JP4514726B2 - Hydroelectric power generation plan creation method and hydroelectric power generation plan creation device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a hydropower plan creation method and a hydropower plan creation device suitable for creating a hydropower plan for a hydropower plant.

  In hydroelectric power plants that use the water stored in reservoirs (dams) to generate electricity with generators, the water that flows during the rainy season and typhoon season does not overflow the reservoir and generates the required power throughout the year. It is demanded. For this reason, hydropower plants have prepared in advance an annual operation plan (target) for the reservoir volume based on precipitation over the past few decades, and when generating electricity, the actual storage volume and weather forecast for the reservoir Based on the inflow expected from the above, the amount of water used for power generation, and the annual operation plan of the reservoir, a short-term power generation plan of about two weeks is created to generate power.

Patent Document 1 discloses a method for preparing a high-quality daily power generation plan for a hydroelectric power station group and an alternative with a calculator in a practical processing time. Patent Document 2 discloses an automated system for a regulating pond hydroelectric power plant that prevents flooding of a regulating pond hydroelectric power plant that performs day (short term) adjustment, operates and controls it with high efficiency.
JP-A-5-91799 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-30546

However, the conventional hydropower plant power generation plan is based on the actual storage volume and inflow volume of the reservoir, the amount of water used for power generation, and the annual operation plan of the reservoir. It was created based on experience. For this reason, the power generation plan differs depending on the worker, and there is a problem that power generation is not necessarily performed by the optimum power generation plan.
The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and an object of the present invention is to provide a hydropower plan creation method and a hydropower plan creation device that automatically create an optimal power generation plan for a hydropower station. .

To achieve the above object, a hydroelectric plan generation method of generating power program for a predetermined period of hydroelectric power plant comprising a generator for generating electric power by utilizing the water of the reservoir, the generator at maximum efficiency When the water storage amount of the reservoir on the last day of the predetermined period is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount and the average amount of water used for power generation in the predetermined period is equal to or greater than the predetermined water amount when operated every day, the operation day of the generator When a negative result is obtained in the first operation date determination step and the first operation date determination step, the average water usage amount is equal to or greater than a predetermined water amount if the generator is not operated on Sunday. When a negative result is obtained in the second operation date determination step for determining the operation date of the generator on the date excluding the Sunday, and the second operation date determination step, If the generator is not operated on Sundays and holidays, if the average amount of water used is greater than or equal to a predetermined amount of water, the generator is stopped on Sundays, and the peak that operates only during peak hours of power outage or holidays on the holidays. A third operation day determination step for determining operation days of the generator excluding Sundays and holidays, and a negative result in the third operation day determination step; A fourth operation day determination step of stopping the machine on the Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays, and determining the operation days of the generator on a day other than the Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays; and the amount of water stored in the reservoir in the predetermined period , annual plans water volume of the reservoir, and the average intake per day obtained from the operation date determined by the first through fourth operating date determination step, used for power generation The operation time of the generator is determined based on a power generation time calculation step that calculates power generation time per day by dividing by the amount of water used, and a power generation time calculated by the power generation time calculation step and a time zone in which power consumption is large. And an operation time determination step.

The present invention according to claim 2 is characterized in that the time zone in which the power consumption is large differs for each season.
The present invention is defined in claim 3, a hydroelectric planning apparatus that creates a power program for a predetermined period of hydroelectric power plant comprising a generator for generating electric power by utilizing the water of the reservoir, the generator The generator when the amount of water stored in the reservoir on the last day of the predetermined period is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount and the average amount of water used for power generation in the predetermined period is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount of water when operated at maximum efficiency every day. When a negative result is obtained in the first operation day determination process for determining the operation day of the first day and the first operation day determination process, the average amount of water used is determined if the generator is not operated on Sunday. When the amount of water is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount of water, when a negative result is obtained in the second operation day determination process for determining the operation day of the generator on the day excluding the Sunday and the second operation day determination process On the generator on Sunday If the average amount of water used is not more than a predetermined amount of water if it is not operated on a public holiday, the generator is stopped on Sundays, and the holiday is set to a peak operation where the operation is stopped or only during peak hours of power demand. When a negative result is obtained in the third operation day determination process for determining the operation day of the machine on the day excluding the Sunday and holidays, and the third operation day determination process, the generator is connected to the Sunday, holidays, and shutdown in Saturday the operation date of the generator Sunday and holidays, and a fourth operational date determination process for determining the day than Saturday and operation date determining means for execution, said in the predetermined time period water storage reservoirs, annual plans water volume of the reservoir, and the average intake per day obtained from the operation date determined by the operation date determination unit, by using the amount of water to be used for power generation removal Power generation time calculation means for calculating the power generation time per day, and operation time determination means for determining the operation time of the generator based on the power generation time calculated by the power generation time calculation means and the time zone in which the power consumption is large And.

