JP4378976B2 - Hydrogen production catalyst and hydrogen production method - Google Patents
Hydrogen production catalyst and hydrogen production method Download PDFInfo
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- JP4378976B2 JP4378976B2 JP2003059896A JP2003059896A JP4378976B2 JP 4378976 B2 JP4378976 B2 JP 4378976B2 JP 2003059896 A JP2003059896 A JP 2003059896A JP 2003059896 A JP2003059896 A JP 2003059896A JP 4378976 B2 JP4378976 B2 JP 4378976B2
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- catalyst
- copper
- hydrogen
- dimethyl ether
- alumina
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、ジメチルエーテルと水蒸気から水素を生成させる触媒およびそれを用いたジメチルエーテルの改質による水素の製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
水素はクリーンなエネルギーとして期待されている。しかしその沸点が−253℃と低いため、気体として使用せざるを得ない。また、水素をエネルギーとして貯蔵する時には数十MPaという高圧のタンクを使用しなければならない。
【0003】
これに対し、液状または容易に液状になる水素含有物質を改質することにより、水素を得る方法が知られている。例えば、メタノールを下記式(1)により改質し、水素を得る方法である。
【0004】
CH3OH+H2O→CO2+3H2 ---(1)
【0005】
しかしながら、上記の方法では、メタノールは毒性があるため、大量に使用するには問題がある。
【0006】
その他に、下記式(2)に基づき、例えば、20%以上の銅を含む触媒を用いジメチルエーテルを改質して水素を製造する方法がある(例えば、特許文献1)。
【0007】
(CH3)2O+3H2O→2CO2+6H2 ---(2)
【0008】
【特許文献1】
特許第3124035号公報
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、特許文献1の方法では、生成ガス中に水素以外に多量の一酸化炭素を生成してしまう。一酸化炭素は例えば水素燃料電池の電極に強く吸収し、燃料電池を劣化させる等の問題があり、一酸化炭素はできるだけ低く抑えることが必要である。
【0010】
この発明は、上記問題点を解決するためになされたもので、一酸化炭素の生成を低く抑えつつ高い収率で水素を得ることができる触媒およびそれを用いた水素の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この発明者らが上記課題を解決すべく鋭意研究した結果、ジメチルエーテルと水蒸気から水素を生成させる触媒として、銅を含有する触媒と塩基を担体に担持した触媒の混合物が極めて有効であり、前記触媒を用いてジメチルエーテルを水蒸気により改質することにより、一酸化炭素の生成を低く抑えつつ高い収率で水素を得ることができることを見出した。
【0012】
この発明は、上記のような知見に基づいてなされたものであり、下記を特徴とする。
【0013】
請求項1に記載の発明は、銅−亜鉛−アルミナ触媒、銅−クロム−アルミナ触媒、銅−アルミナ触媒から選択される一の触媒と、アルカリ金属塩を担体に担持した触媒との物理的な混合物からなることに特徴を有するものである。
【0016】
請求項2に記載の発明は、ジメチルエーテルを水蒸気により改質し水素を製造する方法において、銅−亜鉛−アルミナ触媒、銅−クロム−アルミナ触媒、銅−アルミナ触媒から選択される一の触媒と、アルカリ金属塩を担体に担持した触媒との物理的な混合物からなる触媒を用いることに特徴を有するものである。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
この発明の触媒およびそれを用いた水素の製造方法について、以下に詳細に説明する。
【0020】
まず、この発明においては、下記式(3)に基づいてジメチルエーテルの改質反応が行われる。
【0021】
(CH3)2O+H2O→2CH3OH
2CH3OH→2CO+4H2
2CO+2H2O→2CO2+2H2 ---(3)
【0022】
そして、上記式(3)のジメチルエーテルの改質反応において用いられるこの発明の触媒は、銅を含有する触媒と塩基を担体に担持した触媒の混合物からなる物である。
【0023】
銅を含有する触媒としては、上記式(3)における(CH3)2O+H2O→2CH3OH(水和反応)で生成したメタノールを一酸化炭素と水素の混合物へ分解する反応(2CH3OH→2CO+4H2)および生成した一酸化炭素と水素による水性ガスシフト反応(2CO+2H2O→2CO2+2H2)に活性な触媒であり、かつ銅を含むものとする。
【0024】
このような触媒として、メタノール合成触媒が挙げられる。メタノール合成触媒は、その逆であるメタノール分解反応および水性ガスシフト反応に対しても活性があることが知られており、例えば、銅−亜鉛−アルミナ触媒、銅−クロム−アルミナ触媒、銅−アルミナ触媒等が挙げられる。触媒中の銅を含有する触媒の含有率は0.1〜50wt%が好ましく、さらに好ましくは1〜10wt%である。銅を含有する触媒の含有率が0.1wt%未満では水素の収率が低下してしまう。一方、銅を含有する触媒の含有率が50wt%超えでは、銅の重量当りの比表面積が大きく低下し、経済的に好ましくない。
