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JP4550356B2 - Diagnosis method of brain tissue degeneration - Google Patents
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JP4550356B2 - Diagnosis method of brain tissue degeneration - Google Patents

Diagnosis method of brain tissue degeneration Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4550356B2
JP4550356B2 JP2002316703A JP2002316703A JP4550356B2 JP 4550356 B2 JP4550356 B2 JP 4550356B2 JP 2002316703 A JP2002316703 A JP 2002316703A JP 2002316703 A JP2002316703 A JP 2002316703A JP 4550356 B2 JP4550356 B2 JP 4550356B2
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brain tissue
ultrasound
dap12
ultrasonic
mouse
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JP2004147872A (en
JP2004147872A5 (en
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俊行 高井
芳文 西條
章子 菅原
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08Clinical applications
    • A61B8/0808Clinical applications for diagnosis of the brain

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  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、脳組織や脳組織標本における超音波の音響特性の変化を利用した、ミエリンの発達障害に基づく精神分裂病及びそれに由来する痴呆症等の脳組織変性の診断方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
硬化性白質脳症を伴う多発嚢胞性脂肪膜性骨異形成症、又は那須−ハコラ病(例えば、非特許文献1、2参照。)は、日本とフィンランドにおいて発見された稀な中枢神経系疾患である。那須−ハコラ病患者は、骨嚢胞組織の形成に加えて、性格変化などの精神異常の症状を経て初老期痴呆を必発する。フィンランドの患者では、5.3kbのDAP12[KARAP(Killer activating receptor associated protein)/TYROBP(protein tyrosine kinase binding protein)]遺伝子座が欠損する変異が見られた。別の欠陥をもつ日本の患者は、遺伝子の第3エクソンで単一のヌクレオチドが欠損しており、両患者とも、主に免疫組織にみられる細胞膜アダプタータンパク質(membrane adaptor protein;例えば、非特許文献3、4参照。)であるDAP12の機能が失われることによるものであることが知られている(例えば、非特許文献5参照。)。
【0003】
上記DAP12(DNAX activation protein 12)は活性化モチーフITAMを有する膜貫通タンパク質であり、リン酸化によりZAP−70やSykと結合することが示唆されており、ヒトにおいて19q13.1に位置する1コピー遺伝子にコードされ、マウスにおいても存在することが知られている。かかるDAP12のmRNAは単球、樹状細胞、ナチュラルキラー細胞などに多く発現され、DAP12は単にKAR群の活性化シグナリングに関与するだけではなく、ヒトsignal regulatory protein(SIRP)beta1、ヒトやマウスのmyeloid DAP12-associating lectin(MDL)−1、triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells(TREM)と会合することも知られている。また、DAP12がCD94/NKG2Cなど、Cタイプレクチンファミリーに属するKAR分子とも会合し、機能していることが報告されている(例えば、非特許文献6〜8参照。)。
【0004】
従来、中枢神経系疾患の器質的診断には、CT(Computed Tomography)、MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)、PET(Positron Emission Tomography)などの画像診断が行われてきた。CTやMRIは癌やその他の病変を視覚的に診断することができることから、医療においてなくてはならない検査機器となっているが、CTはX線及び放射性同位元素を使用するため、これらX線や放射性同位元素が生体に与える影響を無視することはできず、MRIは非常に強力な磁気及び電波を使用するため、強力な磁気及び電波が生体に与える影響を無視することはできない。また、PETは、アイソトープ化されている薬剤(FDG;18F−2−デオキシ−2−フルオロ−D−グルコース)を使用することにより、腫瘍のように細胞活動の活発な箇所、すなわちグルコースの取り込み量が多く、放射活性の高い部位、組織についての情報を得ることができ、発病部位を特定する能力に優れているが、診断できる対象疾患が癌や一部の細胞活性の高い疾患に限られる。さらに、上記のいずれの画像診断方法においても診断対象は、臓器・器官レベルの、視覚で捕らえることのできる大きさに限られ、視覚で捕らえることのできない大きさの異変を対象にして画像診断することはできなかった。
【0005】
他方、超音波は、現在医療界において臨床的な診断等に用いられている。超音波診断装置では2〜15MHz、血管内超音波では20〜40MHz、眼科領域では12〜100MHzの周波数帯の超音波が用いられており、特に、眼科領域で60MHz以上の高周波数のものは生体超音波顕微鏡(Ultrasonic Biomicroscope;UBM)と呼ばれている。UBMは通常の超音波診断装置と同じBモード(断層像)で、かつ高周波数、高解像度のものの総称で、このUBMを用いると定性的診断が可能となる。超音波顕微鏡(Acoustic microscope)は、試料面を機械的に走査しながら、集束型の超音波プローブによって試料に超音波を照射し、試料表面に表面波を励起させて、試料からの反射超音波の振幅や位相の分布を画像化することにより、試料の表面及び内部の情報や試料の弾性的性質を取得できるとされている。一般的には100MHz〜数GHzの周波数を使用し、Cモード(平らに置いたものを上から見た画像)で、高精度の定量的診断が可能となる。液体カプラには純水が多く使われているため、非常に高価である。そのため、周波数30〜50MHzの低周波センサが考案されている。
