JP4519931B2 - Aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria induction method and vegetation base, slope greening structure - Google Patents

Description

  TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a slope greening technique for performing greening by spraying a vegetation base on a ground to be greened such as an artificially cut slope, and in particular, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air without using a chemical fertilizer. The present invention relates to a technique for inducing aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria that promotes greening by fixing atmospheric nitrogen by inducing and propagating mosquitoes.

  Currently, a slope planting technique for performing slope planting by spraying a vegetation base mixed with plant seeds on the slope is widely used. Various types of vegetation base materials used for spraying have been developed, and currently, many are mixed with bark or livestock manure compost with chemical fertilizer (inorganic fertilizer) (for example, patent documents) 1). Chemical fertilizers are added for the purpose of supplementing phytonutrients, mainly nitrogen components, that are lacking in bark and livestock manure compost. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for promoting the growth of plants, especially in the artificially cut cuts that are poor in fertilizers, the addition of fast-acting chemical fertilizers allows green plants to grow early. It is extremely important to improve the fixation rate of greening plants after application. In general, in the agricultural field, the C / N ratio (carbon / nitrogen ratio) of organic fertilizer is considered to be about 20 to 40, and the same C / N ratio is appropriate for the vegetation base material. it is conceivable that. However, since chemical fertilizers are easy to dissolve in water, slopes with slopes tend to run away in a short period of time due to rainfall or spring water. Therefore, in general, a large amount of chemical fertilizer is mixed in the vegetation base material in anticipation of this runoff.

  However, in recent years, the components of chemical fertilizer that have not been absorbed by plants due to rainfall and spring water have flowed out from the slope where the vegetation base material has been sprayed, and this has led to the eutrophication of water in water sources such as rivers, groundwater and soil. The problem of causing contamination has become apparent. Therefore, there is a demand for a technique for performing slope greening using a vegetation base material with less fertilizer component outflow.

  As a vegetation base material with less outflow of fertilizer components, Patent Document 2 describes a mixture of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi, and phosphorus-lytic bacteria, potassium-lytic bacteria, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here, as organic fertilizer, bark compost, rice bran compost, bone meal, oil cake, livestock dung, sludge compost, fish cake, plant residue, food residue, compost, wheat straw compost, etc. are used, and the C / N ratio is Preferably it is about 20 to 300, more preferably about 40 to 300, and particularly preferably about 40 to 100. As mycorrhizal fungi, VA mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and the like are used. About 1 to 5 million mycorrhizal fungi spores per 1 liter of soil to be mixed, preferably about 10 to 10 It is said that it can be mixed at a rate of 100,000 pieces. In addition, microorganisms belonging to the genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Eslinea, Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Turkey derma, etc. can be used as phosphorus- and potassium-lytic bacteria, such as soil It is said that 1 liter can be mixed in a ratio of about 100 to 100,000, preferably about 1000 to 10,000 as cfu (Colony Forming Unit). In addition, as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, microorganisms belonging to the genus Rhizobium, the genus Bradrizobium, the genus Azolyzobium, the genus Azospium, the genus Azotobacter, the genus Francia, etc. can be used, and about 100 to 100,000, Preferably, it can mix in the ratio of about 1000-10,000.

  Patent Document 3 discloses a greening base material using a greening base material containing a growth base material mainly composed of an organic substance, a microorganism group consisting of at least one of actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria, and seeds. A slope revegetation method is described.

  In addition, Non-Patent Document 1 aims to reduce chemical fertilizer in the vegetation mat construction method by adding Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AM fungus), which is a type of filamentous fungus, to the vegetation base material. The chemical fertilizer reduction greening method is described.

  On the other hand, in recent years, the expansion of bamboo forests has become a problem with the increase in abandoned bamboo forests. As part of countermeasures against this bamboo forest expansion problem, harvested bamboo is used as a vegetation base material for slope planting.

  The slope planting technology using bamboo as a vegetation base is a slope made by mixing bamboo shoots fibers into the growth base material, soil, cement or mortar in Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 4 A bamboo fiber slope greening method is described in which a spray material mixed with a greening base reinforcement is sprayed onto the slope. Here, bark compost, peat moss (geopower promotion method designation) perlite, cow manure compost, cultivated soil, etc. are used as the growth base material, and soils such as Kuroboku and Masa or locally generated soil are used. Further, as the bamboo basket fibers, fibers pulverized by hitting, scraping, blasting or the like are used. In this case, it is desirable that the fiber length is 5 mm to 10 cm and the fiber diameter is generally smaller than 3 mm.

Further, in Patent Document 5, the bamboo material is crushed and continuously supplied to the plant fiberizing means in the longitudinal direction of the bamboo material. The plant fiberizing means tears and crushes into bamboo short fibers and extrudes them. There is a method for constructing a slope greening base material in which cotton-like bamboo short fibers formed into cotton are added and mixed with 70 to 80 parts of bark compost to form 100 parts, and the additive mixture is sprayed onto the slope with a pressure fluid through a nozzle. Are listed. Here, the plant fiberizing means is provided with a porous front end plate at the front end of the cylinder, a rear end plate at the rear end, and a screw conveyor having a common center line with the cylinder between the both end plates. The spiral blade is in contact with the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder, and the spiral pitch of the screw conveyor is gradually decreased toward the tip of the cylinder, and the bamboo material supplied from the hopper provided at the base of the cylinder is supplied to the spiral pitch space. To do. The bamboo material in the pitch space is pushed and moved toward the tip by the spiraling of the spiral blade, and is sheared by the spiral blade and the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder and compressed to the inner surface of the tip plate. Further, a rotary blade is provided in contact with the inner surface of the tip plate, and the sheared bamboo material which is sent and compressed by the screw conveyor to the inner surface is sheared and torn by the rotation of a number of small through holes in the tip plate and the rotary blade. The bamboo material is crushed and sheared into bamboo short fibers of about 3 to 30 mm, and this is extruded from a large number of small through holes in the tip plate. The cotton-like bamboo short fiber formed in this way has a large water retention property because the fiber cell of the bamboo short fiber is long and both ends are opened, and water is stored in the fiber cell by capillary action. Moreover, bamboo short fiber is hold | maintained in cotton shape with the elasticity and intensity | strength. Therefore, the cotton-like bamboo short fiber rich in elasticity and toughness added and mixed in the bark compost functions as an aggregate.
JP-A-7-166552 JP 2004-208545 A JP 2001-226972 A JP 2004-89183 A JP 2004-154071 A JP 2001-152456 A JP 2006-712 A JP 2006-255617 A JP 2007-307531 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-113548 Shigeo Kubo, Shojiro Kawashima, “Reduction of chemical fertilizers using microorganisms (<Special issue> Environmentally Friendly Greening Materials”), Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Engineering, Vol.28, No.4 , pp.497-500, Japanese Society of Revegetation Engineering, May 31, 2003. Japan Basic Technology Co., Ltd., “Bamboo Fiber Slope Revegetation Method”, [online], Japan Basic Technology Co., Ltd., [searched July 22, 2008], Internet <http://www.jafec.co.jp/ kouhou_all / take / _image / take.pdf> “Bamboo Fiber Slope Revegetation Method”, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism New Technology Provision System NETIS Registration No. TH-030015-A, [Search July 22, 2008], Internet <http: //www.netis.mlit.go .jp / RenewNetis / Search / Nt / NtDetailPreview.asp? REG_NO = TH-030015 & TabType = 2 & nt = nt & pFlg = 1> “Crusher: Chipper shredder”, Ohashi Co., Ltd. [searched July 30, 2008], Internet <http://www.ohashi-inc.com/products01.html> "Fabrication machine general catalog", Baichem Corporation, October 2005, [Search July 30, 2008], Internet <http://www.bichemi.co.jp/pdf/bichemi-ct4.pdf> “Crushing machine of the crusher beyond the planting machine (RUB-M)”, NKK Giken Co., Ltd., [searched July 30, 2008], Internet <http://chikumatu-kun.com/machine.html > Soil Environment Analysis Method Editorial Committee, “Soil Environment Analysis Method”, Hirotomo Co., Ltd., June 17, 1997, p. 50 Takao Horikoshi, edited by Kazuaki Futoshi, “Soil Microbial Ecology”, Asakura Shoten Co., Ltd., September 25, 2003, pp. 160-163.

  In the above Patent Documents 2 and 3 and Non-Patent Document 1, microorganisms (mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus-dissolving bacteria, potassium-dissolving bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, etc.) that produce fertilizer for greening plants are mixed with the vegetation base material sprayed on the slope. To do. In this case, in order for microorganisms to produce nutrients necessary for plant growth as planned, the environment after spraying the vegetation substrate on the slope must be suitable for the growth environment of the microorganisms. Therefore, organic fertilizer is added to the vegetation base material to ensure the growth environment of microorganisms in the vegetation base material after spraying.

  By the way, among the three major elements (chisso, phosphoric acid, potash) necessary for the growth of greening plants, all the components other than nitrogen are present in the rock, which is the base material of the soil, and thus are naturally supplied to some extent. . However, since nitrogen compounds are hardly present in rocks, nitrogen is an element that tends to be a limiting factor for plant growth in the soil environment. The biological nitrogen fixation capacity, which is the source of nitrogen in the soil, depends greatly on the content of readily degradable organic compounds that serve as a substrate for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the symbiotic relationship between the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and other microorganisms. The In Patent Documents 2 and 3 and Non-Patent Document 1, it is described that nitrogen-fixing bacteria (including actinomycetes and AM bacteria) are added to the vegetation substrate. There are no special considerations. Therefore, there is a problem that it is not guaranteed whether sufficient biological nitrogen fixing ability is secured for a long period of time after spraying a vegetation base on the slope.

  On the other hand, in the bamboo fiber slope revegetation method described in Patent Document 4, bamboo vegetation fibers crushed by striking, scraping, blasting or the like are included in the vegetation base material. In general, bamboo basket fibers are tough, so it is considered that many long fibers are contained only by pulverizing by striking, scraping, or blasting. Accordingly, there is a problem that these long fibers are caught by the spray hose or the spray nozzle during spraying, and workability is lowered.

  In that respect, in the slope greening base material construction method described in Patent Document 5, bamboo fiber included in the vegetation base material is compressed by a screw conveyor, and is about 3 to 30 mm by a large number of small through holes and rotary blades on the tip plate. Cotton-like bamboo short fibers crushed and sheared into bamboo short fibers. When the bamboo material is crushed in this way, the fibers become chip-like or cotton-like and are not caught by the spray hose or the spray nozzle even when sprayed. However, since bamboo originally has few nitrogen components, only cotton-like bamboo short fibers are not sufficient fertilizer components, especially nitrogen components, necessary for plant growth. Therefore, in patent document 5, the nitrogen component is supplemented by mixing 70-80 parts of bark composts with a vegetation base material. However, when actually experimented, there was still a problem that the nitrogen component was not sufficient, and the growth of the greening plant became insufficient with time.

  Therefore, the object of the present invention is to use bamboo as a vegetation base material as a material in the slope planting technology that does not use chemical fertilizer as a vegetation base material, and to create a good growth environment for nitrogen-fixing bacteria and efficiently fix biological nitrogen. It is an object of the present invention to provide a slope revegetation technique that can be performed well and can improve the growth of slope revegetation plants over a long period.

  At present, bark compost is widely used as the vegetation base material used for spraying slope revegetation. According to the Green Purchasing Law and the quality standards established by the Japan Bark Compost Association, Compost quality standards are defined as shown in (Table 1).

  In Table 1, the C / N ratio (carbon / nitrogen ratio) of bark compost is set to 35 or less because if the nitrogen component is deficient, plants cannot grow due to nitrogen starvation, which uses compost It is common sense to do. Therefore, as a vegetation base material in slope revegetation, it has been common knowledge in the industry that the C / N ratio is 35 or less.