【0025】
また、銅を含有する触媒は、一般的な調整方法で製造することができる。例えば含浸法や共沈法で製造する。
【0026】
塩基を担体に担持した触媒としては、上記式(3)において、主に(CH3)2O+H2O→2CH3OH(水和反応)に対して活性な触媒であり水に対し安定な物質であればよい。その中でも廉価であるとの理由からアルカリ金属塩を担体に担持した触媒が好ましい。例えば、炭酸セシウム、硝酸セシウムをアルミナに担持した触媒が挙げられる。好ましい触媒担体としては、アルミナ、シリカゲル、シリカ・アルミナ、チタニア、ジルコニアなどの酸化物である。
【0027】
触媒中の塩基を担体に担持した触媒の含有率は2〜30wt%が好ましく、さらに好ましくは5〜20wt%である。塩基を担体に担持した触媒の含有率が2wt%未満および30wt%超えでは一酸化炭素が大量に生成してしまう。
【0028】
また、塩基を担体に担持した触媒は、一般的な調整方法で製造することができる。例えば含浸法や共沈法で製造する。
【0029】
そして、この発明では、銅を含有する触媒と塩基を担体に担持した触媒とを混合し、ジメチルエーテルと水蒸気から水素を生成させる触媒として用いる。この時、銅を含有する触媒と塩基を担体に担持した触媒との混合は物理的に混合すれば良く、均一に混合するのが好ましい。また、粒径を同程度にした後粒子状で混合しても良いし、粉砕して粉体として混合し成型しても良い。
【0030】
このようにして得られたこの発明の触媒を用いて、ジメチルエーテルを水蒸気により改質し水素を製造する。供給する水蒸気は、原料のジメチルエーテルに対して、量論(3モル倍)に対して必要とする反応率以上あればよく、2〜10モル倍、好ましくは3〜5モル倍である。水蒸気の供給が2モル倍より少ないと、高いジメチルエーテル転化率が得られず、また10モル倍より多いと、ガス体積が大きくなるため反応器容積も大きくなり経済的でない。
【0031】
原料ガスには、ジメチルエーテルと水蒸気以外の成分も含むことができる。その他の成分として反応に不活性なガス、例えば窒素、不活性ガス、CO2、メタン等を含むことができる。また、反応の中間生成物や最終生成物、例えばCO,メタノール,H2等を含むことができる。これらの含有量は30容量%以下が適当であり、これより多くなると反応物の触媒層への滞留時間が短くなり、反応率の低下が問題になる。一方、空気(酸素)はジメチルエーテルが燃焼してしまうのでなるべく排除したほうがよく、許容含有量は空気として1%以下である。
【0032】
反応温度は、150〜400℃、好ましくは200〜350℃である。反応温度が150℃より低いと高いジメチルエーテル転化率が得られず、また400℃より高いと副生するメタンおよび一酸化炭素の割合が増加するとともに、活性成分である銅の粒子成長が著しくなって、徐々に触媒が失活してくるので好ましくない。
【0033】
反応圧力は常圧〜1MPaが好ましい。反応圧力が1MPaより高いとジメチルエーテル転化率が低下する。
【0034】
空間速度(触媒1m3あたりの標準状態における混合ガスの供給速度m3/h)は、1000〜30000m3/m3・hが好ましい。空間速度が30000m3/m3・hより大きいとジメチルエーテル転化率が低くなり、また1000m3/m3・hより小さいと反応器が極端に大きくなって経済的でない。
【0035】
なお、この発明の方法においては、固定床、流動床のいずれの装置を用いてもよい。
【0036】
【実施例】
次に、この発明を実施例により比較例と共にさらに説明する。
【0037】
触媒の調整
アルミナに炭酸セシウムを含浸法で担持して、セシウムとして10%を含む触媒Aを調整した。共沈法により銅−アルミナ触媒Bを調整した。触媒Aと触媒Bを各々0.5〜1.0mmφに粉砕・分級した後、触媒A2重量部と触媒B1重量部を混合した。
【0038】
反応方法
固定床常圧流通反応装置を用い、上記により得られた触媒を反応器に充填し、ジメチルエーテルと水を所定量供給して、以下の条件で反応させた。
【0039】
ジメチルエーテルに対する水の添加量:3.1モル倍
W/F:15g・hr/mol(W/F:触媒量(g)をジメチルエーテルの反応器入口流量(mol/hr)で除した値)
反応温度:300℃
【0040】
以上の結果、ジメチルエーテルの転化率は50.7%、水素収率は50.5%、一酸化炭素生成率は0.6%であった。なお、この時、ジメチルエーテルの転化率は、反応で消失したジメチルエーテル量をジメチルエーテルの反応器入口流量で除した値である。また、水素収率は、反応で生成した水素量(mol/hr)をジメチルエーテルの反応器入口流量で除した値をさらに量論比である6で除した値である。さらに、一酸化炭素の生成率は反応器出口の一酸化炭素濃度とした。
【0041】
(比較例)
触媒の調整において、何も担持しないアルミナを触媒Aとした以外は、上記実施例と同様の条件で行った。
【0042】
以上の結果、ジメチルエーテルの転化率は69.1%、水素収率は62.9%、一酸化炭素生成率は1.1%であった。
【0043】
以上より、この発明例では、一酸化炭素の生成を低く抑えながら、高い収率で水素を得ることができる。一方、比較例では、ジメチルエーテルの転化率、水素収率は高いものの、一酸化炭素生成率も高い値となっていることがわかる。
