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JP4446320B2 - Laminated superstructures using molecular compounds - Google Patents
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JP4446320B2 - Laminated superstructures using molecular compounds - Google Patents

Laminated superstructures using molecular compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4446320B2
JP4446320B2 JP2000085322A JP2000085322A JP4446320B2 JP 4446320 B2 JP4446320 B2 JP 4446320B2 JP 2000085322 A JP2000085322 A JP 2000085322A JP 2000085322 A JP2000085322 A JP 2000085322A JP 4446320 B2 JP4446320 B2 JP 4446320B2
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Prior art keywords
thin film
molecular
molecular compound
laminated
chemical formula
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JP2001270027A (en
Inventor
収 堀田
郵司 吉田
宣孝 谷垣
清志 八瀬
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Panasonic Corp
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Panasonic Corp
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、化学工業及び電子工業の分野で利用し得る、機能性分子化合物薄膜を用いた積層超構造とそのデバイス応用に係わる。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、機能性有機材料を用いた有機発光デバイスが提案され、異なる2種類あるいはそれ以上の化合物からなる薄膜を適宜積層して発光効率の向上や偏光発光の実現など様々なデバイス特性の改良が試みられて今日に至っている。これらに関する記載は、例えばC. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke, and C. H. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3610 (1989)やM. Jandke, P. Strohriegl, J. Gmeiner, W. Brutting, and M. Schwoerer, Adv. Mater. 11, 1518 (1999) などにみられる。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、これまでになされた積層化の試みによって実現されたデバイス特性の向上は、実用に供するには未だ不十分である。例えば、上記Jandkeらの報告によると、ラビングした高分子薄膜上にエピタキシャル成長した高分子化合物に関して、ラビング方向およびそれに垂直方向の偏光フォトルミネッセンスの2色比が18と高くない。この主要な理由として、不定形の高分子化合物が用いられているために、積層構造を構成する個々の薄膜において、分子軸の配向制御が不十分であることが挙げられる。また、これらの高分子化合物では明瞭な分子軸が存在しないものも多く、配向規制が不十分になる主要な原因をなす。
【0004】
これらの難点を克服するために、分子軸が発達しかつ分子長の規制された、オリゴマー化合物がしばしば利用される。一例として、M. Era, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2436 (1995)に具体例の記述がある。しかしこの場合にも、用いられたセクシフェニルの吸収および発光の2色比は約5と低い。
【0005】
オリゴマー化合物を用いる場合、薄膜における分子の配向様式は、分子固有の長さや薄膜の作製条件あるいはその組合せなどに依存して変化する。一般的には、分子長の短い分子ほど分子軸が基板に垂直に配向し、長い分子ほど分子軸が基板に平行に配向する傾向が強い。このために、薄膜あるいはそれを積層してなる超構造において分子軸の配向制御の自由度は自ずと制限される。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明では、これらの課題を解決して、個々の薄膜において分子軸の配向を最適制御してデバイス特性の向上を可能にする積層超構造を提供する。これらの積層超構造は、それぞれの薄膜において分子軸が基板に対して垂直に配列されるものと平行に配列されるものとの2種類に大別される。これによって、たとえば遷移モーメントの方向を制御することが可能になる。
【0007】
また、通常の条件では実現の困難な分子軸の配向様式を可能にすることで、特異な効果を生み出すこともできる。即ち、分子長の比較的大きい分子と小さい分子とからなる積層超構造を実現する場合、単独には基板に平行配向する分子でも、基板に垂直配向する分子からなる薄膜上には、これらの分子はエピタキシャル的に垂直配向するようになる。逆に、単独には基板に垂直配向する分子でも、基板に平行配向する分子からなる薄膜上には、これらの分子はエピタキシャル的に平行配向するようになる。この中でもとりわけ、共に垂直配向する分子からなる薄膜から形成された積層超構造は従来、報告例がない。
【0008】
一方、本発明に係わる分子化合物には遷移モーメントの方向が分子の長軸方向に向いているものが多く、積層超構造において分子が基板に平行に配向するものは吸収および発光共に視覚に訴えやすく、ディスプレーなどの工業的な利用に対して価値が大きい。この平行配向のうち、特に分子長軸が一方向に配向した一軸配向を取るときは最も有用性が大きく、例えば、2色比のきわめて高い偏光発光などのデバイス特性を実現し得る。この場合、積層超構造全体にわたって分子長軸が同一方向に一軸配向する場合が多い。しかし、一軸配向の方向はそれぞれの薄膜において必ずしも一致するとは限らず、これらそれぞれの場合に特殊な効果を実現し得る。
【0009】
本発明の一つの実施形態として、基板に直接接触する下層の分子化合物薄膜の膜厚を薄くすれば、積層超構造の全体としての物理的性質は、上層の分子化合物薄膜の性質を強く反映するので、これら上層の薄膜における分子の配向様式の違いに応じて様々な特性を引き出すことが容易になる。薄膜の吸光度を変化させ得るのは、この一例である。このことは、分子軸の配向制御の自由度を大幅に増大させることを可能にするという点で、きわめて意義が高い。
【0010】
本発明の積層超構造においては、構成要素となる薄膜中での分子の凝集力とそれに起因する高い結晶性が重要なポイントである。これによって高度な配向規制力が生じ、結果として高度な配向制御が可能となる。この点で、本発明に係わる分子化合物のうち、特に分子の構成単位にチオフェンを含むものが有利である。その理由として、チオフェンの存在が分子の平面性を高め、結果としてその分子化合物からなる薄膜の結晶性を増大させることが挙げられる。なかでも、分子化合物がチオフェンオリゴマーあるいはチオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーである場合は、とりわけその作用効果が高い。言い換えると、分子に内在する本性によって理想的な配向規制および配向制御が実現できるものと解釈することが出来る。
