JP4620341B2 - Fuel cell electrode catalyst - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、燃料電池用電極触媒、特に固体高分子型燃料電池カソード電極触媒に関する。 The present invention relates to an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell, and more particularly to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode electrode catalyst.
固体高分子型燃料電池は、水素を燃料とするクリーンな電源として、電気自動車の駆動電源、また、発電と熱供給を併用する定置電源として開発が進められている。また、固体高分子型燃料電池は、リチウムイオン電池等の二次電池に比較して、高いエネルギー密度が特長であり、携帯用コンピュータあるいは移動用通信機器の電源としても開発が進められている。 The polymer electrolyte fuel cell is being developed as a clean power source using hydrogen as a fuel, a driving power source for an electric vehicle, and a stationary power source using both power generation and heat supply. In addition, solid polymer fuel cells are characterized by high energy density compared to secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries, and are being developed as power sources for portable computers or mobile communication devices.
固体高分子型燃料電池の電極部分は、アノード(燃料極)とカソード(空気極)、及び、両電極間に配したプロトン交換性の固体高分子電解質膜で構成される。アノード及びカソードは、白金等の貴金属を担持した触媒、フッ素樹脂粉等の造孔剤、及び、固体高分子電解質の混合体薄膜である。 The electrode portion of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is composed of an anode (fuel electrode), a cathode (air electrode), and a proton exchangeable solid polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the electrodes. The anode and the cathode are a mixed thin film of a catalyst supporting a noble metal such as platinum, a pore-forming agent such as fluororesin powder, and a solid polymer electrolyte.
固体高分子型燃料電池の燃料には、水素の他、水素を分子構成元素の一つとする有機化合物が用いられる。該有機化合物がメタノールである固体高分子型燃料電池は、特に直接メタノール燃料電池と呼ばれている。 As a fuel for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, an organic compound containing hydrogen as one of molecular constituent elements is used in addition to hydrogen. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell in which the organic compound is methanol is particularly called a direct methanol fuel cell.
固体高分子型燃料電池では、単位電極面積当たりの出力が高いことが求められ、そのため、アノードとカソードを構成する電極触媒の電気化学反応活性が高いことが求められる。ここで、電気化学反応活性とは、水素を燃料としたアノードでは、水素をプロトンへ酸化する電気化学活性であり、カソードでは、空気中の酸素を水に還元する電気化学活性であり、いずれも電極触媒表面の反応活性である。かかる固体高分子型燃料電池のアノードとカソードの電極触媒には、白金等の貴金属が用いられる。高価な貴金属の電極単位面積当たりの使用量を低減し、かつ、高い電気化学活性が求められる。 In the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a high output per unit electrode area is required, and accordingly, the electrochemical reaction activity of the electrode catalyst constituting the anode and the cathode is required to be high. Here, the electrochemical reaction activity is an electrochemical activity that oxidizes hydrogen to protons at an anode using hydrogen as a fuel, and an electrochemical activity that reduces oxygen in the air to water at the cathode. It is the reaction activity of the electrode catalyst surface. A noble metal such as platinum is used for the anode and cathode electrode catalyst of such a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The amount of expensive noble metal used per electrode unit area is reduced, and high electrochemical activity is required.
また、固体高分子型燃料電池では、アノードとカソード触媒層内のガス拡散、プロトン移動等の物質移動が、電極触媒表面での電気化学反応速度、すなわち燃料電池の出力に大きく影響する。すなわち、水素を燃料とした場合、アノードでは水素ガスの電極内拡散、生成したプロトンがアノードから電解質膜を透過してカソード触媒粒子表面までの移動、さらに、カソードでは酸素の電極内拡散と、生成した水分子の放出が効率的に行われなければならない。 In the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, mass transfer such as gas diffusion and proton transfer in the anode and cathode catalyst layers greatly affects the electrochemical reaction rate on the electrode catalyst surface, that is, the output of the fuel cell. That is, when hydrogen is used as fuel, hydrogen gas diffuses in the electrode at the anode, and the generated protons pass through the electrolyte membrane from the anode to the surface of the cathode catalyst particles. The water molecules must be released efficiently.
上記に示した固体高分子型燃料電池の電池特性の向上に求められる高い電気化学反応活性と物質移動の促進を目的とし、触媒貴金属を担持する触媒担体の種類、粒子の形状とその凝集構造(二次構造)、これらの担体の表面積、及び細孔径に関する多くの提案がなされている。 For the purpose of promoting high electrochemical reaction activity and mass transfer required for improving the cell characteristics of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell shown above, the type of catalyst carrier supporting the catalyst noble metal, the shape of the particles and the aggregation structure ( Many proposals have been made regarding secondary structures), surface areas of these carriers, and pore sizes.
電極触媒の利用効率を向上して貴金属使用量を低減する方法として、特許文献1には、直径8nm以下の細孔が占める容積が0.5cm3/g以下であるカーボンブラックを担体とし、貴金属を担持することにより、プロトンの移動経路である高分子電解質が分布できない担体細孔への触媒金属粒子の吸着を制御する方法が記載されている。また、特許文献2には、直径6nm以下の細孔が全細孔の20%以下であるカーボンブラックを担体とすることが記載されている。 As a method for improving the utilization efficiency of the electrode catalyst and reducing the amount of noble metal used, Patent Document 1 discloses that noble metal with carbon black having a volume of 0.5 cm 3 / g or less occupied by pores having a diameter of 8 nm or less as a carrier. A method of controlling the adsorption of catalytic metal particles to carrier pores where the polymer electrolyte, which is a proton transfer path, cannot be distributed is described. Patent Document 2 describes that carbon black having a diameter of 6 nm or less as a carrier is 20% or less of all pores.