  However, the inventor of the present invention repeatedly performed a plant growth test using cotton-like bamboo fibers produced by compressing and crushing bamboo material finely to such an extent that the tissue of fiber cells was destroyed. As a result, when a vegetation base material of cotton-like bamboo fiber having a C / N ratio larger than 35, which is considered to be unsuitable with conventional common sense, is used, initial growth is suppressed to some extent, but it takes about one year. After that, I found that plants continue to grow well and can be planted. Furthermore, compared with the conventional vegetation base material which added the chemical fertilizer, the effect of suppressing the overgrowth of an early stage weed and growing the healthy greening plant firmly rooted in the soil was remarkable. In addition, the growth and greening effect over peat moss was clearly recognized.

  Therefore, investigation and research were conducted to find out the cause, and the use of this cotton-like bamboo fiber activated the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that lived alone in the soil, and nitrogen in the air was found in the vegetation substrate. As a result, it was found that a soil environment in which plants can grow well was created, and the present invention was made.

  That is, the aerial nitrogen-fixing bacterium induction construction method according to the present invention is a revegetation method in which a vegetation base material that does not contain chemical fertilizer is sprayed on the slope to perform slope greening, and passes through a mesh having an opening of 1 mm by sieve classification. A vegetation base layer containing cotton-like bamboo fibers formed by pulverizing bamboo material is sprayed on the slope until the ratio of crushed particles or fibers reaches 60% by weight or more, and a vegetation base layer is formed. The natural plant is allowed to stand naturally, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are propagated in the vegetation base layer to fix nitrogen in the air, and the plant is grown using the nitrogen component fixed in the vegetation base layer as a nitrogen fertilizer. And

  Thus, by crushing bamboo material into a fine cotton shape, the cell wall of the fiber cell of bamboo material progresses, and the surface area of the crushed particles or fibers increases. As will be described later, bamboo is a readily decomposable organic compound that serves as a bait (substrate) for microorganisms such as water-soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose (such as pentosan), and α-cellulose compared to common organic materials such as bark compost and peat moss. Is abundant. On the other hand, the content of lignin having resistance to decay and food damage is lower than that of bark and the like. Therefore, destruction of the bamboo fiber cells makes it easier for microorganisms to take in the substrate of the readily decomposable organic compound and enriches bacteria and filamentous fungi. In addition, since the vegetation basement layer is in a state of nitrogen starvation in the initial stage, it is considered that the bacteria are mainly composed of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Then, by activating the nitrogen-fixing bacteria using the readily decomposable organic compound as a substrate, nitrogen in the air is fixed to the vegetation base layer and the easily decomposable nitrogen compound is accumulated. Accordingly, when a time of about one year elapses, the nitrogen fertilizer necessary for plant growth is sufficiently accumulated, so that the growth of the greening plant is promoted without using a chemical fertilizer.

  Further, since the cotton-like bamboo fibers are intricately entangled with each other and densely packed, they are not easily dissipated by wind and rain, and remain on the slope for a long period of time. Therefore, the accumulation effect of nitrogen fertilizer lasts for a long time.

  Here, the “vegetation base material” is a material for creating a good plant growth base and is constructed by a spraying machine. In the present invention, a small amount of other organic fertilizer may be added to the vegetation base material in addition to the cotton-like bamboo fiber.

  In the present invention, the cotton-like bamboo fiber compresses and crushes the bamboo material by passing the bamboo material between two screws of a twin screw extruder that meshes or rotates in close proximity. By extruding the compressed and crushed bamboo material between the teeth of the fixed teeth provided at the end of the screw, and cutting the compressed and crushed bamboo material extruded by a rotating blade rotating in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed teeth, A fiberized fiber can be used.

  In this way, by compressing and crushing with a twin screw extruder, and further cutting with a fixed tooth and a rotating blade, the bamboo material is finely crushed and the cell walls of the fiber cells are destroyed, causing the growth of bacteria and filamentous fungi It will be in a state suitable for.

  Here, the “biaxial screw extruder” is inserted in a state where two screws having helical grinding teeth (or grinding mills) are engaged in a long cylindrical cylinder, The rear end of the cylinder is provided with a fixed tooth having a large number of through holes and a rotary blade that is driven to rotate in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed tooth. By being driven to rotate, the object to be ground put in the cylinder is compressed and ground while being transported from the front end to the rear end, and the object to be ground is compressed and rotated from between the fixed teeth. A grinding device configured to cut a material to be ground pushed out by a blade.

  In addition, Patent Document 5 also describes a method of spraying a vegetation base material, which is a mixture of cotton-like bamboo fibers obtained by crushing bamboo material and bark, to the slope, and performing the greening on the slope, Patent Document 5 and the present invention. And the production method of the cotton-like bamboo fiber contained in the vegetation base material is different, and the resulting cotton upper bamboo fiber is also different. The cotton-like bamboo fiber described in Patent Document 5 is formed by extruding into a cotton-like shape by tearing and crushing bamboo material using a planting machine equipped with a perforated plate and a cutter on the outlet side of a single screw extruder. The cotton-like bamboo fiber of the present invention is obtained by grinding bamboo with a twin screw extruder and further crushing with fixed teeth and rotating teeth. As a result, the cotton-like bamboo fiber of the present invention is more disintegrated and has a larger specific surface area than the cotton-like bamboo fiber of Patent Document 5. Therefore, since a wider area is aerated, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria can easily take in nitrogen in the air, and a higher biological nitrogen fixing effect can be obtained. Moreover, since the fibers are fine, the bamboo fibers tend to be entangled with each other, and the vegetation base material is not easily lost due to weathering.

  Moreover, in this invention, the said cotton-like bamboo fiber can use what was crushed until the maximum water volume measured by the Hilgard method became 70% or more.

  As the crushing of the bamboo material progresses, the cell wall is destroyed, so that water can easily enter the cell wall and the maximum yield is increased. Therefore, the maximum water volume is an index for the degree of destruction of the cell walls of bamboo. By crushing to a maximum water volume of 70% or more, the action of capturing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air is improved, and since the specific surface area is large and the fibers are fine, they are very entangled and sprayed on the slope. It becomes difficult to dissipate later. In addition, since the flexibility of the fibers is increased, the bamboo fibers are prevented from being clogged in the hose for spraying.

  Here, the “maximum water volume” refers to the maximum water volume holding amount that the cotton-like bamboo fiber per fixed volume (100 ml) can hold under atmospheric pressure conditions. The maximum water volume is calculated from the weight of the remaining water-containing processed product after measuring a certain weight of the cotton-like bamboo fiber, stabilizing the water in a supersaturated state for several hours, then removing excess water. . A specific measurement is performed as follows using the Hilgard method described in Non-Patent Document 7.

[Measurement method of maximum water volume]
(1) Air-dried soil whose moisture content B (%) was measured in advance on a dish having a diameter of 5.6 cm and a depth of 1.0 cm and a small hole in the bottom (the mass of the dish is A (g)). Fill and measure mass C (g) (total mass of dish and air-dried soil).
(2) Next, after soaking the bottom of the dish filled with air-dried soil in water and fully absorbing water from the small holes in the bottom, a flat state is provided between the dish bottom and the floor surface. Leave the dish with, drain the excess water from the small hole at the bottom of the dish and drain. When the water is no longer discharged, the mass D (g) is measured.
(3) Finally, the mass E (g) of the air-dried soil filled in the dish is calculated from the following formula (1a), and the capillary saturated water content F (%) per unit mass (1 g) of the air-dried soil is calculated from the following formula (1b). Finally, the maximum water content (%) is obtained by converting per 100 g of dry soil from the following formula (1c).

  Moreover, in this invention, it is preferable that C / N ratio of the said vegetation base material shall be 40 or more.

  If the C / N ratio is less than 40, it is thought that the microorganisms in the vegetation basement layer in the initial stage immediately after spraying predominate for microorganisms other than nitrogen-fixing bacteria and reduce the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in the air. It is. That is, when nitrogen-fixing bacteria are rich in inorganic nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing activity decreases. Therefore, by creating a nitrogen-deficient environment with a C / N ratio of 40 or more, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are activated and the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in air is improved. Moreover, if C / N ratio is less than 40, it will be the conditions on which weeds are easy to grow, and it will become easy to grow weeds before the planting planted on the slope is fully settled.

  Furthermore, it is preferable to add bark compost to the vegetation base material in a proportion of 50% by volume or less in addition to the cotton-like bamboo fiber.

  “Bark compost” is a soil improver made by fermenting the bark of a tree. By adding bark compost in this way, it is possible to prevent the vegetation base material from being washed away by the wind by giving any specific gravity to the vegetation base material. Moreover, since the effect which activates the activity of aerobic bacteria is comparatively low, bark compost can also maintain the activity of the activity of nitrogen fixation bacteria.

  Here, the addition ratio of bark compost was set to 50% by volume or less because when the ratio of bark compost was more than 50% by volume, the ratio of exposure of cotton-like bamboo fibers to the atmosphere decreased and the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air This is because the activity of aerobic bacteria becomes active and the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria tends to decrease.

  Moreover, it is preferable to use a fully ripened bark compost as the bark compost. Here, “ripened bark compost” refers to composted bark that has been fermented for more than one year.

  Moreover, the vegetation base material which concerns on this invention is a vegetation base material used as a spraying material of slope revegetation, Comprising: The ratio of the crushed particle | grains or fiber which passes a 1 mm mesh by sieve classification is 60 weight% or more. It is characterized by including cotton-like bamboo fibers obtained by crushing bamboo until

  In addition, the slope structure according to the present invention is a slope structure in which a vegetation base material that does not contain chemical fertilizer is sprayed onto the slope face to perform slope greening, and the crushed particles that pass through a 1 mm mesh by sieving classification Alternatively, a vegetation base layer is formed by spraying a vegetation base material characterized by containing cotton-like bamboo fibers formed by pulverizing bamboo until the fiber ratio reaches 60% by weight or more. .

  As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to perform slope planting without using chemical fertilizer and without causing the outflow of fertilizer components to the environment. In addition, the vegetation base material according to the present invention promotes germination and establishment of vegetation by suppressing weed growth by creating a state of nitrogen starvation for a certain period after spraying to the slope, and thereafter Aerial nitrogen fixation by fixed bacteria can sufficiently promote the growth of planted trees and can be planted effectively. In addition, because bamboo can be used as a waste material, it can contribute to the effective use of biomass and satoyama in mountain forests.

  The best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

(1) Manufacture of a vegetation base material First, the Example of the manufacturing method of the vegetation base material which concerns on this invention is described. The vegetation base material of this example is a mixture of 50% by volume of cotton-like bamboo fiber and 50% by volume of bark compost. Bark such as cedar, hinoki and pine is used as the raw material for bark compost. Moreover, as for the bark compost, the mature bark compost which fermented bark for about one year is used.

  The cotton-like bamboo fiber is compressed and ground between the teeth of the fixed teeth provided at the ends of both screws, while the bamboo material is compressed and ground by passing the bamboo material between the two screws of the twin screw extruder. The bamboo is extruded and cut into a cotton-like material by cutting the compressed and ground bamboo that is pushed out by a rotating blade that rotates in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed tooth. The cotton-like bamboo fiber can be manufactured using, for example, a crushing apparatus described in Patent Documents 7 and 8.

  FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the crushing apparatus described in Patent Documents 7 and 8. 1A is a plan sectional view, and FIG. 1B is a front sectional view. The crushing processing apparatus 1 has a twin-screw extruder 2 and a secondary crusher 3 provided continuously in the moving direction of the crushed material of the twin-screw extruder 2. Above the starting end side of the twin-screw extruder 2, an input shooter 4 that is an input port for crushed material is provided.

