JP4379971B2 - Electrical energy storage element - Google Patents
Electrical energy storage element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4379971B2 JP4379971B2 JP25726399A JP25726399A JP4379971B2 JP 4379971 B2 JP4379971 B2 JP 4379971B2 JP 25726399 A JP25726399 A JP 25726399A JP 25726399 A JP25726399 A JP 25726399A JP 4379971 B2 JP4379971 B2 JP 4379971B2
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- carbon
- energy storage
- electrical energy
- lithium
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 33
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- -1 etc. Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910013627 M-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical class C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGADZUXDNSDTHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-pyran Chemical class C1OC=CC=C1 MGADZUXDNSDTHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one Chemical compound CN1CCOC1=O VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010586 LiFeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M Sodium oleate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 1
- BHHSIMAZIRFUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].FP(=O)=O Chemical compound [Li].FP(=O)=O BHHSIMAZIRFUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010303 mechanochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013500 performance material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001028 reflection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、小型、軽量の電気機器や電気自動車の電源として好適な、非水系リチウム二次電池をはじめとする、電気エネルギー貯蔵素子に関し、更には該素子の負極材及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、ビデオカメラ、携帯電話やポータブルパソコン等の携帯機器の普及に伴い、一次電池に代わって繰り返し使用できる二次電池の需要が高まっている。特に負極活物質に炭素質材料を、正極活物質にLiMO2(M=Co、Ni等)を用い、電解液に有機溶媒を使った非水系二次電池(特開昭63−121260号公報)が開発され、注目されている。また負極活物質として、例えば、特公平4−24831号公報には、コークス等のソフトカーボン系の材料が、特開平3−252053号公報には、ハードカーボン系の材料が提案されている。また、負極材料として、Al、Si、Sn等、リチウムと化合する金属系材料を使用することも知られている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上述の金属系材料を非水系二次電池の負極として用いると、充放電サイクルに伴い、容量が著しく低下するという問題があった。これを改善する技術として、特開平9−249407号公報には、LiやSiと黒鉛とを2G以上の粉砕加速度で粉砕混合し、負極とすることで、長期の充放電サイクル後の容量低下を防ぐ方法が提案されている。しかしながら我々の知る限りでは、この提案された方法によって製造された負極を用いると、放電容量は確保されるものの、初期充放電の際にリチウムの吸蔵放出に関与できなくなる、いわゆる不可逆容量が増加し、充放電効率が低下する傾向が見られ、実際の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子として不利になるという問題が残る。
【0004】
更に、従来の炭素質材料を負極活物質として用いた非水系二次電池には、1回の充電で使える時間の伸長などの要望から、エネルギー密度がより一層向上したものが望まれている。このためには、従来の炭素質材料を越える高い容量の負極材を備えた電気エネルギー貯蔵素子の開発が必要である。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、特定の金属元素と炭素よりなる負極を備えた電気エネルギー貯蔵素子により、上記問題が解決できることを見出し、本発明に到達した。
【0006】
即ち、本発明は、正極と負極とイオン伝導体を含む電気エネルギー貯蔵素子であって、該負極が、炭素と、Ag、Zn、Al、Ga、In、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbより選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素からなり、アルカリ金属元素を吸蔵したときのアルカリ金属元素の全吸蔵量が900mAh/ml以上で、かつ可逆的な吸蔵量が全吸蔵量の70%以上である、繰り返し使用可能な電気エネルギー貯蔵素子に関し、また、それに用いられる負極材の製造方法に関する。
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。
繰り返し使える電気エネルギー貯蔵素子として、リチウム二次電池が挙げられる。負極材に、炭素元素、例えば黒鉛のみを用いる電池では、負極材の容量が372mAh/gと限られるために、そのエネルギー密度の向上には限界がある。黒鉛より多くの量のエネルギーを蓄えられる材料として、アルカリ金属元素、特にリチウムと合金を作る金属類が挙げられる。具体的には、Ag、Zn、Al、Ga、In、Si、Ge、Sn、Pbであり、Ag、Zn、Al、Si、Ge、Sn、Pbが好ましく、更に好ましくはZn、Al、Si、Ge、Snである。これらのうちでも、コスト及び電池電圧の観点からSiが最も望ましい。しかしながら、金属元素単体ではリチウムの吸蔵と脱離に伴う大きな体積変化のため、実用的な電池を作ることができなかった。即ち、金属は、黒鉛より多くの量のアルカリ金属元素、例えばリチウムを吸蔵できるが、同時に金属内部に捕獲されて使えないリチウム等もまた多い。以下、本発明では、可逆的吸蔵量の全吸蔵量に対する割合が70%以上と効率が高い。
【0008】
本発明は、機械的なエネルギーにより、黒鉛等の炭素材と高い容量の源である特定の金属元素、例えばSi粉末を複合化することで、上記問題が解決されることを見出した。これは、機械的エネルギーにより、炭素と金属の性質を大きく変えることなく、局所的に生じるいわゆるメカノケミカルな反応で、お互いをより強く結びつけることによって達成された。メカノケミカル処理は、機械的エネルギーの助けを借りて、極めて低い温度で、反応が局所的に進行する。そのため、炭素とSiの組み合わせのように、加熱により両者の化合物(例えば炭化ケイ素)を生じる場合に、元の材料の性質を失うことなく、強固な複合材を得る方法として優れている。両者の強固な結合は、リチウム等の吸蔵と脱離に伴う金属の大きな体積変化により、材料又は該材料の集合体である電極の劣化や破壊を防止あるいは減速させる。このようにして、高い可逆的吸蔵量を維持しながら、負極材中に捕獲され、容量に寄与しなくなるリチウム等を減らして、全吸蔵量が900mAh/ml以上で、かつ効率が70%以上となる材料を、炭素元素と特定の金属元素よりなる材料によって可能にした。