電極触媒表面への反応ガスの拡散性を向上させる方法として、例えば、特許文献3には、BET法による比表面積が250〜400m2/g、粒子径が10〜17nm、表面に開口している半径が10〜30nmである細孔の合計容積が0.40〜2.3cm3/gであるカーボンブラックを触媒担体とすることが記載されている。 As a method for improving the diffusibility of the reaction gas to the electrode catalyst surface, for example, in Patent Document 3, the specific surface area by the BET method is 250 to 400 m 2 / g, the particle diameter is 10 to 17 nm, and the surface is open. It is described that carbon black having a radius of 10 to 30 nm and a total volume of pores of 0.40 to 2.3 cm 3 / g is used as a catalyst carrier.
一方、特許文献4あるいは非特許文献1には、電極触媒に造孔剤を添加することで、反応ガスの触媒層内での拡散性が改善されることが記載されている。 On the other hand, Patent Document 4 or Non-Patent Document 1 describes that the diffusibility of the reaction gas in the catalyst layer is improved by adding a pore-forming agent to the electrode catalyst.
燃料電池に用いられる電極触媒の電気化学活性は、一般にアノードの水素酸化反応で活性が高く、カソードの酸素還元反応の活性が低い。したがって、固体高分子燃料電池においても、カソードの触媒貴金属使用量はアノードの2〜3倍であり、貴金属使用量の低減にはカソードの電極触媒性能の向上が重要とされている。
しかしながら、固体高分子型燃料電池を普及するために求められている電極触媒における貴金属使用量が、電極成形体表面積に対して0.1mg/cm2以下、望ましくは0.03mg/cm2以下を達成するためには、担体に吸着する触媒貴金属粒子径を極限までに小さくする必要があり、従来のガス拡散性を重視した担体粒子の細孔制御では不十分である。 However, the amount of noble metal used in the electrode catalyst required to spread the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is 0.1 mg / cm 2 or less, preferably 0.03 mg / cm 2 or less with respect to the surface area of the electrode molded body. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to make the diameter of the catalyst noble metal particles adsorbed on the support as small as possible, and conventional control of the pores of the support particles focusing on gas diffusivity is insufficient.
そこで、本発明が解決しようとする課題は、固体高分子型燃料電池における貴金属、特に白金使用量、を低減した燃料電池用電極触媒を提供することにある。粒子表面に触媒貴金属粒子より小さい微細孔を導入することによる触媒貴金属の微粒子化による単位質量当たりの電気化学反応活性を向上せしめ、担体表面積の増大による高密度分散を満たす高担持率触媒を得ることにより、電極触媒層の厚さの低減に伴う物質移動を促進せしめるものである。 Accordingly, the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a fuel cell electrode catalyst in which the amount of noble metal, particularly platinum, used in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is reduced. Improve the electrochemical reaction activity per unit mass by introducing fine pores smaller than the catalyst noble metal particles on the particle surface, and obtain a highly supported catalyst that satisfies high density dispersion by increasing the support surface area Thus, the mass transfer accompanying the reduction of the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer is promoted.
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために、電極触媒担体として多種類の炭素粉末を鋭意検討し、触媒貴金属、特に白金微粒子を高密度分散した本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒を得るに至った。 In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors diligently studied various types of carbon powders as an electrode catalyst carrier, and obtained an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell according to the present invention in which catalyst noble metals, particularly platinum fine particles were dispersed at high density. It came.
すなわち、本発明は、触媒を担持してなる担体がアモルファス炭素粉末であり、担持される触媒は少なくとも白金である燃料電池用電極触媒であって、前記アモルファス炭素粉末が、15〜80nmの平均粒子径、2000m2/g以上のBET法による比表面積を有すると共に、直径2nm未満の細孔の細孔容積の総計が0.8cm3/g以上、かつ、直径2nm未満の細孔が占める細孔容積の総計が全細孔容積の60%以上、担持される触媒量が触媒全体の5〜70質量%であることを特徴とする燃料電池用電極触媒である。 That is, the present invention provides a fuel cell electrode catalyst in which the support on which the catalyst is supported is amorphous carbon powder, and the supported catalyst is at least platinum, and the amorphous carbon powder has an average particle size of 15 to 80 nm. It has a specific surface area by the BET method with a diameter of 2000 m 2 / g or more, a total pore volume of pores with a diameter of less than 2 nm is 0.8 cm 3 / g or more, and fine pores with a diameter of less than 2 nm A fuel cell electrode catalyst characterized in that the total pore volume is 60% or more of the total pore volume, and the amount of supported catalyst is 5 to 70% by mass of the total catalyst.
また、前記比表面積が2500m2/g以上であることを特徴とする。 The specific surface area is 2500 m 2 / g or more.