【0011】
これ以外にも、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーは分子における環の個数および配列を随意に変えることによって、多様な電子物性を実現し得るので、とりわけ有用性が高い。吸収スペクトルや発光スペクトルを任意に変化させて様々な吸収および発光色を実現することが可能となることは、数ある優れた作用効果のうちの一つである。具体的な化合物としては、例えば以下のようなものが挙げられる。
【化1】

Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化1)
【化2】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化2)
【化3】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化3)
【化4】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化4)
【化5】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化5)
【化6】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化6)
【化7】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化7)
【0012】
ただし、R1、R2は水素、アルキル基、アルケニル基、ハロゲン基のうちもいずれか1つであり、n、m、m1、m2は全て1またはそれより大きい整数である。これらの化合物のなかに、具体的には次のような化合物が含まれる。
【化8】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化8)
【化9】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化9)
【化10】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化10)
【化11】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化11)
【化12】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化12)
【化13】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化13)
【化14】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化14)
【化15】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化15)
【化16】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化16)
【化17】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化17)
【化18】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化18)
【化19】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化19)
【化20】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化20)
【化21】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化21)
【化22】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化22)
【化23】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化23)
【化24】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化24)
【化25】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化25)
【化26】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化26)
【化27】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化27)
【化28】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化28)
【化29】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化29)
【化30】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化30)
【化31】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化31)
【化32】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化32)
【化33】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化33)
【化34】
Figure 0004446320
・・・・・(化34)
【0013】
なお、本発明では、チオフェン環およびベンゼン環として、それぞれ2-置換、2,5-ジ置換および1,4-ジ置換のもののみについて記述したが、それ以外の部位で置換したチオフェン環やベンゼン環も有効に用い得ることは論を待たない。また、ナフタレン環として、本発明で記載した2-置換以外に1-置換体も有効に用い得る。さらに一般的に、本発明は、異なる2種類あるいはそれ以上の種類の芳香環(ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、アズレン環、フェナントレン環、チオフェン環、ピロール環、フラン環もしくは類似の芳香族炭化水素からなる環状化合物、複素環状化合物など)が適宜直線状に連なった化合物からなる薄膜の積層超構造をも含むことが出来る。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の請求項1に記載の発明は、第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に垂直に配向する第一の薄膜と、第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に垂直に配向する第二の薄膜と、を含み、前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造であって、少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とするものであり、たとえば吸光度を変化させるという作用を有する。
【0015】