【0009】
負極におけるアルカリ金属元素の全吸蔵量は、体積当たりの容量で900mAh/ml以上であり、好ましくは1,100mAh/ml以上、更に好ましくは1,200mAh/ml以上である。また、重量当たりの容量では、通常500mAh/g以上、好ましくは600mAh/g以上、更に好ましくは1,100mAh/g以上である。また、アルカリ元素の全吸蔵量に対する電気化学的に可逆的な吸蔵量の百分率である効率は、最低でも70%以上が必要であり、好ましくは75%以上、更には80%以上、特に好ましくは85%以上がよい。金属の濃度は、低すぎると全吸蔵量が小さくなり、また高すぎると効率が低下して、好ましくない。即ち、金属元素の割合は、30〜90重量%がよく、更に好ましくは30〜70重量%がよく、より好ましくは40〜60重量%がよい。負極材の高容量は、リチウムと合金を作る前記金属元素によるところが大きい。したがって、負極中の金属元素の内、少なくとも80%以上がリチウムと合金化可能な構造を有することがよく、更には85%以上、より好ましくは90%以上がリチウムと合金化可能であることが望ましい。この合金化可能な構造以外の金属元素の状態としては、金属炭化物や黒鉛構造の層間にインターカレートされた金属元素などがある。
【0010】
また、該金属元素に、炭素以外で、かつ該金属元素とは異なる第三の元素を共存させることができる。これは主にリチウム等の吸蔵・脱離を繰り返すと、金属元素が凝集することがあり、これを防ぐ目的で使われる。具体的には、遷移金属元素、例えば、Cu、Ti、Cr、V、Fe、Ni、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wなど、及びGe、Sn、Pb、P、Sb、Bi、Al、Ga、In、Zn、Mg、Ca、Sr、Baが挙げられ、好ましくはリチウムと合金を作らない元素や、Sb等がよい。また、電池の電圧を制御する目的で、上記第三の元素を用いる場合には、リチウムと高い組成の合金を作る元素が好ましく、Ge、Sn、Pb、Al、Ga、In、Ti、Zn及びAgが更に好ましい。第三の元素の配合量は、前記の金属元素に対する元素比で、最大20%までである。
【0011】
本発明における炭素は、金属の体積変化を補う作用と同時に、リチウム等を吸蔵し、容量に寄与する役割も担う。即ち、全吸蔵量が大きく、かつ効率が高い材料がよい。これらの観点から、炭素元素の80%以上が黒鉛構造を有し、この割合は好ましくは85%以上、更に好ましくは90%以上がよい。更に、黒鉛構造としては、結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.348nm以下、好ましくは0.340nm以下、更に好ましくは0.338nm以下がよい。また、該積層の厚さLcは1.5nm以上で、好ましくは50nm以上、更に好ましくは100nm以上がよい。また、含まれる水素の量は、炭素との元素比H/Cが0.1以下、好ましくは0.07以下、更に好ましくは0.03以下がよい。黒鉛構造以外の炭素の構造として、本発明の特定の金属元素との化合物、前記第三の元素との化合物等、具体的には例えば金属炭化物等がある。
【0012】
金属粒子の表面が、炭素質物層で被覆された構造の負極材について説明する。核となる金属粒子は、前記の元素Ag、Zn、Al、Ga、In、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbより選ばれるが、前述と同じ理由により、遷移金属元素、例えば、Cu、Ti、Cr、V、Fe、Ni、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wなど、並びに前記金属元素とは異なるGe、Sn、Pb、P、Sb、Bi、Al、Ga、In、Zn、Mg、Ca、Sr及びBaから選ばれる元素を、1種以上共存させることができる。該金属粒子の大きさは、通常0.1〜100μm、好ましくは1〜50μm、更に好ましくは1〜20μmがよい。被覆する炭素質物層の厚さは、通常1nm〜100μmから選ばれ、好ましくは1nm〜20μm、更に好ましくは1nm〜10μmがよい。該被覆炭素質物中の炭素の構造は、特に限定されるものではないが、結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.380nm以下、該積層の厚さLcが0.5nm以上の黒鉛構造を、少なくとも80重量%以上、好ましくは90重量%以上含むことが望ましい。
【0013】
また、前述の炭素質物で被覆された金属粒子と、炭素粒子との混合物を使用するのもまた好ましい。この場合、これらの混合割合は、炭素元素の割合は30〜90重量%である。前記炭素粒子は、結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.348nm以下、好ましくは0.340nm以下、更に好ましくは0.338nm以下、該積層の厚さLcは1.5nm以上、好ましくは50nm以上、更に好ましくは100nm以上であって、含まれる水素の原子比H/Cで0.1以下、好ましくは0.07以下、更に好ましくは0.03以下の黒鉛構造を有する炭素粒子を核として、その表面に80重量%以上、好ましくは90重量%以上の炭素からなり、残りが前記金属元素Ag、Zn、Al、Ga、In、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbより選ばれる1種以上の元素からなる、炭素質物層で被覆された粒子であることが好ましい。なお、上述の金属粒子表面及び/又は黒鉛構造を有する炭素粒子を被覆する炭素質物は、結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.380nm以下、該積層の厚さLcが0.5nm以上の構造を有することが望ましい。
【0014】
本発明の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子に用いられる負極材は、その表面がピッチやフェノール樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂などの有機物を加熱分解して得られる炭素質物で被覆されたものでもよい。また、負極材は、粉体として実用に供されることが多いが、その際の粒径は5〜40μm、好ましくは10〜30μm、更に好ましくは10〜25μmがよい。
【0015】
本発明の負極材をピッチや熱硬化性樹脂などの炭素質物前駆体と混合し、その後不活性雰囲気中で焼成する方法などにより、本発明の負極材を非晶質炭素中に分散させた形態、あるいは本発明の負極材を、例えば、結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.345nm以下の黒鉛の表面に、一体化あるいは付着させた形態で使用することもできる。
【0016】
本発明の負極材を得るための方法は、特に限定されるものではないが、機械的エネルギーによるメカノケミカル処理を、好ましいものとして挙げることができる。具体的な方法として、原料粉体を運動する気体にのせて、粉体同士をぶつける、あるいは粉体を強固な壁にぶつける方法、例えばジェットミル、ハイブリダイゼーション等がある。また、狭い空間を大きな力で通す等の方法により、粉体にせん断力を与えて、その際のエネルギーを利用する方法を採ることができる。例えばホソカワミクロン(株)製メカノヒュージョン等が挙げられる。せん断力を与える場合、与えるせん断速度は10sec-1以上、好ましくは100sec-1以上、更に好ましくは1,000sec-1以上がよい。上限は通常50,000sec-1以下である。
【0017】
また、ポット中に原料粉体と反応に関与しない運動体とを入れて、これに振動、回転、あるいはこれらが複数組合わされた動きを与える方法、例えばボールミル、振動ボールミル、遊星ボールミル、転動ボールミル等を用いることもできる。なお、これらの処理を用いる場合には、炭素粒子を過度に粉砕してしまわないように、原料粉体の投入の順序や混合方法に工夫が必要となる。例えば、まず金属粒子のみを大きな機械的エネルギーを与えて粉砕し、金属粒子の微細化を行った後、炭素粒子を加えて、より弱い機械的エネルギーで短時間に均一に混合を行うこと等が挙げられる。
【0018】