【0006】
本発明者らも、医学及び生物学において超音波顕微鏡を応用してきた(例えば、非特許文献9、10参照。)。また本発明者らは、聴覚パラメータを定量測定するための線収束型超音波顕微鏡を開発し(例えば、非特許文献11参照。)、生物組織の定量聴覚測定に応用してきた。そして、超音波顕微鏡が胃ガン(例えば、非特許文献12参照。)、腎臓(例えば、非特許文献13参照。)におけるガンの種類を分析できることを報告している。
【0007】
【非特許文献1】
Acta Pathol. Jpn. 23, 539-558, 1973
【非特許文献2】
J. Med. Genet. 34, 753-757, 1997
【非特許文献3】
J. Immunol. 158, 5083-5086, 1997
【非特許文献4】
Nature 391, 703-707, 1998
【非特許文献5】
Nature Genet. 25, 357-361, 2000
【非特許文献6】
Immunity 8, 693-701, 1998
【非特許文献7】
J. Immunol. 161, 7-10, 1998
【非特許文献8】
J. Immunol. 160, 4148-52, 1998
【非特許文献9】
IEEE Trans Sonics Ultrason, SU-32, 132-135, 1985
【非特許文献10】
Jpn J appl Phys, 26, 52-54, 1987
【非特許文献11】
Ultrasound Med Biol, 26, S30-S32, 2000
【非特許文献12】
Ultrasound Med Biol, 17, 709-714, 1991
【非特許文献13】
Ultrasound Med Biol, 22, 1261-1265, 1996
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記のように、精神分裂病及びそれに引き続く若年性痴呆を必発する那須−ハコラ病では、免疫系受容体シグナルアダプター分子であるDAP12遺伝子の欠損が、その病因であると証明された。また、精神分裂病の脳組織所見として、視床及び海馬におけるミエリン形成不全、つまりオリゴデンドログリア発達障害が特徴的であることが示され、病因遺伝子と組織異常の相関が解明されつつある。
したがって、DAP12欠損マウスの脳組織におけるミエリン形成不全の検出は、DAP12欠損マウスが痴呆モデルであることを示すと同時に、痴呆の早期診断方法開発の鍵となる。特に、ミエリンの発達障害(形成不全)に基づく精神分裂病及びそれに由来する若年性痴呆は、100〜1000人に1人とも言われ、その早期診断による的確な病態評価と診断を基礎にした治療が、QOLの観点から強く望まれている。
【0009】
一方、超音波を利用し、正常細胞と異常細胞の音響特性変化(超音波の減衰)を検出することにより、これまでの画像診断によってはこれらを判別することが不可能であった通常のCTやMRIでは一見して正常な組織形態を有する病変や、視覚によっては捕らえることのできないほどの大きさの病変までも臨床的に検出できることは知られていなかった。特に、これまで脳組織におけるミエリン形成不全や、それに伴う精神分裂病或いは痴呆、及び那須−ハコラ病を超音波の音響特性の変化によって、検出できることは知られていなかった。本発明の課題は、脳組織や脳組織標本における超音波の音響特性の変化を利用した、ミエリンの発達障害に基づく精神分裂病及びそれに由来する痴呆症等の脳組織変性の診断方法を提供することにある。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、使用周波数200MHzの超音波顕微鏡を用いて、ミエリンの鞘状構造の形成が不全であるDAP12欠損マウスの脳組織における音響特性の変化を、反射波の強度と位相の解析により検出したところ、ミエリンの形成不全を示す部位では超音波が減衰することを観察し、高周波数超音波を用いることで、通常の光学顕微鏡では検出されない脳組織の異常が検出可能であり、脳のGeometryに異常のない変性疾患の診断に、臨床的にも超音波が有用であることを見い出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0011】
すなわち本発明は、超音波顕微鏡を用いて、脳組織標本に100〜450MHzの超音波を照射し、超音波の波動としての属性を利用して、音響特性の変化を定量的に検出し、ミエリンの発達障害に基づく精神分裂病又はそれに由来する痴呆症に関する脳組織変性の判定を行う方法であって、前記音響特性の変化が、反射超音波における音響特性の変化であり、該反射超音波における音響特性の変化が、オリゴデンドログリアにおける超音波の減衰であることを特徴とする方法(請求項1)に関する。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の脳組織変性の診断方法としては、脳組織又は脳組織標本に超音波を照射し、反射超音波における音響特性の変化を検出する診断方法であれば特に制限されるものではなく、例えば、超音波診断装置、CTスキャン、超音波顕微鏡等を用いて、これら機器の発信装置から超音波を脳組織(患部)又は脳組織標本に向け照射し、反射して得られる超音波の音響特性の変化(相違)を測定・検出し、データ化し、評価・判定する方法を挙げることができるが、光波や電子線を通さない試料でも表面又は表面下の構造を通常数μmの分解能で検出できる点で超音波顕微鏡を用いることが好ましい。上記脳組織としては、視床、海馬等からなる中枢部位を好適に例示することができる。また、上記脳組織標本としては、脳組織を固定・包埋した後の薄片物を具体的に例示することができる。
【0014】
また、上記反射超音波の音響特性の変化を検出する方法としては、反射超音波の音響特性の相違を測定することのできる検出方法であれば特に限定されるものではないが、反射超音波のRF(Radio Frequency)信号の解析を行い、音響特性の相違を測定する検出方法や、エコーのスペックル(粒状反射)パターンの相違を測定することにより音響特性の変化を検出する方法や、反射超音波の強度と位相の変化を検出する方法などを列挙することができる。例えば、視床におけるミエリン形成不全、すなわちオリゴデンドログリア発達障害を超音波の減衰という音響特性の変化で検出することにより、痴呆の早期診断が可能となる。
【0015】