本発明の請求項2に記載の発明は、第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第一の薄膜と、第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第二の薄膜と、を含み、前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造であって、少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とするものであり、たとえば吸光度を変化させるという作用を有する。
【0017】
本発明の請求項に記載の発明は、第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第一の薄膜と、第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第二の薄膜と、を含み、前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造であって、少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とする、積層超構造からなる光学素子を構成することを特徴とする。これにより、例えば視覚に訴えやすいディスプレーを作製できるという作用を有する。
【0018】
本発明の請求項に記載の発明は、請求項記載の光学素子において、特に分子軸が積層超構造を形成するそれぞれの薄膜のなかで、1方向に配向した一軸配向を取ることを特徴とする。これにより、例えば偏光吸収および偏光発光の2色比がきわめて高い光学デバイスを実現するという作用を有する。
【0020】
本発明において、3種類またはそれ以上の化合物を用いることも容易に実施できる。また、適宜パターニングされた積層超構造部分からなるさらに高次の積層超構造体を形成することも可能である。さらに、特に請求項4または5に係わる光学素子では、多様の波長(色)を発する偏光発光素子や白色偏光発光素子の実現も容易である。
【0021】
本発明に係わるいろいろな種類の積層超構造について図面を参照しながら説明する。図1および図2は、本発明による積層超構造の概略構成を示す断面図である。図1および2においては、薄膜A1および薄膜B2が適当な基板3に保持される様子を示す。図1では薄膜A1および薄膜B2を構成する分子化合物AおよびBは共に基板に垂直配向し、図2では薄膜A1および薄膜B2を構成する分子化合物AおよびBは共に基板に平行配向する。
【0022】
次いで、本発明の実施例に係わる積層超構造について作製方法とスペクトル特性の評価に関して図面を参照しながら説明する。
【0023】
(実施例1)
(化8)2mgおよび(化9)8mgをそれぞれ別個に1cm ×10cmのタンタルボートに入れ、真空チャンバー中でそれらのタンタルボートをそれぞれ1対の電極に挟んだ。一方、タンタルボートの上方8cmのところに2.5cm ×4.0cm(1.0mm厚)の溶融石英ガラス基板をホルダーに固定した。次いで、真空チャンバーを3 ×10-4Paの真空に脱気し、タンタルボートに通電して5nm/minの蒸着速度で順次(化8)および(化9)を、室温に保った石英ガラス基板上に蒸着した。この結果、(化8)および(化9)の膜厚がそれぞれ50nmおよび200nmである積層超構造薄膜を得た。
【0024】
この積層薄膜の可視紫外スペクトルを取った結果を図3に示す。
【0025】
(比較例1)
(化9)8mgを上記と同様に処理して、石英ガラス基板上に蒸着して200nm厚の薄膜を作った。
【0026】
(実施例2)
(化9)2mgおよび(化8)8mgをそれぞれ別個に1cm ×10cmのタンタルボートに入れ、真空チャンバー中でそれらのタンタルボートをそれぞれ1対の電極に挟んだ。一方、タンタルボートの上方8cmのところに2.5cm ×4.0cm(1.0mm厚)の溶融石英ガラス基板をホルダーに固定した。次いで、真空チャンバーを3 ×10-4Paの真空に脱気し、タンタルボートに通電して5nm/minの蒸着速度で順次(化9)および(化8)を、室温に保った石英ガラス基板上に蒸着した。この結果、(化9)および(化8)の膜厚がそれぞれ50nmおよび200nmである積層超構造薄膜を得た。
【0027】
この積層薄膜の可視紫外スペクトルを取った結果を図4に示す。
【0028】
(比較例2)
(化8)8mgを上記と同様に処理して、石英ガラス基板上に蒸着して200nm厚の薄膜を作った。
【0029】
これらの実施例と比較例から分かるように、(化8)および(化9)からなる積層薄膜は、それぞれ単一の分子化合物からなる薄膜の示す吸収スペクトルと大きく異なっているのは当然のことながら、積層薄膜中の個々の化合物からなる薄膜のスペクトルも該当する単一化合物薄膜のスペクトルとやはり大きく異なる。
【0030】
この理由として、次のように解釈することが出来る。即ち、(化8)および(化9)は、単一化合物薄膜としては、分子がそれぞれ基板に垂直および平行に配向し、これらの上にそれぞれ積層薄膜を形成するときは、(化9)および(化8)は先に蒸着した(化8)および(化9)の配向の影響を受けてエピタキシャル的に垂直および平行に配向する。
【0031】
これは、X線回折図(図5および図6)からも明らかである。図5および図6は、それぞれ溶融石英ガラス基板上に(化8)および(化9)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜のX線回折図、および(化9)および(化8)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜のX線回折図である。平行配向を反映する20°付近のピークは、図6において強く、図5においては弱い。このことは、(化8)および(化9)を順次積層した積層薄膜中では、(化9)の分子は基板に垂直配向し、(化9)および(化8)を順次積層した積層薄膜中では、(化8)の分子は基板に平行配向することを意味する。
【0032】
これに対して単一化合物薄膜中では、逆に(化8)の分子は基板に垂直配向し、(化9)は基板に平行配向する。このことについては、たとえば、S. A. Lee, Y. Yoshida, M. Fukuyama, S. Hotta, Synth. Met. 106, 39 (1999) に詳しい記述が見られる。
【0033】
以上の実施例は、積層薄膜に用いる基板側(下地)に一方の分子化合物の極薄膜を堆積させその上にもう一方の化合物薄膜をエピタキシャル的に積層することによって、事実上、後者の薄膜における分子配向を随意に変化させることが可能であることを意味し、本発明の大きな作用効果の一つである。
【0034】
(実施例3)
160°Cに加熱した溶融石英ガラス基板にポリパラフェニレン粉末を圧縮成型した、断面が2mm ×10mmの半円形のペレットを14kg重/cm2の圧力で押圧して1m/minの掃引速度で掃引し、基板上に幅10mmのポリパラフェニレンの配向薄膜を形成した。
【0035】
次いで、(化22)、(化11)、および(化23)約30mgをそれぞれ別々に直径10mm、長さ30mmの石英ルツボにいれ、ルツボの上方約20cmのところにポリパラフェニレン配向処理した石英ガラス基板をホルダーに固定した。次いで真空チャンバーを3 ×10-4Paの圧力に脱気し、水晶振動子で膜厚をモニターしながら、膜厚が100nmになるように4nm/minの蒸着速度で室温に保った基板にそれぞれの化合物を別々に蒸着した。
【0036】
このようにして得られた薄膜にポリパラフェニレンロッドの掃引方向にそれぞれ平行と垂直の偏光を照射して吸収スペクトルを測定した。また、同様に、掃引方向にそれぞれ平行と垂直の偏光を照射して励起し、発光を掃引方向に平行と垂直に配置した偏光子を通して発光スペクトルを測定した。このときの励起波長は、(化22)、(化11)、および(化23)に対して、それぞれ380、435および450nmであった。吸収および発光極大での2色比を計算した結果を表1にまとめる。ここで、2色比は(掃引方向に平行方向の吸収または発光強度)/(掃引方向に垂直方向の吸収または発光強度)として定義する。