処理に供する原料粉体として、前記の炭素粒子と前記の金属粒子を用いることができる。第三成分を添加する場合、その元素単体を用いるのが好ましいが、該元素を含む化合物を共存させることもできる。原料粉体として用いられる炭素粉末及び金属粉末の粒径は、通常1〜100μmであり、好ましくは1〜40μm、更に好ましくは5〜30μmがよい。該炭素粉末の結晶面(002)の面間隔d002は、0.345nm以下、好ましくは0.340nm以下、更に好ましくは0.338nm以下がよい。また、該積層の厚さLcは、2.0nm以上、好ましくは100nm以上がよい。含まれる水素の量は、炭素との元素比H/Cが0.1以下、好ましくは0.07以下、更に好ましくは0.03以下がよい。
【0019】
処理に際して、雰囲気の温度を高くすると、炭素と金属元素の反応が促進され、炭化物等の生成が多くなり、よくない。処理時の雰囲気温度は、500℃以下、好ましくは400℃以下、更に好ましくは300℃以下がよい。また、処理は大気中で行うこともできるが、不活性ガス中、例えば窒素中が好ましく、アルゴン等の不活性雰囲気が更に好ましい。
【0020】
以下に本発明の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子の構成の一例を述べるが、本発明は、その要旨を越えない限り以下によって限定されるものではない。正極材としては、従来から知られているいずれも使用でき、特に限定されるものではない。具体的には、LiFeO2、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4及びこれらの非定比化合物、MnO2、TiS2、FeS2、Nb3S4、Mo3S4、CoS2、V2O5、P2O5、CrO3、V3O3、TeO2、GeO2等を用いることができる。
【0021】
イオン伝導体は、リチウム等のアルカリ金属イオンを含み、かつ非水系溶液、該非水系溶液を含むゲル、あるいは固体イオン伝導体から選ばれる1種以上からなる。一例として有機電化液を挙げることができる。該電解液は、有機溶剤に電解質を溶解したもので、従来から知られているいずれも使用できる。有機溶剤としては、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、γ−ブチルラクトン等のエステル類、ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、置換テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン、ピラン及びその誘導体、ジメトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン等のエーテル類、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン等の3置換−2−オキサゾリジノン類、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトル等が挙げられ、これらを単独で、もしくは2種類以上を混合して使用できる。また、電解質としては、過塩素酸リチウム、ホウフッ化リチウム、リンフッ化リチウム、塩化アルミン酸リチウム、ハロゲン化リチウム、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム等が使用できる。また、イオン伝導体として、上記電解液をポリフッ化ビニリデン等の高分子中に含ませたゲルを用いることができる。更には、ポリエチレンオキシド等のイオン伝導性の有機高分子や、硫化リチウム等を主成分とする無機物など、自立性の高い固体イオン伝導体を用いることもできる。
【0022】
電池の構成としては、帯状の正極と負極を、セパレータを介して渦巻き状にした構造や、正極と負極を、セパレータを介して積層した構造等が採用される。自立性の高い固体イオン伝導体を用いる場合には、セパレータを省略することができる。
【0023】
本発明の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子の主な動作原理は、リチウム等のアルカリ金属イオンが、正負極間を充放電に伴って往復することにある。ただし、電気二重層形成によるエネルギー貯蔵等の他の原理が重複して使われてもよい。
【0024】
次に電気エネルギー貯蔵素子の作成方法及び測定方法を示す。最初に、図1の正極3を次のようにして作成した。LiCoO2 90重量部と、導電剤としてのアセチレンブラック5重量部と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン5重量部とを混合し、これにN−メチルピロリドンを分散剤として加えて、ペーストを作成した。そして、このペーストをアルミ箔上に塗布し、乾燥後、直径15mmに打ち抜いて正極体とした。
【0025】
次いで負極1を、以下のようにして作成した。上記負極材を用いて、負極材95重量部と結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン5重量部とを混合し、これにN−メチルピロリドンを分散剤として加えて、ペーストを作成した。そして、このペーストを銅箔上に塗布し、乾燥後、直径12.5mmに打ち抜いて負極体とした。電化液としては、エチレンカーボネートとEMC(エチルメチルカーボネート)との混合液に、LiClO4を1.25mol/L溶解して用いた。
【0026】
上記負極と上記正極とセパレータ5、電解液、負極カップ2、正極缶4、ガスケット6を用いて、正極、セパレータ、負極の順で積層し、電解液を注入し、かしめて、CR2016型と同一形状の直径20×1.3mm厚さのリチウムイオンコイン型二次電池を作成した。この二次電池を用いて、室温において、セル電圧が4.2Vに達するまで、充電を0.2mAで行い、同様にセル電圧が2.5Vに達するまで、放電を0.4mAで行い、充放電容量を測定した。なお充放電ともに、所定の電位に達した時点で測定を終了した。
【0027】
次に負極材の容量評価方法について述べる。正極の代わりに金属リチウム箔を用いた以外は、上記二次電池と同様なセルを作成し、室温において、セル電圧が0Vに達するまで、充電を0.2mAにて行い、同様にセル電圧が1.5Vまで、放電を0.4mAにて行った。なお、充放電ともに、所定の電位に達した時点で測定を終了した。
【0028】
以下に本発明の材料に関する測定方法を詳細に説明する。水素と炭素の原子比H/Cは、パーキンエルマー社製「CHN計240C」で求めた炭素及び水素の重量割合から、それぞれの原子量を用いて計算した。
【0029】
粒径は、オレイン酸ナトリウム0.1重量%水溶液中で、レーザ回折・散乱法により、堀場製作所社製のLA-500を用いて測定した。粒径は、体積基準で積算が50%となる粒径として求めた。
【0030】
(002)面の面間隔d002と該積層の厚さLcは、X線回折により、学術振興会117委員会提案の方法に準拠して求めた。フィリップス社製の回折計PW1710 BASEDを用いて、反射法により測定した。X線源はCu Kα線(Niフィルター使用)を用いて、モノクロメータとして黒鉛を使用した。X線出力は40kv、30mAとして、回折X線の計測は、0.02度/stepのステップスキャン方式で、積算時間を1秒とした。使用した装置及びその測定条件を以下に示す。
【0031】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明を実施例により更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はその要旨を越えない限り、以下の実施例によって限定されるものではない。
【0032】
実施例1
メカノケミカル処理には、ホソカワミクロン(株)社製のメカノヒュージョンAM-20FSを用いた。遠心力で内壁に粉体を固定する回転ケーシング(内径200mm、高さ70mm)と、ケーシング内面に固定された粉体に、機械的エネルギーを付与するインナーピースとからなり、ケーシングの回転数を2,000rpm、ケーシングとインナーピースとの間隙を5mmとした。したがって、粉体に与えられるせん断場の平均的な強さは、4,187sec-1であった。
【0033】
炭素粉末として、Timcal社製の人造黒鉛KS44(平均粒径19.5μm)を36.1g、金属シリコン粉末として、山石金属社製のM-Si No.360(平均粒径23μm)を54g用いた(重量比 Si:C=6:4)。処理に先立って、それぞれの粉末を予備混合した後、窒素雰囲気中で15分間処理を行った。酸素濃度は0.1%以下であり、温度は最高53℃であった。KS44のd002は0.336nm、Lcは2,641nm、H/Cは検出限界の0.01以下であった。M-Si No.360の純度は98.5%程度であった。電池性能、負極材容量等を表1に示す。得られた負極をX線回折により調べたところ、面間隔d002=0.366nm、該積層の厚さLc=228nmであった。