また、前記2nm未満の細孔が占める細孔容積の総計が全細孔容積の85%以上であり、さらに、前記白金の担持量が触媒全体の20〜70質量%であることを特徴とする。 The total pore volume occupied by the pores of less than 2 nm is 85% or more of the total pore volume, and the supported amount of platinum is 20 to 70% by mass of the whole catalyst. .
さらに、前記電極触媒が、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、クロム、銅又はバナジウムから選ばれる1種以上の金属をさらに含有することを特徴とする。 Furthermore, the electrode catalyst further contains at least one metal selected from iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, or vanadium.
そして、上記何れかの燃料電池用電極触媒が、固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード電極触媒であることを特徴とする。 One of the fuel cell electrode catalysts is a cathode electrode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
本発明によれば、電極触媒担体炭素粒子表面に触媒貴金属粒子より小さい微細孔を導入することによる触媒貴金属の微粒子化による単位質量当たりの電気化学反応活性を向上せしめ、担体表面積の増大による高密度分散を満たす高担持率触媒を得ることにより、電極触媒層の厚さの低減に伴う物質移動を促進せしめることが可能となり、固体高分子型燃料電池における貴金属、特に白金使用量、を低減した燃料電池用電極触媒が得られる。 According to the present invention, the electrochemical reaction activity per unit mass is improved by introducing fine pores smaller than the catalyst noble metal particles on the surface of the electrode catalyst support carbon particles, and the density is increased by increasing the surface area of the support. By obtaining a high loading ratio catalyst that satisfies the dispersion, it becomes possible to promote mass transfer accompanying the reduction in the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer, and a fuel with reduced use of noble metals, particularly platinum, in solid polymer fuel cells. A battery electrode catalyst is obtained.
以下に、本発明について詳細に記述する。 The present invention is described in detail below.
本発明の電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末とは、X線回折のd002回折線によるd間隔が0.38nm以上、好ましくは0.40nm以上である炭素を主たる構成元素とする粉末であり、粒子径、比表面積及び表面の細孔径分布と細孔容積に特徴を持つ。かかるアモルファス炭素粉末は、粒子径、比表面積、及び細孔径分布と細孔容積が所定の特性を満たすならば、炭素原料の種類と製造方法を問うものではなく、例示するならば、石油系あるいは石炭系のピッチを熱処理して得られるピッチコークスがこの種の炭素に属する。 The amorphous carbon powder used as the carrier of the electrode catalyst of the present invention is a powder mainly composed of carbon having a d interval of 0.38 nm or more, preferably 0.40 nm or more according to the d002 diffraction line of X-ray diffraction. It is characterized by particle size, specific surface area, surface pore size distribution and pore volume. Such an amorphous carbon powder does not ask the kind of carbon raw material and the production method as long as the particle diameter, specific surface area, pore size distribution and pore volume satisfy predetermined characteristics. Pitch coke obtained by heat treatment of coal-based pitch belongs to this type of carbon.
本発明の電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末では、平均粒子径は15〜80nm、好ましくは20〜50nmである。平均粒子径が80nmより大きいアモルファス炭素粉末を担体とすると、触媒貴金属の微粒子を50質量%以上の高密度に担持することが困難となる。一方、15nm未満では、触媒粒子が凝集して形成される電極の細孔径がガス拡散には小さくなりすぎる。なお、かかる平均粒子径は、例えば、透過電子顕微鏡による画像の解析から容易に得ることができる。 In the amorphous carbon powder used as the support of the electrode catalyst of the present invention, the average particle size is 15 to 80 nm, preferably 20 to 50 nm. When amorphous carbon powder having an average particle diameter of more than 80 nm is used as a carrier, it becomes difficult to carry catalyst noble metal fine particles at a high density of 50% by mass or more. On the other hand, if the thickness is less than 15 nm, the pore diameter of the electrode formed by aggregation of the catalyst particles is too small for gas diffusion. In addition, this average particle diameter can be easily obtained from the analysis of the image by a transmission electron microscope, for example.
上記の平均粒子径の範囲のアモルファス炭素粉末は、電極触媒に混合される固体高分子電解質の粒子径より小さいため、溶媒と共に両者を混合した電極触媒調製液の安定性に優れ、均質性の高い電極触媒の調製が可能となる。また、担体炭素粒子が相互に接触した粒子凝集構造は、電極触媒の電子伝導経路として好ましく作用する。 The amorphous carbon powder in the above average particle diameter range is smaller than the particle diameter of the solid polymer electrolyte mixed with the electrode catalyst, so the stability of the electrode catalyst preparation liquid in which both are mixed together with the solvent is excellent and highly uniform. An electrode catalyst can be prepared. Moreover, the particle aggregation structure in which the carrier carbon particles are in contact with each other preferably acts as an electron conduction path of the electrode catalyst.
本発明の電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末では、BET法による比表面積が2000m2/g以上、より好ましくは2500m2/g以上である。担体の大表面積化は、触媒貴金属の微粒子を高密度に担持することを容易とする。 The amorphous carbon powder used as a carrier of the electrode catalyst of the present invention, the specific surface area by BET method 2 000m 2 / g or more, more preferably 2500 m 2 / g or more. Increasing the surface area of the support facilitates supporting fine particles of the catalyst noble metal at a high density.