【0037】
【表1】
Figure 0004446320
【0038】
表1から分かるように、本発明においては、吸収および発光共に比較例に比べて遙かに高い2色比が達成できた。この著しい特徴は、(化22)、(化11)、および(化23)の分子が、下地のポリパラフェニレン配向薄膜におけるポリパラフェニレン分子鎖の方向に沿って一軸配向することから生み出される。ここで、ポリパラフェニレン薄膜においても、分子鎖は一軸配向する。ここで、比較例のデータは、M. Era, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2436 (1995) から取り、発光の2色比は、電界発光に関するものである。また、(化19)についても、吸収の2色比は309nm において4.8 とやや小さかったが、発光の2色比は446nm において34と大きな値を示し、やはり優れた結果を与えることが分かった。なお、この場合、発光の励起波長は380nm に設定した。
【0039】
本実施例においては、石英ガラス基板上にポリパラフェニレンの薄膜がポリマー主鎖を掃引方向に平行に配向し、この薄膜上に分子化合物がエピタキシャル的に配向するものと考えられる。このような積層超構造において、本発明では特に発光の2色比が23以上と、パラセクシフェニルと比較して極めて高い。このことは、前述したようにチオフェンの存在が分子の平面性を高めることに起因するものとして解釈できる。
【0040】
なお、ポリパラフェニレンの配向薄膜の形成に関しては、K. Yase, E.-M.Han, K. Yamamoto, Y. Yoshida, N. Takada, and N. Tanigaki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36 (Part 1), 2843 (1997)に詳細な記述が見られる。
【0041】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明は化学工業及び電子工業の分野で利用し得る機能性分子化合物薄膜を用いた積層超構造を提供する。これにより、発光デバイスなどにおいてデバイス特性の飛躍的な向上が実現できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 異なる2種類の化合物AおよびBからなる薄膜AおよびBによって形成され、それぞれの化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に垂直に配向することを特徴とする積層超構造の図。
【図2】 異なる2種類の化合物AおよびBからなる薄膜AおよびBによって形成され、それぞれの化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向することを特徴とする積層超構造の図。
【図3】 (化8)および(化9)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜の可視紫外スペクトル(実線)と(化9)のみからなる薄膜(200nm厚)のスペクトル(破線)を比較した図。積層薄膜のスペクトルでは、下地((化8))の吸収を差し引いたものを示してある。
【図4】 (化9)および(化8)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜の可視紫外スペクトル(実線)と(化8)のみからなる薄膜(200nm厚)のスペクトル((破線)を比較した図。積層薄膜のスペクトルでは、下地((化9))の吸収を差し引いたものを示してある。
【図5】 溶融石英ガラス基板上に(化8)および(化9)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜のX線回折図。
【図6】 溶融石英ガラス基板上に(化9)および(化8)を順次積層して作製した積層薄膜のX線回折図。
【符号の説明】
1 薄膜A
2 薄膜B
3 基板[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a laminated superstructure using a functional molecular compound thin film and its device application, which can be used in the fields of chemical industry and electronic industry.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, organic light-emitting devices using functional organic materials have been proposed, and various device characteristics such as improvement of light emission efficiency and realization of polarized light emission are tried by appropriately laminating thin films made of two or more different compounds. To today. For example, CW Tang, SA VanSlyke, and CH Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3610 (1989) and M. Jandke, P. Strohriegl, J. Gmeiner, W. Brutting, and M. Schwoerer, Adv. Mater. 11, 1518 (1999).
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the improvement of the device characteristics realized by the attempts of layering made so far is still insufficient for practical use. For example, according to the report by Jandke et al., The two-color ratio of polarized photoluminescence in the rubbing direction and the direction perpendicular thereto is not as high as 18 for the polymer compound epitaxially grown on the rubbed polymer thin film. The main reason for this is that, since amorphous polymer compounds are used, the molecular axis orientation control is insufficient in the individual thin films constituting the laminated structure. In addition, many of these polymer compounds do not have a clear molecular axis, which is a major cause of insufficient alignment regulation.
