することができる。
【0073】
該硬化剤の例としては、脂肪族ポリアミン類{ジエチレントリアミン、トリエチレンテトラミン、3,9−(3−アミノプロピル)−2,4,8,10−テトロオキサスピロ[5,5]ウンデカン等}、芳香族ポリアミン類{メタキシレンジアミン、ジアミノフェニルメタン等}、ポリアミド類{ダイマー酸ポリアミド等}、酸無水物類{無水フタル酸、テトラヒドロメチル無水フタル酸、ヘキサヒドロ無水フタル酸、無水トリメリット酸、無水メチルナジック酸}、フェノール類{フェノールノボラック等}、ポリメルカプタン{ポリサルファイド等}、第三アミン類{トリス(ジメチルアミノメチル)フェノール、2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾール等}、ルイス酸錯体{三フッ化ホウ素・エチルアミン錯体等}等が挙げられる。
【0074】
前記イソシアナート基を有するモノマーについて例示すると、トルエンジイソシアナート、ジフェニルメタンジイソシアナート、1,6−ヘキサメチレンジイソシアナート、2,2,4(2,2,4)−トリメチル−ヘキサメチレンジイソシアナート、p−フェニレンジイソシアナート、4,4’−ジシクロヘキシルメタンジイソシアナート、3,3'−ジメチルジフェニル4,4’−ジイソシアナート、ジアニシジンジイソシアナート、m−キシレンジイソシアナート、トリメチルキシレンジイソシアナート、イソフォロンジイソシアナート、1,5−ナフタレンジイソシアナート、trans−1,4−シクロヘキシルジイソシアナート、リジンジイソシアナート等が挙げられる。
【0075】
前記イソシアナート基を有するモノマーを架橋するにあたって、ポリオール類およびポリアミン類[2官能化合物{水、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール等}、3官能化合物{グリセリン、トリメチロールプロパン、1,2,6−ヘキサントリオール、トリエタノールアミン等}、4官能化合物{ペンタエリスリトール、エチレンジアミン、トリレンジアミン、ジフェニルメタンジアミン、テトラメチロールシクロヘキサン、メチルグルコシド等}、5官能化合物{2,2,6,6−テトラキス(ヒドロキシメチル)シクロヘキサノール、ジエチレントリアミンなど}、6官能化合物{ソルビトール、マンニトール、ズルシトール等}、8官能化合物{スークロース等}]、およびポリエーテルポリオール類{前記ポリオールまたはポリアミンのプロピレンオキサイドおよび/またはエチレンオキサイド付加物}、ポリエステルポリオール[前記ポリオールと多塩基酸{アジピン酸、o,m,p−フタル酸、コハク酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、リシノール酸}との縮合物、ポリカプロラクトンポリオール{ポリε−カプロラクトン等}、ヒドロキシカルボン酸の重縮合物等]等、活性水素を有する化合物を併用することができる。
【0076】
該架橋反応にあたって、触媒を併用することができる。該触媒について例示すると、有機スズ化合物類、トリアルキルホスフィン類、アミン類[モノアミン類{N,N−ジメチルシクロヘキシルアミン、トリエチルアミン等}、環状モノアミン類{ピリジン、N−メチルモルホリン等}、ジアミン類{N,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルエチレンジアミン、N,N,N’,N’−テトラメチル1,3−ブタンジアミン等}、トリアミン類{N,N,N’,N’−ペンタメチルジエチレントリアミン等}、ヘキサミン類{N,N,N’N’−テトラ(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)−メタンジアミン等}、環状ポリアミン類{ジアザビシクロオクタン(DABCO)、N,N’−ジメチルピペラジン、1,2−ジメチルイミダゾール、1,8−ジアザビシクロ(5,4,0)ウンデセン−7(DBU)等}等、およびそれらの塩類等が挙げられる。
【0077】
本発明に係る非水電解質電池は、電解質を、例えば、非水電解質電池用セパレータと正極と負極とを積層する前または積層した後に注液し、最終的に、外装材で封止することによって好適に作製される。また、正極と負極とが非水電解質電池用セパレータを介して積層された発電要素を巻回してなる非水電解質電池においては、電解質は、前記巻回の前後に発電要素に注液されるのが好ましい。注液法としては、常圧で注液することも可能であるが、真空含浸方法や加圧含浸方法も使用可能である。
【0078】
外装体としては、非水電解質電池の軽量化の観点から、薄い材料が好ましく、例えば、金属箔を樹脂フィルムで挟み込んだ構成の金属樹脂複合材料が好ましい。金属箔の具体例としては、アルミニウム、鉄、ニッケル、銅、ステンレス鋼、チタン、金、銀等、ピンホールのない箔であれば限定されないが、好ましくは軽量且つ安価なアルミニウム箔が好ましい。また、電池外部側の樹脂フィルムとしては、ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム,ナイロンフィルム等の突き刺し強度に優れた樹脂フィルムを、電池内部側の樹脂フィルムとしては、ポリエチレンフィルム,ナイロンフィルム等の、熱融着可能であり、かつ耐溶剤性を有するフィルムが好ましい。
【0079】
【実施例】
以下、本発明のさらなる詳細を実施例により説明するが、本発明はこれらの記述に限定されるものではない。
【0080】
(実施例1)
本発明電池における非水電解質電池の断面図を図1に示す。
【0081】
本発明における非水電解質電池は、正極1、負極2およびセパレータ3からなる極群4と、非水電解質と、金属樹脂複合フィルム5から構成されている。正極1は、正極合剤11が正極集電体12上に塗布されてなる。また、負極2は、負極合剤21が負極集電体22上に塗布されてなる。非水電解質は極群4に含浸されている。金属樹脂複合フィルム5は、極群4を覆い、その四方を熱溶着により封止されている。
【0082】
次に、上記構成の電池の製造方法を説明する。
【0083】
正極1は次のようにして得た。まず、正極活物質であるLiCoO2と、導電剤であるアセチレンブラックとを混合し、さらに結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンのN−メチル−2−ピロリドン溶液を混合し、この混合物をアルミ箔からなる正極集電体12の片面に塗布した後、乾燥し、正極合剤11の厚さが0.1mmとなるようにプレスした。以上の工程により正極1を得た。
【0084】
また、負極2は、次のようにして得た。まず、負極活物質であるグラファイトと、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデンのN−メチル−2−ピロリドン溶液とを混合し、この混合物を銅箔からなる負極集電体22の片面に塗布した後、乾燥し、負極合剤21厚さが0.1mmとなるようにプレスした。以上の工程により負極2を得た。
【0085】
一方、セパレータ3にはポリエチレン製微多孔膜(厚さ25μm、開孔率50%)を用いた。
【0086】
極群4は、正極合剤11と負極合剤21とを対向させ、その間にセパレータ3を配し、正極1、セパレータ3、負極2の順に積層することにより、構成した。非水電解質は、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらにビニレンカーボネートを1重量%、ビニルエチレンカーボネートを1重量%、無水コハク酸を0.1重量%混合することにより得た。
次に、非水電解質中に極群4を浸漬させることにより、極群4に非水電解質を含浸させた。さらに、金属樹脂複合フィルム5で極群4を覆い、その四方を熱溶着により封止した。
【0087】
以上の製法により得られた非水電解質電池を本発明電池Aとする。なお、本発明電池Aの設計容量は、10mAhである。
【0088】
(実施例2)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらにジフェニルビニレンカーボネートを1重量%、ビニルエチレンカーボネートを1重量%、無水酢酸を0.2重量%混合したものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、本発明電池Bとした。
【0089】
(参考例3)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらにビニレンカーボネートを2重量%、無水コハク酸を0.4重量%混合したものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、参考例電池Cとした。
【0090】
(比較例1)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらにビニレンカーボネートを2重量%混合したものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Dとした。
【0091】
(比較例2)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらにビニルエチレンカーボネートを2重量%混合したものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Eとした。
【0092】
(比較例3)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させ、さらに無水コハク酸を2重量%混合したものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Fとした。
【0093】
(比較例4)
非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートを体積比5:4:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF6を溶解させたものを用いた以外は、本発明電池Aと同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Gとした。
【0094】
(電池性能試験)
次に、これらの本発明電池A、B、参考例電池Cおよび比較電池D、E、F、Gについて、初充電および初放電容量、高温保存後回復容量を測定した。初充電容量は、20℃において、電流2mA、終止電圧4.2V、2時間の定電流定電圧充電として充電容量を求めた。初放電容量は、初充電後、20℃において、電流2mA、終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電として放電容量を求めた。前記初充電容量に対する前記初放電容量の比の百分率を求め、「初期充放電効率」とした。