【0044】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、この発明によれば、一酸化炭素の生成を低く抑えつつ高い収率で水素を得ることができる。また、クリーンでかつ毒性がなく取り扱いが容易なジメチルエーテルを原料として用いて水素を製造するので、家庭用や自動車用燃料電池のエネルギー源として有用である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a catalyst for producing hydrogen from dimethyl ether and water vapor and a method for producing hydrogen by reforming dimethyl ether using the catalyst.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Hydrogen is expected as clean energy. However, since its boiling point is as low as −253 ° C., it must be used as a gas. Moreover, when storing hydrogen as energy, a high-pressure tank of several tens of MPa must be used.
[0003]
On the other hand, a method for obtaining hydrogen by reforming a hydrogen-containing substance that is liquid or easily liquid is known. For example, this is a method in which methanol is reformed by the following formula (1) to obtain hydrogen.
[0004]
CH 3 OH + H 2 O → CO 2 + 3H 2 --- (1)
[0005]
However, in the above method, since methanol is toxic, there is a problem in using it in a large amount.
[0006]
In addition, based on the following formula (2), for example, a method of producing hydrogen by reforming di methyl ether using a catalyst containing 20% or more of copper (e.g., Patent Document 1).
[0007]
(CH 3 ) 2 O + 3H 2 O → 2CO 2 + 6H 2 --- (2)
[0008]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent No. 3124035 [0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the method of Patent Document 1, a large amount of carbon monoxide is generated in the product gas in addition to hydrogen. For example, carbon monoxide is strongly absorbed by the electrode of the hydrogen fuel cell, and there is a problem that the fuel cell is deteriorated. Therefore, it is necessary to keep carbon monoxide as low as possible.
[0010]
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and provides a catalyst capable of obtaining hydrogen in a high yield while suppressing the production of carbon monoxide and a method for producing hydrogen using the same. With the goal.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of diligent research by the present inventors to solve the above-mentioned problems, a mixture of a catalyst containing copper and a catalyst having a base supported on a carrier is extremely effective as a catalyst for generating hydrogen from dimethyl ether and water vapor. It has been found that hydrogen can be obtained in a high yield while suppressing the production of carbon monoxide by modifying dimethyl ether with water vapor using.
[0012]
The present invention has been made on the basis of the above-described findings, and is characterized by the following.