本発明の電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末では、細孔径分布と細孔容積に特徴を有する。ここで、細孔の評価には、窒素ガスの吸脱着法のt−プロット解析を適用する。即ち、t−プロット解析により、全比表面積とミクロ細孔比表面積とを分離し、さらに、ミクロ細孔の構造をスリット状細孔と仮定して、2×(細孔容積/比表面積)の計算式により、ミクロ細孔の容積を算出するものである。ここで、ミクロ細孔とは、直径2nm未満の細孔を指すものである。 The amorphous carbon powder used as the carrier of the electrode catalyst of the present invention is characterized by pore size distribution and pore volume. Here, the t-plot analysis of the nitrogen gas adsorption / desorption method is applied to the evaluation of the pores. That is, the total specific surface area and the micropore specific surface area are separated by t-plot analysis, and the micropore structure is assumed to be slit-like pores, and 2 × (pore volume / specific surface area) The volume of micropores is calculated by a calculation formula. Here, the micropore refers to a pore having a diameter of less than 2 nm.
上述の細孔径と細孔容積の解析法に基づく本発明の電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末は、直径2nm未満の細孔の細孔容積の総計が0.8cm3/g以上、かつ、直径2nm未満の細孔が占める細孔容積の総計が全細孔容積の60%以上、好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは85%以上である。 The amorphous carbon powder used as the support of the electrode catalyst of the present invention based on the above-described analysis method of pore diameter and pore volume has a total pore volume of pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm of 0.8 cm 3 / g or more, The total pore volume occupied by pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm is 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 85% or more of the total pore volume.
一般に、直径2nm未満のミクロ細孔は微細な触媒貴金属粒子の吸着に有効であり、ミクロ細孔の容積がより大きい担体を用いることにより、微細な貴金属触媒粒子を高密度・高分散状態で担持することができる。 In general, micropores with a diameter of less than 2 nm are effective for adsorbing fine catalyst noble metal particles. By using a carrier with a larger micropore volume, fine noble metal catalyst particles are supported in a high density and highly dispersed state. can do.
本発明は、触媒を担持してなる担体が上記の特徴を有するアモルファス炭素粉末であり、担持される触媒は少なくとも白金であり、電極触媒全体に対する白金量が5〜70質量%、好ましくは20〜70質量%である燃料電池用電極触媒である。ここで、担体に担持される触媒白金量は、炭素担体と触媒金属により構成される電極触媒全体の質量に対する白金質量の比率である。 In the present invention, the support on which the catalyst is supported is amorphous carbon powder having the above characteristics, the supported catalyst is at least platinum, and the amount of platinum with respect to the entire electrode catalyst is 5 to 70% by mass, preferably 20 to It is an electrode catalyst for fuel cells which is 70 mass%. Here, the amount of catalyst platinum supported on the carrier is the ratio of the platinum mass to the mass of the entire electrode catalyst composed of the carbon carrier and the catalyst metal.
本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒は、造孔剤と固体高分子電解質と混合した薄膜状の形態で、燃料電池のアノード及びカソードに供される。燃料電池の燃料である水素ガスは、アノード薄膜を拡散しながら、アノード電極触媒表面で酸化され、酸化剤である酸素ガスは、カソード薄膜を拡散しながら、カソード電極触媒表面で還元される。かかるガス拡散を十分とするためには、アノードとカソードの電極薄膜ともに薄いことが好ましく、いずれも100μm以下、好ましくは30μm以下であり、少ない電極触媒量で所定の燃料電池出力を得るために、電極触媒全体に対する白金量が5質量%以上、好ましくは20質量%以上である。 The fuel cell electrode catalyst of the present invention is used for the anode and cathode of a fuel cell in the form of a thin film mixed with a pore-forming agent and a solid polymer electrolyte. Hydrogen gas, which is fuel for the fuel cell, is oxidized on the surface of the anode electrode catalyst while diffusing the anode thin film, and oxygen gas, which is an oxidant, is reduced on the surface of the cathode electrode catalyst while diffusing the cathode thin film. In order to ensure such gas diffusion, both the anode and cathode electrode thin films are preferably thin, both of which are 100 μm or less, preferably 30 μm or less. In order to obtain a predetermined fuel cell output with a small amount of electrode catalyst, The platinum amount with respect to the entire electrode catalyst is 5% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more.
一方、担体に担持する白金量の増大は、白金粒子の凝集をもたらし、単位白金質量当たりの発電効率が低下し、白金量が70%超では粒子の凝集が顕著となる。そのため、本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒で使用される触媒白金量は70質量%以下である。 On the other hand, an increase in the amount of platinum carried on the carrier causes aggregation of platinum particles, resulting in a decrease in power generation efficiency per unit platinum mass. When the amount of platinum exceeds 70%, particle aggregation becomes significant. Therefore, the amount of platinum catalyst used in the fuel cell electrode catalyst of the present invention is 70% by mass or less.
同一の触媒白金量であっても、担持される白金粒子の微細化により、触媒白金表面積を大きくすることができる。しかしながら、白金粒子の粒子径が小さくなりすぎると、バルクな金属としての白金の触媒活性を損なってしまうことが実験的に知られており、燃料電池用電極触媒としての白金粒子径の最適範囲は2〜4nm程度とされている。本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末は、細孔直径が2nm未満のミクロ細孔容積が大きく、かつ、極めて大きい比表面積を有する特徴を有し、上述の好ましい白金粒子を高密度に且つ安定に担持できるサイトとなり得るものである。 Even if the catalyst platinum amount is the same, the catalyst platinum surface area can be increased by making the supported platinum particles finer. However, it is experimentally known that if the particle size of the platinum particles becomes too small, the catalytic activity of platinum as a bulk metal is impaired, and the optimum range of the platinum particle size as a fuel cell electrode catalyst is It is about 2 to 4 nm. The amorphous carbon powder used as the carrier for the electrode catalyst for fuel cells of the present invention has a feature that the pore diameter is less than 2 nm, the micropore volume is large, and the specific surface area is very large. Can be a site that can stably and stably carry high density.