The present invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that the time zone in which the power consumption is large differs for each season.
The present invention described in claim 5 is characterized in that the hydropower generation plan in the predetermined period is configured to be output.

According to the present invention, the operation date for operating the generator is determined so that the average amount of water used when the generator is operated at the highest efficiency is equal to or greater than the predetermined water amount, and the storage amount of the reservoir in the predetermined period and the reservoir the average intake amount per day obtained from the annual plan water volume by dividing by the use amount of water to be used for power generation is calculated per day of power generation time, calculated power generation time and to the power consumption is large time zone By determining the generator operating time based on this, it is possible to automatically create an optimal hydropower plan according to the amount of water stored in the reservoir.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a hydroelectric power generation plan support system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The hydropower plan support system shown in FIG. 1 includes a plurality of hydropower plan creation devices 1, 1... And a central power supply command station 2, and each hydropower plan creation device 1, 1. The power supply command station 2 is connected via a local area network (LAN) or the like.
The hydroelectric power generation plan creation device 1 is installed in each hydroelectric power plant and creates a power generation plan and the like for each hydroelectric power plant.
The central power supply command station 2 performs power supply control in a plurality of power plants, and provides necessary information to each hydropower plan creation device 1, for example, information on precipitation and information on power demand, or Information on the power generation plan of the hydroelectric power generation plan creation device 1 is acquired.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a hardware configuration example of the hydroelectric power generation plan creation apparatus 1.
In FIG. 2, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 11 controls the entire hydroelectric power generation plan creation device 1. A ROM (Read Only Memory) 12 stores program data and the like, and the CPU 11 reads the data via the bus 10 as necessary, thereby executing processing according to the stored program. A RAM (Random Access Memory) 13 appropriately stores data, programs, and the like necessary for the CPU 11 to execute various processes. The hard disk drive (HDD) 14 includes a hard disk (HD) 15 as a storage medium, and the CPU 11 records or reads data, programs, and the like on the HD 15. In this case, the CPU 11 reads out an application program stored in the HD 15 of the HDD 14 and develops it in the RAM 13 to execute various processes according to the application program.

In addition, a display 16 is connected to the internal bus 10, and a keyboard 17 and a mouse 18 as input means are connected.
The internal bus 10 is connected to a local area network interface (LAN I / F) 19, and is connected to the LAN via the LAN I / F 19. Further, an output device such as a printer 20 is connected to the internal bus 10 via a printer I / F.
In the hydroelectric power generation plan creation device 1 configured as described above, the CPU 11 expands the program stored in the ROM 12 or the HD 15 of the HDD 14 in the work area of the RAM 13 and executes the hydroelectric power generation plan support process.

Hereinafter, the hydroelectric power generation plan creating apparatus 1 of the present embodiment will be described in detail.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a screen configuration example of the hydroelectric power generation plan creating apparatus of the present embodiment.
3 has a MENU sheet screen 30, an input sheet screen 40, and an output sheet screen 50. Each sheet screen is provided with a jump button (area), and the sheet screen can be switched by operating the mouse 18 or the like and clicking the jump button on the screen. Data input on the input sheet screen 40 is immediately calculated and reflected on the output sheet screen 50.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of the MENU sheet screen 30.
As shown in FIG. 4, the MENU sheet screen 30 has an input area for inputting a short-term plan for xx dam, and a short term for creating a short-term reservoir plan for xx dam by inputting necessary items on the input sheet screen 40. A plan creation area 31, a print sheet display area 32 that displays an output sheet screen 50 that displays an output result corresponding to the input on the input sheet screen 40, and a usage area 33 that displays usage for short-term plan input are provided. It has been. In addition, the MENU sheet screen 30 is provided with an annual plan area 34 for inputting an annual plan in the annual operation plan sheet and an usage area 35 for inputting the annual plan as input areas for annual plan input of xx dams. .