本発明の脳組織変性の診断方法において使用する超音波としては、周波数が可聴周波領域を越える1MHzから1GHzの弾性波であればどのようなものでもよく、超音波の周波数帯として2〜450MHzの超音波を用いることが好ましく、特に12〜200MHzの周波数帯の超音波を用いることが好ましく、中でも20〜140MHzの周波数帯の超音波を用いることが特に望ましい。
【0016】
被験者の生体脳組織に超音波を照射して脳組織における器質的診断を非侵襲的に行う場合は、単一の周波数ではなく、パルス信号を用いて、例えば20〜140MHzの広い帯域の超音波の音響特性の変化を解析することが好ましく、また、血管内超音波のような細径プローブによって得られた信号の定量的解析により、微細構造の判定を行うことが好ましい。他方、脳組織標本に超音波を照射する場合は、超音波素子と標本対象との距離を一定にして精密な計測をしうることから、100〜450MHz、例えば200MHzの高周波数の超音波を用いることにより、音響特性の変化を検出することが好ましい。
【0017】
上記細径プローブとしては、上記の超音波周波数帯の超音波を発信及び受信することができ、且つ、生体内に挿入し得る細径のプローブであれば、特に限定されるものではないが、直径2mm以下、特に1mm程度のものを用いることが好ましく、また、プローブの表面は生体に反応しない材質に覆われていることが望ましい。
【0018】
超音波顕微鏡は走査型超音波顕微鏡(SAM)ともいわれ、細く絞った超音波ビームを2次元走査しながら照射し、反射波や透過波を解析し得るものであればどのようなものでもよいが、微小領域の測定精度に優れ、深さ方向に焦点位置を変化させて3次元像を得ることができることから、反射波を解析する反射型のSAMが好ましい。また、12〜100MHzの周波数帯の超音波を用いる場合、通常のエコー装置と同様にBモード表示(超音波のビーム方向と平行な平面の断面像;断面表示モード)とすることが、100MHz以上の周波数帯の超音波を用いる場合、Cモード表示(超音波のビーム方向と垂直な平面の画像;平面表示モード)とすることが好ましい。
【0019】
【実施例】
以下、実施例等により本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらの例示に限定されるものではない。
参考例(DAP12ノックアウト-/-マウスの作製)
DAP12ノックアウトマウスは、文献(Cell 76, 519-529, 1994)記載の方法により、129/SvJ(H−2b)とC57BL/6(B6、H−2b)とのハイブリッドにより作製した。129/SvJマウス遺伝子ライブラリー(ストラタジーン社製)からDAP12ゲノムDNAを単離し、プロモーター領域及びDAP12遺伝子のエクソン1〜3を含む5.1kbのBam HI断片を、neorカセット(ストラタジーン社製)に置換し、負の選択マーカーとして単純ヘルペスウィルスチミジンキナーゼ(HSV−TK)を挿入することにより構築した(図1a)。なお、neorカセットは、5.1及び1.2kbの相同配列をフランキング配列として有していた。このベクターを線状化し、エレクトロポレーションすることによってES細胞(RW4)に導入し相同的組換えを行った結果、7.1%の頻度でES細胞の相同的組換え体を得ることができた。
【0020】
上記の相同的組換え体からESクローンを単離し、G418及びGANC(ガンシクロビア)に対してネオマイシン耐性ESクローンをスクリーニングし、サザンブロット法によって相同的組換え体を確認した。かかる相同的組換え体からゲノムDNAを単離して、Kpn Iでダイジェストし、neorカセットを含むターゲッティングアレルを含んでいることを確認した。かかる確認されたESクローンを胚盤胞中にマイクロインジェクションし、キメラマウスを作製し、作製されたマウスを野生型のC57BL/6マウス(Charles River社製)とインタークロスさせ、コントロールされた環境下で特異的病原体を遮断した施設において飼育することによってヘテロ接合体マウスを得た。また、ホモ接合体マウスを得るために、このヘテロ接合体マウスをインタークロスさせ、DAP12遺伝子が染色体上で欠損した欠損マウス及びその野生型マウスを作製した。このようにして作製された本発明のDAP12ノックアウトマウスは少なくとも10ヶ月齢までは、文献(Immunity 13, 345-353, 2000、Immunity 13, 355-364, 2000)記載のように特段の異常を示すことなく、健康に成長した。この得られたDAP12ノックアウトマウスにおいてDAP12発現能が欠失しているかどうかの確認は、DAP12+/+、DAP12+/-、DAP12-/-等のマウスの尾から得たゲノムDNAをKpn Iで消化し、図1aに示されている領域のプローブを用いたサザンブロット法により調べた(図1b)。
【0021】
また、文献(Cell 76, 519-529, 1994)記載の方法によりDAP12+/+及びDAP12-/-マウスから骨髄マスト細胞(BMMC)を調製し、かかるマスト細胞(各レーン2.5×105細胞相当)から抽出したタンパク質と、文献(Cell 70, 351, 1992)記載の方法により調製した抗ウサギDAP12抗血清(1:500で希釈)とを用いたイムノブロット分析においても調べた(図1c)。その結果、DAP12-/-マウス由来の細胞においてDAP12タンパク質が検出されなかった。
【0022】
実施例(痴呆モデルマウスにおける脳組織変性の音響特性)
生後12週齢及び50週齢のDAP12ノックアウトマウス(−/−)又は野生型マウス(+/+)を麻酔した後、ホルマリン溶液で潅流し、かかるマウスから脳を単離した後、ホルマリン溶液で1晩固定し、固定した脳を標準プロトコルによりパラフィン処理(100%エタノール、メチルベンゾアート、キシレン、キシレンパラフィン又はパラフィン溶液で各1〜2時間ずつ処理する操作)を施しパラフィン包埋した。包埋した脳をミクロトームで4μmの厚さにスライスし、スライドガラス上に載せ、標準プロトコルにより脱パラフィン処理(キシレン、100%エタノール、90%エタノール、70%エタノール、PBS)を施して、超音波顕微鏡用試料を作製した。超音波顕微鏡のトランスデューサと試料の間に脱気水を注入して音響カプラとし、周波数100〜200MHzの超音波ビームを発信して、反射波を受信し、既報(Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Vol.26, Supplement 1, pp.S30-S32, 2000)のごとく、反射波の強度と位相の解析により、周波数特性から厚みを計算し減衰値を算出し、超音波の減衰を定量的にカラー表示した。12週齢における結果を図2(参考写真1)に、50週齢における結果を図3(参考写真2)に示す。
【0023】
図2及び図3に示されるように、正常マウス(右、12週齢及び50週齢)の視床ではオリゴデンドログリアと考えられる部分の減衰が高く、DAP12欠損マウス(左、12週齢及び50週齢)では同部位の減衰は周囲と同様であった。