【0095】
なお、「初充電」とは、電池の形に組み立てて最初に行う充電のことをいい、「初放電」とは、前記初充電の後に行う最初の放電のことをいう。
【0096】
さらに、高温保存後回復容量は、電流2mA、終止電圧4.2V、2時間の定電流定電圧充電した各電池を60℃で20日保存後、20℃において、電流2mA、終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電で残存容量を測定後、さらに電流2mA、終止電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電、電流2mA、終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電を3サイクル繰り返したときの3サイクル目放電容量を求めた。以上の結果を表1に示す。
【0097】
【表1】
【0098】
表1に示すように、比較電池Gは、初充電容量が設計容量の約2倍と非常に大きくなり、かつ、初放電容量は非常に小さいものであった。これは、初充電中に非水電解質中のプロピレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解し、可逆容量が低下したためと考えられる。
【0099】
一方、比較電池Dは、初充電容量は設計容量の約1.21倍であり、初放電容量は設計容量の約0.85倍であった。また、比較電池Eは、初充電容量は設計容量の約1.25倍であり、初放電容量は設計容量の約0.87倍であった。さらに、比較電池Fは、初充電容量は設計容量の約1.1倍であり、初放電容量は設計容量の約0.95倍であった。これは、初充電中に非水電解質中のビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、無水コハク酸のいずれかが、グラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制されるが、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、無水コハク酸の分解に消費される電気量が大きく、かつ、余剰のビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、無水コハク酸が正極上で分解するため、初放電容量が低くなったものと考えられ、必ずしも充分改善されたとは言えない。また。高温保存後回復容量も比較電池Dは初放電容量の約0.5倍、比較電池Eは初放電容量の約0.67倍、比較電池Fは初放電容量の約0.65倍であり、高温保存による性能の劣化が見られた。
【0100】
これに対し、本発明電池A、B及び参考例電池Cは、比較電池D、E、F、Gと比較して、初充電容量および初放電容量がともに優れており、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池であることが確認された。これは、初充電時にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートであるビニレンカーボネート、ジフェニルビニレンカーボネート、あるいはビニルエチレンカーボネートと、酸無水物である無水コハク酸または無水酢酸が、共にグラファイト負極上で分解し、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するが、π結合を有する環状カーボネートを含有し、且つ、酸無水物を両方含有する相乗効果により、いずれか単独で含有する場合に比較し、負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解を確実に抑制できるためと考えられる。さらに、高温保存後回復容量は、初放電容量の約0.8〜0.9倍であり、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有するだけでなく、優れた保存性能を有する非水電解質電池とすることができることが確認された。特に、π結合を有する環状カーボネートとして、環内にπ結合を有する環状カーボネートであるビニレンカーボネートまたはジフェニルビニレンカーボネートと、環外にのみπ結合を有する環状カーボネートであるビニルエチレンカーボネートを両方含有していることにより、負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、特に緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、高温保存後回復性能についても特に優れた結果が得られた。
【0101】
【発明の効果】
以上、説明したように、本発明によれば、充放電効率が高く、保存性能に優れた非水電解質電池を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の非水電解質電池の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 正極
11 正極合剤
12 正極集電体
2 負極
21 負極合剤
22 負極集電体
3 セパレータ
4 極群
5 金属樹脂複合フィルム[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and more particularly to improvement of a non-aqueous electrolyte.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, nonaqueous electrolyte batteries, particularly lithium secondary batteries, have attracted attention as power supplies for portable devices such as mobile phones, PHS (simple mobile phones), and small computers, power storage power supplies, and power supplies for electric vehicles.
[0003]
A lithium secondary battery is generally composed of a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main constituent, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main constituent, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
[0004]
The positive electrode active material constituting the lithium secondary battery is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, the negative electrode active material is a carbonaceous material typified by graphite, and the nonaqueous electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate ( LiPF6And the like, in which an electrolyte salt such as ethylene carbonate is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate or the like as a main constituent, is widely known.
[0005]
However, ethylene carbonate has a high melting point, and the electrolyte is easily solidified at a low temperature. Therefore, in place of ethylene carbonate, a method of using propylene carbonate having a lower melting point as a nonaqueous solvent for the electrolyte is known. However, since propylene carbonate decomposes on the graphite negative electrode at the time of charge, particularly at the first charge, the battery There was a problem that sufficient performance could not be obtained.
[0006]
As means for solving this problem, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-67266 discloses a technique for applying a nonaqueous solvent containing vinylene carbonate as an essential component to a nonaqueous electrolyte battery in order to suppress the decomposition of propylene carbonate. It is disclosed. That is, when vinylene carbonate decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, a lithium ion permeable protective coating is formed on the surface of the graphite negative electrode. It is supposed that the nonaqueous electrolyte battery which has is obtained.