  In the biaxial screw extruder 2, the rotary shafts 5 and 6 of the screw are arranged in parallel, and the screw teeth 5a and 6a are spirally formed along the axial direction on the outer peripheral surfaces of the rotary shafts 5 and 6, respectively. Is formed. The helical pitch of each screw tooth 5a, 6a is formed so as to gradually decrease from the start end side toward the end end side. The cutting edges of both screw teeth 5a and 6a are opposed to each other with a gap of 2 to 3 mm.

  The rotary shafts 5 and 6 are rotationally driven by a drive motor 7. The power of the drive motor 7 is reduced to 1/3 by the reduction gear 8 and transmitted to the rotary shaft 5. The rotating shaft 5 and the rotating shaft 6 are interlocked via a reduction gear 9, and the power of the rotating shaft 5 is reduced to 2/3 by the reduction gear 9 and transmitted to the rotating shaft 6. Thereby, the rotating shaft 5 and the rotating shaft 6 rotate with a circumferential speed difference.

  On the other hand, the secondary crusher 3 is provided in the terminal part of each rotating shaft 5 and 6 of the biaxial screw extruder 2, and the boundary part between the biaxial screw extruder 2 and the secondary crusher 3 includes A guide member 10 for smoothly introducing the crushed material into the secondary crusher 3 is provided. The secondary crusher 3 of this twin screw extruder 2 is shown in FIG. 2A is a front view of the secondary crusher 3, and FIG. 2B is an exploded perspective view of the secondary crusher 3. The secondary crusher 3 includes two fixed teeth 20 and 20 and two rotating teeth 21 and 21. Each fixed tooth 20, 20 is provided in the vicinity of the end of each rotary shaft 5, 6 of the biaxial screw extruder 2 and coaxially with each axis, and is fixed to the main body of the biaxial screw extruder 2. The fixed teeth 20, 20 are formed with two through holes in one steel plate, and a plurality of incisors are formed in a sawtooth shape on the inner periphery of each through hole. The rotating teeth 21 and 21 are coaxially mounted on the terminal portions of the rotating shafts 5 and 6 of the biaxial screw extruder 2 and rotate together with the rotating shafts 5 and 6. The rotating teeth 21 and 21 are each formed of a separate steel plate, and a plurality of cutting teeth are formed in a sawtooth shape on the outer periphery of the steel plate. The rotating teeth 21 and 21 are mounted so as to be positioned in two circular guide holes 23 and 23 drilled in a guide plate 22 fixed to the main body of the biaxial screw extruder 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the incisors of the fixed teeth 20, 20 and the incisors of the rotating teeth 21, 21 are arranged so as to face each other, and as the rotating teeth 21, 21 rotate, The crushed material is sandwiched between the incisors of the fixed teeth 21 and 21, and is finely cut and crushed.

  When the bamboo material is made into a fiber, the bamboo material is input from the input shooter 4 to the twin screw extruder 2. The introduced bamboo material is drawn between the screw teeth 5a and 6a of the two screws that rotate in close proximity, and is sent toward the end while being compressed and ground by the screw teeth 5a and 6a. At the end of the screw, the compressed and ground bamboo is pushed out between the fixed teeth 20 and 20 of the secondary crusher 3. At this time, the compressed and ground bamboo material to be extruded is cut by the rotary blades 21 and 21 rotating in contact with the tooth plate surfaces of the fixed teeth 20 and 20. Thereby, bamboo material is cut and crushed and fiberized into cotton.

(2) Properties and basic physical properties of cotton-like bamboo fibers

(2-1) Morphological observation FIGS. 3 to 6 show photographs of crushed bamboo materials produced by each manufacturing method.
FIG. 3 is a bamboo chip manufactured by crushing bamboo with a tree crusher “Chip Shredder” (trade name) (see Patent Document 9 and Non-Patent Document 4) manufactured by Ohashi Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “bamboo chip”). .) This bamboo chip is commonly found and is widely used as compost and mulching material.

  4 and 5 show cotton-like bamboo fibers manufactured by a planting machine equipped with a single screw extruder described in Patent Documents 5 and 10. FIG. Actually, a “planting machine” (trade name) manufactured by Shinko Machine Co., Ltd. was used (see Non-Patent Document 5). As described in the “Background Art” section, the fiber transplanters described in Patent Documents 5 and 10 include a porous tip plate and a rotary blade at the tip of the screw conveyor. FIG. 4 shows a cotton-like bamboo fiber (hereinafter referred to as “cotton-like bamboo fiber A1”) obtained by crushing and shearing bamboo material with a diameter (diameter) of a small through hole formed in the tip plate being 25 mm, and FIG. This is a cotton-like bamboo fiber (hereinafter referred to as “cotton-like bamboo fiber A2”) obtained by crushing and shearing bamboo material with a bore diameter of 10 mm.

  FIG. 6 shows a cotton-like bamboo fiber manufactured by the crushing apparatus described in Patent Documents 7 and 8 (hereinafter referred to as “cotton-like bamboo fiber B”). Actually, a planting machine “Love Machine” (trade name) (hereinafter referred to as “biaxial mortar planting machine”) manufactured by Saiho Kiko Co., Ltd. was used (see Non-Patent Document 6).

  FIGS. 7 to 10 are photographs obtained by spreading a bamboo chip, a cotton-like bamboo fiber A1, a cotton-like bamboo fiber A2, and a cotton-like bamboo fiber B on a plane and taking images with a scanner. The cotton-like bamboo fibers A1 and A2 have many relatively large bamboo crumbs of several millimeters, but the cotton-like bamboo fiber B has few bamboo crumbs of several millimeters, and the fluffy bamboo aggregates It can be seen that many fibers are seen.

  FIGS. 11 to 14 are electron micrographs of the fiber structures of bamboo chip, cotton-like bamboo fiber A1, cotton-like bamboo fiber A2, and cotton-like bamboo fiber B, respectively. Bamboo chips treated with a chipper shredder (FIG. 11) showed little tissue destruction. It was shown that the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1 (FIG. 12) treated with the planting machine 25 mm caliber has a degree of tissue destruction partially, and the difference from the bamboo chip is not so great. On the other hand, it was observed that the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 (FIG. 13) treated with a 10 mm diameter planter was destroyed by twisting the bamboo fiber. Moreover, it was observed that the cotton-like bamboo fiber B (FIG. 14) processed by the biaxial mortar planting machine was significantly destroyed by twisting the bamboo fiber than the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2.

  From the above results, it was shown that the treatment with the biaxial mortar planter was the best from the viewpoint of the degree of destruction of the bamboo fiber cell tissue, and then the treatment with the 10 mm caliber of the planter.

(2-2) Particle size distribution Next, the particle size distributions of the above-mentioned four kinds of samples (bamboo chips, cotton-like bamboo fibers A1, A2, B) and different samples of cotton-like bamboo fibers A3, A4 with different crushing treatment methods. Measurements were made. The samples of cotton-like bamboo fibers A2 and B are cotton-like with long and slender fibers intertwined, and it is difficult to use particle diameters, average diameters, statistical diameters, equivalent diameters, etc. by approximating the sphere diameter, and reflect the substance well. I can't do that either. Therefore, it was decided to investigate the particle size distribution by classifying by the sieving method and obtaining the distribution under the sieve. (Table 2) and FIG. 15 show the measurement results of the particle size distribution of various samples by the sieving method. The mass applied to the sieve was unified to about 250 g for each sample in order to avoid variation.

Here, the cotton-like bamboo fiber A3 is a cotton-like bamboo fiber that has been crushed twice with a 10 mm diameter vegetation machine in a state where the bamboo is wet with water. Moreover, cotton-like bamboo fiber A4 is the cotton-like bamboo fiber processed by the vegetation machine 14mm aperture. In Table 2, when the classification fraction is “r _{1 to} r ₂ mm”, it passes through a sieve having an opening of r ₁ mm (hereinafter referred to as “r ₁ mm through”) and has an opening of r ₂ mm. The fraction remaining on the sieve (hereinafter referred to as “r ₂ mm over”).

  From Table 2 and FIG. 15, the bamboo chip has the largest fraction of 5 to 2 mm and occupies 34.5 wt%. This is followed by 25.2 wt% of the 2 to 1 mm particle size fraction, 18.6 wt% of the 10 to 5 mm particle size fraction, and the sum of these three fractions occupies 68.3 wt%. Therefore, it can be seen that the bamboo chip occupies most of the classification fraction with a large particle size of 1 mm over.

  As for cotton-like bamboo fiber A1 (planting machine 25 mm aperture), the 2 to 1 mm fraction is the most at 35.5 wt%, then the 5 to 2 mm fraction is 32.0 wt%, and the 1 to 0.5 mm fraction is 14.6 wt. %. Therefore, since the total of these three classification fractions occupies 82.1 wt%, it can be seen that the classification fraction over 0.5 mm occupies most of the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1.

  As for cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 (planting machine 10 mm caliber), the 2 to 1 mm fraction is the most, accounting for 35.2 wt%, then the 5 to 2 mm fraction is 25.0 wt%, and the 1 to 0.5 mm fraction is 18 The total of these three fractions accounted for 79.0 wt%. Therefore, it can be understood that the classification fraction exceeding 0.5 mm occupies most of the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 as well as the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1.

  The cotton-like bamboo fiber A3 (planting machine 10 mm caliber × 2 times, water added) has the largest fraction of 2 to 1 mm, accounting for 32.1 wt%, and then the 2 to 2 mm fraction is 26.2 wt%, 1 to 0. The 5 mm fraction is 17.6 wt%, and the total of these three fractions accounts for 75.9 wt%. Therefore, it can be seen that the cotton-like bamboo fiber A3 occupies most of the classified fraction of 0.5 mm over, like the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1.

  The cotton-like bamboo fiber A4 (planting machine 14 mm caliber) has the largest portion of 5 to 2 mm and occupies 21.9 wt%, then the 2 to 1 mm fraction is 18.3 wt%, and the 10 to 5 mm fraction is 16.4 wt%. %, 1 to 0.5 mm fraction is 15.8 wt%, and the total of these 4 fractions occupies 72.4 wt%. Therefore, it can be understood that the classification fraction exceeding 0.5 mm occupies most of the cotton-like bamboo fiber A4 as well as the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1.

  On the other hand, the cotton-like bamboo fiber B (biaxial mortar planting machine) has a 2 to 1 mm fraction of 17.3 wt%, a 1 to 0.5 mm fraction of 17.1 wt%, and a 5 to 2 mm fraction of 16.3 wt%. The total of these three fractions occupies 50.6 wt%. Next, 0.5 to 0.25 mm fraction was 12.8 wt%, 0.15 to 0.075 mm fraction was 11.7 wt%, 0.075 mm through fraction was 10.9 wt%, and these three fractions It accounts for 34.4 wt% in total. Thus, unlike the cotton-like bamboo fibers A1 to A4, the cotton-like bamboo fiber B is characterized by a remarkably large fine classification fraction.

  FIG. 16 shows the percentage of sieving of the various samples. The horizontal axis represents the classification fraction (mm), and the vertical axis represents the percentage under the sieve (wt%). From FIG. 16, the bamboo chips and the cotton-like bamboo fibers A1 to A4 are cotton-like while the proportion of the crushed bamboo particles or fibers with a classification fraction of 1 mm or less (1 mm through) is 40 wt% or less. In bamboo fiber B, it is 60 wt% or more.

  From the above results, the specific surface area of the cotton-like bamboo fiber B crushed by the biaxial mortar planter is extremely large compared to the bamboo chips and the cotton-like bamboo fibers A1 to A4 crushed by the above-mentioned other treatments. Was suggested. These results are in good agreement with the results of morphological observation of the above-described bamboo chips and cotton-like bamboo fibers A1 to A4 and B.

