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JP4528075B2 - Laser damage evaluation method for optical materials - Google Patents
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JP4528075B2 - Laser damage evaluation method for optical materials - Google Patents

Laser damage evaluation method for optical materials Download PDF

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JP4528075B2
JP4528075B2 JP2004271760A JP2004271760A JP4528075B2 JP 4528075 B2 JP4528075 B2 JP 4528075B2 JP 2004271760 A JP2004271760 A JP 2004271760A JP 2004271760 A JP2004271760 A JP 2004271760A JP 4528075 B2 JP4528075 B2 JP 4528075B2
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laser
laser light
laser damage
optical material
optical
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JP2005114720A (en
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共住 神村
亮介 中村
貞雄 中井
孝友 佐々木
勇介 森
政志 吉村
泰男 兼松
國雄 吉田
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Description

この出願の発明は、光学結晶等の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法に関するものである。さらに詳しくは、この出願の発明は、非破壊・非接触であって短時間で安価に光学材料のレーザー損傷耐力を評価することのできる光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法に関するものである。 The invention of this application relates to a laser damage evaluation method for optical materials such as optical crystals. More specifically, the invention of this application relates to a laser damage evaluation method for an optical material that is non-destructive and non-contact and that can evaluate the laser damage resistance of an optical material at a low cost in a short time.

従来より、レーザー光源は、情報・通信、超微細加工や医療分野で幅広く利用されており、そこではレーザー光の波長変換、集光・反射や増幅素子として光学結晶等の光学材料が用いられているが、レーザー出力が大きくなるにつれて光学素子や非線形光学結晶などの光学材料に生じるレーザー損傷が問題となる。とくに、高調波を発生する波長変換素子ではより高い出力が求められるが、それら波長変換素子はレーザー損傷閾値以下で使用する必要があり、レーザー損傷閾値を知る必要性が高い。しかしながらこれまで、非線形光学結晶の品質については評価基準がなく、全固体紫外レーザー光源の開発では実際に波長変換素子を用いて光を発生させなければ、必要とするレーザーの性能を満足するのに結晶が耐え得るのかが分からなかった。   Conventionally, laser light sources have been widely used in information / communication, ultra-fine processing and medical fields, where optical materials such as optical crystals are used as laser light wavelength conversion, condensing / reflecting and amplifying elements. However, as the laser output increases, laser damage that occurs in optical materials such as optical elements and nonlinear optical crystals becomes a problem. In particular, wavelength converters that generate harmonics are required to have a higher output, but these wavelength converters need to be used below the laser damage threshold, and there is a high need to know the laser damage threshold. However, until now, there has been no evaluation standard for the quality of nonlinear optical crystals, and in the development of an all-solid-state ultraviolet laser light source, if the light is not actually generated using a wavelength conversion element, the required laser performance will be satisfied. I didn't know if the crystals could withstand.

これまでの光学材料、たとえば光学結晶の結晶性評価の経緯としては、転位密度や、X線トポグラフ観察などの結晶学的な手法が一般的に広く用いられているが、結晶の局所的部分のみの評価、特殊なサンプルの加工が必要であり、レーザーに関係した特性との相関性がないなどの技術的課題を有している。   Crystallographic techniques such as dislocation density and X-ray topography observation are generally widely used as the background of evaluation of crystallinity of optical materials such as optical crystals, but only local portions of crystals are used. Evaluation, special sample processing is required, and there are technical problems such as lack of correlation with laser-related characteristics.

そこで、レーザーに関係した特性との相関性という意味で、たとえば図に示すように、Nd:YAGパルスレーザー(60)から出射したレーザー光を非線形光学結晶であるKTP結晶(61)に照射して第2高調波を発生させ、さらにCLBO結晶(62)を用いて第4高調波である266nm光を発生させて、その266nmレーザー光をアテニュエータ(63)を介してレンズ(焦点距離100mm)(64)で集光して非線形光学結晶などの試料(65)に照射し、レーザー損傷の有無を、He−Neレーザー(66)から出射されたHe−Neレーザー光を試料(65)に照射することで確認し(レーザー損傷が発生すればそのHe−Neレーザー光が試料を透過せずに損傷部分のクラックで散乱する)、損傷が発生した時の入射エネルギー強度をパワーメータ(図示省略)で計測し、ビーム径およびパルス幅から単位面積・時間当たりのレーザー強度を算出して損傷閾値とするレーザー損傷耐力測定が行われているが、その場合、非線形光学結晶といった試料の破壊値を測定しており、評価した試料は実際にレーザー装置に使用することは不可能であった。 In view of the correlation with the characteristics related to the laser, for example, as shown in FIG. 8 , the KTP crystal (61), which is a nonlinear optical crystal, is irradiated with laser light emitted from the Nd: YAG pulse laser (60). The second harmonic is generated, and 266 nm light, which is the fourth harmonic, is generated using the CLBO crystal (62), and the 266 nm laser light is passed through the attenuator (63) to a lens (focal length 100 mm) ( 64) and irradiating a sample (65) such as a nonlinear optical crystal, and irradiating the sample (65) with a He—Ne laser beam emitted from a He—Ne laser (66) for the presence or absence of laser damage. (If laser damage occurs, the He-Ne laser light does not pass through the sample and is scattered by cracks in the damaged part). Laser damage tolerance measurement is performed by measuring the energy intensity with a power meter (not shown) and calculating the laser intensity per unit area / time from the beam diameter and pulse width to obtain the damage threshold. The fracture value of a sample such as an optical crystal is measured, and the evaluated sample cannot be actually used in a laser apparatus.