Here, the annual operation plan of the reservoir (dam) will be described first.
As mentioned earlier, hydroelectric power plants that generate electricity using the water stored in the reservoir are required throughout the year without water overflowing from the reservoir due to water flowing in during the rainy season or typhoon season. There is a need to generate electricity. For this reason, hydroelectric power plants prepare in advance an annual operation plan (target) for the amount of water stored in the reservoir based on precipitation over the past several decades.
Fig. 5 shows an example of the annual operation curve of the reservoir. The broken line A is the height of the reservoir, the broken line B is the upper limit water level based on the operation results of the reservoir for the past several decades, and the broken line C is flooded. In this case, the allowable water amount (pocket) necessary for avoiding overflow from the reservoir is shown. A solid line D indicates the annual operation curve of the reservoir created based on the above operational upper limit water level and the allowable water amount required during flooding. The annual operation curve of this reservoir was created by the workers based on experience.

The hydroelectric power generation plan creation device 1 of the present embodiment is a short-term power generation plan of about two weeks so that the water storage amount of the reservoir is equal to the water storage amount corresponding to the annual operation curve of the reservoir created in advance, that is, the annual planned water storage amount It is characterized in that it is created automatically.
In order to automatically create a short-term power generation plan by the hydroelectric power generation plan creation apparatus 1 of the present embodiment, the short-term plan creation area 31 on the MENU sheet screen 30 shown in FIG. 4 is clicked, as shown in FIG. The input sheet screen 40 is displayed.

FIG. 6A is a diagram showing an input sheet screen before automatically creating a short-term power generation plan, and FIG. 6B is a diagram showing an input sheet screen after creating the short-term power generation plan.
6 (a) and 6 (b), an area 41 is an area for inputting a date, day of the week, and holiday for creating a short-term power generation plan, and a check box for checking in the case of the date area, day of the week, and holiday. Is provided.
The area 42 includes an annual planned storage amount input area for inputting the annual planned storage amount based on the annual operation curve shown in FIG. 5, a 24-hour storage amount input area for inputting the storage amount at 24 o'clock the previous day, a river, etc. And an inflow amount prediction input area for inputting an inflow amount predicted from the above. The annual planned water storage amount created in advance is automatically input from the data of the annual operation curve stored in the HD 15 or the like by inputting the date in the date area of the area 41. The inflow amount input to the inflow amount prediction display area is input by the operator using the keyboard 17 and the mouse 18 based on information such as the weather forecast, or from the central power supply command station 2 via the LAN or the like. It is possible to automatically input the transmitted information.

  In the area 43, when the short-term power generation plan is created as shown in FIG. 6B, the annual planned water storage amount input in the annual planned water storage amount input area in the area 42 and the 24-hour water storage amount display area are input. The operation date, operation start time (parallel time), and operation end time (disconnection time) of the hydroelectric power plant calculated based on the 24-hour water storage amount, the inflow amount prediction input into the inflow amount prediction display area, and the like. Automatically entered. When the operation is divided into morning and afternoon, the morning parallel and disconnection time is input to the operation schedule 1, and the parallel and disconnection time of the afternoon is input to the operation schedule 2. In addition, the calculation method of an operation day, a parallel time, and a disconnection time is mentioned later.