超音波の減衰は、組織の微細構造を強く反映するため、ミエリンの形成不全を示す部位では減衰が低いものと考えられた。高周波数超音波を用いることで、通常の光学顕微鏡では検出されない脳組織の異常が検出可能であり、脳のジオメトリーに異常のない変性疾患の診断に、臨床的にも超音波が有用であることが示された。
【0024】
比較例(光学顕微鏡や電子顕微鏡における脳組織変性の所見)
脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法の有効性を検証するために、光学顕微鏡や電子顕微鏡における脳組織変性の所見について調べてみた。それぞれ可視光で判別できるHE染色試料、ミエリンの主要かつ特異的な構成要素であるミエリン塩基性タンパク(MBP)抗体染色試料を常法により作製し、光学顕微鏡にて観察し、また、電子顕微鏡にてオリゴデンドログリアの発達状況を観察し、これらの所見を超音波顕微鏡の所見と対比した。HE染色の結果を図4(参考写真3)に、MBP抗体を用いた免疫染色の結果を図5(参考写真4)に、電子顕微鏡の撮像結果(×2000、×10000、×50000)を図6(参考写真5)にそれぞれ示す。
【0025】
HE染色組織においては、DAP12欠損マウスと正常マウスの組織所見上の相違は観察されなかった(図4)。MBP抗体染色では、DAP12欠損マウスの視床において特にミエリン形成不全が顕著であった(図5)。視床中心部について電子顕微鏡によりミエリン構造を微細に観察すると、正常では鞘状の構造が多数認められるのに対し、DAP12欠損マウスでは鞘状構造の形成が不全であった(図6)。なお広範な脱髄ではなく、有髄線維の数が低下し(×2,000倍拡大画像)、髄鞘を持たない神経線維が多く見られるという点が特徴的であり(×10,000倍拡大像)、しかも×50,000倍の拡大像ではシナプスに小胞が異常に蓄積している個所が数多く観察された。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
本発明の脳組織変性の診断方法によると、方法脳組織や脳組織標本における超音波の音響特性の変化を検出することにより、例えばミエリンの発達障害に基づく精神分裂病及びそれに由来する痴呆症等の診断、特に器質的診断が非侵襲的且つ簡便に検出することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】痴呆モデルDAP12ノックアウトマウスと野生型マウスの遺伝子地図と、各マウスにおけるPCR法及びサザンブロット法の結果を示す図である。
【図2】本発明の、オリゴデンドロサイト発達障害モデルマウス(12週齢)における脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法による当該モデルマウスの脳切片の超音波顕微鏡写真を示す図である。
【図3】本発明の、オリゴデンドロサイト発達障害モデルマウス(50週齢)における脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法による当該モデルマウスの脳切片の超音波顕微鏡写真を示す図である。
【図4】オリゴデンドロサイト発達障害モデルマウスにおける脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法と対比するための、HE染色した当該モデルマウスの脳切片の光学顕微鏡写真を示す図である。
【図5】オリゴデンドロサイト発達障害モデルマウスにおける脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法と対比するための、当該モデルマウスの脳切片のMBP抗体染色の結果を示す図である。
【図6】オリゴデンドロサイト発達障害モデルマウスにおける脳組織変性の音響特性変化の検出方法と対比するための、当該モデルマウスの脳切片の電子顕微鏡写真を示す図である。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing cerebral tissue degeneration such as schizophrenia based on myelin developmental disorder and dementia derived therefrom, utilizing changes in the acoustic properties of ultrasound in brain tissue and brain tissue specimens.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Polycystic adiposity osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, or Nasu-Hakora disease (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2) is a rare central nervous system disease discovered in Japan and Finland. is there. Nasu-Hakora disease patients develop presenile dementia through symptoms of mental disorders such as personality changes in addition to the formation of bone cyst tissue. In a Finnish patient, there was a mutation in which the 5.3 kb DAP12 [KARAP (Killer activating receptor associated protein) / TYROBP (protein tyrosine kinase binding protein)] locus was deleted. Japanese patients with other defects lack a single nucleotide in the third exon of the gene, and both patients have a membrane adaptor protein (e.g., non-patent literature) that is found mainly in immune tissues. 3 and 4) is known to be caused by the loss of the function of the DAP 12 (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 5).