また非破壊でレーザー損傷閾値を測定する方法として、非線形光学結晶であるCLBO結晶の結晶性を測定するのにビッカース硬度から推定する方法(特許文献1)も見出されたが、このビッカース硬度から推定する方法では結晶表面とその極近傍の内部での内部レーザー損傷閾値との相関を利用するため、表面近傍のみの評価か、均質で薄板の良質な材料については結晶全体の品質を正確に測定することができるが、通常の材料では結晶全体の品質分布が分からなかった。また、光学材料の非線形光学定数(二光子吸収係数・光誘起屈折率変化)の測定に関しては、Zスキャン法が確立されているが、そのZスキャン法は二光子吸収係数・光誘起屈折率変化などの物性値を正確に測定するために用いられている手法で、通常は解析が困難であり不確定なパラメータが発生する可能性がある厚板材料は用いずに薄板、薄膜試料を用いている。
特開2003−161683
As a method for measuring the laser damage threshold in a nondestructive manner, a method (Patent Document 1) for estimating the crystallinity of a CLBO crystal, which is a nonlinear optical crystal, was also found from the Vickers hardness. The estimation method uses the correlation between the crystal surface and the internal laser damage threshold in the vicinity of the crystal surface, so it is possible to evaluate only the vicinity of the surface, or accurately measure the quality of the entire crystal for high-quality materials that are homogeneous and thin. However, the quality distribution of the entire crystal was not known with ordinary materials. The Z-scan method has been established for measuring the nonlinear optical constants (two-photon absorption coefficient and light-induced refractive index change) of optical materials. The Z-scan method uses two-photon absorption coefficient and light-induced refractive index change. This method is used to accurately measure physical properties such as thin plate and thin film samples without using thick plate materials that are usually difficult to analyze and may cause uncertain parameters. Yes.
JP 2003-161683 A

そこで、この出願の発明は、以上のとおりの事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、非破壊・非接触であって短時間で安価に光学材料のレーザー損傷耐力を評価することのできる光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法を提供することを課題としている。 Accordingly, the invention of this application has been made in view of the circumstances as described above, and is an optical material that is non-destructive and non-contact and can evaluate the laser damage resistance of an optical material in a short time at a low cost. It is an object to provide a laser damage evaluation method.

この出願の発明は、上記の課題を解決するものとして、まず第1には、パルスレーザー光の入射エネルギーを増加させながらその透過率の変化を調べたときに、透過率が線形吸収による減少の後、非線形的に減少する挙動を示し、さらに光入射エネルギーを増加させると、破壊となる現象が生じ、その非線形的な透過率減少が二光子吸収によると判断されるパルスレーザー光と光学材料についてのレーザー損傷評価方法であって、レーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている品質の異なる複数の光学材料につき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を予め測定しておき、目的とするサンプルにつき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を測定し、その線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度をレーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている光学材料の線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度と比較することで、レーザー損傷耐力を見積もることにより、レーザー光照射にともなうレーザー損傷閾値を非破壊で評価することを特徴とするレーザー損傷評価方法を提供する。 The invention of this application solves the above-mentioned problem. First , when the change in the transmittance is examined while increasing the incident energy of the pulse laser beam, the transmittance is reduced by linear absorption. Later, when the incident light is reduced and the incident light energy is increased, the phenomenon of destruction occurs, and the pulsed laser light and optical materials are judged to have non-linear transmittance decrease due to two-photon absorption. In this method, the incident laser light intensity and transmitted laser light intensity are measured in advance while increasing the incident laser light intensity for a plurality of optical materials of different qualities whose laser damage resistance is already known. Measure the incident laser light intensity and transmitted laser light intensity for the target sample while increasing the incident laser light intensity. By comparing the degree of deviation from the inclination from the inclination with the degree of deviation from the inclination from the linear absorption of the optical material whose laser damage resistance is already known, by estimating the laser damage resistance, the laser damage resistance Provided is a laser damage evaluation method characterized by nondestructively evaluating a laser damage threshold .

第2には、上記第1の発明において、光学材料に対して、前記パルスレーザー光をスキャンさせ、光学材料内の多数の位置において二光子吸収に起因する透過率の低下を測定し、その結果を三次元でマッピングすることで光学材料の材料内全体について品質を評価することを特徴とする光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法を提供する。 Second, in the first invention, the optical material is scanned with the pulse laser beam, and a decrease in transmittance due to two-photon absorption is measured at a number of positions in the optical material. A method for evaluating laser damage of an optical material, characterized in that the quality of the entire optical material is evaluated by mapping in three dimensions.

以上、詳しく説明したとおり、この出願の発明によって、非破壊・非接触であって短時間で安価に光学材料のレーザー損傷耐力を評価することのできる新しい光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法が提供され、この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法により、今までよりも波長変換素子の信頼性がはるかに向上し、高出力・長寿命な高性能全固体紫外レーザー光源を実現することができる。またこの出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の評価結果を光学材料製造段階にフィードバックすることで、より高均質・高レーザー耐力な波長変換結晶を作製するための高品質結晶育成条件の最適化にも大きく寄与することができる。 As described above in detail, according to the invention of this application, a laser damage evaluation method for a new optical material capable of evaluating the laser damage resistance of an optical material in a non-destructive and non-contact manner at a low cost in a short time is provided. By the laser damage evaluation method for an optical material of the invention of this application, the reliability of the wavelength conversion element is much improved than before, and a high-performance all-solid-state ultraviolet laser light source with high output and long life can be realized. Also, by feeding back the evaluation results of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application to the optical material manufacturing stage, the optimum conditions for growing high quality crystals to produce wavelength conversion crystals with higher homogeneity and higher laser resistance It can greatly contribute to the conversion.

この出願の発明は上記のとおりの特徴をもつものであるが、以下にその実施の形態について説明する。   The invention of this application has the features as described above, and an embodiment thereof will be described below.