【0034】
実施例2
メカノケミカル処理時間を35分とした以外は、実施例1と同様にした。最高温度は70℃であった。電池性能、負極材容量等を表1に示す。得られた負極をX線回折により調べたところ、d002=0.366nm、Lc=228nmであった。該負極材を樹脂に包埋し、ミクロトームで断面を作り、これをSEMで観察したところ、シリコン粒子表面に約1μmの炭素質物層がみられた。
【0035】
実施例3
炭素粉末として下記の炭素粉末を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にした。即ちピッチを1,100℃で不活性雰囲気中で焼成して得た、d002=0.342nm、Lc=25nm、H/C=0.04の、平均粒径12μmの炭素粉末を用いた。最高温度は、55℃であった。
【0036】
比較例1
負極材として、炭素粉末であるKS44のみをそのまま用いた。
【0037】
比較例2
負極材として、金属シリコン粉末であるM-Si No.360をそのまま用いた。
【0038】
比較例3
金属シリコン粉末M-Si No.360と炭素粉末KS44とを、実施例1と同じ6:4の割合で、容量200mlのプラスチック製ビンに入れ、約3分間、手で振って混合して負極材とした。
【0039】
実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜3で得られた負極材を用いて、前述の方法によってセルを作成し、電池性能及び負極材容量を測定した。その結果を表1に示す。
【0040】
【表1】
【0041】
【発明の効果】
以上の説明から明らかなように、黒鉛粉末及びリチウムと合金化可能な金属粉末を、単独あるいは単に混合して用いるより、メカノケミカル処理した負極材は、高い電池容量の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子を得ることができる。即ち、本発明により、エネルギー密度が非常に高い上記電池を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子の構成を示す概念断面図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrical energy storage element such as a non-aqueous lithium secondary battery suitable as a power source for small and light electrical equipment and electric vehicles, and further relates to a negative electrode material of the element and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, with the widespread use of portable devices such as video cameras, mobile phones and portable personal computers, there is an increasing demand for secondary batteries that can be used repeatedly instead of primary batteries. In particular, a non-aqueous secondary battery using a carbonaceous material as a negative electrode active material, LiMO 2 (M = Co, Ni, etc.) as a positive electrode active material, and an organic solvent as an electrolytic solution (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-121260) Has been developed and attracted attention. As the negative electrode active material, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 4-24831 proposes a soft carbon-based material such as coke, and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-252053 proposes a hard carbon-based material. It is also known to use a metal material that combines with lithium, such as Al, Si, or Sn, as the negative electrode material.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when the metal-based material described above is used as the negative electrode of a non-aqueous secondary battery, there is a problem that the capacity is remarkably reduced with the charge / discharge cycle. As a technique for improving this, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-249407 discloses a method of reducing capacity after a long charge / discharge cycle by pulverizing and mixing Li, Si, and graphite at a pulverization acceleration of 2 G or more to form a negative electrode. A way to prevent it has been proposed. However, to the best of our knowledge, the use of the negative electrode produced by this proposed method increases the so-called irreversible capacity, which can prevent the lithium from being involved in the occlusion and release of lithium during the initial charge / discharge, although the discharge capacity is secured. However, the charge / discharge efficiency tends to decrease, and the problem remains that it is disadvantageous as an actual electrical energy storage element.
[0004]
Furthermore, a non-aqueous secondary battery using a conventional carbonaceous material as a negative electrode active material is desired to have a further improved energy density because of a demand for an extended time that can be used in one charge. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop an electrical energy storage element having a negative electrode material with a capacity higher than that of conventional carbonaceous materials.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by an electrical energy storage element having a negative electrode made of a specific metal element and carbon, and have reached the present invention.