[0007]
However, since vinylene carbonate is inferior in oxidation resistance and decomposes on the positive electrode, there is a problem that battery performance deteriorates when added in a large amount.
[0008]
On the other hand, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-126761 discloses a technique for applying a nonaqueous solvent containing vinylethylene carbonate as an essential component to a nonaqueous electrolyte battery. That is, when vinyl ethylene carbonates decompose on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, a lithium ion permeable protective coating is formed on the surface of the graphite negative electrode, so that decomposition of propylene carbonate is suppressed, and high low temperature characteristics and high energy density It is said that a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having
[0009]
However, the protective film by the decomposition product of vinylethylene carbonates is inferior in the ability to suppress the decomposition of propylene carbonate as compared with the protective film by the decomposition product of vinylene carbonate. In addition to the problem that it is necessary to add a large amount as compared with the case, there is a problem that, like vinylene carbonate, it is inferior in oxidation resistance and decomposes on the positive electrode, so that the battery performance is lowered.
[0010]
Furthermore, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-268859 discloses a technique for applying a nonaqueous solvent containing an acid anhydride as an essential component to a nonaqueous electrolyte battery. In other words, the acid anhydride decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, thereby forming a dense and lithium ion-permeable protective coating on the graphite negative electrode surface. It is said that a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
[0011]
However, although the protective coating by the decomposition product of acid anhydride is very dense compared to the protective coating by the decomposition product of vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate, it is excellent in the ability to inhibit the decomposition of propylene carbonate, Since the property of increasing the interfacial resistance between the negative electrode and the electrolyte is large, there is a problem that if the addition amount is too small, the battery performance is rather deteriorated.
[0012]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to easily provide a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and excellent storage performance.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have intensively studied to make the non-aqueous solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte specific, and surprisingly, the charge / discharge efficiency is high and the energy density is high. The present inventors have found that a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having the following can be obtained. That is, the technical configuration and operational effects of the present invention are as follows. However, the action mechanism includes estimation, and its correctness does not limit the present invention.
[0014]
The present invention,In a non-aqueous electrolyte battery comprising at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the non-aqueous electrolyte contains at least one cyclic carbonate having a π bond and an acid anhydride. Is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery.
[0015]
According to such a configuration, the nonaqueous electrolyte contains one or more cyclic carbonates having a π bond and one or more acid anhydrides. Since the product decomposes together on the graphite negative electrode and forms a lithium ion permeable protective coating on the surface of the graphite negative electrode, it is possible to reliably suppress the decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte, so the second and subsequent cycles Can be sufficiently charged and discharged, and the charge and discharge efficiency can be improved. At this time, by containing at least one cyclic carbonate having a π bond and one or more acid anhydrides, the lithium ion-permeable protective coating formed on the negative electrode surface can be densely formed even if the amount of each added is small. And since it becomes what is excellent in lithium ion permeability | transmittance, decomposition | disassembly of the other organic solvent which comprises a nonaqueous electrolyte can be suppressed effectively. Therefore, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency, high energy density, and excellent cycle performance and storage performance can be obtained.
[0016]
AndThe present invention claims1As described inIn a nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a cyclic carbonate having a π bond and an acid anhydride, and the cyclic carbonate having the π bond The weight ratio of the acid anhydride is 10: 1 to 20: 1, and the cyclic carbonate having the π bond is a cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring and the cyclic having a π bond only outside the ring. Both carbonate andIt is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery characterized by containing.
[0017]
According to such a configuration, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond” contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring and a cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring. Even when the addition amount of the “carbonate having a π bond in the ring” and the addition amount of the “carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring” is small, The lithium ion-permeable protective film formed on the surface of the substrate is particularly dense and has excellent lithium ion permeability, so that the decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte can be more effectively suppressed. . Moreover, since the amount of the “carbonate having a π bond in the ring” can be reduced, decomposition of the “carbonate having a π bond in the ring” on the positive electrode can be suppressed to a low level. Therefore, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency, high energy density, and excellent cycle performance and storage performance can be obtained.
[0018]
The present invention also includes claims.2As described above, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring” has a structure represented by (Chemical Formula 1), which is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery. However, R1 and R2 may be the same or different, and H-, X- or CnHmX(2n-m + 1)-Either. Here, X represents a halogen atom, n is a natural number of 4 or less, and 0 ≦ m ≦ 2n + 1.
[0019]
[Chemical 3]
[0020]
According to such a configuration, when the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring” contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is a compound having a structure represented by (Chemical Formula 1), The lithium ion-permeable protective film formed on the surface of the film is denser and has excellent lithium ion permeability, so that the decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be more effectively suppressed. Charging / discharging after the 2nd cycle can fully be performed, and charging / discharging efficiency can be improved.
[0021]
The present invention also includes claims.3As described above, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring” has a structure represented by (Chemical Formula 2), which is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery. However, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H-, X- or CnHmX(2n-m + 1)-Either. That is, any two selected from R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 may be the same or different. Here, X represents a halogen atom, n is a natural number of 4 or less, and 0 ≦ m ≦ 2n + 1.
[0022]
[Formula 4]
[0023]
According to such a configuration, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring” contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is a compound having a structure represented by (Chemical Formula 2). The lithium ion-permeable protective coating formed on the surface is denser and has better lithium-ion permeability, so that the decomposition of other organic solvents that make up the nonaqueous electrolyte is more effectively suppressed. In addition, charge and discharge after the second cycle can be sufficiently performed, and charge and discharge efficiency can be improved.
[0024]
The present invention also includes claims.4As described above, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring” is vinylene carbonate, which is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
[0025]
According to such a configuration, since the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring” contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is vinylene carbonate, the lithium ion permeable lithium ion formed on the negative electrode surface during the initial charge is obtained. Since the protective film is particularly dense and very excellent in lithium ion permeability, decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be further effectively suppressed, and the charge after the second cycle can be reduced. Discharging can be performed sufficiently and charge / discharge efficiency can be improved.
[0026]
The present invention also includes claims.5As described above, the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring” is vinylethylene carbonate, which is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
[0027]
According to such a configuration, since the “cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring” contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is vinyl ethylene carbonate, lithium ion permeation formed on the surface of the negative electrode during the initial charge is performed. Since the protective film is particularly dense and very excellent in lithium ion permeability, decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be further effectively suppressed, and the second and subsequent cycles Can be sufficiently charged and discharged, and the charge and discharge efficiency can be improved.
[0028]
The present invention also includes claims.6The non-aqueous electrolyte battery is characterized in that the acid anhydride is a cyclic acid anhydride.