この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法では、パルスレーザー光の入射エネルギーを増加させながらその透過率の変化を調べたときに、透過率が線形吸収による減少の後、非線形的に減少する挙動を示し、さらに光入射エネルギーを増加させると、破壊となる現象が生じ、その非線形的な透過率減少が二光子吸収によると判断されるパルスレーザー光と光学材料についてのレーザー損傷評価方法であって、レーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている品質の異なる複数の光学材料につき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を予め測定しておき、目的とするサンプルにつき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を測定し、その線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度をレーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている光学材料の線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度と比較することで、レーザー損傷耐力を見積もることにより、レーザー光照射にともなうレーザー損傷閾値を非破壊で評価することを特徴としている。 In the laser damage evaluation method for optical materials according to the invention of this application, when the change in transmittance is examined while increasing the incident energy of pulsed laser light, the transmittance decreases nonlinearly after being reduced by linear absorption. This is a laser damage evaluation method for pulsed laser light and optical materials that shows behavior and further increases the incident light energy, causing a phenomenon that causes destruction, and that the nonlinear decrease in transmittance is determined to be due to two-photon absorption. For multiple optical materials with different qualities whose laser damage resistance is already known, while measuring the incident laser light intensity and the transmitted laser light intensity while increasing the incident laser light intensity, While increasing the incident laser light intensity, measure the incident laser light intensity and the transmitted laser light intensity, and tilt them from the linear absorption. By comparing the degree of deviation from the tilt of the optical material whose laser damage resistance is already known with the degree of deviation from the linear absorption, the laser damage threshold can be determined by estimating the laser damage resistance. It is characterized by non-destructive evaluation.

なお、この出願の明細書において、「光学材料」とは、光学結晶の他、石英ガラス等のガラス、プラスチック等の光学分野に使用される材料を意味する。   In the specification of this application, “optical material” means a material used in the optical field such as glass such as quartz glass, plastic, etc. in addition to an optical crystal.

パルスレーザー光の波長が透過限界波長よりも短い場合には、パルスレーザー光の透過が極めて小さくなるため透過率低下によるレーザー損傷耐力の評価が困難となり、パルスレーザー光の波長が長すぎる場合には二光子吸収の発生が少なくなり、効果的な光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法が困難となる。また、パルスレーザー光のパルス幅が10−16
より短いものは現在の技術では達成が困難であり、パルスレーザー光のパルス幅が10−6sより長くなると、パルスレーザー光照射によるレーザー損傷が発生するおそれがでてくる。
When the wavelength of the pulsed laser beam is shorter than the transmission limit wavelength, the transmission of the pulsed laser beam becomes extremely small, making it difficult to evaluate the laser damage resistance due to a decrease in the transmittance. When the wavelength of the pulsed laser beam is too long The occurrence of two-photon absorption is reduced, and an effective laser damage evaluation method for optical materials becomes difficult. The pulse width of the pulse laser beam is 10 −16 s.
Shorter ones are difficult to achieve with the current technology, and when the pulse width of the pulsed laser light is longer than 10 −6 s, there is a risk that laser damage will occur due to irradiation with the pulsed laser light.

二光子吸収が起こるためには不純物、欠陥などがない状態では一光子エネルギーの2倍のエネルギーが必要であり、その一光子エネルギーの値は波長により異なる(波長が長いものほど1光子エネルギーが小さくなる)。なお、結晶材料中に不純物、欠陥などが存在していると、結晶材料中のその部位は中間準位となっており、より小さいエネルギーで二光子吸収が起きる。   In order for two-photon absorption to occur, energy that is twice the one-photon energy is required in the absence of impurities, defects, etc., and the value of the one-photon energy varies depending on the wavelength (the longer the wavelength, the smaller the one-photon energy is Become). Note that when an impurity, a defect, or the like exists in the crystal material, the portion in the crystal material has an intermediate level, and two-photon absorption occurs with smaller energy.

たとえば、非線形光学結晶であるCLBO結晶に対しては、紫外領域のパルスレーザー光を集光照射することにより、CLBO結晶中に二光子吸収をより容易に発生させることができ、レーザー損傷耐力を測定することが可能となり、またたとえばCaF結晶に対しては、波長860nmのフェムト秒レーザー光で二光子吸収を発生させレーザー損傷耐力を測定するといったことが可能である。 For example, for CLBO crystal, which is a nonlinear optical crystal, two-photon absorption can be more easily generated in the CLBO crystal by focusing and irradiating pulsed laser light in the ultraviolet region, and laser damage resistance can be measured. For example, for a CaF 2 crystal, it is possible to generate two-photon absorption with femtosecond laser light having a wavelength of 860 nm and measure laser damage resistance.

これは、光学材料に、その光学材料の透過限界波長より長い波長を有しパルス幅が10−16s以上10−6s以下であるパルスレーザー光を集光照射して光学材料のエネルギー密度を増加させることで、レーザー光の出力が弱い場合には、材料固有の吸収係数に起因する線形吸収のみであるが、出力が増加してある程度のエネルギー密度になると線形吸収よりさらに大きな吸収である二光子吸収の発生確率が急激に増加し、この二光子吸収の発生により透過率が低下するため、この透過率の変化を測定することによってレーザー損傷閾値を評価するものであり、レーザー損傷閾値が低いものほど透過率の低下が大きく、逆に、レーザー損傷閾値が高く、結晶品質が優れているほど透過率低下が小さい。なお「二光子吸収」とは物質が2つの光子を吸収して励起させる現象である。 This is because the optical material is focused and irradiated with pulsed laser light having a wavelength longer than the transmission limit wavelength of the optical material and a pulse width of 10 −16 s to 10 −6 s. When the output of the laser beam is weak, it is only linear absorption due to the intrinsic absorption coefficient of the material. However, when the output increases to a certain energy density, the absorption is larger than the linear absorption. The probability of occurrence of photon absorption increases rapidly, and the transmittance decreases due to the occurrence of this two-photon absorption. Therefore, the laser damage threshold is evaluated by measuring the change in the transmittance, and the laser damage threshold is low. The lower the transmittance, the greater the decrease in the transmittance. Conversely, the higher the laser damage threshold and the better the crystal quality, the smaller the decrease in transmittance. “Two-photon absorption” is a phenomenon in which a substance absorbs two photons and excites them.