(2-3) Maximum water capacity Next, the maximum water capacity of the above-mentioned four kinds of samples (bamboo chips, cotton-like bamboo fibers A1, A2, B) and different samples of cotton-like bamboo fibers A4 with different crushing methods. Measurements were made. The maximum water capacity was measured using the Hilgard method described above. Further, the amount of water absorption was measured by the following method.

(I) Place 10 g of sample in a perforated container and immerse this perforated container in water for 24 hours.
(Ii) Next, the perforated container is lifted from the water and left in the air at room temperature for 24 hours.
(Iii) After the elapse of 24 hours, the mass of the sample containing water is measured.

  Table 3 shows the measurement results of the water absorption amount and the maximum water capacity per 10 g of each sample.

  From Table 3, the maximum water capacity is 80.7 wt% for cotton-like bamboo fiber B, followed by 73.8 wt% for cotton-like bamboo fiber A4, 69.0 wt% for cotton-like bamboo fiber A2, and cotton-like bamboo The order was 62.6 wt% of fiber A1 and 49.8 wt% of bamboo chips.

  These results correspond well with the results of morphology observation and particle size distribution of each sample. That is, the water-absorbing power of the cotton-like bamboo fiber B having a remarkably large classification fraction with a fine sieve opening is 1.6 times larger than that of the bamboo chip. Therefore, it was suggested that the cotton-like bamboo fiber B has a large water retention ability and is excellent in water retention. This also suggests that more fiber cells in the bamboo are destroyed by crushing the bamboo.

(3) Physicochemical properties of bamboo and various organic materials Next, the physicochemical properties of bamboo and various organic materials were examined, and the results will be described. Table 4 shows the measurement results of the physicochemical properties of bamboo 1 year, raw bamboo, bark compost, and peat moss. “Bamboo 1 year” refers to a bamboo that has been cut for about one year, and fresh bamboo refers to a bamboo that has just been cut. “Bark compost” refers to compost that has been fermented and fermented with bark for one year.

(A) Water content The water content was measured by drying each sample at a temperature of 105 ° C for 24 hours and measuring the mass of the sample before and after this drying treatment. As a result of the measurement, the amount of water is in the range of 55 to 58 wt% excluding raw bamboo, which can be said to be suitable for the growth of microorganisms.

(B) pH value The pH value is determined by mixing each sample and water (or KCl having a normality of 1N) at a weight ratio of 1: 5 to prepare a sample solution. (Patent Document 6, pp. 195-197). As a result of measurement, the peat moss had the lowest and strong acidity, followed by bamboo with weak acidity and bark compost with neutrality. Therefore, it is presumed that the best microorganism growth conditions are bark compost and then bamboo, and that peat moss alone is not most suitable for the growth of microorganisms.

(C) Total carbon amount and total nitrogen amount The total carbon amount was measured for each sample using a CN coder (Sumigraph NC-220F) (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 222-226). As a result of the measurement, the total amount of carbon was highest in raw bamboo, followed by peat moss, bamboo 1 year, and bark compost. Reflecting this, the bark compost was the lowest at 29, followed by peat moss at 77, followed by bamboo at 252 for raw bamboo and 275 for one year of bamboo. From this result, especially in the case of bamboo, the balance between carbon and nitrogen is greatly disrupted. Therefore, it is assumed that if the pulverized bamboo alone is directly poured into the soil, it causes nitrogen starvation in the plant. The same is true for Pete Moss alone.

(D) Inorganic nitrogen content As the inorganic nitrogen content, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were measured. Ammonium nitrogen was quantified by the Blemner method (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 242-243) using KCl having a normality of 1N as a reagent. Nitrate nitrogen was quantified by the Devarda alloy reduction-steam distillation method (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 257-259). As a result of the measurement, the amount of ammonium nitrogen was highest in bamboo for one year, followed by peat moss and fresh bamboo, and bark compost was the least trace. On the other hand, the amount of nitrate nitrogen was highest in bamboo for one year, followed by peat moss, bark compost, and raw bamboo.

  These results clearly show that bamboo with an extremely small amount of total nitrogen has a large amount of inorganic nitrogen, and that bark compost with a large amount of total nitrogen has a small amount of inorganic nitrogen. In particular, bamboo, which has the least amount of total nitrogen, has significantly higher amounts of both ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, suggesting that bamboo contains a lot of nitrogen that can be easily used by plants and microorganisms. ing. In addition, the amount of ammonia nitrogen in raw bamboo was significantly higher than that in bark compost with a large amount of total nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen was also found to be contained in an amount almost equivalent to bark compost.

(E) Exchangeable cation The exchangeable cation was measured by extracting an exchangeable cation from each sample using 1 mol / L ammonium acetate as a reagent, and then atomic absorption (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 176-179). Was quantified. As a result of measurement, the amount of exchangeable calcium (Ca) was markedly higher in bark compost, followed by peat moss, raw bamboo, and bamboo 1 year. The amount of exchangeable magnesium (Mg) was the highest in bark compost, followed by peat moss, raw bamboo, and bamboo 1 year in the same order as the amount of exchangeable Ca. The exchangeable potassium (K) amount was different from the exchangeable Ca amount and exchangeable Mg amount, with bark compost and raw bamboo being the most, followed by peat moss and bamboo one year. The amount of exchangeable sodium (Na) was the highest in bark compost, followed by peat moss, raw bamboo, and bamboo 1 year, as was the case with exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg.

  From the above results, it was shown that bark compost has remarkably much exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na, and especially remarkably much Ca. Moreover, it became clear that there is much exchangeability K in raw bamboo.

(F) Fertilizer component “Fertilizer component” refers to a component required for the growth of a plant, such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium.

  The total calcium (Ca) content of the fertilizer component was markedly higher in bark compost, followed by bamboo 1 year, peat moss, and raw bamboo.

  The total magnesium (Mg) content of the fertilizer component was highest in bark compost, followed by raw bamboo, peat moss and bamboo one year.

  The total potassium (K) content of the fertilizer component was highest in bamboo for one year, followed by bark compost, raw bamboo, and peat moss.

  The total sodium (Na) content of the fertilizer component was highest in bark compost and bamboo for one year, followed by peat moss and raw bamboo.

  From the above results, it has been shown that bark compost has significantly more fertilizer components Ca, Mg, and K, and particularly significantly more Ca. This corresponds well with the measurement of those quantities of exchangeability. Moreover, it became clear that K of a fertilizer component is many in bamboo 1 year. Furthermore, the raw bamboo has relatively large amounts of exchanged Ca, Mg, and K, although the total Ca amount, the total Mg amount, and the total K amount are small. Therefore, it is suggested that these components of raw bamboo exist in a form that is easily used by plants and microorganisms.

(4) Organic composition Next, since the organic composition of the bamboo and various organic materials was examined, the results will be described. In Table 5, the measurement result of the organic substance composition of bamboo 1 year, raw bamboo, bark compost, and peat moss is shown.

  The most water-soluble polysaccharide was raw bamboo, followed by bamboo one year, peat moss, and bark compost. The amount of hemicellulose, like the amount of water-soluble polysaccharides, was highest in raw bamboo, followed by bamboo 1 year, peat moss, and bark compost. The amount of cellulose, like the amount of water-soluble polysaccharides and the amount of hemicellulose, was highest in raw bamboo, followed by bamboo 1 year, peat moss, and bark compost.

  From the above results, it was clarified that water-soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose, and cellulose, which are readily degradable organic substances, are contained abundantly in bamboo, and especially in raw bamboo. On the other hand, bark compost showed that these easily degradable organic substances were significantly less than bamboo.

(5) Microbial growth ability

(5-1) Comparison of Bacterial Proliferation Ability of Bamboo and Various Organic Materials Next, the results of the evaluation of the microbial proliferation ability of bamboo (raw bamboo, bamboo 1 year) and various organic materials (bark compost, peat moss) are explained. To do. The microorganism growth ability was evaluated by measuring the number of microorganisms by a culture (dilution plate) method and a direct microscope method, and measuring the amount of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate: adenosine triphosphate). The inspection materials used for each measurement were prepared as follows.

(I) Mix 10 g of sample with 0.1 g of soil, add 60% of the maximum water capacity, and use this as a test sample. Here, volcanic ash soil collected from the field of Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center is used as the soil to be mixed.
(Ii) The test sample is placed in an incubator (incubator), and the incubator temperature is set to 25 ° C. and left for 20 days.

(A) Measurement of the number of microorganisms by the culture (dilution plate) method The measurement of the number of microorganisms by the culture (dilution plate) method was performed as follows. First, the test sample is pulverized using a homoblender, and 5 mL of the crushed test sample is placed in a medium bottle containing 45 mL of sterilized water, and shaken to prepare a sample solution. Furthermore, the operation of diluting this sample solution with sterilized water is repeated in the same manner to prepare a dilute solution of the desired concentration (in the case of mold test, 10 ⁵ times, in the case of bacteria test, 10 ⁶ times). . 1 mL of this diluted solution is mixed with 10 mL of the medium. Here, as a medium, a normal agar medium (10 g of meat extract, 10 g of peptone, 3 g of NaCl, and 15 g of agar powder was added to 1000 mL of distilled water, dissolved by heating, adjusted to pH 7.2 to 7.4, and 121 ° C. Use high pressure sterilized for 15 minutes). Then, the plate is cultured for 5 days in the case of mold and 5 days in the case of bacteria, the number of viable bacteria (number of colonies) is measured, and the amount of bacteria contained in the original sample is calculated.

(B-1) Filamentous fungi Table 6 shows the results of measurement of the number of bacteria and the number of filamentous fungi in each sample by the culture method. In addition, about the filamentous fungi, the number of the spores which grew according to the used culture medium was counted. Therefore, it does not necessarily represent the biomass of soil filamentous fungi. Most of the filamentous fungi cultured in this medium are equivalent to glycofilamentous fungi, and are assumed to be filamentous fungi that grow fast and have high degradation performance.

  From Table 6, the number of filamentous fungi was highest in peat moss, followed by raw bamboo, bamboo 1 year, and bark compost. Therefore, it was shown that filamentous fungi (glycomycetes) that grow fast and have high decomposability are significantly enriched with peat moss and raw bamboo.

(B-2) Number of bacteria Since a normal agar medium was used as the medium, most of the bacteria counted here are eutrophic bacteria that grow where the substrate rich in readily decomposable organic matter is abundant.

  From Table 6, the number of eutrophic bacteria was highest in raw bamboo, followed by bark compost, bamboo 1 year, and peat moss. In particular, peat moss was extremely low. From this result, raw bamboo has more eutrophic bacteria than nutrient-rich bark compost, and has the same number of bacteria as bark compost even in one year of bamboo. It is estimated that it contains a lot of organic matter. In addition, since peat moss has an extremely low number of eutrophic bacteria, it is presumed that there are few easily degradable organic substances as a substrate.

  In Table 6, B / F ratio shows that bark and bamboo 1 year are typical bacterial types, and peat moss and raw bamboo are typical filamentous fungi types.

(B) Measurement of the number of microorganisms by direct microscopy (fluorescence staining) The number of microorganisms by direct microscopy (fluorescence staining) is determined by the number of cells that have been stained with a fluorescent dye and emitted under a fluorescence microscope. Was directly counted, and the total number of bacteria was estimated by calculation from the counted value. Table 7 shows the results of measuring the number of microorganisms in each sample by direct microscopy.

(B-1) Total Bacterial Count The total bacterial count is a bacterium that is stained with a fluorescent dye EB (ethidium bromide), and both live and dead bacteria are counted. The total bacterial count was highest in bamboo one year, followed by bark compost, raw bamboo, and peat moss.