[0004]
To overcome these difficulties, oligomeric compounds are often used that have a molecular axis that is developed and the molecular length is regulated. As an example, a specific example is described in M. Era, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2436 (1995). However, in this case as well, the dichroic absorption used and the dichroic ratio of light emission are as low as about 5.
[0005]
In the case of using an oligomeric compound, the molecular orientation pattern in the thin film changes depending on the inherent length of the molecule, the thin film production conditions, or a combination thereof. In general, the shorter the molecular length, the more the molecular axis is oriented perpendicular to the substrate, and the longer the molecule, the stronger the molecular axis tends to be oriented parallel to the substrate. For this reason, the degree of freedom in controlling the orientation of molecular axes is naturally limited in a thin film or a superstructure formed by stacking the thin films.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention solves these problems and provides a stacked superstructure that can improve the device characteristics by optimally controlling the orientation of molecular axes in each thin film. These stacked superstructures are broadly classified into two types, one in which the molecular axes are arranged perpendicular to the substrate and the other in parallel in each thin film. This makes it possible to control the direction of the transition moment, for example.
[0007]
In addition, a unique effect can be produced by enabling an orientation mode of the molecular axis that is difficult to realize under normal conditions. That is, when a stacked superstructure composed of relatively large molecules and small molecules is realized, these molecules are formed on a thin film composed of molecules that are aligned in parallel to the substrate alone or that are aligned in parallel to the substrate. Are epitaxially vertically aligned. On the other hand, even if the molecules are aligned perpendicularly to the substrate alone, these molecules are epitaxially aligned in parallel on the thin film composed of molecules aligned in parallel to the substrate. In particular, there has been no report on a stacked superstructure formed from a thin film composed of molecules that are vertically aligned together.
[0008]
On the other hand, many of the molecular compounds according to the present invention have the transition moment direction in the direction of the long axis of the molecule, and those in which the molecules are oriented parallel to the substrate in the laminated superstructure are both visually appealing for both absorption and emission. It has great value for industrial use such as display. Among the parallel orientations, the device is most useful when taking the uniaxial orientation in which the molecular long axis is oriented in one direction, and device characteristics such as polarized light emission having a very high dichroic ratio can be realized. In this case, the molecular major axis is often uniaxially oriented in the same direction throughout the laminated superstructure. However, the direction of uniaxial orientation does not always match in each thin film, and a special effect can be realized in each of these cases.
[0009]
As one embodiment of the present invention, if the thickness of the lower molecular compound thin film that is in direct contact with the substrate is reduced, the physical properties of the stacked superstructure as a whole strongly reflect the properties of the upper molecular compound thin film. Therefore, it becomes easy to bring out various characteristics according to the difference in the orientation mode of molecules in the upper thin film. An example of this is the ability to change the absorbance of the thin film. This is extremely significant in that the degree of freedom of molecular axis orientation control can be greatly increased.
[0010]
In the laminated superstructure of the present invention, the cohesive force of molecules in a thin film as a constituent element and high crystallinity resulting therefrom are important points. As a result, a high degree of alignment control force is generated, and as a result, a high degree of alignment control becomes possible. In this respect, among the molecular compounds according to the present invention, those containing thiophene in the molecular structural unit are particularly advantageous. The reason is that the presence of thiophene increases the planarity of the molecule, and as a result, increases the crystallinity of the thin film made of the molecular compound. In particular, when the molecular compound is a thiophene oligomer or a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene, the action effect is particularly high. In other words, it can be interpreted that ideal orientation regulation and orientation control can be realized by the intrinsic nature of the molecule.
[0011]
In addition, co-oligomers composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene are particularly useful because they can realize various electronic properties by arbitrarily changing the number and arrangement of rings in the molecule. It is one of many excellent effects that various absorption and emission colors can be realized by arbitrarily changing the absorption spectrum and the emission spectrum. Specific examples of the compound include the following.
[Chemical 1]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 1)
[Chemical 2]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 2)
[Chemical Formula 3]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 3)
[Formula 4]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 4)
[Chemical formula 5]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 5)
[Chemical 6]
Figure 0004446320
(Chemical formula 6)
[Chemical 7]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 7)
[0012]
However, R1 and R2 are any one of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and a halogen group, and n, m, m1, and m2 are all integers of 1 or larger. Among these compounds, specifically, the following compounds are included.