An area 44 is a work constraint input area for inputting a start time, an end time, a comment, and the like when the generator is stopped for maintenance of the generator and the like. The operator presses the keyboard 17 and the mouse 18 according to the schedule. It is conceivable to input using information or to automatically input information transmitted from the central power supply command station 2 via a LAN or the like.
An area 45 is an article input area for an operator to check a monthly work plan and input various types of information on the day, for example, maintenance information.
In the area 46, the inputted 24 hour water storage amount and the annual planned water storage amount are shown by a graph. The graph before the short-term power generation plan shown in FIG. 6 (a) and the short-term power generation shown in FIG. 6 (b) are shown. As is clear from the comparison of the graphs after the generation plan, the 24-hour water storage after the short-term generation plan is in line with the annual planned storage amount.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing another example of the input sheet screen 40, where (a) is an input sheet screen before automatically creating a short-term power generation plan, and (b) is an input sheet after automatically creating a short-term power generation plan. It is the figure which showed the screen.
6 shows the input sheet screen 40 in the summer period (7/11 to 7/22), whereas FIG. 7 shows the input sheet screen 40 in the winter period (11/21 to 12/2). It is shown.

Hereinafter, a short-term power generation plan creation method executed by the hydropower generation plan creation apparatus 1 of the present embodiment will be specifically described.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an example of a short-term power generation plan creation method executed by the hydropower generation plan creation apparatus 1 of the present embodiment. Note that the processing shown in FIG. 8 is realized by the CPU 11 of the hydropower generation plan creating apparatus 1 executing a program recorded in advance on the HD 15.
In this case, first, in step S1, it is determined whether or not the amount of water stored in the reservoir satisfies the condition A. Here, the condition A is that the water level of the last day of the short-term power generation plan is a high water level (170 US days) even when the hydroelectric power plant generator is operated on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, and is used for power generation. The average amount of water used is 10 [tons / second] or more. [US Day] = [Ton Day] is a unit representing the amount of water stored in the reservoir per day. In addition, the average amount of water used refers to the average of the amount of water used [ton / second] when the generator is operated at the highest efficiency.
And when it determines with satisfy | filling the conditions A in step S1, it progresses to step S2 and determines the operation day of a generator every day. That is, the operation day for operating the generator is determined based on the water storage amount of the reservoir and the expected inflow amount.

Here, the operation of the generator refers to continuous operation or peak operation, and the continuous operation refers to operation at full or maximum efficiency for 0 to 24 hours. Moreover, peak operation means driving only during peak hours. Then, after calculating the power generation time in step S8, the operation time (power generation pattern) is determined in step S9. A method for calculating the power generation time and a method for determining the operation time will be described later.
On the other hand, when a negative result is obtained in step S1, that is, when it is determined that the amount of water stored in the reservoir does not satisfy the condition A, the process proceeds to step S3 to determine whether or not the condition B is satisfied. Here, in the condition B, the average water consumption is 10 [ton / second] or more unless the generator is operated on Sunday.

And when it determines with satisfy | filling the conditions B in step S3, it progresses to step S4 and the driving | running mode of a generator is determined to be a continuous operation on the day except Sunday. Then, after calculating the power generation time in step S8, the operation time is determined in step S9.
On the other hand, if a negative result is obtained in step S3, the process proceeds to step S5, and it is determined whether or not the amount of water stored in the reservoir satisfies condition C. Here, as for condition C, if the generator is not operated on Sundays and public holidays, the average amount of water used is 10 [tons / second] or more. If it is determined in step S5 that the condition C is satisfied, the process proceeds to step S6, and the operation is determined to be stopped on Sundays, stopped or peaked on holidays, and driven on other days of the week. Then, after calculating the power generation time in step S8, the operation time is determined in step S9.
On the other hand, if a negative result is obtained in step S5, the process proceeds to step S7, and driving is stopped on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, and driving is determined on other days. Then, after calculating the power generation time in step S8, the operation time is determined in step S9.

Here, a method for calculating the power generation time in step S8 will be described.
First of all, as a precondition in the calculation,
Day-of-day water storage [US individual day] = Previous-day water storage [US individual day] + (average inflow [ton / second] −average water intake [ton / second]) × 24 [hour] × 3600 [second]
However, water 1 [m ³ ] = 1 [ton].
And
The average daily intake [ton / second] is
Average daily water intake [tons / second] = Last day water storage [US individual days]-Annual planned water storage [US individual days] / Target days [days]
And Here, the final day water storage volume indicates the final day of the short-term plan to be created, and the target days indicate the number of days of the short-term plan to be created.
As a result, the power generation time is
Power generation time [hour] = average water intake per day [ton / second] / water consumption [ton / second] x 24 [hour]
It can be asked.