本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒には、触媒金属として白金と共に他の金属が含有されてもよい。本発明において白金と共に含有してもよい金属は、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、クロム、銅及びバナジウムから選ばれる1種以上である。ここで、白金と他の金属とを含有した触媒とは、白金と他の金属との合金、固溶体、それらの混合したものであってもよい。 The fuel cell electrode catalyst of the present invention may contain other metals together with platinum as a catalyst metal. In the present invention, the metal that may be contained together with platinum is at least one selected from iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, and vanadium. Here, the catalyst containing platinum and another metal may be an alloy of platinum and another metal, a solid solution, or a mixture thereof.
本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒は、固体高分子型燃料電池のカソード電極触媒として好ましく用いられる。一般に、アノードでの電気化学反応、即ち水素の酸化反応(プロトンと電子への解離反応)の反応速度は充分に速く、燃料電池の実用電流密度範囲(〜1A/cm2)では、アノードの分極(過電圧)が問題になることはなく、従って、触媒の改善の効果が認められることはない。他方、カソードの酸素還元反応は、4個の電子の移動を伴う多段階の素反応の連鎖であり、その反応速度は遅い。したがって、酸素還元反応に関与し得る触媒金属の表面積の大小(触媒粒子サイズの大小)は、電極反応の分極、即ち、電極の過電圧の大小に直接的に関与することになる。本発明の電極触媒の特徴は、担体の表面細孔構造の最適化による白金を主たる構成成分とする触媒金属の微粒子化が本質であるから、正に、カソードに好適に用いることができる。 The fuel cell electrode catalyst of the present invention is preferably used as a cathode electrode catalyst of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. In general, the reaction rate of the electrochemical reaction at the anode, that is, the oxidation reaction of hydrogen (dissociation reaction into protons and electrons) is sufficiently high, and in the practical current density range (˜1 A / cm 2 ) of the fuel cell, the polarization of the anode (Overvoltage) does not become a problem, and therefore the effect of improving the catalyst is not recognized. On the other hand, the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode is a multistage elementary reaction chain involving the transfer of four electrons, and the reaction rate is slow. Therefore, the size of the surface area of the catalytic metal that can participate in the oxygen reduction reaction (the size of the catalyst particle size) is directly related to the polarization of the electrode reaction, that is, the magnitude of the overvoltage of the electrode. The characteristic feature of the electrode catalyst of the present invention is that it is essential to make the catalyst metal fine particles containing platinum as a main component by optimizing the surface pore structure of the support, so that it can be suitably used for the cathode.
本発明の燃料電池用電極触媒の製造方法は、特に限定されないが、例えば、該電極触媒の担体として用いられるアモルファス炭素粉末を所定量のヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸を含有する水溶液に分散させたスラリーを、所定量のアルカリにより中和した後、固形物を洗浄、乾燥、及び、水素ガスによる還元処理をすることにより得られる。また、担体とヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸のスラリーを、蟻酸ナトリウム水溶液による還元後に、ロ過、洗浄、乾燥してもよい。さらに、ヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸溶液を還元処理した白金スラリーに、所定量の担体炭素粉末を加えてもよい。 The method for producing the fuel cell electrode catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, a slurry in which amorphous carbon powder used as a support for the electrode catalyst is dispersed in an aqueous solution containing a predetermined amount of hexachloroplatinum (IV) acid. Is neutralized with a predetermined amount of alkali, then the solid is washed, dried, and reduced with hydrogen gas. The slurry of the carrier and hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid may be filtered, washed and dried after reduction with an aqueous sodium formate solution. Further, a predetermined amount of carrier carbon powder may be added to the platinum slurry obtained by reducing the hexachloroplatinum (IV) acid solution.
白金と他の金属、例えば、鉄を担持する場合には、ヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸と塩化鉄(III)混合水溶液にアモルファス炭素粉末を分散させたスラリーを、所定量のアルカリにより中和した後、固形物を洗浄、乾燥、及び、水素ガスによる加熱還元処理をすることにより、白金と鉄が合金化した電極触媒が得られる。 When platinum and other metals such as iron are supported, a slurry in which amorphous carbon powder is dispersed in a mixed aqueous solution of hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid and iron (III) chloride is neutralized with a predetermined amount of alkali. The solid catalyst is washed, dried, and heated and reduced with hydrogen gas to obtain an electrode catalyst in which platinum and iron are alloyed.