(B-2) Total Bacterial Count The total viable count is a bacterium that is stained with the fluorescent dye CFDA (carboxy fluorescein diacetate). According to Table 7, the total number of viable bacteria was the highest in bamboo 1 year, followed by bark compost, live bamboo, and peat moss, almost the same as the total bacterial count. These results suggest that bamboo is a material with a high ability to grow bacteria including non-culturable bacteria. On the other hand, it is suggested that peat moss is a material having a low ability to grow bacteria including bacteria that cannot be cultured.

  The ratio of the total number of live bacteria to the total number of bacteria is the highest at 36.5% for live bamboo, followed by 27.6% for peat moss, 23.4% for bamboo 1 year, and 21.0% for bark compost. Met.

(B-3) Respiratory activity-positive bacteria count Respiratory activity-positive bacteria count is a bacterium that is stained with the fluorescent dye CTC (5-cyano-2,3dtolyl tetrazolium chloride) and has an aerobic and high organic substance degrading ability, It is characterized by high activity.

  From Table 7, the number of respiratory activity positive bacteria was highest in bamboo 1 year, followed by bark compost, raw bamboo, and peat moss in the same manner as the total bacterial count and the total live bacterial count. From this result, it is estimated that bamboo is a material with high ability to grow highly active respiratory activity positive bacteria. On the other hand, it is estimated that peat moss is a material having a low ability to grow highly active respiratory activity positive bacteria.

  The ratio of respiratory activity positive bacteria to the total number of live bacteria is the highest at 10.1% for bark compost, followed by 8.3% for bamboo one year, 5.9% for raw bamboo, and 4.3% for peat moss It was in order.

(B) Measurement of ATP amount About each said test sample, the biomass amount of microorganisms was estimated by measuring the amount of ATP. Table 8 shows the measurement results of the ATP amount of each sample.

  From Table 8, the most microbial biomass (ATP) amount was in 1 year of bamboo and raw bamboo, followed by bark compost and peat moss. It is estimated that the amount of microbial biomass (ATP) in bamboo (especially raw bamboo) is largely due to the amount of filamentous fungal biomass. This is because raw bamboo has a large amount of microbial biomass even though the total number of bacteria corresponding to the amount of bacterial biomass (the total number of bacteria observed by direct microscopy) is considerably less than that of bamboo 1 year or bark compost. . Therefore, it is estimated that bamboo (especially raw bamboo) has a high ability to grow filamentous fungi.

(C) Summary (1) In each sample examined, the amount of water is in the range of 55 to 58 wt% excluding raw bamboo, and all are in conditions suitable for the growth of microorganisms. From this measurement result, from the viewpoint of moisture content, the best growth conditions for microorganisms were bark compost, followed by bamboo 1 year and peat moss.

  (2) The total amount of nitrogen was the highest in bark compost among the samples measured, followed by peat moss and bamboo. Reflecting this, the C / N ratio was 29, which was the lowest for bark compost, and then the lowest value in the order of heat moss and bamboo. In particular, the raw bamboo and bamboo one year had a very high value with a C / N ratio of 200 or more. Therefore, it was clarified from this result that bamboo, when applied alone to soil, has a high risk of causing nitrogen starvation.

  (3) In each sample examined, bamboo with an extremely small amount of total nitrogen contained a large amount of inorganic nitrogen, and conversely, bark compost with a large amount of total nitrogen had a small amount of inorganic nitrogen. From this fact, it became clear that bamboo contains a lot of nitrogen in a form that is easy for plants and microorganisms to use.

  (4) It became clear that bark compost has a remarkably large amount of total cation content, total Mg content, total K content, and corresponding exchangeable cation content. On the other hand, it was clarified that the raw bamboo has a small amount of total Ca, total Mg, and total K, but a relatively large amount of exchangeable cation corresponding thereto. Therefore, it has been clarified that Ca, Mg and K present in raw bamboo are present in a form that is easily used by plants and microorganisms.

  (5) It was clarified that water-soluble polysaccharides, hemirose, and cellulose, which are readily degradable organic substances, are abundant in bamboo, particularly in fresh bamboo. On the other hand, in bark compost, it became clear that these easily decomposable organic substances are significantly less than bamboo.

  (6) As a result of measuring the number of microorganisms grown by the culture method in each sample examined, the number of filamentous fungi was the largest in peat moss, followed by raw bamboo, bamboo 1 year, and bark compost. Therefore, it was shown that glycofilamentous fungi that are fast growing and have high degradability are particularly enriched in peat moss.

  (7) The number of eutrophic bacteria by the culture method was larger in the raw bamboo than in the bark compost rich in nutrients, and the bamboo one year also had the same number of bacteria as the bark compost. On the other hand, the total number of bacteria by direct microscopy, the total number of living bacteria, and the number of bacteria requiring respiratory activity are highest in bamboo for one year, and the number of living bamboo is almost the same as that in bark compost. It is suggested that it is rich in organic matter in a form that is easily converted into a form. This is consistent with the large amount of water-soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose, and cellulose that are readily degradable organic substances. In addition, the peat moss was extremely low in any number of bacteria.

(5-2) Differences in microbial growth ability due to differences in bamboo crushing method Next, in order to examine how the microbial growth ability changes depending on the bamboo crushing method, Four types of samples (bamboo chips, cotton-like bamboo fibers A1, A2, B) obtained by pulverizing bamboo were evaluated for their ability to multiply microorganisms. This microorganism growth ability was evaluated by the following method using a culture (dilution plate) method.

(I) Mix 10 g of sample with 0.1 g of soil, add 60% of the maximum water capacity, and use this as a test sample.
(Ii) The test sample is placed in an incubator (incubator), and the incubator temperature is set to 25 ° C. and left for 20 days.
(Iii) After 20 days, the test sample is pulverized and the number of microorganisms is measured by a dilution plate method. That is, a test sample is put in a test tube, 9 mL of distilled water is added, and a diluted solution of 10 ⁵ times for mold inspection and 10 ⁶ times for bacterial test is prepared. 1 mL of this diluted solution is mixed with 10 mL of the medium. Here, a normal agar medium is used as the medium. The plate is then cultured for 5 days for mold and 5 days for bacteria, and the number of viable bacteria (colony) is measured, and the amount of bacteria contained in the original sample is calculated.

  In addition, about the filamentous fungi, the number of the spores which grew according to the used culture medium was counted. Therefore, it does not necessarily represent the biomass of soil filamentous fungi. Most of the filamentous fungi cultured in this medium are equivalent to glycofilamentous fungi, and are assumed to be filamentous fungi that grow fast and have high degradation performance.

  Table 9 shows the measurement results of the number of microorganisms in each sample.

  From Table 9, the number of filamentous fungi is the largest in cotton-like bamboo fiber B (biaxial mortar planting machine), followed by cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 (planting machine 10 mm aperture), and cotton-like bamboo fiber A1 (planting machine 25 mm aperture) The order was bamboo chips. In particular, cotton-like bamboo fiber B had 6 times more filamentous fungi than bamboo chips. Moreover, it was shown that the number of filamentous fungi is about twice as large as that of the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2.

  The number of bacteria, like the number of filamentous fungi, was the largest in cotton-like bamboo fiber B, followed by cotton-like bamboo fiber A2, cotton-like bamboo fiber A1, and bamboo chips. In particular, about 3.5 times as many bacteria as the bamboo chip were observed in the cotton-like bamboo fiber B, and 1.4 times as many bacteria as the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2.

  Comparing the number of filamentous fungi with the number of bacteria, it can be seen that the difference due to the difference in the grinding method is greater for filamentous fungi. This indicates that the number of bacteria increases corresponding to the expansion of the growth place. Therefore, in the case of bamboo with a low pH value, it is suggested that filamentous fungi grow more vigorously than bacteria.

  The results of these microbial analyzes correspond well with the above-mentioned results of morphological observation, particle size distribution, and maximum water capacity of bamboo chips and cotton-like bamboo fibers A1, A2, and B. That is, in the method of pulverizing bamboo using a biaxial mortar planter, the components of the fine classification fraction are remarkably increased, so that the surface area and substrate on which microorganisms can inhabit increase, and the microorganisms are estimated to increase significantly. Therefore, from the above results, it was clarified that the cotton-like bamboo fiber B obtained by the crushing treatment of the bamboo material by the biaxial mortar transplanter significantly contributes to the growth of microorganisms.

(6) Field verification test by application to a slope test site Next, a test on microbial growth ability when actually applied to a slope as a vegetation base material was conducted, and the results will be described.

(6-1) Test Zone and Control Zone A slope with an inclination angle of about 15 degrees facing north was used as the slope test area. In this slope test area, a bamboo territory and a bark compost + bamboo compost were provided as test territories, and an ecoder ward, a peat moss ward, a bark compost ward, and a bark compost + chemical fertilizer territory were provided as control territories. In each treatment area, a vegetation substrate was sprayed with a thickness of 5 cm and then left in a natural state for about 12 months. Then, topsoil was sampled from each treatment section. In each treatment zone, the materials shown in Table 10 were used as test materials (vegetation base materials).

(6-2) Physicochemical characteristics of soil For samples obtained from each treatment section, pH value, total carbon content, total nitrogen content, exchangeable cation content, available phosphorus content, CEC (cation exchange capacity) The physicochemical properties of each sample were examined by measuring volume), lime saturation, and base saturation. Table 11 shows the measurement results of the physicochemical properties of each treatment section.

  The measurement of pH value, total carbon amount, total nitrogen amount, and exchangeable cation amount was performed in the same manner as in Table 4. The amount of available phosphorus was measured by the Truog method (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 267-269). The CEC was measured by the semi-micro Schollenberger method (see Non-Patent Document 6, pp. 208-211).

(A) pH value Regarding the pH value, the peat moss group was strongly acidic, the bamboo group was acidic, the ecoder group, the bark compost, the bark compost + chemical fertilizer group, and the bark compost + bamboo group were neutral. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the pH value of the applied soil in each treatment zone, the ecoder zone, the bark compost zone, the bark compost + chemical fertilizer zone, and the bark compost + bamboo zone are the most excellent for plant growth. It was shown to be the order of Ward and Pete Moss Ward. The pH value in the combined application with bark compost reflects that the pH value of bamboo is low, but the bark compost + bamboo is slightly lower than the bark compost + chemical fertilizer, but both are near neutral and large There was no difference.

  Based on the above results, the Ecoda District, the Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer District, and the Bark Compost + Bamboo District in the composite application district show more appropriate pH values than the bamboo district and the peat moss district in the single application district. It can be seen that the reactivity is excellent.

(B) Total carbon content and total nitrogen content The total carbon content is the highest in Peatmoss, followed by bamboo, bark compost + bamboo, followed by Ecoder, bark compost, bark compost + chemical fertilizer. It was the least. Contrary to the amount of carbon, the total amount of nitrogen was the highest in Ekoder and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, followed by Bark Compost, Bark Compost + Bamboo, Peat Moss and Bamboo. The C / N ratio reflects the carbon and nitrogen amount, and the bamboo area has the largest value of 110, followed by the peat moss area, the bark compost + bamboo area, the bark compost area, the bark compost + chemical fertilizer area, and the ecoda area. It was in order.

  Therefore, when viewed from the C / N ratio, it is inferred that the best soil environment is Ekoder and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer. Conversely, it is suggested that the worst soil environment is bamboo, peat moss, and bark compost + bamboo. In general, if the soil C / N ratio is not 15 or less, the risk of nitrogen starvation increases, so it is considered that the C / N ratio is high in any soil.