[0003]
The above DAP12 (DNAX activation protein 12) is a transmembrane protein having an activation motif ITAM, and it is suggested that it binds to ZAP-70 and Syk by phosphorylation, and is a one-copy gene located at 19q13.1 in humans. And is also known to exist in mice. Such DAP12 mRNA is expressed abundantly in monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and the like, and DAP12 is not only involved in activation signaling of the KAR group, but also human signal regulatory protein (SIRP) beta1, human and mouse It is also known to associate with myeloid DAP12-associating lectin (MDL) -1 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM). It has also been reported that DAP12 is associated with and functions with KAR molecules belonging to the C-type lectin family such as CD94 / NKG2C (for example, see Non-Patent Documents 6 to 8).
[0004]
Conventionally, image diagnosis such as CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) has been performed for organic diagnosis of central nervous system diseases. Since CT and MRI can visually diagnose cancer and other lesions, CT and MRI are indispensable examination instruments in medical treatment. However, CT uses X-rays and radioisotopes. The effects of radioisotopes and radioisotopes on living bodies cannot be ignored, and MRI uses very strong magnetism and radio waves, so the effects of strong magnetism and radio waves on living bodies cannot be ignored. In addition, PET uses an isotope drug (FDG; 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose), so that it is a site where cell activity is active like a tumor, that is, glucose uptake amount. However, it is possible to obtain information about sites and tissues with high radioactivity, and is excellent in the ability to specify the site of disease, but the target diseases that can be diagnosed are limited to cancer and some diseases with high cellular activity. Furthermore, in any of the above-described image diagnostic methods, the diagnostic object is limited to a size that can be captured visually at the organ / organ level, and image diagnosis is performed for an abnormality of a size that cannot be captured visually. I couldn't.
[0005]
On the other hand, ultrasonic waves are currently used for clinical diagnosis and the like in the medical world. Ultrasound diagnostic devices use ultrasound in the frequency band of 2 to 15 MHz, intravascular ultrasound in the range of 20 to 40 MHz, and ophthalmic areas in the frequency band of 12 to 100 MHz. This is called an ultrasonic biomicroscope (UBM). UBM is a general term for the same B mode (tomographic image) as that of a normal ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, high frequency, and high resolution, and qualitative diagnosis is possible by using this UBM. In an acoustic microscope, the sample surface is mechanically scanned, the sample is irradiated with ultrasound by a focused ultrasound probe, surface waves are excited on the sample surface, and reflected ultrasound from the sample is detected. It is said that the information on the surface and inside of the sample and the elastic properties of the sample can be acquired by imaging the distribution of the amplitude and phase of the sample. In general, a frequency of 100 MHz to several GHz is used, and a high-precision quantitative diagnosis is possible in C mode (an image of a flat object viewed from above). Liquid couplers are very expensive because pure water is often used. Therefore, a low frequency sensor having a frequency of 30 to 50 MHz has been devised.
[0006]
The present inventors have also applied an acoustic microscope in medicine and biology (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 9 and 10). In addition, the present inventors have developed a line-focusing ultrasonic microscope for quantitatively measuring auditory parameters (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 11) and applied it to quantitative auditory measurement of biological tissues. It has been reported that the ultrasonic microscope can analyze the types of cancer in gastric cancer (for example, see Non-Patent Document 12) and kidney (for example, see Non-Patent Document 13).
[0007]
[Non-Patent Document 1]
Acta Pathol. Jpn. 23, 539-558, 1973
[Non-Patent Document 2]
J. Med. Genet. 34, 753-757, 1997
[Non-Patent Document 3]
J. Immunol. 158, 5083-5086, 1997
[Non-Patent Document 4]
Nature 391, 703-707, 1998
[Non-Patent Document 5]
Nature Genet. 25, 357-361, 2000
[Non-Patent Document 6]
Immunity 8, 693-701, 1998
[Non-Patent Document 7]
J. Immunol. 161, 7-10, 1998
[Non-Patent Document 8]
J. Immunol. 160, 4148-52, 1998
[Non-patent document 9]
IEEE Trans Sonics Ultrason, SU-32, 132-135, 1985
[Non-Patent Document 10]
Jpn J appl Phys, 26, 52-54, 1987
[Non-Patent Document 11]
Ultrasound Med Biol, 26, S30-S32, 2000
[Non-Patent Document 12]
Ultrasound Med Biol, 17, 709-714, 1991
[Non-Patent Document 13]
Ultrasound Med Biol, 22, 1261-1265, 1996
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, in Nasu-Hakora disease that necessitates schizophrenia and subsequent juvenile dementia, the deficiency of the DAP12 gene, which is an immune system receptor signal adapter molecule, has been proved to be the cause. In addition, as a brain tissue finding of schizophrenia, it has been shown that myelin dysfunction in the thalamus and hippocampus, that is, oligodendroglial developmental disorder is characteristic, and the correlation between pathogenic genes and tissue abnormalities is being elucidated.