[0006]
That is, the present invention is an electrical energy storage element including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an ionic conductor, and the negative electrode is selected from carbon, Ag, Zn, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. It is composed of at least one metal element, and when the alkali metal element is occluded, the total occlusion amount of the alkali metal element is 900 mAh / ml or more, and the reversible occlusion amount is 70% or more of the total occlusion amount. The present invention relates to a possible electric energy storage element, and also relates to a method for producing a negative electrode material used therefor.
[0007]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below.
As an electric energy storage element that can be used repeatedly, a lithium secondary battery can be cited. In a battery using only a carbon element, for example, graphite, as the negative electrode material, the capacity of the negative electrode material is limited to 372 mAh / g, so that there is a limit to the improvement of the energy density. Materials that can store a larger amount of energy than graphite include alkali metal elements, particularly metals that form alloys with lithium. Specifically, Ag, Zn, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb are preferable, Ag, Zn, Al, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb are preferable, and Zn, Al, Si, Ge, Sn. Among these, Si is most desirable from the viewpoint of cost and battery voltage. However, a simple metal element cannot make a practical battery because of a large volume change accompanying insertion and extraction of lithium. That is, the metal can occlude a larger amount of an alkali metal element, such as lithium, than graphite, but at the same time, there are also many lithium that are trapped inside the metal and cannot be used. Hereinafter, in the present invention, the ratio of the reversible occlusion amount to the total occlusion amount is as high as 70% or higher.
[0008]
The present invention has found that the above problem can be solved by combining a carbon material such as graphite and a specific metal element, for example, Si powder, which is a source of high capacity, by mechanical energy. This was achieved by mechanically linking each other more strongly with a so-called mechanochemical reaction that occurs locally without significantly changing the properties of carbon and metal. In mechanochemical treatment, the reaction proceeds locally at very low temperatures with the help of mechanical energy. Therefore, it is an excellent method for obtaining a strong composite material without losing the properties of the original material when both compounds (for example, silicon carbide) are produced by heating, such as a combination of carbon and Si. The strong bond between the two prevents or slows down deterioration or destruction of the material or the electrode that is an aggregate of the material due to a large volume change of the metal accompanying insertion and extraction of lithium or the like. In this way, while maintaining a high reversible storage amount, lithium or the like that is trapped in the negative electrode material and does not contribute to the capacity is reduced, so that the total storage amount is 900 mAh / ml or more and the efficiency is 70% or more. This material is made possible by a material consisting of carbon and a specific metal element.