なおこのとき、光学材料に対して入射するパルスレーザー光の入射レーザー光強度Iと光学材料を通過した後の透過レーザー光強度Iの関係は図1のようになり、入射レーザー光強度Iと透過レーザー光強度Iの間には以下のような関係式が成り立つ。 At this time, the relationship between the incident laser light intensity I of the pulsed laser light incident on the optical material and the transmitted laser light intensity I 0 after passing through the optical material is as shown in FIG. The following relational expression holds between the transmitted laser light intensity I 0 .

<数1>
=Iexp(−A)
ここで、A=(α+βI)d
α:線形吸収係数
β:二光子吸収係数
d:光学材料の厚さ
I:入射レーザー光強度
:透過レーザー光強度
<Equation 1>
I 0 = Iexp (−A)
Where A = (α + βI) d
α: Linear absorption coefficient β: Two-photon absorption coefficient d: Thickness of optical material I: Incident laser beam intensity I 0 : Transmitted laser beam intensity

透過後のレーザー光強度である透過レーザー光強度Iは光学材料の特性である二光子吸収係数βに依存して入射レーザー光強度Iの2乗にしたがって減少する。なお、当然線形吸収係数αにも差は見られるが、非常に小さいため分光器などでは計測は困難である。 The transmitted laser beam intensity I 0 which is the laser beam intensity after transmission decreases with the square of the incident laser beam intensity I depending on the two-photon absorption coefficient β which is a characteristic of the optical material. Of course, a difference is also seen in the linear absorption coefficient α, but it is very small, so it is difficult to measure with a spectroscope.

入射レーザー光がある程度大きくなると、結果的にレーザー損傷が発生する。このことから、レーザー損傷が発生しないある程度強い入射レーザー光強度でも、同一材料で品質に起因する差(β:二光子吸収係数)を顕著に調べることができ、精度が良い市販の計測機器を用いれば、さらに弱い入射レーザー光強度でも充分に評価することが可能となる。   If the incident laser beam becomes large to some extent, laser damage will result. For this reason, even if the incident laser light intensity is strong enough to prevent laser damage, the difference (β: two-photon absorption coefficient) due to the quality of the same material can be remarkably examined, and commercially available measuring instruments with good accuracy can be used. For example, even a weaker incident laser beam intensity can be sufficiently evaluated.

なお品質に起因した、たとえば異なる種類あるいは異なる結晶性の光学結晶間の差は、線形吸収からの傾きのずれ、すなわち二光子吸収係数βで比較すると容易ではあるが、短焦点のレンズで集光した場合、材料内部で非常に微小なビームスポット径を形成するために計測が困難であり、照射条件によって微妙に変化するパルス幅などのパラメータが含まれているため、現状ではその数値を精度よく求めることができない。   The difference between optical crystals of different types or crystallinity due to quality, for example, is easy to compare with the deviation of inclination from linear absorption, that is, the two-photon absorption coefficient β. In this case, measurement is difficult because a very small beam spot diameter is formed inside the material, and parameters such as pulse width that slightly changes depending on irradiation conditions are included. I can't ask for it.

そこで、均質で品質が安定している代表的なレーザー用光学材料である石英ガラスについて基準として同様の入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を取り込みそれに対して、目的とする試料を同様に計測することで線形吸収からの傾きのずれに関して比較を行うといった方法が可能である。   Therefore, the same incident laser light intensity and transmitted laser light intensity are taken as a reference for quartz glass, which is a typical laser optical material that is homogeneous and stable in quality, and the target sample is measured in the same manner. Thus, it is possible to perform a method of making a comparison with respect to a deviation in inclination from linear absorption.

また石英ガラスおよびいくつかの異なる種類の試料についてはレーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっているので、それらの入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度をあらかじめ測定しておき、目的とするサンプルについて線形吸収からの傾きのずれの程度を調べて、既知の材料と比較することで、品質の程度とレーザー損傷耐力を逆に見積もることも可能となる。   In addition, since laser damage resistance is already known for quartz glass and several different types of samples, the incident laser light intensity and transmitted laser light intensity are measured in advance, and the target sample is measured from linear absorption. By examining the degree of inclination deviation and comparing it with known materials, it is possible to estimate the degree of quality and the laser damage resistance in reverse.

そしてこの出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法により、これまでのレーザー損傷閾値の測定方法のように光学材料を破壊することなく、非破壊かつ短時間でレーザー損傷耐力を評価することができるのである。 And the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application can evaluate the laser damage resistance in a non-destructive manner and in a short time without destroying the optical material as in the conventional laser damage threshold measurement methods. It is.