Therefore, detection of myelin dysfunction in the brain tissue of DAP12-deficient mice indicates that DAP12-deficient mice are a dementia model, and at the same time is the key to developing an early diagnosis method for dementia. In particular, schizophrenia based on developmental disorder (dysplasia) of myelin and juvenile dementia derived therefrom are said to be one in 100 to 1,000 people, and treatment based on accurate pathological evaluation and diagnosis by early diagnosis. However, it is strongly desired from the viewpoint of QOL.
[0009]
On the other hand, by using ultrasonic waves to detect changes in the acoustic characteristics of normal and abnormal cells (attenuation of ultrasonic waves), normal CT that could not be distinguished by conventional diagnostic imaging In addition, it has not been known that MRI can clinically detect even a lesion having a normal tissue morphology at first glance and a lesion that is so large that it cannot be detected by vision. In particular, it has not been known so far that myelin dysfunction in brain tissue, schizophrenia or dementia associated therewith, and Nasu-Hacola disease can be detected by changes in the acoustic properties of ultrasound. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for diagnosing cerebral tissue degeneration such as schizophrenia based on myelin developmental disorder and dementia derived therefrom, utilizing changes in the acoustic properties of ultrasound in brain tissue and brain tissue specimens. There is.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors analyzed the change in acoustic characteristics in the brain tissue of a DAP12-deficient mouse in which the formation of a myelin sheath structure is incomplete by analyzing the intensity and phase of the reflected wave using an ultrasonic microscope with a frequency of 200 MHz. As a result of the detection, it was observed that the ultrasound was attenuated at the site showing myelin hypoplasia, and by using high frequency ultrasound, abnormalities in the brain tissue that could not be detected by a normal optical microscope could be detected. The inventors have found that ultrasound is clinically useful for diagnosis of degenerative diseases in which there is no abnormality in Geometry, and have completed the present invention.
[0011]
That is, the present invention uses an ultrasonic microscope to irradiate a brain tissue specimen with 100 to 450 MHz ultrasound, and uses the attribute as an ultrasonic wave to quantitatively detect changes in acoustic characteristics, and to detect myelin. A method for determining brain tissue degeneration related to schizophrenia or dementia derived therefrom based on a developmental disorder in which the change in acoustic properties is a change in acoustic properties in reflected ultrasound, and in reflected ultrasound changes in the acoustic characteristics, relates to a method (claim 1), characterized in that the attenuation of ultrasonic waves in oligodendroglia.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method for diagnosing brain tissue degeneration according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a diagnostic method for irradiating brain tissue or a brain tissue specimen with ultrasonic waves and detecting a change in acoustic characteristics in reflected ultrasound. Using ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, CT scan, ultrasonic microscope, etc., the acoustic characteristics of the ultrasound obtained by irradiating and reflecting the ultrasound from the transmitter of these devices toward the brain tissue (affected area) or brain tissue specimen Can be used to measure, detect, convert to data, and evaluate / determine changes, but it is possible to detect the surface or subsurface structure with a resolution of several μm, even for samples that do not transmit light waves or electron beams. In view of this, it is preferable to use an ultrasonic microscope. As the brain tissue, a central site composed of the thalamus, hippocampus and the like can be preferably exemplified. The brain tissue specimen can be specifically exemplified by a thin piece after the brain tissue is fixed and embedded.
[0014]
The method for detecting the change in the acoustic characteristics of the reflected ultrasound is not particularly limited as long as it is a detection method that can measure the difference in the acoustic characteristics of the reflected ultrasound. A detection method that analyzes RF (Radio Frequency) signals and measures differences in acoustic characteristics, a method that detects changes in acoustic characteristics by measuring differences in echo speckle (granular reflection) patterns, Methods for detecting changes in the intensity and phase of sound waves can be listed. For example, early detection of dementia is possible by detecting myelin dysfunction in the thalamus, that is, an oligodendroglial developmental disorder, based on a change in acoustic characteristics such as ultrasound attenuation.
[0015]
The ultrasonic wave used in the diagnostic method for brain tissue degeneration according to the present invention may be any elastic wave having a frequency of 1 MHz to 1 GHz exceeding the audible frequency range, and the ultrasonic frequency band is 2 to 450 MHz. It is preferable to use ultrasonic waves, in particular, it is preferable to use ultrasonic waves in the frequency band of 12 to 200 MHz, and it is particularly desirable to use ultrasonic waves in the frequency band of 20 to 140 MHz.