[0029]
According to such a configuration, since the acid anhydride contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is a cyclic acid anhydride, a lithium ion-permeable protective coating formed on the surface of the graphite negative electrode at the time of initial charge is more Since it is dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability, decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be more effectively suppressed, and charge and discharge after the second cycle can be sufficiently performed. Charge / discharge efficiency can be improved.
[0030]
The present invention also includes claims.7As described above, the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a cyclic carbonate having no π bond.
[0031]
According to such a configuration, the nonaqueous electrolyte further contains a cyclic carbonate having no π bond, thereby maintaining a high boiling point and flash point of the nonaqueous electrolyte and a high dielectric constant. Therefore, the lithium ion conductivity can be improved and the oxidation resistance is excellent, so that the above effect can be obtained effectively. Therefore, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and high energy density can be obtained.
[0032]
The present invention also includes claims.8As described above, the “cyclic carbonate having no π bond” is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.
[0033]
According to such a configuration, the cyclic carbonate having no π bond contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate. The above effects can be obtained more effectively because the characteristics of an organic solvent having a high dielectric constant and excellent oxidation resistance are possessed by cyclic carbonates that do not contain any of the above.
[0034]
The present invention also includes claims.9As described above, the negative electrode is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery characterized by comprising graphite as a main constituent.
[0035]
According to such a configuration, graphite has an operating potential very close to the metallic lithium potential (in the case of an aqueous solution -3.045 V vs. NHE), and can reduce the irreversible capacity in charge and discharge, so that a high operating voltage can be obtained. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
[0036]
The present invention also includes claims.10As described above, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery using a metal resin composite material for the outer package.
[0037]
According to such a configuration, the metal resin composite material has a specific gravity smaller than that of the metal and can be easily formed into a thin shape, so that the non-aqueous electrolyte battery can be reduced in size and weight.
[0038]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated below, but the present invention is not limited to these descriptions.
[0039]
The nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main component, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main component, and a cyclic carbonate having a π bond, in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent. And a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an acid anhydride. Generally, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery separator is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
[0040]
The total content of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond and the acid anhydride is preferably 0.01% by weight to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.10% by weight, based on the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte. -10% by weight. When the content of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond and the acid anhydride is 0.01% by weight or more with respect to the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the other organic solvent constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte is initially charged. Disassembly can be suppressed almost completely, and charging can be performed more reliably. Further, when the content is 15% by weight or less, deterioration of battery performance due to decomposition of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond and the acid anhydride on the positive electrode hardly occurs, and sufficient battery performance can be exhibited. In addition, the content ratio of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond and the acid anhydride is,The weight ratio is preferably 5: 1 to 20: 1In the present invention, the weight ratio is 10: 1 to 20: 1..
[0041]
Examples of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond include cyclic carbonates having a π bond in the ring, such as vinylene carbonate, catechol carbonate, 1-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 1,2-diphenyl vinylene carbonate, styrene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4 Examples include cyclic carbonates having a π bond only outside the ring, such as methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, but are not limited thereto. They are,Two or more types may be used in combination,In the present invention,Contains at least one cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring and one or more cyclic carbonates having a π bond only outside the ringTo do.Among these, it is particularly preferable to contain at least vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate. The content ratio of the cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring and the cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring can be arbitrarily selected, but is preferably about 1: 1 by weight.
[0042]
Examples of the acid anhydride include chain acid anhydrides such as acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butyric anhydride, succinic anhydride, methyl succinic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl succinic anhydride, and 2,3-dimethyl succinic anhydride. , Maleic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride, 2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride, phenyl maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, 3-methyl glutaric anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl glutaric anhydride, anhydrous 3 , 3-dimethylglutaric acid, citraconic anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, diglycolic anhydride, homophthalic anhydride, and the like, but are not limited thereto is not. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more, but it is particularly preferable that they contain a cyclic acid anhydride.
[0043]
As the organic solvent constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte, an organic solvent generally used for a nonaqueous electrolyte for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery can be used. For example, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate; cyclic esters such as γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, and propiolactone; dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, Chain carbonates such as diphenyl carbonate; chain esters such as methyl acetate and methyl butyrate; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or derivatives thereof, 1,3-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, methyldiglyme; acetonitrile Nitriles such as benzonitrile; dioxalane or a derivative thereof; sulfolane, sultone or a derivative thereof alone or in combination of two or more thereof Although the above mixture etc. can be mentioned, it is not limited to these.
[0044]
In the present invention, it is preferable to include a cyclic carbonate having a high dielectric constant and no π bond in the nonaqueous electrolyte because the effects of the present invention can be sufficiently exerted. Among these, ethylene carbonate, propylene are preferred. It is particularly preferable to contain at least one selected from the group consisting of carbonate and butylene carbonate.
[0045]
Examples of the electrolyte salt include LiClO.Four, LiBFFour, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiSCN, LiBr, LiI, Li2SOFour, Li2BTenClTen, NaClOFour, NaI, NaSCN, NaBr, KClOFour, KSCN, and other inorganic ion salts containing one of lithium (Li), sodium (Na) or potassium (K), LiCFThreeSOThree, LiN (CFThreeSO2)2, LiN (C2FFiveSO2)2, (CHThree)FourNBFFour, (CHThree)FourNBr, (C2HFive)FourNClOFour, (C2HFive)FourNI, (CThreeH7)FourNBr, (n-CFourH9)FourNClOFour, (N-CFourH9)FourNI, (C2HFive)FourN-maleate, (C2HFive)FourN-benzoate, (C2HFive)FourExamples include organic ionic salts such as quaternary ammonium salts such as N-phtalate, lithium stearyl sulfonate, lithium octyl sulfonate, lithium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, etc., and these ionic compounds are used alone or in admixture of two or more. It is possible.
[0046]
Among these salts, LiPF6Is preferable in that it has excellent dissociation properties and provides excellent conductivity. LiBFFourLiPF6Although the dissociation degree and conductivity are low compared to, the reactivity with the water present in the electrolyte is low, so it is possible to simplify the water management of the electrolyte and reduce manufacturing costs It is preferable at this point. Further, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery has high durability even when the generation of hydrofluoric acid causing corrosion of the electrode and the exterior material is small and a thin material of 200 μm or less such as a metal resin composite film is adopted as the exterior material. Is preferable in that it is obtained. LiPF6And LiBFFourLiN (CFThreeSO2)2And LiN (C2FFiveSO2)2It is preferable to mix and use a lithium salt having a perfluoroalkyl group such as the point that the viscosity of the electrolytic solution can be further lowered and the effect of improving the storage stability.
[0047]
The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.1 mol / l to 5 mol / l, more preferably 1 mol / l to 2.5 mol in order to reliably obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high battery characteristics. / L.