また、短焦点のレンズを用いて光学材料内にその光学材料の透過限界波長より長い波長を有しパルス幅が10−16s以上10−6s以下でありパルスレーザー光を集光照射することで、数十μm程度の局所的な部分の品質を非破壊・非接触で評価することができ、逆に、長焦点のレンズを使用することで、ある一定の領域の情報が積分されて測定できる。また、ビームをコリメートして小さいビーム径で測定を行うことで、ビームが伝搬した領域すべての情報を測定することができる。またさらにマッチングオイルなどのセルを用いることで任意の形状の光学材料であっても評価が可能となる。 In addition, using a short-focus lens, the optical material has a wavelength longer than the transmission limit wavelength of the optical material, and has a pulse width of 10 −16 s to 10 −6 s and focused and irradiated with pulsed laser light. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the quality of local parts of about several tens of μm in a non-destructive and non-contact manner. Conversely, by using a long-focus lens, information on a certain area is integrated and measured. it can. Further, by collimating the beam and performing measurement with a small beam diameter, it is possible to measure information on all the areas where the beam has propagated. Further, by using a cell such as matching oil, it is possible to evaluate even an optical material having an arbitrary shape.

この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法においては、レーザー損傷耐力を評価する光学材料のレーザー進行方向の厚みは、基本的に、使用するレンズの焦点距離よりも短ければよい。またこの出願の発明は、CLBO結晶などの非線形光学結晶に対して好適に用いることができるが、もちろんその他の光学結晶、ガラス等を含む光学材料にも適用することができ、例えば光学薄膜やレンズ材料のフッ化カルシウム(CaF)や石英ガラスについても適用可能である。 In the laser damage evaluation method for an optical material according to the invention of this application, the thickness of the optical material for evaluating the laser damage resistance in the laser traveling direction is basically shorter than the focal length of the lens to be used. The invention of this application can be suitably used for nonlinear optical crystals such as CLBO crystals, but of course can also be applied to optical materials including other optical crystals, glass, etc., for example, optical thin films and lenses. The present invention can also be applied to calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) and quartz glass.

そして、この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法により、光学材料に対して、前記パルスレーザー光をスキャンさせ、光学材料内の多数の位置において二光子吸収に起因する透過率低下を測定し、その結果を三次元でマッピング(イメージング)することで光学材料の材料内全体について品質を評価するといったことも可能となり、この非線形光学結晶のイメージングにより新しい光学材料評価技術が実現できれば、測定時間も短くてすみ、評価システムも安価に構成することができることから、光学メーカーなどの現場レベルでの導入も容易となる。 Then, according to the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application, the optical material is scanned with the pulse laser beam, and the transmittance decrease due to two-photon absorption is measured at a large number of positions in the optical material. By mapping the results in three dimensions, it is also possible to evaluate the quality of the entire optical material, and if this new optical material evaluation technology can be realized by imaging this nonlinear optical crystal, the measurement time will be reduced. Since it is short and the evaluation system can be configured at a low cost, it can be easily introduced at the field level of an optical manufacturer or the like.

また、この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法により、as−grownの結晶や最終的な波長変換素子の状態でも結晶性などの品質の評価が可能となり、非破壊・非接触なこれまでにない新しい実用的な評価技術を開発することが期待できる。 In addition, the laser damage evaluation method for optical materials according to the invention of this application makes it possible to evaluate the quality such as crystallinity even in the state of as-grown crystals and the final wavelength conversion element, which is non-destructive and non-contact. It is expected to develop a new practical evaluation technology that is not available.

以下、添付した図面に沿って実施例を示し、この出願の発明の実施の形態についてさらに詳しく説明する。もちろん、この発明は以下の例に限定されるものではなく、細部については様々な態様が可能であることは言うまでもない。   Embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Of course, the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and it goes without saying that various aspects are possible in detail.

実験例1
この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法に関する実験例を述べる。なお、紫外光ではない波長532nmのレーザー光を用いた場合のレーザー損傷耐力も評価した。
< Experimental example 1 >
An experimental example regarding the laser damage evaluation method for the optical material of the invention of this application will be described . The laser damage resistance when using laser light having a wavelength of 532 nm, which is not ultraviolet light, was also evaluated.

まず図2(a)に示すように、パルス幅が5〜6nsのNd:YAGパルスレーザー(1)から直線偏光の第2高調波(波長532nm)を出射し、そのレーザー光を波長変換結晶であるCLBO結晶(CsLiB10結晶:透過限界波長180nm)(2)に照射し、そのCLBO結晶(3)を用いて第4高調波(波長266nm)を発生させ、プリズム(3)を用いて波長ごとに分光して266nmレーザー光のみを取り出した。なお、プリズム(3)を用いて波長ごとに分光した266nm以外の、波長1064nmおよび530nmのレーザー光についてはビームダンパー(4)に照射させた。 First, as shown in FIG. 2 (a), a second harmonic (wavelength: 532 nm) of linearly polarized light is emitted from an Nd: YAG pulse laser (1) having a pulse width of 5 to 6 ns, and the laser light is emitted by a wavelength conversion crystal. A certain CLBO crystal (CsLiB 6 O 10 crystal: transmission limit wavelength 180 nm) (2) is irradiated, the fourth harmonic (wavelength 266 nm) is generated using the CLBO crystal (3), and the prism (3) is used. Only the 266 nm laser light was extracted by performing the spectrum for each wavelength. In addition, laser beams with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 530 nm other than 266 nm, which was spectrally separated using the prism (3), were irradiated to the beam damper (4).

次に、他の波長のレーザー光から分離した266nmレーザー光をミラー(5)で反射させ、1/2波長板(6)、偏光子(7)、ビームスプリッター(8)からなるアテニュエータ(9)を通過させ、その出力の一部をパワーメータA(10)に照射させてモニターし、その残りの出力を焦点距離100mmの短焦点レンズ(11)で非線形光学結晶としてのCLBO結晶からなる試料(12)内に集光し、試料(12)内での焦点スポットが50μm以下になるようにして図2(b)に示すように微小な領域(レーザーの進行方向に10mm、レーザーの進行方向と直角方向に50μmの領域)でのみ二光子吸収が発生するようにし、試料(12)内から透過した出力を高精度なパワーメータB(13)で測定した。   Next, 266 nm laser light separated from laser light of other wavelengths is reflected by a mirror (5), and an attenuator (9) comprising a half-wave plate (6), a polarizer (7), and a beam splitter (8). A part of the output is irradiated to the power meter A (10) and monitored, and the remaining output is sampled by a short focus lens (11) having a focal length of 100 mm and made of a CLBO crystal as a nonlinear optical crystal ( 12) is focused, and the focal spot in the sample (12) is 50 μm or less, so that a minute region (10 mm in the laser traveling direction, and the laser traveling direction as shown in FIG. Two-photon absorption was generated only in a region of 50 μm in the perpendicular direction, and the output transmitted from the sample (12) was measured with a high-precision power meter B (13).