[0009]
The total occlusion amount of the alkali metal element in the negative electrode is 900 mAh / ml or more, preferably 1,100 mAh / ml or more, more preferably 1,200 mAh / ml or more in volume per volume. Further, the capacity per weight is usually 500 mAh / g or more, preferably 600 mAh / g or more, more preferably 1,100 mAh / g or more. Further, the efficiency, which is a percentage of the electrochemically reversible storage amount with respect to the total storage amount of the alkali element, needs to be 70% or more, preferably 75% or more, more preferably 80% or more, particularly preferably. 85% or more is good. If the concentration of the metal is too low, the total occlusion amount decreases, and if it is too high, the efficiency decreases, which is not preferable. That is, the proportion of the metal element is preferably 30 to 90% by weight, more preferably 30 to 70% by weight, and even more preferably 40 to 60% by weight. The high capacity of the negative electrode material is largely due to the metal element that forms an alloy with lithium. Therefore, it is preferable that at least 80% or more of the metal elements in the negative electrode have a structure capable of alloying with lithium, and further 85% or more, more preferably 90% or more can be alloyed with lithium. desirable. Examples of the state of the metal element other than the alloyable structure include a metal carbide and a metal element intercalated between layers of the graphite structure.
[0010]
In addition, a third element other than carbon and different from the metal element can coexist in the metal element. This is mainly used to prevent metal elements from agglomerating when repeated insertion and extraction of lithium and the like. Specifically, transition metal elements such as Cu, Ti, Cr, V, Fe, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, etc., and Ge, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Al, Ga, In, etc. Zn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba are preferable, and an element that does not form an alloy with lithium, Sb, or the like is preferable. In addition, when the third element is used for the purpose of controlling the voltage of the battery, an element that forms an alloy having a high composition with lithium is preferable. Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Zn, and Ag is more preferable. The compounding amount of the third element is up to 20% in terms of the element ratio to the metal element.
[0011]
Carbon in the present invention plays a role of contributing to capacity by occluding lithium and the like at the same time as compensating for the volume change of the metal. That is, a material having a large total occlusion amount and high efficiency is preferable. From these viewpoints, 80% or more of the carbon elements have a graphite structure, and this ratio is preferably 85% or more, more preferably 90% or more. Further, as the graphite structure, the interplanar spacing d 002 of the crystal plane (002) is 0.348 nm or less, preferably 0.340 nm or less, more preferably 0.338 nm or less. The thickness Lc of the stack is 1.5 nm or more, preferably 50 nm or more, and more preferably 100 nm or more. The amount of hydrogen contained is such that the element ratio H / C with respect to carbon is 0.1 or less, preferably 0.07 or less, more preferably 0.03 or less. Examples of the carbon structure other than the graphite structure include a compound with a specific metal element of the present invention, a compound with the third element, and the like, specifically, for example, metal carbide.
[0012]
A negative electrode material having a structure in which the surface of metal particles is coated with a carbonaceous material layer will be described. The core metal particles are selected from the aforementioned elements Ag, Zn, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. For the same reason as described above, transition metal elements such as Cu, Ti, Cr, V, Fe, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, and the like, and Ge, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Al, Ga, In, Zn, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, which are different from the metal elements. One or more selected elements can coexist. The size of the metal particles is usually 0.1 to 100 μm, preferably 1 to 50 μm, more preferably 1 to 20 μm. The thickness of the carbonaceous material layer to be coated is usually selected from 1 nm to 100 μm, preferably 1 nm to 20 μm, more preferably 1 nm to 10 μm. The structure of carbon in the coated carbonaceous material is not particularly limited, but is a graphite structure in which the interplanar spacing d 002 of the crystal plane (002) is 0.380 nm or less and the thickness Lc of the laminate is 0.5 nm or more. It is desirable to contain at least 80% by weight or more, preferably 90% by weight or more.
[0013]
It is also preferable to use a mixture of the metal particles coated with the carbonaceous material and the carbon particles. In this case, the mixing ratio of these carbon elements is 30 to 90% by weight. The carbon particles have a crystal plane (002) spacing d 002 of 0.348 nm or less, preferably 0.340 nm or less, more preferably 0.338 nm or less, and a thickness Lc of the stack of 1.5 nm or more, preferably Carbon particles having a graphite structure of 50 nm or more, more preferably 100 nm or more, and an atomic ratio H / C of hydrogen contained of 0.1 or less, preferably 0.07 or less, and more preferably 0.03 or less. The surface is made of 80% by weight or more, preferably 90% by weight or more of carbon, and the remainder is one or more selected from the metal elements Ag, Zn, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. Particles made of an element and coated with a carbonaceous material layer are preferred. Note that the carbonaceous material covering the carbon particles having a surface of metal particles and / or graphite structure described above, the crystal plane (002) plane spacing d 002 is 0.380nm less, or more 0.5nm thickness Lc of the laminated It is desirable to have the structure of
[0014]
The negative electrode material used in the electrical energy storage element of the present invention may have a surface coated with a carbonaceous material obtained by thermally decomposing an organic material such as a thermosetting resin such as pitch or phenol resin. In many cases, the negative electrode material is practically used as a powder, and the particle size at that time is 5 to 40 μm, preferably 10 to 30 μm, and more preferably 10 to 25 μm.
[0015]
A mode in which the negative electrode material of the present invention is dispersed in amorphous carbon by a method in which the negative electrode material of the present invention is mixed with a carbonaceous material precursor such as pitch or thermosetting resin and then fired in an inert atmosphere. or a negative electrode material of the present invention, for example, may be a surface spacing d 002 of the crystal face (002) of the surface of less graphite 0.345 nm, used in integrated or the deposited form.