以上のように、本発明は、大きな比表面積であり、かつ、ミクロ細孔の大きな細孔容積を特徴とするアモルファス炭素粉末を燃料電極触媒用担体とし、該担体に白金あるいは白金合金の微細な粒子を高密度、かつ高均質に分散した低白金使用量の燃料電池用電極触媒、特に固体高分子型燃料電池カソード電極触媒を得ることができるものである。 As described above, in the present invention, amorphous carbon powder having a large specific surface area and a large pore volume of micropores is used as a fuel electrode catalyst carrier, and the carrier is made of fine platinum or platinum alloy. It is possible to obtain a fuel cell electrode catalyst, particularly a polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode electrode catalyst, in which particles are dispersed in a high density and highly homogeneously and used in a low platinum amount.
以下に、実施例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。 EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
(実施例1)
石油系ピッチを原料とし、窒素ガス中400℃〜700℃で炭化処理した後、炭酸ガスを一定流速で流した加熱炉中で、900℃〜1100℃で1〜3時間処理(賦活処理)することにより炭素表面に細孔を導入した。表1に上述の方法で作製したアモルファス炭素の各種物性をまとめて示す。表中の各種物性は以下の方法で測定した。平均粒子径dprimは透過電子顕微鏡写真をもとにして、約100個の粒子サイズの統計的平均値を採用した。アモルファス炭素の比表面積SBET、全細孔容積Vt、ミクロ細孔容積Vmicroは、窒素ガスの吸着測定により評価した。ガス吸着測定は日本ベル社製のBELSOROP36を用い、付属する解析ソフトにより各種物性値を算出した。即ち、比表面積SBETはBET解析により表面積を算出し、ミクロ細孔容積Vmicroは、いわゆるt−プロット解析法を適用して算出した。全細孔容積Vtは、BJH法による解析の細孔容積(ミクロ孔の容積を含まない容積が算出される)とVmicroとの和として算出した。ここで、ミクロ孔は2nm未満のサイズ(円柱状の細孔であれば直径、スリット形状の細孔であればスリット幅に相当)の細孔を表すものである。
Example 1
Petroleum pitch is used as a raw material, carbonized in nitrogen gas at 400 ° C to 700 ° C, and then treated at 900 ° C to 1100 ° C for 1 to 3 hours (activation process) in a heating furnace in which carbon dioxide gas is flowed at a constant flow rate. This introduced pores on the carbon surface. Table 1 summarizes various physical properties of the amorphous carbon produced by the above-described method. Various physical properties in the table were measured by the following methods. As the average particle diameter d prim, a statistical average value of about 100 particle sizes was adopted based on a transmission electron micrograph. The specific surface area S BET , total pore volume V t , and micropore volume V micro of amorphous carbon were evaluated by nitrogen gas adsorption measurement. For gas adsorption measurement, BELSOROP36 manufactured by Nippon Bell Co., Ltd. was used, and various physical property values were calculated using the attached analysis software. That is, the specific surface area S BET was calculated by BET analysis, and the micropore volume V micro was calculated by applying a so-called t-plot analysis method. Total pore volume V t was calculated as the sum of the pore volume of the analysis by the BJH method (volume without the volume of the micropores is calculated) and V micro. Here, the micropore represents a pore having a size of less than 2 nm (corresponding to a diameter if it is a cylindrical pore, or a slit width if it is a slit-shaped pore).
アモルファス炭素1〜3の粉末を担体として、それぞれヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸を含有する水溶液に分散させたスラリーを、メタノールによる還元後にロ過、洗浄、乾燥する方法で、白金量が30質量%である電極触媒を調製した。得られた電極触媒を透過電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、何れのアモルファス炭素においても、担持された白金粒子の直径は2〜4nmの範囲であり、高い均一性で白金粒子が分散していることを確認できた。 A slurry of amorphous carbon 1-3 powder dispersed in an aqueous solution containing hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid, respectively, is filtered, washed, and dried after reduction with methanol. The amount of platinum is 30% by mass. An electrocatalyst was prepared. When the obtained electrocatalyst was observed with a transmission electron microscope, the diameter of the supported platinum particles in any amorphous carbon was in the range of 2 to 4 nm, and the platinum particles were dispersed with high uniformity. It could be confirmed.
(比較例1)
市販品のカーボンブラックであるVulcan XC−72(昭和キャボット社製)を担体に用いた。平均粒子径は30nm、BET法による比表面積は215m2/g、直径2nm未満のミクロ細孔容積は0.0cm3/gであった。
(Comparative Example 1)
Commercially available carbon black Vulcan XC-72 (manufactured by Showa Cabot) was used as a carrier. The average particle diameter was 30 nm, the specific surface area by BET method was 215 m 2 / g, and the micropore volume with a diameter of less than 2 nm was 0.0 cm 3 / g.
実施例1と同様の方法で、カーボンブラックに約30質量%の白金を担持させた。得られた電極触媒を透過電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、担持された白金粒子の直径は2〜4nmであるが、複数の白金粒子が担体表面で凝集し、均一分散性に乏しいことが確認できた。 In the same manner as in Example 1, about 30% by mass of platinum was supported on carbon black. When the obtained electrocatalyst was observed with a transmission electron microscope, the diameter of the supported platinum particles was 2 to 4 nm, but it was confirmed that a plurality of platinum particles aggregated on the surface of the carrier and lacked uniform dispersibility. .