レーザー光の出力が弱い場合は、材料固有の吸収係数に起因する線形吸収のみであるが、出力が増加してある程度のエネルギー密度になると、二光子吸収の発生確率が急激に増加し、線形吸収よりさらに大きな吸収(二光子吸収)が起こる。なお二光子吸収の発生確率は電界の強度の2乗に比例するので、1/2波長板(6)を用いて試料(12)に入射する266nm光の強度を増加させ、試料(12)内でのレーザー光のエネルギー密度を増加させていった。そしてその入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を比較し、二光子吸収を測定して透過率の変化を求めた結果、図3のグラフに示すような結果が得られた。   When the output of the laser beam is weak, only the linear absorption due to the intrinsic absorption coefficient, but when the output increases to a certain energy density, the probability of occurrence of two-photon absorption increases rapidly, and the linear absorption Even greater absorption (two-photon absorption) occurs. Since the probability of occurrence of two-photon absorption is proportional to the square of the electric field intensity, the intensity of 266 nm light incident on the sample (12) is increased using the half-wave plate (6), and the inside of the sample (12) is increased. Increased the energy density of laser light at. Then, the incident laser light intensity and the transmitted laser light intensity were compared, the two-photon absorption was measured, and the change in transmittance was obtained. As a result, the result shown in the graph of FIG. 3 was obtained.

なお、この例においては試料として結晶性が異なりレーザー損傷耐力が異なる厚さ10mm程度の3つのCLBO結晶を用いており、試料A(12A)はレーザー光(波長266nm、パルス幅4〜5ns)に対するレーザー損傷閾値が13.5GW/cmであり、試料B(12B)は同レーザー損傷閾値が16.7GW/cmであり、試料C(12C)は同レーザー損傷閾値が18.7GW/cmであった。一般に、二光子吸収の発生確率(二光子吸収係数)は材料内の欠陥や不純物などの品質にも依存する。CLBO結晶の場合、高品質化育成により結晶内の転位密度が大幅に低減させることができ高レーザー耐力化に成功している。そのため、試料(12)内の転位密度が多く、レーザー損傷閾値が低い品質が悪い材料ほど二光子吸収の発生確率が大きくなると考えられる。 In this example, three CLBO crystals having a thickness of about 10 mm and different crystallinity and different laser damage resistance are used as samples, and sample A (12A) is for laser light (wavelength 266 nm, pulse width 4 to 5 ns). The laser damage threshold is 13.5 GW / cm 2 , Sample B (12B) has the same laser damage threshold of 16.7 GW / cm 2 , and Sample C (12C) has the same laser damage threshold of 18.7 GW / cm 2. Met. In general, the probability of occurrence of two-photon absorption (two-photon absorption coefficient) also depends on the quality of defects and impurities in the material. In the case of the CLBO crystal, the dislocation density in the crystal can be greatly reduced by high quality growth, and the laser yield strength has been successfully achieved. Therefore, it is considered that the probability of occurrence of two-photon absorption increases as the dislocation density in the sample (12) increases and the quality of the laser damage threshold is low.

図3のレーザー光の入射強度と透過率の関係のグラフからも分かるように、品質が悪い試料ほど入射レーザー光強度が大きくなるにしたがって透過率が低くなっている。一方、内部レーザー損傷閾値の高い結晶、すなわちより高品質な結晶ほど二光子吸収が少ないことが明らかになった。また、図3中の3本の曲線が途切れた点がレーザー損傷閾値を示している。 As can be seen from the graph of the relationship between the incident intensity of the laser beam and the transmittance in FIG. 3, the lower the quality of the sample, the lower the transmittance as the incident laser beam intensity increases. On the other hand, it was found that the higher the internal laser damage threshold, that is, the higher quality crystal, the less the two-photon absorption. Further, the point at which the three curves in FIG. 3 are interrupted indicates the laser damage threshold.

実験例2
この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の一例を用いて、半導体リソグラフィー用のステッパー光学系や紫外用光学材料の一つであるCaF結晶(限界透過波長150nm)について評価を行った。CaF結晶は、紫外レーザー光(波長266nm、パルス幅4〜5ns)に対するレーザー損傷閾値がA:5.8mJ/cm、B:13.4mJ/cm、C:22.9mJ/cmのそれぞれ異なる結晶品質(レーザー損傷閾値)のものを用意した。
< Experimental example 2 >
Using an example of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application, a CaF 2 crystal (limit transmission wavelength 150 nm) which is one of a stepper optical system for semiconductor lithography and an optical material for ultraviolet was evaluated. The CaF 2 crystal has a laser damage threshold of A: 5.8 mJ / cm 2 , B: 13.4 mJ / cm 2 , and C: 22.9 mJ / cm 2 with respect to ultraviolet laser light (wavelength 266 nm, pulse width 4 to 5 ns). Different crystal qualities (laser damage threshold) were prepared.