Next, the operation time determination method in step S9 will be described.
When the power generation time for each condition is calculated as described above, in step S9, the operation pattern is determined according to the power generation time.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of an operation pattern, in which (a) shows a summer pattern and (b) shows a winter pattern.
For example, in the period of the summer pattern (5/1 to 10/30) shown in FIG. 9A, since the power consumption during the day is large, the power generation time is 1 [hour (h)] to 12 [hour (h). In the case of]), the time before and after is centered around 14:00. When the power generation time is 12 [h] to 16 [h], the operation time is assigned to the time after 8:00, and when it is 16 [h] or more, it is set to 24:00. Allocate driving time to the previous time.

  On the other hand, in the period of the winter pattern (11/1 to 4/30) shown in FIG. 9B, the power generation time is 1 [h] to 4 [h] because the morning and evening power consumption is large. In this case, the operation time is allocated to the subsequent time with 8:00 as a reference. Further, when the power generation time is 4 [h] to 7 [h], the operation time is assigned to the time from 8:00 to 12:00 and the time after 17:00, and 7 [h] to 12 [h] In the case of h], the operation time is assigned to the time before 8:00 to 12:00 and the time before 20:00. In the case of 12 [h] to 16 [h], the operation time is allocated to the time after 8:00, and when it is 16 [h] or more, the operation time is set to the time before 24:00. The operation time is allocated.

As described above, according to the hydropower generation plan creation device 1 of the present embodiment, the operation day for operating the generator is determined based on the storage amount of the reservoir and the expected inflow amount to the reservoir, and the reservoir of the reservoir in the predetermined period is determined. Calculate the power generation time from the average daily intake volume obtained from the storage volume and the annual planned storage volume of the reservoir and the amount of water used for power generation, and determine the generator operating time based on the calculated power generation time Thus, it is possible to automatically create an optimal hydropower plan according to the amount of water stored in the reservoir.
In this embodiment, when determining the operation day, the operation time is determined according to the power demand on the operation day such as a day of the week or a holiday, or the operation time is determined according to the power demand for each season. Therefore, it is possible to create an optimal hydropower plan according to the power demand.

10 and 11 show examples of output sheet screens. FIG. 10 shows an output sheet screen 50 created by the summer pattern input sheet screen 40 shown in FIG. 6, and FIG. 7, output sheet screens 50 created by the winter pattern input sheet screen 40 shown in FIG. Such an output sheet screen 50 is displayed on the screen by clicking the print sheet display area 32 of the MENU sheet screen 30 shown in FIG.
Such an output sheet screen 50 can be output via the printer 20 by performing a predetermined printing operation.

In the embodiment described so far, the case where a short-term power generation plan for about two weeks (11 days) is created is described as an example, but this is only an example, and the period of the short-term power generation plan is 2 Needless to say, it may be set to a week or more, or a period shorter than two weeks.
However, if the power generation plan period is set to be long, even if power generation is performed based on the short-term power generation plan due to a significant change in inflow due to bad weather, the actual water storage amount may deviate significantly from the annual planned water storage amount. Therefore, when the difference between the actual water storage amount and the annual planned water storage amount exceeds the predetermined value, a warning message etc. may be displayed on the screen to prompt the worker to recreate the short-term power generation plan. desirable.

The figure which showed the structure of the hydroelectric power generation plan assistance system which is embodiment of this invention. The figure which showed the structural example of the hardware of a hydroelectric power generation plan preparation apparatus. The figure which showed the example of a screen structure of the hydroelectric power generation plan preparation apparatus of this embodiment. The figure which showed an example of the MENU sheet | seat screen. The figure which showed an example of the annual operation curve of a reservoir. The figure which showed an example of the input sheet screen of a summer pattern. The figure which showed an example of the input sheet screen of a winter pattern. The flowchart which showed an example of the short-term power generation plan preparation method which the hydroelectric power generation plan preparation apparatus of this embodiment performs. The figure which showed an example of the driving | running pattern. The figure which showed an example of the output sheet screen of a summer pattern. The figure which showed an example of the output sheet screen of a winter pattern.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Hydroelectric power generation plan preparation apparatus, 2 ... Central power supply command station, 10 ... Internal bus, 11 ... CPU, 12 ... ROM, 13 ... RAM, 14 ... HDD, 15 ... HD, 16 ... Display, 17 ... Keyboard, 18 ... Mouse, 19 ... LAN I / F, 20 ... Printer, 30 ... MENU sheet screen, 40 ... Input sheet screen, 50 ... Output sheet screen