[0016]
The method for obtaining the negative electrode material of the present invention is not particularly limited, but a mechanochemical treatment with mechanical energy can be mentioned as a preferable one. As a specific method, there are a method in which the raw material powder is put on a moving gas and the powders are hit against each other, or the powder is hit against a strong wall, for example, a jet mill or hybridization. Further, a method of applying a shearing force to the powder by a method such as passing a narrow space with a large force and utilizing the energy at that time can be adopted. Examples include Mechano Fusion manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation. When giving a shearing force, the shear rate to provide the 10 sec -1 or more, preferably 100 sec -1 or more, and more preferably not less than 1,000 sec -1. The upper limit is usually 50,000 sec -1 or less.
[0017]
Also, a method of putting raw material powder and a moving body not involved in the reaction in the pot and giving it vibration, rotation, or a combination of these, such as ball mill, vibration ball mill, planetary ball mill, rolling ball mill Etc. can also be used. In addition, when using these treatments, it is necessary to devise the order in which the raw material powders are charged and the mixing method so that the carbon particles are not excessively pulverized. For example, first, only metal particles are pulverized by applying large mechanical energy, and after the metal particles are refined, carbon particles are added and uniformly mixed in a short time with weak mechanical energy. Can be mentioned.
[0018]
The carbon particles and the metal particles can be used as the raw material powder for the treatment. When the third component is added, it is preferable to use the element alone, but a compound containing the element can also coexist. The particle size of the carbon powder and metal powder used as the raw material powder is usually 1 to 100 μm, preferably 1 to 40 μm, more preferably 5 to 30 μm. Plane spacing d 002 of the crystal surface of the carbon powder (002) is, 0.345 nm or less, preferably 0.340nm or less, more preferably less 0.338 nm. The thickness Lc of the stack is 2.0 nm or more, preferably 100 nm or more. The amount of hydrogen contained is such that the element ratio H / C to carbon is 0.1 or less, preferably 0.07 or less, more preferably 0.03 or less.
[0019]
When the temperature of the atmosphere is raised during the treatment, the reaction between carbon and the metal element is promoted, and the production of carbides and the like increases, which is not good. The atmospheric temperature during the treatment is 500 ° C. or lower, preferably 400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 300 ° C. or lower. The treatment can be performed in the air, but is preferably in an inert gas, for example, in nitrogen, and more preferably in an inert atmosphere such as argon.
[0020]
An example of the configuration of the electrical energy storage element of the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not limited by the following unless it exceeds the gist. Any conventionally known positive electrode material can be used and is not particularly limited. Specifically, LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 and their non-stoichiometric compounds, MnO 2 , TiS 2 , FeS 2 , Nb 3 S 4 , Mo 3 S 4 , CoS 2 , V 2 O 5 , P 2 O 5 , CrO 3 , V 3 O 3 , TeO 2 , GeO 2 and the like can be used.
[0021]
The ionic conductor includes an alkali metal ion such as lithium and includes at least one selected from a non-aqueous solution, a gel containing the non-aqueous solution, or a solid ionic conductor. As an example, an organic electric liquid can be mentioned. The electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent, and any conventionally known electrolytic solution can be used. Examples of the organic solvent include esters such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and γ-butyl lactone, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, substituted tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, pyran and derivatives thereof, ethers such as dimethoxyethane and diethoxyethane, Examples include 3-substituted-2-oxazolidinones such as 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, acetonitrile, propionitol, and the like. These can be used alone or in admixture of two or more. As the electrolyte, lithium perchlorate, lithium borofluoride, lithium phosphofluoride, lithium chloroaluminate, lithium halide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, or the like can be used. Moreover, the gel which included the said electrolyte solution in polymers, such as a polyvinylidene fluoride, can be used as an ion conductor. Furthermore, a highly self-supporting solid ion conductor such as an ion conductive organic polymer such as polyethylene oxide or an inorganic substance mainly composed of lithium sulfide can also be used.
[0022]
As the configuration of the battery, a structure in which a belt-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are spirally arranged via a separator, a structure in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator, or the like is adopted. In the case of using a highly self-supporting solid ion conductor, the separator can be omitted.
[0023]
The main operating principle of the electrical energy storage element of the present invention is that alkali metal ions such as lithium reciprocate between the positive and negative electrodes with charge and discharge. However, other principles such as energy storage by forming an electric double layer may be used in duplicate.
[0024]
Next, a method for producing and measuring an electric energy storage element will be described. First, the
[0025]
Next, the negative electrode 1 was prepared as follows. Using the negative electrode material, 95 parts by weight of the negative electrode material and 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were mixed, and N-methylpyrrolidone was added as a dispersant to prepare a paste. And this paste was apply | coated on copper foil, and after drying, it punched out to diameter 12.5mm and was set as the negative electrode body. As the electrification solution, 1.25 mol / L of LiClO 4 was dissolved in a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate and EMC (ethyl methyl carbonate).
[0026]
Using the negative electrode, the positive electrode, the
[0027]
Next, a capacity evaluation method for the negative electrode material will be described. A cell similar to the above secondary battery was prepared except that a metal lithium foil was used instead of the positive electrode, and the battery was charged at 0.2 mA until the cell voltage reached 0 V at room temperature. Discharging was performed at 0.4 mA up to 1.5V. In addition, measurement was complete | finished when the predetermined electric potential was reached in both charging and discharging.