波長775nm、パルス幅100fs、繰り返し周波数1kHzの超短パルスレーザー光をf=100mmのレンズでCaF結晶内に、高調波発生光学結晶は用いないで、それぞれ照射した。光学系は図2の(5)〜(11)、(13)については実施例1と同様である。超短パルスレーザーは、波長が長くても極めて電界強度のピーク値が大きいことから、CLBO結晶を測定したナノ秒のパルス幅の紫外レーザー光と同様に二光子吸収を容易に発生させることができる。レーザー光の照射強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度とCaF結晶を透過したレーザー光強度の関係から計算した透過率の変化を図4に示す。品質の悪い結晶ほどレーザー光強度が大きくなるにしたがって透過率が低くなっている。一方、内部レーザー損傷の高い結晶、すなわちより高品質な結晶ほど二光子吸収が少ないことが明らかになった。 An ultrashort pulse laser beam having a wavelength of 775 nm, a pulse width of 100 fs, and a repetition frequency of 1 kHz was irradiated into a CaF 2 crystal with a lens of f = 100 mm without using a harmonic generation optical crystal. The optical system is the same as that of the first embodiment with respect to (5) to (11) and (13) in FIG. The ultrashort pulse laser has a very large peak value of the electric field strength even when the wavelength is long, so that it can easily generate two-photon absorption in the same manner as the ultraviolet laser beam having a pulse width of nanosecond measured for the CLBO crystal. . FIG. 4 shows the change in transmittance calculated from the relationship between the incident laser light intensity and the laser light intensity transmitted through the CaF 2 crystal while increasing the irradiation intensity of the laser light. The lower the crystal quality, the lower the transmittance as the laser light intensity increases. On the other hand, it became clear that the two-photon absorption is less in the crystal with higher internal laser damage, that is, the crystal with higher quality.

実験例3
この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の一例を用いて、レーザーの光学系に幅広く用いられている石英ガラス材料(限界透過波長180nm)について同様の評価を行った。石英ガラス材料は、通常の石英ガラス(レーザー光(波長266nm、パルス幅4〜5ns)に対するレーザー損傷閾値6.9mJ/cm)と紫外域でのレーザー耐性の改善のためにフッ素を100ppm(8.4mJ/cm)ドープしたものと3700ppm(8.2mJ/cm)ドープしたもの((同レーザー損傷閾値8.2〜8.4mJ/cm)したものをそれぞれ用意した。
< Experimental example 3 >
Using an example of the laser damage evaluation method for the optical material of the invention of this application, the same evaluation was performed on quartz glass materials (limit transmission wavelength 180 nm) widely used in laser optical systems. The quartz glass material is made of ordinary quartz glass (laser damage threshold of 6.9 mJ / cm 2 for laser light (wavelength 266 nm, pulse width 4 to 5 ns)) and 100 ppm (8 ppm for improving laser resistance in the ultraviolet region. .4 mJ / cm 2 ) doped and 3700 ppm (8.2 mJ / cm 2 ) doped ((laser damage threshold 8.2 to 8.4 mJ / cm 2 )) were prepared.

波長266nm、パルス幅4〜5nsの紫外レーザー光をf=100mmのレンズで石英ガラス内に、実施例1と同様な光学系により、それぞれ照射した。照射スポット径は約50μmであった。レーザー光の照射強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と石英ガラスを透過したレーザー光強度の関係から計算した透過率の変化を図5に示す。光学結晶の場合と同様に品質の悪い材料ほどレーザー高強度が大きくなるにしたがって透過率が低くなっている。一方、内部レーザー損傷耐力の高い材料、すなわちより高品質な材料ほど二光子吸収が少ないことが明らかになった。 Ultraviolet laser light having a wavelength of 266 nm and a pulse width of 4 to 5 ns was irradiated onto quartz glass with a lens having f = 100 mm by the same optical system as in Example 1. The irradiation spot diameter was about 50 μm. FIG. 5 shows the change in transmittance calculated from the relationship between the incident laser beam intensity and the laser beam intensity transmitted through the quartz glass while increasing the laser beam irradiation intensity. As in the case of the optical crystal, the lower the quality of the material, the lower the transmittance becomes as the laser intensity increases. On the other hand, it has been clarified that a material having a higher internal laser damage resistance , that is, a higher quality material has less two-photon absorption.