[Chemical 8]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 8)
[Chemical 9]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 9)
[Chemical Formula 10]
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 10)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 11)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 12)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 13)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 14)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 15)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 16)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 17)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 18)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 19)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 20)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 21)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 22)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 23)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical formula 24)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 25)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 26)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 27)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 28)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 29)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 30)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical 31)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 32)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 33)
Embedded image
Figure 0004446320
... (Chemical Formula 34)
[0013]
In the present invention, only thiophene ring and benzene ring are described as 2-substituted, 2,5-disubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted, respectively. However, thiophene ring and benzene substituted at other sites are described. There is no doubt that rings can be used effectively. In addition to the 2-substitution described in the present invention, a 1-substituted product can be effectively used as the naphthalene ring. More generally, the present invention relates to two or more different types of aromatic rings (benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, azulene ring, phenanthrene ring, thiophene ring, pyrrole ring, furan ring or similar aromatic carbonization. It is also possible to include a laminated superstructure of a thin film made of a compound in which a cyclic compound made of hydrogen, a heterocyclic compound, etc.) are suitably linearly connected.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention according to claim 1 of the present invention comprises a first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, and the second molecule A second thin film composed of a compound and having a molecular axis of molecules constituting the second molecular compound oriented perpendicularly to the substrate, wherein the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated. Any one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound having a structure is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene, and the first molecular compound and the The other of the second molecular compounds is a co-oligomer different from the co-oligomer, and has an action of changing absorbance, for example.
[0015]
The invention according to claim 2 of the present invention comprises a first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate, and the second molecule A second thin film composed of a compound and having a molecular axis of molecules constituting the second molecular compound oriented parallel to the substrate, wherein the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated. Any one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound having a structure is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene, and the first molecular compound and the the other second molecular compound, and the co-oligomers are characterized in that a separate co-oligomer, that have a effect of changing for example the absorbance.
[0017]
The invention according to claim 3 of the present invention comprises a first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate, and the second molecule A second thin film composed of a compound and having a molecular axis of molecules constituting the second molecular compound oriented parallel to the substrate, wherein the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated. Any one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound having a structure is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene, and the first molecular compound and the The other of the second molecular compounds is a co-oligomer different from the co-oligomer, and constitutes an optical element having a laminated superstructure . Accordingly, that having a effect of an action likely to display example visually be produced.
[0018]
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the optical element according to the third aspect , in particular, the uniaxial orientation in which the molecular axis is oriented in one direction is taken in each of the thin films forming the laminated superstructure. And Thus, for example, an optical device having an extremely high two-color ratio of polarized light absorption and polarized light emission is realized.
[0020]
In the present invention, three or more compounds can be easily used. It is also possible to form a higher-order laminated superstructure consisting of appropriately patterned laminated superstructure portions. Furthermore, particularly in the optical element according to claim 4 or 5, it is easy to realize a polarized light emitting element or a white polarized light emitting element that emits various wavelengths (colors).
[0021]
Various types of laminated superstructures according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 1 and 2 are cross-sectional views showing a schematic configuration of a multilayer superstructure according to the present invention. 1 and 2 show a state in which the thin film A1 and the thin film B2 are held on a suitable substrate 3. FIG. In FIG. 1, the molecular compounds A and B constituting the thin film A1 and the thin film B2 are both aligned vertically to the substrate, and in FIG. 2, the molecular compounds A and B constituting the thin film A1 and the thin film B2 are both aligned parallel to the substrate.
[0022]
Next, the fabrication method and the evaluation of the spectral characteristics of the laminated superstructure according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0023]
Example 1
(Chemical 8) 2 mg and (Chemical 9) 8 mg were separately placed in a 1 cm × 10 cm tantalum boat, and each of the tantalum boats was sandwiched between a pair of electrodes in a vacuum chamber. On the other hand, a fused quartz glass substrate of 2.5 cm × 4.0 cm (1.0 mm thickness) was fixed to a holder 8 cm above the tantalum boat. Next, the vacuum chamber was degassed to a vacuum of 3 × 10 −4 Pa, a tantalum boat was energized, and sequentially (Chemical 8) and (Chemical 9) were kept at room temperature at a deposition rate of 5 nm / min. Vapor deposited on top. As a result, a multilayer superstructure thin film having (Chem. 8) and (Chem. 9) film thicknesses of 50 nm and 200 nm, respectively, was obtained.
[0024]
The result of taking the visible ultraviolet spectrum of this laminated thin film is shown in FIG.
[0025]
(Comparative Example 1)
(Chemical Formula 9) 8 mg was treated in the same manner as described above, and deposited on a quartz glass substrate to form a thin film having a thickness of 200 nm.
[0026]
(Example 2)
(Chemical 9) 2 mg and (Chemical 8) 8 mg were separately placed in a 1 cm × 10 cm tantalum boat, and each of the tantalum boats was sandwiched between a pair of electrodes in a vacuum chamber. On the other hand, a fused quartz glass substrate of 2.5 cm × 4.0 cm (1.0 mm thickness) was fixed to a holder 8 cm above the tantalum boat. Next, the vacuum chamber was evacuated to a vacuum of 3 × 10 −4 Pa, energized through a tantalum boat, and sequentially (Chemical 9) and (Chemical 8) kept at room temperature at a deposition rate of 5 nm / min. Vapor deposited on top. As a result, a multilayer superstructure thin film having thicknesses of (Chemical 9) and (Chemical 8) of 50 nm and 200 nm, respectively, was obtained.