(実施例2)
実施例1で作製したアモルファス炭素1に白金を30質量%担持した電極触媒と造孔剤(三井・デュポンフロロケミカル株式会社製PTFE分散液30−J)及び高分子固体電解質(アルドリッチ製試薬5%ナフィオン溶液)を用いて調製したスラリーをポリテトラフルオロエチレンシート上に塗布、乾燥し、触媒層を形成した。得られた触媒層を2.5cm角に切り取り、ホットプレス(130℃、100kg/cm2)で固体高分子電解質膜(デュポン社製Nafion112)に圧着し、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンシートを剥がして、電極薄膜の有効面積6.25cm2である膜・電極集合体を作製した。このときの、電極有効面積あたりのアノード白金使用量が0.03mg/cm2、カソード白金使用量が0.059mg/cm2であった。この膜・電極集合体を市販の試験用セルに装着し、80℃、1気圧、水蒸気飽和の純水素200ml/min.と純酸素200ml/min.を導入したときの燃料電池出力電圧と電流の関係を測定し、その結果を図1にプロットした。電極触媒の全白金使用量が電極有効面積当たり0.1mg/cm2以下ながら、出力電流密度0.1A/cm2における出力電圧が0.814Vの高い値であり、かつ大きい出力電流密度、例えば1A/cm2における出力電圧が0.575Vであり、その低下が小さい。
(Example 2)
Electrocatalyst supporting 30% by mass of platinum on amorphous carbon 1 produced in Example 1 and pore former (PTFE dispersion 30-J made by Mitsui DuPont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.) and polymer solid electrolyte (5% reagent made by Aldrich) A slurry prepared using a Nafion solution was applied onto a polytetrafluoroethylene sheet and dried to form a catalyst layer. The obtained catalyst layer was cut into a 2.5 cm square, pressed onto a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (Nafion 112 manufactured by DuPont) with a hot press (130 ° C., 100 kg / cm 2 ), the polytetrafluoroethylene sheet was peeled off, and the electrode A membrane / electrode assembly having an effective area of 6.25 cm 2 for the thin film was produced. In this case, the anode of platinum usage per effective electrode area of 0.03 mg / cm 2, the cathode platinum amount was 0.059mg / cm 2. This membrane / electrode assembly was mounted in a commercially available test cell, and pure hydrogen with a saturated water of 200 ml / min. And pure oxygen 200 ml / min. The relationship between the output voltage of the fuel cell and the current when the was introduced was measured, and the result was plotted in FIG. Although the total platinum usage of the electrode catalyst is 0.1 mg / cm 2 or less per electrode effective area, the output voltage at an output current density of 0.1 A / cm 2 is a high value of 0.814 V, and a large output current density, for example The output voltage at 1 A / cm 2 is 0.575 V, and the decrease is small.
(実施例3)
実施例2において、電極有効面積当たりのカソード白金使用量を0.018mg/cm2とした他は、実施例2と同様の燃料電池試験セルを作製し、実施例2と同様の条件で燃料電池出力電圧と電流の関係を測定し、その結果を図1にプロットした。電極触媒の全白金使用量が電極有効面積当たり0.05mg/cm2以下と、実施例2よりさらなる削減し、カソード白金量を0.018mg/cm2の顕著に少ない使用量ながら、出力電流密度0.1A/cm2における出力電圧が0.762Vの高い値であり、かつ比較的に大きい出力電流密度、例えば0.6A/cm2においても燃料電池として機能していることが確認された。
(Example 3)
In Example 2, a fuel cell test cell similar to that of Example 2 was prepared, except that the amount of cathode platinum used per electrode effective area was 0.018 mg / cm 2, and a fuel cell was produced under the same conditions as in Example 2. The relationship between the output voltage and the current was measured, and the result was plotted in FIG. The total amount of platinum used in the electrode catalyst is 0.05 mg / cm 2 or less per electrode effective area, which is further reduced from that of Example 2, and the cathode platinum amount is 0.018 mg / cm 2 , while the output current density is significantly reduced. It was confirmed that the output voltage at 0.1 A / cm 2 is a high value of 0.762 V, and that it functions as a fuel cell even at a relatively large output current density, for example, 0.6 A / cm 2 .
(比較例2、3)
比較例1で作製した電極触媒を用い、アノード白金使用量が0.03mg/cm2、カソード白金使用量が0.063mg/cm2(比較例2)と0.038mg/cm2(比較例3)である燃料電池試験セルを、実施例2と同様の方法で作製し、実施例2と同様の条件で燃料電池出力電圧と電流の関係を測定し、その結果を図1にプロットした。
(Comparative Examples 2 and 3)
Using the electrode catalyst prepared in Comparative Example 1, the anode platinum usage was 0.03 mg / cm 2 , and the cathode platinum usage was 0.063 mg / cm 2 (Comparative Example 2) and 0.038 mg / cm 2 (Comparative Example 3). ) Was produced by the same method as in Example 2, the relationship between the fuel cell output voltage and current was measured under the same conditions as in Example 2, and the results were plotted in FIG.
出力電流密度0.1A/cm2における出力電圧はそれぞれ0.777V(比較例2)と0.726V(比較例3)となり、大きい出力電流密度での電圧低下が著しい。すなわち、比較例2、3の電極触媒では、実施例2、3に比較して、白金(粒子表面が電極として)が有効に利用されていないことが示唆される。 The output voltages at an output current density of 0.1 A / cm 2 are 0.777 V (Comparative Example 2) and 0.726 V (Comparative Example 3), respectively, and the voltage drop at a large output current density is remarkable. That is, in the electrode catalysts of Comparative Examples 2 and 3, it is suggested that platinum (particle surface as an electrode) is not effectively used as compared with Examples 2 and 3.