(C) Exchangeable cation The appropriate value of the exchangeable potassium (K) amount is usually 15 to 30 mg / 100 g in farmland. Therefore, the exchangeable K amount has an appropriate value only in the bamboo section. In particular, it is remarkably abundant in Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone, Ecoder Zone, and Bark Compost Zone. The reason why the exchangeable K amount is the largest in the bark compost + chemical fertilizer section is that the chemical fertilizer K is added to the bark compost in which the exchangeability K is accumulated at a high concentration. Therefore, in order to save waste of resources, the exchangeability K of bark compost must be reduced. In particular, it has been found that the application of chemical fertilizer K is not necessary.

  The appropriate value for the amount of exchangeable magnesium (Mg) is usually 25 to 45 mg / 100 g in farmland. Therefore, only the bamboo section has the appropriate value, as in the case of the exchangeable K amount. In particular, it is remarkably abundant in Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone and Ecoder Zone, which is about 10 times the appropriate value. In the Peatmoss district, the concentration was about 4 times the appropriate value, as in the Burke compost zone. The large amount of exchangeable Mg in the peat moss region is assumed to be due to the use of peat moss from the collection site where exchangeable Mg is accumulated.

  Since the appropriate value of the exchangeable calcium (Ca) amount depends on the soil pH, it varies depending on the pH value of each soil. When considering the pH value of each soil, the peat moss group and the bamboo group were in the soil environment with a low exchangeable Ca content. In other treatment zones, the amount of exchangeable Ca was remarkably high, particularly in the bark compost + chemical fertilizer zone, the bark compost zone, and the Ecoder zone. Therefore, when bark compost having a high exchangeable Ca is used as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the exchangeable Ca concentration by increasing the amount of bamboo or peat moss having a low exchangeable Ca content.

  From the above results, it was clarified that bamboo only has an insufficient amount of exchangeable Ca, and other exchangeable cation amounts are in the range of appropriate values. In particular, in the bark compost + chemical fertilizer zone, the ecoder zone, and the bark compost zone, any exchangeable cation significantly exceeded the appropriate value. If all the bark compost having a high exchangeable cation amount is used as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the exchangeable cation concentration by increasing the amount of bamboo with a low exchangeable cation amount.

(D) Available phosphorus The appropriate value of available phosphorus is usually 10 to 30 mg / 100 g in farmland. It was shown that the amount of available phosphorus in Pete Moss and Bamboo was less than the appropriate value. On the other hand, it was shown that the amount of available phosphorus in the bark compost + chemical fertilizer zone, the eco-derfer district, and the bark compost zone was significantly higher than the appropriate value.

  From the above results, it is considered that application of phosphoric acid is necessary in the single application section of peat moss and bamboo. On the other hand, when bark compost having a large amount of available phosphorus is used as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the concentration of available phosphorus by increasing the amount of bamboo or peat moss having a low amount of available phosphorus.

(E) CEC (cation exchange capacity)
The lowest CEC was in the Bamboo Ward, followed by Bark Compost + Bamboo Ward. The CEC values of the other treatment sections were all high, and were particularly remarkable in the peat moss section, the bark compost + chemical fertilizer section, and the bark compost section. Therefore, when bark compost having a high CEC is used as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the CEC by increasing the amount of bamboo with a low CEC.

(F) Lime saturation Lime saturation represents the degree of saturation of lime, and refers to the proportion of lime already in the soil in the CEC of the soil. That is, although the site | part which a base adsorb | sucks in soil is clay and organic substance, when this adsorption | suction site | part is used as a container, the ratio with respect to the container capacity | capacitance of the lime already contained in this container is shown. The appropriate value of lime saturation is usually 40 to 60% in farmland. Therefore, it was shown that the lime saturation of the peat moss group and the bamboo group is somewhat lower than the appropriate value. On the other hand, it can be seen that the lime saturation of the bark compost + chemical fertilizer zone, the ecoder zone, and the bark compost zone is significantly larger than the appropriate value, and the lime is excessive.

  Therefore, when using bark compost with high lime saturation as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the lime saturation by increasing the amount of bamboo with low lime saturation.

(G) Base saturation The base saturation (cation saturation) refers to a numerical value indicating what percentage of the soil CEC is occupied by the base. The appropriate value of base saturation is usually 60 to 80% in farmland. Therefore, it was shown that the base saturation of the peat moss group and the bamboo group was somewhat lower than the appropriate value, as was the lime saturation. On the other hand, it was shown that the base saturation of Ekoder, Bark Compost, and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer was significantly higher than the appropriate value.

  Therefore, when using bark compost having a high base saturation as a basic raw material, it is considered necessary to adjust the base saturation by increasing the amount of bamboo with a low base saturation.

  Summarizing the above results, when bark compost with a high nitrogen content, exchangeable Ca content, and available phosphorus content and high CEC, lime saturation, and base saturation is used as a basic raw material, There is a need to adjust the ingredients by increasing the amount of extremely low bamboo added. Conversely, when bamboo with extremely low values is used as a basic raw material, it is necessary to add bark compost to adjust the ingredients.

(6-3) Evaluation of ability of microorganism growth by culture method Next, the results of measuring the number of filamentous fungi, the number of bacteria and the number of spore-forming bacteria by the culture method for the samples collected in each of the above-mentioned treatment sections will be described. The measurement results of the number of filamentous fungi, the total number of bacteria, and the number of spore-forming bacteria by the culture method of the samples obtained from each treatment section are shown in FIG. 17, FIG. 18, and FIG. 19, respectively.

(A) The number of filamentous fungi The number of filamentous fungi was highest in the peat moss district, followed by bamboo district, bark compost + bamboo district, bark compost + chemical fertilizer district, ecoder district, and bark compost district. The reason why the filamentous fungus is enriched in the peat moss group and the bamboo group having a low soil pH value is that the soil is in an acidic state suitable for the growth of the filamentous fungus. The number of filamentous fungi is the same in the three districts of Bark Compost + Bamboo, Burke Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, and Ecoder, and the pH value is lower in both soils than in Peatmos and Bamboo. This is due to neutrality or weak alkalinity that suppresses growth. Moreover, it is presumed that the number of filamentous fungi is low especially in the Burke compost, because the pH value of the soil is weakly alkaline and there are few easily decomposable organic substances.

(B) Total number of bacteria In terms of the number of bacteria, Ecodder and Burke compost + bamboo were the most numerous, followed by Bark compost + chemical fertilizer, Burke compost, bamboo and peat moss. From this result, it was shown that the number of bacteria was enriched in Ekoda and Bark Compost + Bamboo with a lot of nutrients and nitrogen.

  In addition, in the bamboo area where the pH value of the soil is low and the growth of bacteria is suppressed, the number of bacteria close to that of the bark compost is maintained, and only by adding bamboo to the bark compost, it is comparable to the ecoder area. It was revealed that the bacteria grew. This result strongly suggests that bamboo has a significantly greater bacterial growth effect than peat moss.

(C) Number of spore-forming bacteria Among the spore-forming bacteria (genus Bacillus), bamboo shoots and bark compost + bamboo shoots are the most numerous, followed by Ekoder, bark compost + chemical fertilizer, bark compost, and peat moss. there were. From this result, it was clarified that bamboo has an extremely high effect of growing spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus bacteria). On the other hand, it is suggested that peat moss has a low effect of growing spore-forming bacteria.

(6-4) Evaluation of microbial growth ability by direct microscopic method (fluorescence staining method) Next, the number of total bacteria and the number of viable bacteria by direct microscopic method (fluorescence staining method) for samples collected in each of the above treatment sections The results of measuring the number of live bacteria for respiratory activity will be described. The measurement results of the total bacterial count, the live bacterial count, and the respiratory activity live bacterial count of the samples obtained from each treatment section by direct microscopic method are shown in FIGS. 20, 21, and 22, respectively.

(A) Total Bacterial Count The total bacterial count was measured by staining with the fluorescent dye EB as in the case of the measurement in Table 7. The total number of bacteria is highest in Bark Compost + Bamboo (36.7 billion) and Ecoder (36.5 billion), followed by Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer (32.5 billion), Peat Moss (30.7 billion), Bamboo The order was as follows: Ward (29.1 billion) and Burke Compost (22.5 billion). From these results, the variation in Ekoder, Burke Compost + Bamboo Compost, and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer is consistent with the variation in total bacterial count measured in the culture method, but is significantly different in other treatments. This is probably because the culture method can cultivate only about 1% of the bacteria present in the soil, and the fluctuation range of the number of measured bacteria is large. On the other hand, direct microscopic methods can detect all unculturable bacteria. Therefore, it is considered that the total number of bacteria obtained by the direct microscopic method is more accurate than the total number of bacteria obtained by the culture method.

(B) Total viable bacteria count The total viable bacterial count was measured by staining with the fluorescent dye CFDA as in the case of the measurement in Table 7. The number of viable bacteria is the highest in Ekoder (7.7 billion), Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer (7.5 billion), and Bark Compost (7 billion), followed by Bark Compost + Bamboo (4.3 billion) , Peatmoss (2.9 billion), Bamboo (2 billion). Therefore, it was shown that the number of live bacteria is large in the treatment area mainly composed of bark compost.

  The ratio of total viable bacteria to the total number of bacteria is highest in Burke Compost (30.9%), followed by Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer (22.9%), Ecoder (21.1%), Bark compost + Bamboo Ward (11.8%), Peat Moss Ward (9.4%), Bamboo Ward (6.9%). From these results, it became clear that the ratio of the total number of living bacteria to the total number of bacteria is high in the bark compost and the treatment area using bark compost as the basic raw material. Therefore, it is estimated that bark compost has a high ability to grow both culturable and non-culturable bacteria.

(C) The number of respiratory activity positive bacteria The number of respiratory activity positive bacteria was measured by staining with fluorescent dye CTC as in the case of the measurement in Table 7. Respiratory activity-positive bacteria counts were highest in Burke Compost + Bamboo (6.1 billion), Peat Moss (5.3 billion), and Bamboo (4.7 billion), followed by Burke Compost ( 230 million), Ecoder District (150 million), Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone (30 million). Therefore, there are many respiratory activity positive bacteria in the bamboo single application area and the bark compost + bamboo area to which 50 wt% of the bamboo is added, suggesting that the bamboo is involved in the growth of this bacterium.

  The ratio of respiratory activity positive bacteria in the total number of viable bacteria is highest in bamboo (23.1%), followed by peat moss (18.2%), bark compost + bamboo (14.1%), The order was Bark Compost (3.3%), Ecoder (1.9%), Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer (0.4%). From these results, it was revealed that the number of respiratory activity positive bacteria in the total number of viable bacteria was high in the treatment group to which bamboo and bamboo were added. Therefore, it was suggested that bamboo is deeply involved in the growth of respiratory activity positive bacteria, which are the most active bacteria.

(6-5) Enzyme activity The organic compound is decomposed by a hydrolase secreted from microorganisms. Therefore, we next measured exocellulase, protease, and phosphatase activities, which are involved in the degradation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds in plant remains and play an important role in the turnover of various organic substances.

(A) Enzyme activity cellulase involved in carbon metabolism
Cellulase is a complex enzyme composed of three types: exo-cellulase, endo-cellulase, and β-glucositase. Here, β-glucosidase and exocellulase activities were examined. Substrate cellulose is the most abundant substance among the components of higher plants. Therefore, cellulase that degrades cellulose plays an extremely important role in soil carbon metabolism.

  The β-glucosidase and exocellulase activities in each treatment group are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, respectively.

  The β-glucosidase activity was highest in the bamboo and bark composts + bamboo, followed by peat moss, bark compost + chemical fertilizer, bark compost and ecoder. Therefore, it was shown that the treatment group to which bamboo was applied alone and the treatment group to which bamboo was added significantly increased the β-glucosidase activity of the soil. This result suggests that bamboo has a relatively large amount of fresh substrate cellulose and many cellulolytic bacteria that degrade it. On the other hand, it is estimated that the reason why the β-glucosidase activity is low in the bark compost alone application zone and the ecoder zone mainly composed of bark compost is due to the fact that the bark compost has less β-glucoside compound as a substrate.