[0048]
As the positive electrode active material which is a main component of the positive electrode, it is desirable to use lithium-containing transition metal oxides, lithium-containing phosphates, lithium-containing sulfates or the like alone or in combination. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide include a general formula LiyCo1-xMxO2, LiyMn2-xMXOFour(M is a group I to VIII metal (for example, one or more elements of Li, Ca, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co), and the maximum amount that can be substituted for the x value indicating the amount of substitution of different elements) From the viewpoint of discharge capacity, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1, and the y value indicating the amount of lithium is effectively the maximum amount capable of reversibly utilizing lithium, preferably the discharge capacity. From this point, 0 ≦ y ≦ 2.), But is not limited thereto.
[0049]
In addition, other positive electrode active materials may be mixed with the lithium-containing compound, and examples of other positive electrode active materials include CuO and Cu.2O, Ag2O, CuS, CuSOFourGroup I metal compounds such as TiS2, SiO2Group IV metal compounds such as SnO, V2OFive, V6O12, VOx, Nb2OFive, Bi2OThree, Sb2OThreeGroup V metal compounds such as CrOThree, Cr2OThree, MoOThree, MoS2, WOThree, SeO2Group VI metal compounds such as MnO2, Mn2OThreeGroup VII metal compounds such as Fe2OThree, FeO, FeThreeOFour, Ni2OThree, NiO, CoOThreeGroup VIII metal compounds such as CoO, or the general formula LixMX2, LixMNyX2(M and N represent metals of groups I to VIII, X represents a chalcogen compound such as oxygen and sulfur), and the like, for example, a metal such as a lithium-cobalt composite oxide or a lithium-manganese composite oxide Examples of such compounds include, but are not limited to, conductive polymer compounds such as disulfide, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyparaphenylene, polyacetylene, and polyacene materials, pseudographite-structured carbonaceous materials, and the like.
[0050]
The negative electrode active material, which is the main component of the negative electrode, is modified by adding carbonaceous materials, metal oxides such as tin oxide and silicon oxide, and adding phosphorus and boron to these materials for the purpose of improving negative electrode characteristics. The material etc. which performed were mentioned. Among carbonaceous materials, graphite has a working potential very close to that of metallic lithium, so that when lithium salt is used as an electrolyte salt, self-discharge can be reduced, and irreversible capacity in charge / discharge can be reduced, which is preferable as a negative electrode active material. . Furthermore, in the present invention, since a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a fluoride of cyclic carbonate or chain carbonate is used, decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte on the negative electrode mainly composed of graphite at the time of charging is performed. Can be reliably suppressed, and the advantageous characteristics of graphite can be surely exhibited.
[0051]
Below, the analysis result by X-ray diffraction etc. of the graphite which can be used suitably is shown;
Lattice spacing (d002) 0.333 to 0.350 nanometers
a-axis direction crystallite size La 20 nanometers or more
c-axis direction crystallite size Lc 20 nanometers or more
True density 2.00 to 2.25g / cmThree
[0052]
Further, graphite may be modified by adding a metal oxide such as tin oxide or silicon oxide, phosphorus, boron, amorphous carbon, or the like. In particular, it is preferable to modify the surface of graphite by the above-described method in that the decomposition of the electrolyte can be suppressed and the battery characteristics can be improved. In addition to graphite, lithium metal-containing alloys such as lithium metal, lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium, and wood alloys can be used in combination. Graphite in which lithium is inserted by chemical reduction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
[0053]
Further, at least the surface layer portion of the positive electrode active material powder and / or the negative electrode active material powder may be modified with a compound having good electron conductivity or ion conductivity, or a compound having a hydrophobic group. For example, plating materials with good electron conductivity such as gold, silver, carbon, nickel, copper, materials with good ion conductivity such as lithium carbonate, boron glass, solid electrolyte, or materials having hydrophobic groups such as silicone oil And coating by applying techniques such as sintering, mechanofusion, vapor deposition and baking.
[0054]
The positive electrode active material powder and the negative electrode active material powder preferably have an average particle size of 100 μm or less. In particular, the positive electrode active material powder is desirably 10 μm or less for the purpose of improving the high output characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery. In order to obtain the powder in a predetermined shape, a pulverizer or a classifier is used. For example, a mortar, a ball mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill, a counter jet mill, a swirling air flow type jet mill or a sieve is used. At the time of pulverization, wet pulverization in the presence of water or an organic solvent such as hexane may be used. There is no particular limitation on the classification method, and a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as needed for both dry and wet methods.
[0055]
As described above, the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material have been described in detail. The positive electrode and the negative electrode contain, in addition to the active material as the main component, a conductive agent, a binder, and a filler as other components. May be.
[0056]
The conductive agent is not limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not adversely affect the battery performance. Usually, natural graphite (such as scaly graphite, scaly graphite, earthy graphite), artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Conductive materials such as ketjen black, carbon whisker, carbon fiber, metal (copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, etc.) powder, metal fiber, and conductive ceramic material can be included as one kind or a mixture thereof. .
[0057]
Among these, as the conductive agent, acetylene black is desirable from the viewpoint of conductivity and coatability. The addition amount of the conductive agent is preferably 1% by weight to 50% by weight, and particularly preferably 2% by weight to 30% by weight with respect to the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode. These mixing methods are physical mixing, and the ideal is uniform mixing. Therefore, powder mixers such as V-type mixers, S-type mixers, crackers, ball mills, and planetary ball mills can be mixed dry or wet.
[0058]
As the binder, usually, thermoplastic resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, and polypropylene, ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, and the like These polymers having rubber elasticity, polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose, and the like can be used as one or a mixture of two or more. In addition, it is desirable that a binder having a functional group that reacts with lithium, such as a polysaccharide, be deactivated by, for example, methylation. The addition amount of the binder is preferably 1 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably 2 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
[0059]
As the filler, any material that does not adversely affect the battery performance may be used. Usually, olefin polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene, metal oxides such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide, metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, glass, Carbon or the like is used. The addition amount of the filler is preferably 30% by weight or less with respect to the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
[0060]
The positive electrode and the negative electrode are prepared by mixing the active material, the conductive agent and the binder in an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone and toluene, and then applying the obtained mixture onto the current collector described in detail below. Then, it is preferably produced by drying. About the application method, for example, it is desirable to apply to any thickness and any shape using means such as roller coating such as applicator roll, screen coating, doctor blade method, spin coating, bar coder, etc. It is not limited to.
[0061]
The current collector may be anything as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not adversely affect the constructed battery. For example, as a current collector for positive electrode, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, calcined carbon, conductive polymer, conductive glass, etc. are used for the purpose of improving adhesion, conductivity and oxidation resistance. A material obtained by treating the surface of copper or copper with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver or the like can be used. In addition to copper, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, calcined carbon, conductive polymer, conductive glass, Al-Cd alloy, etc., the negative electrode current collector is adhesive, conductive, and oxidation resistant. For the purpose of improving the property, a material obtained by treating the surface of copper or the like with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver or the like can be used. The surface of these materials can be oxidized.