[0027]
The result of taking the visible ultraviolet spectrum of this laminated thin film is shown in FIG.
[0028]
(Comparative Example 2)
(Chemical Formula 8) 8 mg was treated in the same manner as described above, and deposited on a quartz glass substrate to form a thin film having a thickness of 200 nm.
[0029]
As can be seen from these Examples and Comparative Examples, it is natural that the laminated thin film composed of (Chemical Formula 8) and (Chemical Formula 9) is greatly different from the absorption spectrum of the thin film composed of a single molecular compound. However, the spectrum of the thin film composed of individual compounds in the laminated thin film is also very different from the spectrum of the corresponding single compound thin film.
[0030]
The reason for this can be interpreted as follows. That is, (Chemical Formula 8) and (Chemical Formula 9) indicate that, as a single compound thin film, when molecules are oriented vertically and parallel to the substrate, respectively, and a laminated thin film is formed thereon, respectively, (Chemical formula 8) is epitaxially oriented vertically and in parallel under the influence of the orientations of (Chemical formula 8) and (Chemical formula 9) previously deposited.
[0031]
This is also apparent from the X-ray diffraction diagrams (FIGS. 5 and 6). FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are respectively an X-ray diffraction diagram of a laminated thin film prepared by sequentially stacking (Chemical 8) and (Chemical 9) on a fused silica glass substrate, and (Chemical 9) and (Chemical 8) sequentially. It is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the laminated thin film produced by laminating. The peak around 20 ° reflecting the parallel orientation is strong in FIG. 6 and weak in FIG. This is because in the laminated thin film in which (Chemical Formula 8) and (Chemical Formula 9) are sequentially laminated, the molecules in (Chemical Formula 9) are vertically aligned on the substrate, and the laminated thin film in which (Chemical Formula 9) and (Chemical Formula 8) are sequentially laminated. Among them, it means that the molecule of (Chemical Formula 8) is aligned parallel to the substrate.
[0032]
On the other hand, in the single compound thin film, on the contrary, the molecule of (Chemical Formula 8) is oriented perpendicularly to the substrate, and (Chemical Formula 9) is oriented parallel to the substrate. A detailed description of this can be found, for example, in SA Lee, Y. Yoshida, M. Fukuyama, S. Hotta, Synth. Met. 106, 39 (1999).
[0033]
In the above embodiment, an extremely thin film of one molecular compound is deposited on the substrate side (underlying) used for the laminated thin film, and the other compound thin film is epitaxially laminated thereon. This means that the molecular orientation can be changed arbitrarily, and is one of the great effects of the present invention.
[0034]
Example 3
Polyparaphenylene powder is compression-molded on a fused silica glass substrate heated to 160 ° C. A semicircular pellet with a cross section of 2 mm × 10 mm is pressed at a pressure of 14 kgf / cm 2 and swept at a sweep speed of 1 m / min. Then, an alignment thin film of polyparaphenylene having a width of 10 mm was formed on the substrate.
[0035]
Next, about 30 mg of (Chemical Formula 22), (Chemical Formula 11), and (Chemical Formula 23) are separately put in a quartz crucible having a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 30 mm, and the quartz subjected to polyparaphenylene alignment treatment is placed about 20 cm above the crucible The glass substrate was fixed to the holder. Next, the vacuum chamber was degassed to a pressure of 3 × 10 -4 Pa, and while monitoring the film thickness with a crystal resonator, each substrate was kept at room temperature at a deposition rate of 4 nm / min so that the film thickness became 100 nm. Were separately deposited.
[0036]
The thin film thus obtained was irradiated with polarized light parallel and perpendicular to the sweep direction of the polyparaphenylene rod, and the absorption spectrum was measured. Similarly, the emission spectra were measured through polarizers that were excited by irradiating polarized light parallel and perpendicular to the sweep direction, and emitting light arranged parallel and perpendicular to the sweep direction. The excitation wavelengths at this time were 380, 435, and 450 nm for (Chemical Formula 22), (Chemical Formula 11), and (Chemical Formula 23), respectively. The results of calculating the two color ratios at the absorption and emission maxima are summarized in Table 1. Here, the dichroic ratio is defined as (absorption or emission intensity in the direction parallel to the sweep direction) / (absorption or emission intensity in the direction perpendicular to the sweep direction).
[0037]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004446320
[0038]
As can be seen from Table 1, in the present invention, a two-color ratio much higher than that of the comparative example was achieved in both absorption and emission. This remarkable feature arises from the fact that the molecules of (Chemical Formula 22), (Chemical Formula 11), and (Chemical Formula 23) are uniaxially oriented along the direction of the polyparaphenylene molecular chain in the underlying polyparaphenylene oriented thin film. Here, also in the polyparaphenylene thin film, the molecular chain is uniaxially oriented. Here, the data of the comparative example is taken from M. Era, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2436 (1995), and the two-color ratio of light emission relates to electroluminescence. . As for (Chemical Formula 19), the absorption dichroic ratio was a little 4.8 at 309 nm, but the illuminating dichroic ratio was a large value of 34 at 446 nm, indicating that excellent results were also obtained. In this case, the excitation wavelength of light emission was set to 380 nm.