<比較例>
一方、上記の例の比較例として、図6に示すように、パルス幅6〜7nsのNd:YAGパルスレーザー(1)から直線偏光の第2高調波(波長532nm)を発生させ、その532nmレーザー光を光学結晶からなる試料(12)に照射し、その透過率の変化を測定した。なお、Nd:YAGパルスレーザー(1)からの532nmレーザー光をプリズム(3)を用いてミラー(5)に照射して反射させ、その他の波長のレーザー光をビームダンパー(4)に照射し、波長532nmレーザー光のみを、1/2波長板(6)、偏光子(7)、ビームスプリッター(8)からなるアテニュエータ(9)を通過させ、出力の一部をパワーメータA(10)でモニターしてその残りの出力を焦点距離100mmの短焦点レンズ(11)で試料(14)内に集光し、その試料(14)を透過したレーザー光の強度をパワーメータB(13)で測定した。なおこの場合、試料(14)として結晶性が異なりレーザー損傷耐力が異なる厚さ10mm程度の2つのCLBO結晶(試料A(レーザー光(波長266nm、パルス幅4〜5ns)に対するレーザー損傷閾値19GW/cm2)、試料B((同レーザー損傷閾値15GW/cm2):透過限界波長180nm)を用いており、試料A、試料Bのどちらとも図7のグラフに示すように、透過レーザー光と入射レーザー光の強度の関係はほぼ線形で、結晶品質による吸収の差はほとんど見られなかった。この比較例で用いたパルスレーザー光の波長は上記式(1)の範囲外のものであった。したがって、波長532nmのレーザー光を用いた場合には二光子吸収を発生させることができず、レーザー損傷閾値を求めることはできないことが分かった。
<Comparative example>
On the other hand, as a comparative example of the above example, as shown in FIG. 6, a second harmonic (wavelength 532 nm) of linearly polarized light is generated from an Nd: YAG pulse laser (1) having a pulse width of 6 to 7 ns, and the 532 nm laser is generated. The sample (12) made of optical crystal was irradiated with light, and the change in transmittance was measured. In addition, 532 nm laser light from the Nd: YAG pulse laser (1) is irradiated and reflected on the mirror (5) using the prism (3), and laser light of other wavelengths is irradiated on the beam damper (4). Only a laser beam with a wavelength of 532 nm is passed through an attenuator (9) composed of a half-wave plate (6), a polarizer (7), and a beam splitter (8), and a part of the output is monitored by the power meter A (10). Then, the remaining output was condensed into the sample (14) by the short focus lens (11) having a focal length of 100 mm, and the intensity of the laser beam transmitted through the sample (14) was measured by the power meter B (13). . In this case, as a sample (14), two CLBO crystals having different crystallinity and different laser damage proof strength and having a thickness of about 10 mm (laser damage threshold 19 GW / cm 2 for sample A (laser light (wavelength 266 nm, pulse width 4 to 5 ns)). ), Sample B ((the same laser damage threshold 15 GW / cm 2): transmission limit wavelength 180 nm), as shown in the graph of FIG. 7 for both sample A and sample B, the transmission laser light and the incident laser light The relationship between the intensities was almost linear, and there was almost no difference in absorption due to crystal quality.The wavelength of the pulse laser beam used in this comparative example was outside the range of the above formula (1). It can be seen that when using 532 nm laser light, two-photon absorption cannot be generated and the laser damage threshold cannot be determined. It was.

この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の原理の一部を示す概念図である。It is a conceptual diagram which shows a part of principle of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of invention of this application. この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の一実施形態を例示した概念図である。It is the conceptual diagram which illustrated one Embodiment of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of invention of this application. この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の一実施形態の結果を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the result of one Embodiment of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of invention of this application. この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法の別の実施形態の結果を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the result of another embodiment of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application. この出願の発明の光学材料のレーザー損傷評価方法のさらに別の実施形態の結果を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the result of another embodiment of the laser damage evaluation method of the optical material of the invention of this application. 532nmレーザー光を用いた場合のレーザー損傷評価方法の一実施形態を例示した概念図である。Is a conceptual diagram illustrating an embodiment of a laser damage evaluation method using the 532nm laser beam. 532nmレーザー光を用いた場合のレーザー損傷評価方法の一実施形態の結果を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the result of one Embodiment of the laser damage evaluation method at the time of using a 532 nm laser beam. 従来のレーザー損傷耐力測定方法の一実施形態を例示した概念図である。It is the conceptual diagram which illustrated one Embodiment of the conventional laser damage tolerance measuring method.

1 Nd:YAGパルスレーザー
2 CLBO結晶
3 プリズム
4 ビームダンパー
5 ミラー
6 1/2波長板
7 偏光子
8 ビームスプリッタ−
9 アテニュエータ
10 パワーメータA
11 短焦点レンズ
12、12A、12B、12C 試料
13 パワーメータB
14、14A、14B 試料
1 Nd: YAG pulse laser 2 CLBO crystal 3 prism 4 beam damper 5 mirror 6 half-wave plate 7 polarizer 8 beam splitter
9 Attenuator 10 Power meter A
11 Short focus lens 12, 12A, 12B, 12C Sample 13 Power meter B
14, 14A, 14B Sample

Claims (2)

パルスレーザー光の入射エネルギーを増加させながらその透過率の変化を調べたときに、透過率が線形吸収による減少の後、非線形的に減少する挙動を示し、さらに光入射エネルギーを増加させると、破壊となる現象が生じ、その非線形的な透過率減少が二光子吸収によると判断されるパルスレーザー光と光学材料についてのレーザー損傷評価方法であって、レーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている品質の異なる複数の光学材料につき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を予め測定しておき、目的とするサンプルにつき、入射レーザー光強度を増加させながら、入射レーザー光強度と透過レーザー光強度を測定し、その線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度をレーザー損傷耐力が既に分かっている光学材料の線形吸収からの傾きからのずれの程度と比較することで、レーザー損傷耐力を見積もることにより、レーザー光照射にともなうレーザー損傷閾値を非破壊で評価することを特徴とするレーザー損傷評価方法。 When the change in transmittance was investigated while increasing the incident energy of pulsed laser light, the transmittance showed a non-linear decrease behavior after a decrease due to linear absorption. This is a laser damage evaluation method for pulsed laser light and optical materials whose nonlinear transmittance decrease is judged to be due to two-photon absorption. For each optical material, the incident laser light intensity and the transmitted laser light intensity were measured in advance while increasing the incident laser light intensity, and the incident laser light intensity was increased for each target sample while increasing the incident laser light intensity. Measure the transmitted laser light intensity, and the laser damage resistance has already been determined for the degree of deviation from the linear absorption. By comparing the degree deviation of from the slope of the linear absorption of the optical material, by estimating the laser damage tolerance, laser damage evaluation method and evaluating the laser damage threshold due to laser irradiation in a non-destructive . 光学材料に対して、前記パルスレーザー光をスキャンさせ、光学材料内の多数の位置において透過率の低下を測定し、その結果を三次元でマッピングすることで光学材料の材料内全体について品質を評価することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレーザー損傷評価方法。 The optical material is scanned with the pulsed laser light, the decrease in transmittance is measured at many positions in the optical material, and the result is mapped in three dimensions to evaluate the quality of the entire optical material in the material. The laser damage evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein:
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