[0013]
The invention according to claim 1 is a physical combination of one catalyst selected from a copper-zinc-alumina catalyst, a copper-chromium-alumina catalyst, and a copper-alumina catalyst, and a catalyst having an alkali metal salt supported on a support. It is characterized by comprising a mixture.
[0016]
The invention according to claim 2 is a method for producing hydrogen by reforming dimethyl ether with water vapor, and one catalyst selected from a copper-zinc-alumina catalyst, a copper-chromium-alumina catalyst, and a copper-alumina catalyst; It is characterized by using a catalyst comprising a physical mixture with a catalyst having an alkali metal salt supported on a carrier.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The catalyst of the present invention and the method for producing hydrogen using the catalyst will be described in detail below.
[0020]
First, in this invention, the reforming reaction of dimethyl ether is performed based on the following formula (3).
[0021]
(CH 3 ) 2 O + H 2 O → 2CH 3 OH
2CH 3 OH → 2CO + 4 H 2
2CO + 2H 2 O → 2CO 2 + 2H 2 --- (3)
[0022]
The catalyst of the present invention used in the reforming reaction of dimethyl ether of the above formula (3) is a mixture of a catalyst containing copper and a catalyst having a base supported on a carrier.
[0023]
As a catalyst containing copper , a reaction (2CH 3 ) that decomposes methanol produced by (CH 3 ) 2 O + H 2 O → 2CH 3 OH (hydration reaction) in the above formula (3) into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is an active catalyst for water gas shift reaction (2CO + 2H 2 O → 2CO 2 + 2H 2 ) by OH → 2 CO + 4 H 2 ) and generated carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and contains copper.
[0024]
An example of such a catalyst is a methanol synthesis catalyst. Methanol synthesis catalysts are known to be active against the reverse methanol decomposition reaction and water gas shift reaction, for example, copper-zinc-alumina catalyst, copper-chromium-alumina catalyst, copper-alumina catalyst. Etc. The content of the catalyst containing copper in the catalyst is preferably from 0.1 to 50 wt%, more preferably from 1 to 10 wt%. If the content rate of the catalyst containing copper is less than 0.1 wt%, the yield of hydrogen will decrease. On the other hand, if the content of the catalyst containing copper exceeds 50 wt%, the specific surface area per weight of copper is greatly reduced, which is not economically preferable.
[0025]
Moreover, the catalyst containing copper can be manufactured by a general adjustment method. For example, it is manufactured by an impregnation method or a coprecipitation method.
[0026]
As a catalyst having a base supported on a carrier, a substance which is active in (CH 3 ) 2 O + H 2 O → 2CH 3 OH (hydration reaction) and stable in water If it is. Among them, a catalyst in which an alkali metal salt is supported on a carrier is preferable because it is inexpensive. For example, the catalyst which carry | supported the cesium carbonate and the cesium nitrate on the alumina is mentioned. Preferred catalyst carriers are oxides such as alumina, silica gel, silica / alumina, titania, zirconia.
[0027]
The content of the catalyst in which the base in the catalyst is supported on the carrier is preferably 2 to 30 wt%, more preferably 5 to 20 wt%. If the content of the catalyst having the base supported on the support is less than 2 wt% or more than 30 wt%, a large amount of carbon monoxide is generated.
[0028]
Moreover, the catalyst which carry | supported the base on the support | carrier can be manufactured with a general adjustment method. For example, it is manufactured by an impregnation method or a coprecipitation method.
[0029]
In the present invention, a catalyst containing copper and a catalyst having a base supported on a carrier are mixed and used as a catalyst for generating hydrogen from dimethyl ether and water vapor. At this time, the catalyst containing copper and the catalyst having a base supported on the carrier may be physically mixed, and preferably mixed uniformly. Further, the particles may be mixed in the form of particles after having the same particle size, or may be pulverized and mixed to form a powder.
[0030]
Using the catalyst of the present invention thus obtained, dimethyl ether is reformed with steam to produce hydrogen. The water vapor to be supplied may be more than the reaction rate required for the stoichiometry (3 mol times) with respect to dimethyl ether as a raw material, and is 2 to 10 mol times, preferably 3 to 5 mol times. If the supply of water vapor is less than 2 mol times, a high dimethyl ether conversion cannot be obtained, and if it is more than 10 mol times, the gas volume increases and the reactor volume increases, which is not economical.