  The exocellulase activity was the highest in bamboo and bark compost + bamboo compost, followed by bark compost + chemical fertilizer, bark compost, ecoder, and peat moss, similar to β-glucosidase activity. Therefore, the cellulose contained in the bamboo is presumed to be smoothly decomposed due to the low proportion of the hard-degradable lignin that is firmly protected as in the woody system. Therefore, it is thought that it has caused enrichment of microorganisms.

(B) Enzyme-active protease (protease) involved in nitrogen metabolism
Soil proteases are mainly supplied by soil microorganisms. Soil proteins supplied by plants and microorganisms are broken down into peptides and various amino acids by proteases.

  The measurement results of protease activity in each treatment section are shown in FIG.

  Protease activity was highest in the Bamboo Ward, followed by Bark Compost + Bamboo Compost, followed by Ekoder, Bark Compost, and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Ward, and the lowest in Peat Moss.

  Due to the fact that the protease activity in the bamboo group is extremely high even though the total amount of nitrogen is extremely small, the protein contained in the bamboo, like cellulose, is more easily utilized by microorganisms than other materials. It is suggested that This is probably because bamboo has a small amount of lignin and a softer tissue than woody. This is supported by the fact that the protease activity is extremely low in peat moss with a small amount of total nitrogen as in bamboo. On the other hand, the reason why protease activity is low in the bark compost alone application area and the ecoder area mainly composed of bark compost is that the protein itself, such as bark, that is coated with a hardly degradable lignin is decomposed by microorganisms. It is thought that it is hard to receive.

(C) Enzyme-active phosphatase involved in phosphorus metabolism (phosphatase)
Microorganisms play an important role in mineralizing organic phosphorus compounds accumulated in soil. For example, many microorganisms such as Bacillus genus, Serratiaz genus, Proteus genus, Arthrobacter genus, Streptomyces genus, Aspergillus genus, Panicillium genus and Rhizopus genus are secreted. It is also secreted from plant roots and is the source of acid phosphatase in the soil.

  The measurement result of the phosphatase activity of each treatment section is shown in FIGS.

  Phosphomonoesterase activity to hydrolyze phosphomonoester compounds is highest in bark compost + chemical fertilizer, followed by peat moss, followed by bamboo, ecoder and bark compost + bamboo The bark compost was the lowest. From these results, it was shown that application of inorganic phosphorus as a chemical fertilizer has the effect of increasing phosphatase activity. In addition, it was shown that application of peat moss also has an effect of increasing phosphomonoesterase activity compared to application of bamboo or bark compost. In addition, when bamboo and bark compost were compared, bamboo was more effective in increasing phosphomonoesterase activity.

  The phosphodiesterase activity that hydrolyzes phosphodiester compounds like nucleic acids is the highest in Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone, followed by Bark Compost Zone, Bark Compost + Bamboo Zone, Peat Moss Zone, Ekodar and Bamboo were the lowest. From these results, it can be seen that application of inorganic phosphate significantly increases phosphodiesterase activity, as in the case of phosphomonoesterase activity. In addition, the phosphodiesterase activity in the bark compost was significantly higher than that in the peat moss and bamboo groups, unlike the phosphomonoesterase activity. In addition, it was shown that single application of peat moss has an effect of increasing phosphodiesterase activity compared to single application of bamboo or bark compost. Furthermore, the effect of increasing the phosphodiesterase activity was recognized when bark compost alone was applied compared to bamboo alone.

  From the above results, phosphatase activity is different from cellulase and protease, and is increased by application of chemical fertilizer, peat moss is more effective than bamboo and bark compost, and bamboo is more active than bark compost Was found.

(6-6) Analysis of microbial community structure by quinone profile method Next, the analysis of the microbial community structure of the soil in each of the above treatment zones was performed, and the results will be described. The analysis of the microbial community structure was performed by quinone profile analysis (for example, see Non-Patent Document 8), which is a biomarker analysis method.

  A quinone is one of the electron mediators in the respiratory chain of microorganisms, such as ubiquinone (UQ), menaquinone (MQ), plastoquinone (PQ), and phylloquinone (VKI). is there. UQ is mainly involved in aerobic breathing, MQ is mainly involved in anaerobic breathing, and PQ and VKI are involved in photosynthesis. Each microbial species has a structure consisting of one major quinone species. By investigating the quinone species of the mixed microorganism system and the abundance ratio (quinone profile), the constituent microorganism species of the microorganism system can be roughly estimated.

(6-6-1) Total quinone amount In FIG. 28, the measurement result of the total quinone amount in each treatment section is shown. The total amount of quinone was highest in the Bamboo Ward, followed by Ecoder Ward, Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Ward, Bark Compost Ward, Bark Compost + Bamboo Ward, and Peat Moss Ward. Since the total quinone amount represents the amount of microbial biomass, it is estimated that bamboo has significantly more microbial biomass than other organic materials. The cause was that ubiquinone (UQ) was very much. The microbial species constituting ubiquinone are mainly filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, and aerobic bacteria. Filamentous bacteria prefer acidity, actinomycetes and aerobic bacteria prefer neutrality. Bamboo has a low pH value and is suitable for the growth of filamentous fungi. Reflecting this, it can be understood from the fact that the number of filamentous fungi by the culture method is large in the peat moss and bamboo application areas. Therefore, bamboo is rich in nutrients that remarkably propagate filamentous fungi. Therefore, it is presumed that a large amount of fungal cells are accumulated. It can also be seen from the fact that the amount of ubiquinone in the bark compost + bamboo and Ekodar districts to which bamboo is added is larger than that in the bark compost, bark compost + chemical fertilizer and peat moss.

  Menaquinone (mainly anaerobic breathing) was the most common in Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone, followed by Ecoder District, Burke Compost District, Bamboo District, Burke Compost + Bamboo District, and Peat Moss District. However, there was not much difference between the treatment areas except for Peat Moss.

  From the microbial community diversity index (DQ), the most diverse are Ekoder, Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, and Bark Compost, followed by Bamboo and Bark Compost + Bamboo. It was revealed that the Peatmoss district was the lowest. From these results, it was clarified that the diversity of the microbial community is increased when various raw materials are mixed as in the case of Ekoder than when bamboo and peat moss are applied alone.

(6-6-2) Abundance ratio of various quinones FIG. 29 shows the measurement results of the abundance ratio of quinones in each treatment section.

(A) Ubiquinone (UQ)
As for ubiquinone, Ekoda, Burke Compost, and Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer 3 are Q-8 (β-Proteobacteria), Q-9 (γ-Proteobacteria and Fungi) and Q-10 (α-Proteobacteria). The abundance ratio is similar, but the peat moss group was extremely different in Q-10 and extremely different. In addition, Q-10 (H2) (Fungi: fungi) that does not exist in other wards appears in bamboo and bark compost + bamboo, and Q-9 consisting of γ-Proteobacteria and Fungi is also remarkable. Many were clearly different from the other wards.

  From these results, it became clear that application of bamboo significantly increased Fungi (filamentous fungi), and application of peat moss significantly increased α-Proteobacteria.

(B) Menaquinone (MQ)
As for menaquinone, the abundance ratio of each menaquinone species is similar in Ekoder, Burke Compost, Burke Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, and Bark Compost + Bamboo Compost, MK-8 (Micrococcus genus and Actinobacteria genus), MK Three species, -7 (Bacillus genus) and MK-9 (H6) (Streptomyces genus) were the main menaquinone species. The bamboo and peat moss areas were significantly different.

  The peat moss group includes MK-7 (H4) (Nocardiodes genus), MK-7 (Bacillus genus), MK-8 (H2) (Rhodococcus genus, Corynebacterium genus, Micrococcus genus), MK-8 (Micrococcus genus and Actinobacteria genus) , MK-9 (H2) (genus Arthrobacter) and MK-9 (H4) (genus Cellulomonas) were the main menaquinone species.

  On the other hand, in the bamboo group, MK-7 (Bacillus genus) and MK-8 (Micrococcus genus and Actinobacteria genus) are the main menaquinone species, and MK-9 (H2) that was clearly present in the other treatment groups ), MK-10 (H6) and MK-10 (H8) were very little present.

  As described above, microbial species were clearly different depending on the difference in organic materials. Therefore, it was clearly shown that microbial species are largely regulated by the substrate (nutrient) contained in each organic material.

  In addition, it has been clarified that bamboo has the effect of remarkably increasing the amount of microbial biomass by remarkably increasing filamentous fungi. The main microbial species of bamboo were γ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Fungi, Bacillus genus, Micrococcus genus, and Actinobacteria genus. On the other hand, the major microbial species of Ecoder, Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, Bark Compost + Bamboo are α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Streptomyces. there were. It was revealed that α-Proteobacteria is a major microbial species in the Pete Moss area.

(6-8) Biological nitrogen fixation activity Next, the biological nitrogen fixation activity was measured for the soil samples in each of the above treatment sections, and the results will be described.

  In FIG. 30, the measurement result of the biological nitrogen fixation activity in each treatment section is shown. The acetylene reduction method that is currently widely used to measure the nitrogen fixation activity of microorganisms (using the property that nitrogenase reduces acentylene to ethylene, 10% of the gas phase is replaced with acetylene, and a certain time later. (Method of estimating nitrogen fixation from ethylene production) (see Yoshio Tatsuo (1975), edited by Soil Microbial Research Association, “Soil Microbial Experimental Method”, Yokendo, pp. 302-308)).

  Biological nitrogen fixation activity was highest in Burke Compost + Bamboo, followed by Bamboo, Peat Moss, Burke Compost, Burke Compost + Chemical Fertilizer, and Ecoder. From this result, it was estimated that many nitrogen-fixing bacteria were alive in the bamboo and were actively fixing nitrogen. In addition, it was suggested that by adding bark compost to the bamboo, nitrogen-fixing bacteria were further proliferated and nitrogen fixation was actively performed.

(6-9) Nitrogen isotope ratio ( ¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N)
Then, the result will be described so was measured nitrogen isotope ⁽¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) Soil samples in each treatment group.

Figure 31 shows the measurement results of the nitrogen isotope ratio ⁽¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) in each treatment group.

  In FIG. 31, Delta Air on the vertical axis is an amount represented by the following equation (2).

Here, ( ¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) _Sample is the nitrogen isotope ratio ( ¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) of the soil sample in each treatment area, and ( ¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) _Standerd is the nitrogen isotope ratio in the natural world ( ¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N).

  Delta Air is the most negative in Bamboo Ward, followed by Bark Compost + Bamboo Ward and Peat Moss Ward. On the other hand, Delta Air was biased toward the positive side in the Ecoder District, the Bark Compost + Chemical Fertilizer Zone, and the Bark Compost Zone.

The more negative Delta Air is, the higher the ratio of ¹⁴ N compared to the natural abundance ratio, so the bamboo section contains the most nitrogen from light nitrogen in the atmosphere by biological nitrogen fixation. It is shown that. Next, the most common nitrogen fixed by biological nitrogen fixation was the bark compost + bamboo.

  These results indicate that bamboo provides a good growth site for nitrogen-fixing bacteria and is enriched with nitrogen obtained by biological nitrogen fixation. This is in good agreement with the results of biological nitrogen fixation activity. Therefore, it is presumed that bamboo is rich in readily decomposable organic carbon compounds preferred by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and is used as a feed.

  In addition, it was suggested that the treatment area where chemical fertilizer was added to bark compost alone and bark compost was not suitable for growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria because the nitrogen obtained by biological nitrogen fixation was low. Therefore, it is suggested that the bark compost has few easily decomposable organic carbon compounds which are substrates for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, by adding bamboo to bark compost, a large amount of easily decomposable organic carbon compounds are added, and a large amount of phosphorus and trace elements present in bark compost also play a role in assisting the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It was estimated that nitrogen-fixing bacteria grew and biologically fixed nitrogen increased. This result also corresponds well with the result obtained by measuring the biological nitrogen fixation activity.