[0028]
The measurement method relating to the material of the present invention will be described in detail below. The atomic ratio H / C of hydrogen and carbon was calculated from the weight ratio of carbon and hydrogen determined by “CHN meter 240C” manufactured by PerkinElmer, using each atomic weight.
[0029]
The particle size was measured in a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution of sodium oleate using LA-500 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd. by laser diffraction / scattering method. The particle size was determined as the particle size at which the integration was 50% on a volume basis.
[0030]
(002) plane thickness Lc of the surface spacing d 002 and laminate of, by X-ray diffraction was determined according to the method of JSPS 117 Committee proposed. Measurement was performed by a reflection method using a diffractometer PW1710 BASED manufactured by Philips. As the X-ray source, Cu Kα ray (using Ni filter) was used, and graphite was used as a monochromator. The X-ray output was 40 kv, 30 mA, the diffraction X-ray was measured by a step scan method of 0.02 degrees / step, and the integration time was 1 second. The equipment used and the measurement conditions are shown below.
[0031]
【Example】
EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples unless it exceeds the gist.
[0032]
Example 1
For mechanochemical treatment, MechanoFusion AM-20FS manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation was used. It consists of a rotating casing (inner diameter 200mm, height 70mm) that fixes the powder to the inner wall by centrifugal force, and an inner piece that gives mechanical energy to the powder fixed on the inner surface of the casing. 1,000 rpm, and the gap between the casing and the inner piece was 5 mm. Therefore, the average strength of the shear field applied to the powder was 4,187 sec −1 .
[0033]
As the carbon powder, 36.1 g of artificial graphite KS44 (average particle size 19.5 μm) manufactured by Timcal was used, and 54 g of M-Si No. 360 (average particle size 23 μm) manufactured by Yamaishi Metal Co., Ltd. was used as the metal silicon powder. (Weight ratio Si: C = 6: 4). Prior to the treatment, each powder was premixed and then treated in a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes. The oxygen concentration was 0.1% or less, and the temperature was 53 ° C. at the maximum. D 002 of KS44 is 0.336 nm, Lc is 2,641nm, H / C were 0.01 or less of the detection limit. The purity of M-Si No. 360 was about 98.5%. Table 1 shows battery performance, negative electrode material capacity, and the like. When the obtained negative electrode was examined by X-ray diffraction, the interplanar spacing d 002 = 0.366 nm and the thickness Lc of the laminate was 228 nm.
[0034]
Example 2
Example 1 was repeated except that the mechanochemical treatment time was 35 minutes. The maximum temperature was 70 ° C. Table 1 shows battery performance, negative electrode material capacity, and the like. When the obtained negative electrode was examined by X-ray diffraction, d 002 = 0.366 nm and Lc = 228 nm. The negative electrode material was embedded in a resin, a cross section was made with a microtome, and this was observed with an SEM. As a result, a carbonaceous material layer of about 1 μm was found on the surface of the silicon particles.
[0035]
Example 3
Example 1 was performed except that the following carbon powder was used as the carbon powder. That is, carbon powder having an average particle diameter of 12 μm and d 002 = 0.342 nm, Lc = 25 nm, and H / C = 0.04 obtained by firing the pitch at 1,100 ° C. in an inert atmosphere was used. The maximum temperature was 55 ° C.
[0036]
Comparative Example 1
As the negative electrode material, only KS44, which is carbon powder, was used as it was.
[0037]
Comparative Example 2
As the negative electrode material, M-Si No. 360, which is a metal silicon powder, was used as it was.
[0038]
Comparative Example 3
Metallic silicon powder M-Si No. 360 and carbon powder KS44 are put into a 200 ml capacity plastic bottle in the same ratio of 6: 4 as in Example 1, and mixed by shaking for about 3 minutes by hand. It was.
[0039]
Using the negative electrode materials obtained in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, cells were prepared by the method described above, and battery performance and negative electrode material capacity were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0040]
[Table 1]
[0041]
【The invention's effect】
As is clear from the above description, the mechanochemically treated negative electrode material can obtain an electric energy storage element with a high battery capacity, rather than using graphite powder and metal powder that can be alloyed with lithium alone or simply mixed. Can do. That is, according to the present invention, the battery having a very high energy density can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a conceptual cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an electrical energy storage element of the present invention.
Claims (13)
Si粒子を核として、その表面が炭素質物層で被覆され、該炭素質物層が、80重量%以上の炭素と、残りがSiからなる粒子、及び
結晶面(002)の面間隔d002が0.348nm以下、該積層の厚さLcが1.5nm以上であって、含まれる水素が原子比H/Cで0.1以下の、黒鉛構造を有する炭素粒子を核として、その表面が炭素質物層で被覆され、該炭素質物層が、80重量%以上の炭素と、残りがSiからなる粒子
の混合物からなる、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の電気エネルギー貯蔵素子。The negative electrode is
The Si particles as nuclei, its surface is covered with the carbonaceous material layer, the carbonaceous material layer, and at least 80 wt% carbon, remainder Si Tona Ru particles, and the surface spacing d 002 of the crystal face (002) 0.348 nm or less, the thickness Lc of the laminate is 1.5 nm or more, and the contained hydrogen has an atomic ratio H / C of 0.1 or less, with carbon particles having a graphite structure as the nucleus, and the surface is carbon. The electrical energy storage according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the carbonaceous material layer is coated with a material layer, and the carbonaceous material layer is composed of a mixture of particles of 80% by weight or more of carbon and the remainder of Si. element.
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