[0031]
The source gas can also contain components other than dimethyl ether and water vapor. As other components, a gas inert to the reaction, for example, nitrogen, inert gas, CO 2 , methane and the like can be contained. In addition, intermediate products and final products of the reaction such as CO, methanol, H 2 and the like can be included. The content of these is suitably 30% by volume or less, and if the content is higher than this, the residence time of the reaction product in the catalyst layer is shortened, and a reduction in the reaction rate becomes a problem. On the other hand, it is better to eliminate air (oxygen) as much as possible because dimethyl ether burns, and the allowable content is 1% or less as air.
[0032]
The reaction temperature is 150 to 400 ° C, preferably 200 to 350 ° C. When the reaction temperature is lower than 150 ° C., a high dimethyl ether conversion rate cannot be obtained. When the reaction temperature is higher than 400 ° C., the proportion of methane and carbon monoxide by-produced increases, and the growth of copper particles as an active ingredient becomes remarkable. This is not preferable because the catalyst is gradually deactivated.
[0033]
The reaction pressure is preferably normal pressure to 1 MPa. When the reaction pressure is higher than 1 MPa, the dimethyl ether conversion rate decreases.
[0034]
The space velocity (feed rate m 3 / h of the mixed gas at standard conditions per catalyst 1 m 3) is, 1000~30000m 3 / m 3 · h are preferred. If the space velocity is greater than 30000 m 3 / m 3 · h, the dimethyl ether conversion is low, and if it is less than 1000 m 3 / m 3 · h, the reactor becomes extremely large and not economical.
[0035]
In the method of the present invention, either a fixed bed or fluidized bed apparatus may be used.
[0036]
【Example】
Next, the present invention will be further described by way of examples together with comparative examples.
[0037]
Preparation of catalyst A catalyst A containing 10% of cesium was prepared by supporting cesium carbonate on alumina by an impregnation method. Copper-alumina catalyst B was prepared by a coprecipitation method. Catalyst A and catalyst B were each pulverized and classified to 0.5 to 1.0 mmφ, and then 2 parts by weight of catalyst A and 1 part by weight of catalyst B were mixed.
[0038]
Reaction Method Using a fixed bed normal pressure flow reactor, the reactor was filled with the catalyst obtained above, dimethyl ether and water were supplied in predetermined amounts, and the reaction was carried out under the following conditions.
[0039]
Addition amount of water to dimethyl ether: 3.1 mol times W / F: 15 g · hr / mol (W / F: value obtained by dividing catalyst amount (g) by dimethyl ether inlet flow rate (mol / hr))
Reaction temperature: 300 ° C
[0040]
As a result, the conversion rate of dimethyl ether was 50.7%, the hydrogen yield was 50.5%, and the carbon monoxide production rate was 0.6%. At this time, the conversion rate of dimethyl ether is a value obtained by dividing the amount of dimethyl ether lost by the reaction by the flow rate at the inlet of the reactor of dimethyl ether. The hydrogen yield is a value obtained by dividing the amount of hydrogen produced in the reaction (mol / hr) by the reactor inlet flow rate of dimethyl ether and dividing by a stoichiometric ratio of 6. Furthermore, the carbon monoxide production rate was the carbon monoxide concentration at the outlet of the reactor.
[0041]
(Comparative example)
The adjustment of the catalyst was performed under the same conditions as in the above example, except that the catalyst A was replaced with alumina that does not carry anything.
[0042]
As a result, the conversion rate of dimethyl ether was 69.1%, the hydrogen yield was 62.9%, and the carbon monoxide production rate was 1.1%.
[0043]
As mentioned above, in this invention example, hydrogen can be obtained with a high yield while suppressing the production of carbon monoxide to be low. On the other hand, in the comparative example, although the conversion rate and hydrogen yield of dimethyl ether are high, it can be seen that the carbon monoxide production rate is also high.
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, hydrogen can be obtained with a high yield while suppressing the production of carbon monoxide to be low. In addition, hydrogen is produced using dimethyl ether, which is clean, non-toxic and easy to handle, as a raw material, so that it is useful as an energy source for household and automotive fuel cells.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
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