  In addition, bamboo is rich in high-quality bacteria and fungi due to its high quantity of high-quality nitrogen, readily degradable organic compounds, inorganic components, and phosphoric acid that are small in quantity but easy to use for plants and microorganisms. This also corresponds to the fact that cellulase and protease activities were increased.

(7) Germination test Next, in order to investigate the effect of different crushing methods of bamboo on the growth of greening plants, a germination test was conducted using bamboos with different crushing methods, and the results were explained. To do. The germination test was performed using test materials as shown in Table 12.

  In the germination test, each test material was filled in four pots, and plant seeds (sea turf and native species) were sown in each pot. Then, each pot was left in a sunny outdoor area for 90 days, and the growth of plants in each pot was observed. In addition, we use tall fescue (Festuca araundinacea) (Poaceae) which is often used for slope planting as the Western turf, and the common habitat (Lespedeza cuneata) which is often used for slope planting ( Legume).

  The growth state of the plant in each test material by a germination test is shown in FIGS. FIG. 35 shows the transition of the number of plants in each sample material. The arrangement of the photo pots in FIGS. 32 to 34 (b) to (i) is as shown in FIG. 34 (a). In FIG. 32A, A to F represent the test material A to the test material F. For each test material, No. 1-No. The germination test was carried out using four pots of four.

  As a result of the test, the test material A showed that in the test material A, the plant grew very quickly compared to other test materials until 80 days after sowing due to the rapid effect of the chemical fertilizer. The momentum becomes stronger. However, 90 days after sowing, the plants began to die, most of the plants died 120 days after sowing, and the vigor decreased rapidly, and all the strains died 180 days after sowing. It came.

  In comparison, the growth of plants is moderate in the test materials B to F. Overall, the number of strains increases most at 60 days after sowing, and then starts to decrease. Until 90 days after sowing, the plants of the test materials B to F grow at a similar growth rate. However, since 120 days after sowing, the plant of the test materials E and F became slightly more dominant than the others, and when 180 days have passed after sowing, the plants of the test materials E and F The grass was clearly superior to the others. This is because the decrease in the number of plant strains of the test materials E and F is small and there is not much change in the number of plants after 80 days after sowing. This is because it decreases rapidly after 60 days after sowing.

  As for the plant of the test material B, the plant vigor started to decline slightly from around 120 days after sowing, and the plants that withered became conspicuous. Most plants died at the time when 180 days passed after sowing, and the number of grown plants was the largest. It was only about 14% of the time (60 days). About the test materials C and D, the same vigor was maintained and no significant difference was observed. However, the number of strains started to decrease from about 80 days after sowing, and 180 days after sowing. At that time, it becomes almost half of the test materials E and F.

  For the native species, the number of test materials E grew significantly, 13 and then the test materials E were 7 and the test materials C and D were almost antagonized. Test materials A and B resulted in almost no growth of native species.

  From the results of the germination test described above, it can be seen that the test materials E and F can create a soil environment in which greening plants can grow continuously. In particular, it can be seen that the test material E continuously provides an optimum environment not only for the turf but also for the native species. Considering the test result of (5-2) and the result of (6-9), this is the biological nitrogen by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the test materials E and F in which the absorbable nitrogen is deficient in the initial state. As a result of the increased fixing activity and the fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in the air, it is considered that the test materials E and F have created an environment in which plants can grow continuously. As for test material D, cotton-like bamboo transition B is used like test materials E and F, but the mixing ratio of bark compost is as high as 70% by volume, and the content of absorbable nitrogen from the beginning is high. Since it is large, the biological nitrogen fixation activity of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium does not increase, and it is considered that the proportion of plants that die is higher than that of the test materials E and F. Moreover, about the test materials B and C, biological nitrogen fixation activity is weak, and it is thought that the vigor decreased with time by consumption of the original fertilizer component. In addition, about the test material A, it is also considered that the density | concentration disorder by the fertilizer component has arisen by injection | pouring of the excessive chemical fertilizer.

(8) Conclusion From the above results, the vegetation base material is cotton-like bamboo fiber B obtained by crushing bamboo material until the ratio of crushed particles or fibers passing through a 1 mm mesh by sieve classification is 60% by weight or more. As a result, it was shown that the nitrogen fixation activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was strengthened, and a soil environment in which greening plants could be continuously grown was created. In addition, when using bark compost in an excessive amount when used as a vegetation base material, it tends to weaken the biological nitrogen fixation activity of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and tends to hinder sustained plant growth. Therefore, it was shown that the ratio of the bark compost added to the cotton-like bamboo fiber B should be 50% by volume or less.

It is sectional drawing of the crushing processing apparatus of patent document 7,8. It is the front view (a) and exploded perspective view (b) of the secondary crusher of the crushing processing apparatus of patent documents 7 and 8. Bamboo chips crushed by a normal tree crusher. It is the cotton-like bamboo fiber A1 manufactured by the planting machine provided with the uniaxial screw extruder of patent document 5,10 (outlet perforated plate aperture 25mm). It is the cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 manufactured by the planting machine provided with the uniaxial screw extruder of patent documents 5 and 10 (10 mm of exit porous plate apertures). It is the cotton-like bamboo fiber B manufactured with the crushing processing apparatus of patent document 7,8. This is a picture taken with a scanner with bamboo chips spread out on a flat surface. It is the photograph which spread cotton-like bamboo fiber A1 on the plane, and was imaged with the scanner. It is the photograph which spread cotton-like bamboo fiber A2 on the plane, and was imaged with the scanner. It is the photograph which spread cotton-like bamboo fiber B on the plane, and was imaged with the scanner. It is an electron micrograph of the fiber structure of a bamboo chip. It is an electron micrograph of the fiber structure of cotton-like bamboo fiber A1. It is an electron micrograph of the fiber structure of cotton-like bamboo fiber A2. It is an electron micrograph of the fiber structure of cotton-like bamboo fiber B. It is the measurement result of the particle size distribution by the sieving method of various samples. It is a measurement result of the under-sieving percentage of various samples. It is a measurement result of the number of filamentous fungi by the culture method of the sample obtained from each treatment section. It is the measurement result of the total number of bacteria by the culture method of the sample obtained from each process section. It is a measurement result of the number of spore-forming bacteria by the culture method of the sample obtained from each treatment section. It is the measurement result of the total bacteria count by the direct microscope method of the sample obtained from each process section. It is the measurement result of the total number of living bacteria by the direct microscope method of the sample obtained from each processing section. It is the measurement result of the number of respiratory activity positive bacteria by the direct microscope method of the sample obtained from each process section. It is a measurement result of (beta) -glucosidase activity of each process section. It is a measurement result of exocellulase activity of each treatment section. It is a measurement result of protease activity of each treatment section. It is a measurement result of phosphomonoesterase activity of each treatment section. It is a measurement result of phosphodiesterase activity of each treatment section. It is a measurement result of the total quinone amount in each treatment section. It is a measurement result of the abundance ratio of quinone in each treatment section. It is a measurement result of biological nitrogen fixation activity in each treatment section. The measurement results of the nitrogen isotope ratio ⁽¹⁵ N / ¹⁴ N) in each treatment group. It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (Layout diagram of each test material) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State immediately after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State on the 10th day after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State on the 20th day after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State on the 30th day after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State 60 days after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State 80 days after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State 90 days after sowing) It is a figure which shows the growth condition of the plant in each test material by a germination test. (State on day 120 after sowing) It is transition of the number of plants in each test material in the germination test.

Explanation of symbols

Crushing treatment device 1
Twin screw extruder 2
Secondary crusher 3
Input shooter 4
Rotating shaft 5, 6
Screw teeth 5a, 6a
Drive motor 7
Reduction gear 8,9
Guide member 10
Fixed teeth 20, 20
Rotating teeth 21 and 21
Guide plate 22
Guide holes 23, 23

Claims (15)

A slope revegetation method in which a vegetation base material that does not contain chemical fertilizer is sprayed on the slope to replant the slope.
Vegetation by spraying a vegetation base material containing cotton-like bamboo fibers formed by crushing bamboo materials until the ratio of crushed particles or fibers passing through a 1 mm mesh with sieve classification reaches 60% by weight or more Forming a base layer,
Let the nitrogen fixation in the air by allowing the vegetation base layer to stand naturally and breeding nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the vegetation base layer,
An aerial nitrogen-fixing bacterium induction method characterized by growing a sloped plant using the nitrogen component fixed in the vegetation base layer as a nitrogen fertilizer.   The cotton-like bamboo fiber compresses and crushes the bamboo material by passing the bamboo material between two screws of a twin screw extruder that meshes or rotates in close proximity, and is provided at both screw ends. The bamboo material compressed and crushed from between the teeth of the fixed teeth was extruded, and the compressed and crushed bamboo material extruded by a rotating blade that was in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed teeth was cut into a fiber shape. The method for inducing aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria according to claim 1, wherein   3. The method for inducing aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cotton-like bamboo fibers are crushed until the maximum water volume measured by the Hilgard method becomes 70% or more.   The aerial nitrogen-fixing bacterium induction method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the vegetation base material has a C / N ratio of 40 or more.   The method for inducing aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria according to claim 4, wherein bark compost is added to the vegetation base material in a proportion of 50% by volume or less in addition to the cotton-like bamboo fibers.   Cotton, a vegetation base material used as a spraying material for slope revegetation, by crushing bamboo until the proportion of crushed particles or fibers passing through a 1 mm mesh by sieving is 60% by weight or more A vegetation base material comprising a bamboo-like fiber.   The cotton-like bamboo fiber compresses and crushes the bamboo material by passing the bamboo material between two screws of a twin screw extruder that meshes or rotates in close proximity, and is provided at both screw ends. The bamboo material compressed and crushed from between the teeth of the fixed teeth was extruded, and the compressed and crushed bamboo material extruded by a rotating blade that was in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed teeth was cut into a fiber shape. The vegetation base material according to claim 6, wherein the vegetation base material is a material.   The vegetation base material according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the cotton-like bamboo fiber is crushed until the maximum water volume measured by the Hilgard method becomes 70% or more.   C / N ratio is 40 or more, The vegetation base material as described in any one of Claims 6 thru | or 8 characterized by the above-mentioned.   The vegetation base material according to claim 9, wherein bark compost is added in a proportion of 50% by volume or less in addition to the cotton-like bamboo fibers.   It is a slope structure in which a vegetation base material that does not contain chemical fertilizer is sprayed on the slope face for greening, and the ratio of crushed particles or fibers that pass through a 1 mm mesh by sieving is 60% by weight or more. A slope structure in which a vegetation base layer is formed by spraying a vegetation base material on the slope, including cotton-like bamboo fibers obtained by crushing bamboo material.   The cotton-like bamboo fiber compresses and crushes the bamboo material by passing the bamboo material between two screws of a twin screw extruder that meshes or rotates in close proximity, and is provided at both screw ends. The bamboo material compressed and crushed from between the teeth of the fixed teeth was extruded, and the compressed and crushed bamboo material extruded by a rotating blade that was in contact with the tooth plate surface of the fixed teeth was cut into a fiber shape. The slope structure according to claim 11, wherein the slope structure is a thing.   The slope structure according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the cotton-like bamboo fiber is crushed until the maximum water capacity measured by the Hilgard method becomes 70% or more.   The slope structure according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the vegetation base material has a C / N ratio of 40 or more.   The slope structure according to claim 14, wherein bark compost is added to the vegetation base material in a proportion of 50% by volume or less in addition to the cotton-like bamboo fiber.