[0062]
Regarding the shape of the current collector, in addition to the foil shape, a film shape, a sheet shape, a net shape, a punched or expanded material, a lath body, a porous body, a foamed body, a formed body of a fiber group, and the like are used. The thickness is not particularly limited, but a thickness of 1 to 500 μm is used. Among these current collectors, an aluminum foil excellent in oxidation resistance is used as a positive electrode, and as a negative electrode, copper foil, nickel foil, iron, which is stable in a reduction field, has excellent conductivity, and is inexpensive. It is preferred to use foils and alloy foils containing parts thereof. Furthermore, a foil having a rough surface surface roughness of 0.2 μmRa or more is preferable, whereby the adhesion between the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material and the current collector is excellent. Therefore, it is preferable to use an electrolytic foil because it has such a rough surface. In particular, an electrolytic foil that has been subjected to a cracking treatment is most preferable.
[0063]
As a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, it is preferable to use a microporous membrane or a nonwoven fabric exhibiting excellent rate characteristics alone or in combination. Examples of the material constituting the separator for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries include polyolefin resins typified by polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., polyester resins typified by polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, etc., polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexa. Fluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-perfluorovinyl ether copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-fluoroethylene copolymer, fluorine Vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoroacetone copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-ethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-propylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride - tetrafluoroethylene - hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride - ethylene - can be mentioned tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
[0064]
The porosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery separator is preferably 98% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength. Further, the porosity is preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
[0065]
The separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery may use a polymer gel composed of a polymer such as acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride and an electrolyte salt.
[0066]
Moreover, you may use a polymer solid electrolyte as a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries. In this case, an organic solvent such as cyclic carbonate acts as a plasticizer.
[0067]
Further, when the separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is used in combination with a polymer film such as a porous film or a nonwoven fabric as described above, the electrolyte retention is preferably improved. That is, by forming a film in which the surface of the polyethylene microporous membrane and the microporous wall are coated with a solvophilic polymer having a thickness of several μm or less, and retaining the electrolyte in the micropores of the film, Gels.
[0068]
Examples of the solvophilic polymer include polyvinylidene fluoride, an acrylate monomer having an ethylene oxide group, an ester group, and the like, an epoxy monomer, a polymer having a monomer having an isocyanate group, and the like crosslinked. For crosslinking, active light such as heat, ultraviolet rays (UV) or electron beams (EB) can be used.
[0069]
For the purpose of controlling strength and physical properties, the solvophilic polymer can be used by blending a physical property modifier in a range that does not interfere with the formation of a crosslinked product. Examples of the physical property modifier include inorganic fillers {metal oxides such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide; metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate}. , Polymers {polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, etc.} and the like. The addition amount of the physical property modifier is usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 20% by weight or less based on the crosslinkable monomer.
[0070]
When it illustrates about the said acrylate monomer, a bifunctional or more unsaturated monomer is mentioned suitably, More specifically, bifunctional (meth) acrylate {ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, propylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, adipine Acid / dineopentyl glycol ester di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate having a polymerization degree of 2 or more, polypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate having a polymerization degree of 2 or more, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene copolymer Di (meth) acrylate, butanediol di (meth) acrylate, hexamethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, etc.}, trifunctional (meth) acrylate {trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, glycerin tri (meth) ) Acrylate, tri (meth) acrylate of glycerin ethylene oxide adduct, tri (meth) acrylate of glycerin propylene oxide adduct, ethylene oxide of glycerin, tri (meth) acrylate of propylene oxide adduct}, etc. Functional (meth) acrylate {pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, diglycerin hexa (meth) acrylate, etc.} can be mentioned. These monomers can be used alone or in combination.
[0071]
A monofunctional monomer may be added to the acrylate monomer for the purpose of adjusting physical properties. Examples of the monofunctional monomer include unsaturated carboxylic acid {acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, vinyl benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, Aconitic acid, etc.}, unsaturated sulfonic acid {styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, etc.} or salts thereof (Li salt, Na salt, K salt, ammonium salt, tetraalkylammonium salt, etc.), and these Of the unsaturated carboxylic acid partially esterified with a C1 to C18 aliphatic or alicyclic alcohol, alkylene (C2 to C4) glycol, polyalkylene (C2 to C4) glycol, etc. (methylmalate, monohydroxyethylmer) Rate, etc.), and partially with ammonia, primary or secondary amines Amidated (maleic acid monoamide, N-methylmaleic acid monoamide, N, N-diethylmaleic acid monoamide, etc.), (meth) acrylic acid ester [C1-C18 aliphatic (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2 -Ethylhexyl, stearyl, etc.) Esters of alcohol and (meth) acrylic acid, or alkylene (C2-C4) glycol (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, etc.) and polyalkylene (C2-C4) glycol ( Polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol) and (meth) acrylic acid ester]; (meth) acrylamide or N-substituted (meth) acrylamide [(meth) acrylamide, N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylic Vinyl ester or allyl ester [vinyl acetate, allyl acetate, etc.]; vinyl ether or allyl ether [butyl vinyl ether, dodecyl allyl ether, etc.]; unsaturated nitrile compound [(meth) acrylonitrile, crotonnitrile, etc.]; unsaturated alcohol [(Meth) allyl alcohol, etc.]; Unsaturated amine [(Meth) allylamine, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.]; Heterocycle-containing monomer [N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine, etc.] Olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbon [ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, (C6-C50) α-olefin, etc.]; olefinic alicyclic hydrocarbon [cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, no Borene etc.]; Olefin aromatic hydrocarbons [styrene, α-methylstyrene, stilbene, etc.]; Unsaturated imides [maleimide, etc.]; Halogen-containing monomers [vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, etc.], etc. Is mentioned.
[0072]
Examples of the epoxy monomer include glycidyl ethers {bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, brominated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, phenol novolac glycidyl ether, cresol novolac glycidyl ether, etc.}, glycidyl esters {hexahydrophthal Acid glycidyl ester, dimer acid glycidyl ester, etc.}, glycidyl amines {triglycidyl isocyanurate, tetraglycidyl diaminophenylmethane, etc.}, linear aliphatic epoxides {epoxidized polybutadiene, epoxidized soybean oil, etc.}, alicyclic epoxides Class {3,4 epoxy-6 methyl cyclohexyl methyl carboxylate, 3,4 epoxy cyclohexyl methyl carboxylate }, And the like. These epoxy resins can be used alone or after being cured by adding a curing agent.