[0039]
In this example, it is considered that a polyparaphenylene thin film is oriented on a quartz glass substrate in parallel with the polymer main chain in the sweep direction, and the molecular compound is oriented epitaxially on this thin film. In such a laminated superstructure, in the present invention, the dichroic ratio of light emission is particularly 23 or more, which is extremely high compared to parasecphenyl. This can be interpreted as the fact that the presence of thiophene increases the planarity of the molecule as described above.
[0040]
Regarding the formation of oriented polyparaphenylene thin films, K. Yase, E.-M. Han, K. Yamamoto, Y. Yoshida, N. Takada, and N. Tanigaki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36 A detailed description can be found in (Part 1), 2843 (1997).
[0041]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the present invention provides a laminated superstructure using a functional molecular compound thin film that can be used in the fields of chemical industry and electronics industry. Thereby, a dramatic improvement in device characteristics can be realized in a light emitting device or the like.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a stacked superstructure formed by thin films A and B composed of two different types of compounds A and B, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting each compound are oriented perpendicular to the substrate.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a stacked superstructure formed by thin films A and B composed of two different types of compounds A and B, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting each compound are oriented parallel to the substrate.
FIG. 3 compares the visible ultraviolet spectrum (solid line) of a laminated thin film produced by sequentially stacking (Chemical Formula 8) and (Chemical Formula 9) with the spectrum (broken line) of a thin film (thickness 200 nm) consisting only of (Chemical Formula 9). Figure. The spectrum of the laminated thin film shows a value obtained by subtracting the absorption of the base ((Chemical Formula 8)).
FIG. 4 compares the visible ultraviolet spectrum (solid line) of a laminated thin film prepared by sequentially laminating (Chemical 9) and (Chemical 8) with the spectrum ((dashed line)) of a thin film (200 nm thick) consisting only of (Chemical formula 8). In the spectrum of the laminated thin film, the subtraction ((Chemical 9)) absorption is subtracted.
FIG. 5 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a laminated thin film prepared by sequentially stacking (Chemical Formula 8) and (Chemical Formula 9) on a fused silica glass substrate.
FIG. 6 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a laminated thin film prepared by sequentially stacking (Chemical 9) and (Chemical 8) on a fused silica glass substrate.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Thin film A
2 Thin film B
3 Substrate

Claims (4)

第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に垂直に配向する第一の薄膜と、
第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に垂直に配向する第二の薄膜と、
を含み、
前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造
であって、
少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、
前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とする、
積層超構造。
A first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented perpendicular to the substrate;
A second thin film comprising a second molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the second molecular compound are oriented perpendicular to the substrate;
Including
Laminated superstructure in which the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated
Because
At least one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene.
The other of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer different from the co-oligomer,
Laminated superstructure.
第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第一の薄膜と、
第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第二の薄膜と、
を含み、
前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造
であって、
少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、
前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とする、
積層超構造。
A first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate;
A second thin film comprising a second molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the second molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate;
Including
Laminated superstructure in which the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated
Because
At least one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene.
The other of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer different from the co-oligomer,
Laminated super-structure.
第一の分子化合物からなり、前記第一の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第一の薄膜と、
第二の分子化合物からなり、前記第二の分子化合物を構成する分子の分子軸が基板に平行に配向する第二の薄膜と、
を含み、
前記第一の薄膜と第二の薄膜とが積層された積層超構造
であって、
少なくとも一種類の前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物のいずれかが、チオフェンとフェニレンもしくはチオフェンとナフタレンとからなるコオリゴマーであり、
前記第一の分子化合物と前記第二の分子化合物の他方が、前記コオリゴマーとは別のコオリゴマーであることを特徴とする、
積層超構造からなる光学素子。
A first thin film comprising a first molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the first molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate;
A second thin film comprising a second molecular compound, wherein the molecular axes of the molecules constituting the second molecular compound are oriented parallel to the substrate;
Including
Laminated superstructure in which the first thin film and the second thin film are laminated
Because
At least one of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer composed of thiophene and phenylene or thiophene and naphthalene.
The other of the first molecular compound and the second molecular compound is a co-oligomer different from the co-oligomer,
Optical element having a stacked superstructure.
分子軸の配向が積層超構造を形成するそれぞれの薄膜において一軸配向であることを特徴とする請求項記載の光学素子。4. The optical element according to claim 3 , wherein the orientation of molecular axes is uniaxial orientation in each thin film forming the laminated superstructure.
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