[0016]
In the case of performing non-invasive organic diagnosis in brain tissue by irradiating a subject's living brain tissue with ultrasound, using a pulse signal instead of a single frequency, for example, a wide band ultrasound of 20 to 140 MHz. It is preferable to analyze the change in the acoustic characteristics of each of the above, and it is preferable to determine the fine structure by quantitative analysis of a signal obtained by a thin probe such as an intravascular ultrasonic wave. On the other hand, when irradiating an ultrasonic wave to a brain tissue specimen, high-frequency ultrasonic waves of 100 to 450 MHz, for example, 200 MHz are used because precise measurement can be performed with a constant distance between the ultrasonic element and the specimen object. Therefore, it is preferable to detect a change in acoustic characteristics.
[0017]
The thin probe is not particularly limited as long as it is a thin probe that can transmit and receive ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic frequency band and can be inserted into a living body. It is preferable to use a probe having a diameter of 2 mm or less, particularly about 1 mm, and the surface of the probe is preferably covered with a material that does not react with a living body.
[0018]
The ultrasonic microscope is also called a scanning ultrasonic microscope (SAM), and may be any one that can irradiate a thinly focused ultrasonic beam while two-dimensionally scanning and analyze reflected waves and transmitted waves. A reflective SAM that analyzes reflected waves is preferable because it has excellent measurement accuracy of a minute region and can change a focal position in the depth direction to obtain a three-dimensional image. In addition, when using ultrasonic waves in a frequency band of 12 to 100 MHz, B-mode display (a cross-sectional image of a plane parallel to the ultrasonic beam direction; cross-sectional display mode) is set to 100 MHz or more as in a normal echo device. When using ultrasonic waves in the frequency band, it is preferable to use C mode display (plane image perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam direction; plane display mode).
[0019]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example etc. demonstrate this invention more concretely, the technical scope of this invention is not limited to these illustrations.
Reference example (DAP12 knockout -/- production of mouse)
DAP12 knockout mice were prepared by hybrids of 129 / SvJ (H-2 b ) and C57BL / 6 (B6, H-2 b ) by the method described in the literature (Cell 76, 519-529, 1994). A DAP12 genomic DNA was isolated from a 129 / SvJ mouse gene library (Stratagene), and a 5.1 kb Bam HI fragment containing exons 1 to 3 of the promoter region and DAP12 gene was converted into a neo r cassette (Stratagene). ) And insertion of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) as a negative selectable marker (FIG. 1a). Incidentally, neo r cassette had homologous sequences of 5.1 and 1.2kb as flanking sequences. This vector was linearized and electroporated to introduce into ES cells (RW4) and homologous recombination. As a result, ES cell homologous recombinants could be obtained at a frequency of 7.1%. It was.
[0020]
ES clones were isolated from the above homologous recombinants, neomycin resistant ES clones were screened against G418 and GANC (ganciclovir), and homologous recombinants were confirmed by Southern blotting. Genomic DNA was isolated from such homologous recombinants was digested with Kpn I, was confirmed to contain a targeting allele containing neo r cassette. Such a confirmed ES clone was microinjected into a blastocyst to prepare a chimeric mouse, and the prepared mouse was intercrossed with a wild type C57BL / 6 mouse (Charles River), under a controlled environment. Heterozygous mice were obtained by rearing in a facility that blocked specific pathogens. Further, in order to obtain a homozygous mouse, the heterozygous mouse was intercrossed to prepare a deficient mouse in which the DAP12 gene was deleted on the chromosome and its wild type mouse. The DAP12 knockout mouse of the present invention thus produced exhibits a particular abnormality as described in the literature (Immunity 13, 345-353, 2000, Immunity 13, 355-364, 2000) until at least 10 months of age. Without growing up healthy. Whether or not the DAP12 expression ability is deleted in the obtained DAP12 knockout mouse was confirmed by using Kpn I for genomic DNA obtained from the tail of the mouse such as DAP12 + / + , DAP12 +/− , DAP12 − / −, etc. Digested and examined by Southern blotting using the probe in the region shown in FIG. 1a (FIG. 1b).
[0021]
Also, bone marrow mast cells (BMMC) were prepared from DAP12 + / + and DAP12 − / − mice by the method described in the literature (Cell 76, 519-529, 1994), and such mast cells (each lane 2.5 × 10 5). It was also examined in an immunoblot analysis using a protein extracted from a cell equivalent) and an anti-rabbit DAP12 antiserum prepared by the method described in the literature (Cell 70, 351, 1992) (diluted 1: 500) (FIG. 1c). ). As a result, DAP12 protein was not detected in cells derived from DAP12 − / − mice.