[0073]
Examples of the curing agent include aliphatic polyamines {diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 3,9- (3-aminopropyl) -2,4,8,10-tetrooxaspiro [5,5] undecane, etc.} Aromatic polyamines {metaxylenediamine, diaminophenylmethane, etc.}, polyamides {dimer acid polyamides, etc.}, acid anhydrides {phthalic anhydride, tetrahydromethylphthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, anhydrous Methyl nadic acid}, phenols {phenol novolak etc.}, polymercaptan {polysulfide etc.}, tertiary amines {tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole etc.}, Lewis acid complex {three fluoride Boron bromide / ethylamine complex, etc.}.
[0074]
Examples of the monomer having an isocyanate group include toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,2,4 (2,2,4) -trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate. Narate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethyldiphenyl 4,4′-diisocyanate, dianisidine diisocyanate, m-xylene diisocyanate, trimethyl Examples include xylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, trans-1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate, and lysine diisocyanate.
[0075]
In cross-linking the monomer having an isocyanate group, polyols and polyamines [bifunctional compounds {water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, etc.}, trifunctional compounds {glycerin, trimethylolpropane, 1, 2,6-hexanetriol, triethanolamine, etc.}, tetrafunctional compound {pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, tolylenediamine, diphenylmethanediamine, tetramethylolcyclohexane, methylglucoside, etc.}, pentafunctional compound {2,2,6,6- Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) cyclohexanol, diethylenetriamine, etc.}, hexafunctional compounds {sorbitol, mannitol, dulcitol, etc.}, octafunctional compounds {sucrose, etc.}], and Polyether polyols {Propylene oxide and / or ethylene oxide adduct of the above-mentioned polyol or polyamine}, polyester polyol [the above-mentioned polyol and polybasic acid {adipic acid, o, m, p-phthalic acid, succinic acid, azelaic acid, sebacine Acid, ricinoleic acid} condensate, polycaprolactone polyol {poly ε-caprolactone, etc.}, hydroxycarboxylic acid polycondensate, etc.] and the like can be used in combination.
[0076]
In the crosslinking reaction, a catalyst can be used in combination. Examples of the catalyst include organotin compounds, trialkylphosphines, amines [monoamines {N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, triethylamine, etc.}, cyclic monoamines {pyridine, N-methylmorpholine, etc.}, diamines { N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl1,3-butanediamine, etc.}, triamines {N, N, N ′, N′-pentamethyl Diethylenetriamine etc.}, hexamines {N, N, N′N′-tetra (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -methanediamine etc.}, cyclic polyamines {diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), N, N′-dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1,8-diazabicyclo (5,4,0) undecene-7 (DBU) Etc.}, and salts thereof.
[0077]
The nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention is prepared by injecting an electrolyte before or after laminating a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode, and finally sealing with an exterior material. Produced suitably. Further, in a non-aqueous electrolyte battery in which a power generation element in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery is wound, the electrolyte is injected into the power generation element before and after the winding. Is preferred. As the injection method, it is possible to inject at normal pressure, but a vacuum impregnation method and a pressure impregnation method can also be used.
[0078]
As the exterior body, a thin material is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery. For example, a metal resin composite material in which a metal foil is sandwiched between resin films is preferable. Specific examples of the metal foil include aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, stainless steel, titanium, gold, silver, and the like, as long as the foil does not have a pinhole. However, a lightweight and inexpensive aluminum foil is preferable. In addition, as the resin film on the battery outer side, a resin film having excellent piercing strength such as polyethylene terephthalate film and nylon film can be heat-sealed as the resin film on the battery inner side such as polyethylene film and nylon film. Preferred is a film having solvent resistance.
[0079]
【Example】
Hereinafter, although the further detail of this invention is demonstrated by an Example, this invention is not limited to these description.
[0080]
Example 1
A cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery in the battery of the present invention is shown in FIG.
[0081]
The nonaqueous electrolyte battery in the present invention is composed of a pole group 4 composed of a positive electrode 1, a negative electrode 2 and a separator 3, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a metal resin composite film 5. The positive electrode 1 is formed by applying a positive electrode mixture 11 on a positive electrode current collector 12. The negative electrode 2 is formed by applying a negative electrode mixture 21 on a negative electrode current collector 22. The nonaqueous electrolyte is impregnated in the pole group 4. The metal resin composite film 5 covers the pole group 4 and is sealed on all four sides by heat welding.
[0082]
Next, a method for manufacturing the battery having the above configuration will be described.
[0083]
The positive electrode 1 was obtained as follows. First, LiCoO which is a positive electrode active material2And acetylene black, which is a conductive agent, are mixed with an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, and this mixture is applied to one side of a positive electrode current collector 12 made of aluminum foil. Then, it was dried and pressed so that the thickness of the positive electrode mixture 11 was 0.1 mm. The positive electrode 1 was obtained by the above process.
[0084]
Moreover, the negative electrode 2 was obtained as follows. First, after mixing graphite as a negative electrode active material and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, this mixture was applied to one side of a negative electrode current collector 22 made of copper foil. , Dried, and pressed so that the thickness of the negative electrode mixture 21 was 0.1 mm. The negative electrode 2 was obtained by the above process.
[0085]
On the other hand, a polyethylene microporous film (thickness: 25 μm, porosity: 50%) was used for the separator 3.
[0086]
The pole group 4 was configured by facing the positive electrode mixture 11 and the negative electrode mixture 21, placing the separator 3 therebetween, and laminating the positive electrode 1, the separator 3, and the negative electrode 2 in this order. The nonaqueous electrolyte is composed of 1 mol of LiPF in 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6And 1% by weight of vinylene carbonate, 1% by weight of vinylethylene carbonate, and 0.1% by weight of succinic anhydride.
Next, the electrode group 4 was impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolyte by immersing the electrode group 4 in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the pole group 4 was covered with the metal resin composite film 5, and the four sides were sealed by heat welding.
[0087]
The nonaqueous electrolyte battery obtained by the above production method is referred to as a battery A of the present invention. The design capacity of the battery A of the present invention is 10 mAh.
[0088]
(Example 2)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6And the same raw material and production method as the battery A of the present invention, except that a mixture of 1% by weight of diphenyl vinylene carbonate, 1% by weight of vinyl ethylene carbonate, and 0.2% by weight of acetic anhydride was used. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced and designated as a battery B of the present invention.
[0089]
(referenceExample 3)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced using the same raw materials and manufacturing method as the battery A of the present invention, except that 2 wt% of vinylene carbonate and 0.4 wt% of succinic anhydride were mixed. Made,Reference exampleBattery C was designated.
[0090]
(Comparative Example 1)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw material and manufacturing method as in the battery A of the present invention, except that 2 wt% of vinylene carbonate was mixed.