Claims (5)

A hydroelectric power generation plan creation method for creating a power generation plan for a predetermined period of a hydroelectric power plant equipped with a generator that generates electric power using water stored in a reservoir,
When the generator is operated every day at maximum efficiency, when the amount of water stored in the reservoir on the last day of the predetermined period is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount and the average amount of water used for power generation in the predetermined period is equal to or greater than the predetermined amount of water A first operation day determination step for determining the operation day of the generator every day;
When a negative result is obtained in the first operation date determination step, if the average amount of water used is not less than a predetermined amount of water unless the generator is operated on Sunday, the operation date of the generator is A second operation day determination step for determining a day excluding Sunday;
When a negative result is obtained in the second operation day determination step, if the average amount of water used is not less than a predetermined amount of water unless the generator is operated on Sundays and public holidays, the generator is A third operation day determination step for determining the operation day of the generator as a day excluding the Sunday and holidays;
When a negative result is obtained in the third operating day determination step, the generator is shut down on Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays, and the operating days of the generator are set to days other than the Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays. A fourth operating day determination step to determine;
For the power generation, the water storage amount of the reservoir in the predetermined period, the annual planned water storage amount of the reservoir, and the average water intake amount per day obtained from the operation day determined by the first to fourth operation day determination steps are used for power generation. A power generation time calculating step for calculating the power generation time per day by dividing by the amount of water used;
An operation time determination step of determining the operation time of the generator based on the power generation time calculated by the power generation time calculation step and a time zone in which the power consumption is large;
A hydroelectric power generation plan creation method characterized by comprising:   The method for creating a hydroelectric power generation plan according to claim 1, wherein the time period in which the power consumption is large differs for each season. A hydroelectric power generation plan creation device for creating a power generation plan for a predetermined period of a hydroelectric power plant equipped with a generator that generates electric power using water stored in a reservoir,
When the generator is operated every day at maximum efficiency, when the amount of water stored in the reservoir on the last day of the predetermined period is a predetermined amount or more and the average amount of water used for power generation in the predetermined period is a predetermined amount or more When a negative result is obtained in the first operation day determination process for determining the operation day of the generator every day and the first operation day determination process, the generator must be operated on Sunday. When the average amount of water used is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount of water, a negative result is obtained in the second operation day determination process and the second operation day determination process in which the operation day of the generator is determined on a date other than the Sunday. When the generator is not operated on Sundays and holidays, if the average amount of water used is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount of water, the generator is shut down on Sundays, and the generator is shut down or on demand. Peak of A negative result was obtained in the third operation day determination process and the third operation day determination process in which the operation day of the generator was determined to be the day excluding the Sunday and public holidays, and the peak operation was performed only during the operation. A fourth operation day determination process in which the generator is stopped on the Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays, and the operation days of the generator are determined on days other than the Sundays, holidays, and Saturdays. Day determination means;
Storage volume of the reservoir in the predetermined period, the division annual plans water volume of the reservoir, and the average intake per day obtained from been operated date determined by the operation date determination unit, by using the amount of water to be used for power generation Power generation time calculating means for calculating the power generation time per day,
A hydroelectric power generation plan creation device comprising: an operation time determination unit that determines an operation time of the generator based on a power generation time calculated by the power generation time calculation unit and a time zone in which power consumption is large.   4. The hydropower generation plan creation device according to claim 3, wherein the time period in which the power consumption is large differs for each season.   The hydroelectric power generation plan creation apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the hydroelectric power generation plan in the predetermined period is configured to be output.

Images