[0022]
Example (acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in a dementia model mouse)
After anesthetizing 12-week-old and 50-week-old DAP12 knockout mice (− / −) or wild-type mice (+ / +), perfused with formalin solution and isolated the brain from such mice, The fixed brain was fixed overnight, and the fixed brain was subjected to paraffin treatment (operation for treatment with 100% ethanol, methylbenzoate, xylene, xylene paraffin or paraffin solution for 1 to 2 hours each) according to a standard protocol and embedded in paraffin. The embedded brain was sliced to a thickness of 4 μm with a microtome, placed on a glass slide, subjected to deparaffinization (xylene, 100% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 70% ethanol, PBS) according to a standard protocol, and subjected to ultrasound. A sample for a microscope was prepared. Degassed water is injected between the transducer of the ultrasonic microscope and the sample to form an acoustic coupler, and an ultrasonic beam having a frequency of 100 to 200 MHz is transmitted and a reflected wave is received. Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Vol.26, Supplement 1, pp.S30-S32, 2000), by analyzing the intensity and phase of the reflected wave, the thickness is calculated from the frequency characteristics, the attenuation value is calculated, and the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave is quantitatively colored. displayed. The results at 12 weeks of age are shown in FIG. 2 (Reference Photo 1), and the results at 50 weeks of age are shown in FIG. 3 (Reference Photo 2).
[0023]
As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, in the thalamus of normal mice (right, 12 weeks of age and 50 weeks of age), attenuation of the portion considered to be oligodendroglia is high, and DAP12-deficient mice (left, 12 weeks of age and 50 weeks of age). At the same age, the attenuation at the same site was similar to the surroundings.
Since the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave strongly reflects the microstructure of the tissue, it was considered that the attenuation was low at the site showing myelin dysplasia. By using high-frequency ultrasound, abnormalities in brain tissue that cannot be detected by ordinary optical microscopes can be detected, and ultrasound is also useful clinically for the diagnosis of degenerative diseases that have no abnormal brain geometry. It has been shown.
[0024]
Comparative example (findings of brain tissue degeneration in light microscope and electron microscope)
In order to verify the effectiveness of the method for detecting changes in the acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration, we examined the findings of brain tissue degeneration using an optical microscope and electron microscope. A HE-stained sample that can be discriminated with visible light and a myelin basic protein (MBP) antibody-stained sample that is a major and specific component of myelin are prepared by a conventional method and observed with an optical microscope. The development of oligodendroglia was observed, and these findings were compared with those of an ultrasonic microscope. The results of HE staining are shown in FIG. 4 (Reference Photo 3), the results of immunostaining using MBP antibody are shown in FIG. 5 (Reference Photo 4), and the imaging results of the electron microscope (× 2000, × 10000, × 50000) are shown. 6 (Reference Photo 5).
[0025]
In HE-stained tissues, no difference in histological findings between DAP12-deficient mice and normal mice was observed (FIG. 4). In MBP antibody staining, myelin formation failure was particularly prominent in the thalamus of DAP12-deficient mice (FIG. 5). When the myelin structure was observed finely with an electron microscope in the center of the thalamus, many sheath-like structures were normally observed, whereas the DAP12-deficient mice were defective in the formation of the sheath-like structure (FIG. 6). It is not a demyelination, but the number of myelinated fibers is reduced (× 2,000 times magnified image), and many nerve fibers without myelin sheath are seen (× 10,000 times) Furthermore, in the magnified image of × 50,000 magnification, many places where vesicles were abnormally accumulated at the synapse were observed.
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
According to the diagnostic method for brain tissue degeneration of the present invention, the method detects changes in the acoustic properties of ultrasound in brain tissue and brain tissue specimens, for example, schizophrenia based on myelin developmental disorders and dementia derived therefrom, etc. Diagnosis, particularly organic diagnosis, can be detected non-invasively and easily.
[Brief description of the drawings]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows gene maps of dementia model DAP12 knockout mice and wild type mice, and the results of PCR and Southern blotting in each mouse.
FIG. 2 is a view showing an ultrasonic micrograph of a brain section of the model mouse by the method for detecting a change in acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in an oligodendrocyte development disorder model mouse (12 weeks of age) according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an ultrasonic micrograph of a brain section of the model mouse by the method for detecting a change in acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in an oligodendrocyte development disorder model mouse (50 weeks of age) according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view showing an optical micrograph of a brain section of the model mouse stained with HE for comparison with a method for detecting a change in acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in an oligodendrocyte developmental disorder model mouse.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of MBP antibody staining of a brain section of a model mouse for comparison with a method for detecting a change in acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in an oligodendrocyte developmental disorder model mouse.
FIG. 6 is a view showing an electron micrograph of a brain section of a model mouse for comparison with a method for detecting a change in acoustic characteristics of brain tissue degeneration in an oligodendrocyte development disorder model mouse.

Claims (1)

超音波顕微鏡を用いて、脳組織標本に100〜450MHzの超音波を照射し、超音波の波動としての属性を利用して、音響特性の変化を定量的に検出し、ミエリンの発達障害に基づく精神分裂病又はそれに由来する痴呆症に関する脳組織変性の判定を行う方法であって、
前記音響特性の変化が、反射超音波における音響特性の変化であり、該反射超音波における音響特性の変化が、オリゴデンドログリアにおける超音波の減衰であることを特徴とする方法。
Using ultrasound microscope, irradiate brain tissue specimen with 100-450MHz ultrasound, use attribute as ultrasound wave to quantitatively detect changes in acoustic characteristics, and based on developmental disorder of myelin A method for determining brain tissue degeneration related to schizophrenia or dementia derived therefrom,
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the change in the acoustic characteristic is a change in the acoustic characteristic in the reflected ultrasonic wave, and the change in the acoustic characteristic in the reflected ultrasonic wave is an attenuation of the ultrasonic wave in the oligodendroglia.
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