[0091]
(Comparative Example 2)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw material and manufacturing method as in the battery A of the present invention, except that a mixture of 2 wt% of vinyl ethylene carbonate was used.
[0092]
(Comparative Example 3)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw material and manufacturing method as in the battery A of the present invention, except that 2 wt% of succinic anhydride was mixed.
[0093]
(Comparative Example 4)
As a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 5: 4: 1.6A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw material and production method as in the battery A of the present invention except that a battery in which the battery was dissolved was used.
[0094]
(Battery performance test)
Next, these invention batteries A, B,Reference batteryFor C and comparative batteries D, E, F, and G, initial charge and initial discharge capacities and recovery capacities after high-temperature storage were measured. As the initial charge capacity, the charge capacity was determined as a constant current and constant voltage charge at 20 ° C. with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 4.2 V for 2 hours. The initial discharge capacity was determined as a constant current discharge with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 2.7 V at 20 ° C. after the initial charge. The percentage of the ratio of the initial discharge capacity with respect to the initial charge capacity was determined and used as “initial charge / discharge efficiency”.
[0095]
“Initial charge” refers to the first charge performed after being assembled into a battery shape, and “initial discharge” refers to the first discharge performed after the initial charge.
[0096]
Furthermore, the recovery capacity after high-temperature storage is as follows: current 2 mA, final voltage 4.2 V, 2 hours constant current constant voltage charged each battery stored at 60 ° C. for 20 days, then 20 ° C., current 2 mA, final voltage 2.7 V After measuring the remaining capacity with a constant current discharge, a third cycle discharge when a constant current and constant voltage charge with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 4.2 V and a constant current discharge with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 2.7 V were repeated three times. The capacity was determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0097]
[Table 1]
[0098]
As shown in Table 1, the comparative battery G had a very large initial charge capacity of about twice the design capacity, and a very small initial discharge capacity. This is presumably because propylene carbonate in the nonaqueous electrolyte was decomposed on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, and the reversible capacity was reduced.
[0099]
On the other hand, the comparative battery D had an initial charge capacity of about 1.21 times the design capacity, and an initial discharge capacity of about 0.85 times the design capacity. Comparative battery E had an initial charge capacity of about 1.25 times the design capacity, and an initial discharge capacity of about 0.87 times the design capacity. Further, the comparative battery F had an initial charge capacity of about 1.1 times the design capacity, and an initial discharge capacity of about 0.95 times the design capacity. This is because, during the initial charge, any of vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and succinic anhydride in the non-aqueous electrolyte decomposes on the graphite negative electrode, thereby forming a lithium ion permeable protective coating on the surface of the graphite negative electrode. Therefore, the decomposition of propylene carbonate is suppressed, but the amount of electricity consumed for the decomposition of vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and succinic anhydride is large, and surplus vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and succinic anhydride are present on the positive electrode. Therefore, the initial discharge capacity is considered to be low, and it cannot be said that it has been improved sufficiently. Also. The recovery capacity after high-temperature storage is about 0.5 times the initial discharge capacity of the comparative battery D, the comparative battery E is about 0.67 times the initial discharge capacity, and the comparative battery F is about 0.65 times the initial discharge capacity. Degradation of performance due to high temperature storage was observed.
[0100]
In contrast, the batteries A and B of the present inventionAnd reference batteryCompared with comparative batteries D, E, F, and G, C was excellent in both initial charge capacity and initial discharge capacity, and was confirmed to be a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having a high energy density. This is because vinylene carbonate, diphenyl vinylene carbonate, or vinyl ethylene carbonate, which is a cyclic carbonate having a π bond at the time of initial charge, and an acid anhydride, succinic anhydride or acetic anhydride, are both decomposed on the graphite negative electrode. Lithium ion permeable protective coating is formed on the surface, but it contains a cyclic carbonate having a π bond, and due to a synergistic effect of containing both acid anhydrides, the surface of the negative electrode This is probably because the lithium ion-permeable protective film formed on the surface is dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability, so that the decomposition of propylene carbonate can be reliably suppressed. Furthermore, the recovery capacity after high-temperature storage is about 0.8 to 0.9 times the initial discharge capacity, the charge / discharge efficiency is high, and not only has a high energy density, but also a non-aqueous electrolyte battery with excellent storage performance It was confirmed that it can be. In particular, the cyclic carbonate having a π bond contains both vinylene carbonate or diphenyl vinylene carbonate, which is a cyclic carbonate having a π bond in the ring, and vinyl ethylene carbonate, which is a cyclic carbonate having a π bond only outside the ring. As a result, the lithium ion permeable protective coating formed on the negative electrode surface is particularly dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability, so that particularly excellent results are obtained for recovery performance after high-temperature storage. It was.
[0101]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and excellent storage performance.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Positive electrode
11 cathode mix
12 Positive current collector
2 Negative electrode
21 Negative electrode mix
22 Negative electrode current collector
3 Separator
4 pole group
5 Metal resin composite film
Claims (10)
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| JP2002170992A JP4366901B2 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2002-06-12 | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery |
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| JP2002170992A JP4366901B2 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2002-06-12 | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery |
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| JP2004273153A (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2004-09-30 | Sony Corp | battery |
| JP4707312B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2011-06-22 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Non-aqueous solvent type secondary battery |
| EP1734607A4 (en) * | 2004-04-07 | 2008-09-03 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd | SECONDARY BATTERY WITH WATER-FREE ELECTROLYTE |
| JP4797357B2 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2011-10-19 | ソニー株式会社 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| KR101318522B1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2013-10-16 | 소니 주식회사 | Electrolyte solution and battery |
| JP4948025B2 (en) * | 2006-04-18 | 2012-06-06 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Non-aqueous secondary battery |
| JP2008198432A (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-28 | Sony Corp | battery |
| JP2008204885A (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2008-09-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery |
| US20080206631A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-08-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrolytes, electrode compositions and electrochemical cells made therefrom |
| JP5241124B2 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2013-07-17 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP2009218065A (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2009-09-24 | Hitachi Ltd | Lithium secondary battery and method for manufacturing the same |
| JP5391938B2 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2014-01-15 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| JP5391944B2 (en) * | 2009-09-07 | 2014-01-15 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and battery using the same |
| JP7182198B2 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2022-12-02 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, electrolyte solution, and method for manufacturing nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| WO2020054866A1 (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | 旭化成株式会社 | Nonaqueous secondary battery |
| WO2020054863A1 (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | 旭化成株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolytic solution and nonaqueous secondary battery |
| CN114725519A (en) * | 2021-01-06 | 2022-07-08 | 东莞理工学院 | Lithium ion battery electrolyte, preparation method thereof and lithium ion battery |
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