(実施例4)
実施例1で作製したアモルファス炭素1〜3を電極触媒の担体に使用して、実施例1と同様の触媒担持方法で白金を担持し、白金質量%が5%、20%、40%、60%、及び70%である電極触媒を得た。かかる電極触媒を用い、実施例2と同様の膜・電極集合体方法で、電極有効面積当たり、アノード白金使用量が約0.03mg/cm2、カソード白金使用量が約0.06mg/cm2である膜・電極集合体を作製し、これを燃料電池試験セルに組み込み、実施例2と同様の条件で燃料電池出力電圧と電流の関係を測定した。表2、3に、出力電流密度が0.1A/cm2と1A/cm2における電池電圧を示す。
Example 4
Using amorphous carbons 1 to 3 produced in Example 1 as a support for the electrode catalyst, platinum was supported by the same catalyst supporting method as in Example 1, and platinum mass% was 5%, 20%, 40%, 60 % And 70% of electrocatalyst were obtained. Using such an electrode catalyst, the amount of anode platinum used was about 0.03 mg / cm 2 and the amount of cathode platinum used was about 0.06 mg / cm 2 per effective electrode area by the same membrane / electrode assembly method as in Example 2. Was assembled into a fuel cell test cell, and the relationship between the fuel cell output voltage and current was measured under the same conditions as in Example 2. Table 2 and 3, the output current density indicates the battery voltage at 0.1 A / cm 2 and 1A / cm 2.
(比較例4)
比較例1と同様にして、白金質量%が5%、20%、40%、60%、及び70%である電極触媒を得た。かかる電極触媒を用い、実施例2と同様の膜・電極集合体方法で、電極有効面積当たり、アノード白金使用量が約0.03mg/cm2、カソード白金使用量が約0.06mg/cm2である膜・電極集合体を作製し、これを燃料電池試験セルに組み込み、実施例2と同様の条件で燃料電池出力電圧と電流の関係を測定した。表2に、出力電流密度が0.1A/cm2における電池電圧を示す。
(Comparative Example 4)
In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, electrode catalysts having platinum mass% of 5%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 70% were obtained. Using such an electrode catalyst, the amount of anode platinum used was about 0.03 mg / cm 2 and the amount of cathode platinum used was about 0.06 mg / cm 2 per effective electrode area by the same membrane / electrode assembly method as in Example 2. Was assembled into a fuel cell test cell, and the relationship between the fuel cell output voltage and current was measured under the same conditions as in Example 2. Table 2 shows the battery voltage at an output current density of 0.1 A / cm 2 .
表2から明らかなように、本発明の規定するアモルファス炭素は、何れの白金担持率においても、カーボンブラックに比較して良好な電池出力を発揮することが判る。即ち、低電流密度域(0.1A/cm2)での出力電圧において、アモルファス炭素の方がカーボンブラックに比較して高い出力電圧を発揮することから、触媒の有効利用において優れることが推察される。 As can be seen from Table 2, it can be seen that the amorphous carbon defined by the present invention exhibits better battery output than carbon black at any platinum loading rate. That is, in the output voltage in the low current density region (0.1 A / cm 2 ), amorphous carbon exhibits a higher output voltage than carbon black, so it is presumed that it is superior in effective use of the catalyst. The
また、表3に示すように、本発明の規定するアモルファス炭素は、高電流密度域(1A/cm2)での出力電圧においても、高い出力電圧を発揮するのに対し、カーボンブラックでは出力電圧が得られなかったことから、ガス拡散等の物質移動に伴う過電圧特性においても、本発明の電極触媒は優れた特性を有することが認められた。 Further, as shown in Table 3, the amorphous carbon defined by the present invention exhibits a high output voltage even at an output voltage in a high current density region (1 A / cm 2 ), whereas carbon black has an output voltage. Thus, it was confirmed that the electrode catalyst of the present invention has excellent characteristics even in overvoltage characteristics accompanying mass transfer such as gas diffusion.
Claims (6)
前記アモルファス炭素粉末が、15〜80nmの平均粒子径、2000m2/g以上のBET法による比表面積を有すると共に、直径2nm未満の細孔の細孔容積の総計が0.8cm3/g以上、かつ、直径2nm未満の細孔が占める細孔容積の総計が全細孔容積の60%以上、担持される触媒量が触媒全体の5〜70質量%であることを特徴とする燃料電池用電極触媒。 The support on which the catalyst is supported is amorphous carbon powder, and the supported catalyst is at least platinum, which is an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell,
The amorphous carbon powder has an average particle diameter of 15 to 80 nm, a specific surface area by the BET method of 2000 m 2 / g or more, and a total pore volume of pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm is 0.8 cm 3 / g or more. And the total volume of pores occupied by pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm is 60% or more of the total pore volume, and the amount of supported catalyst is 5 to 70% by mass of the total catalyst. Electrocatalyst.
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| EP1953854A4 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2009-03-25 | Cataler Corp | CATALYST FOR FUEL CELL, ELECTRODE FOR FUEL CELL, AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL WITH SUCH ELECTRODE FOR FUEL CELL |
| JP2007250274A (en) * | 2006-03-14 | 2007-09-27 | Cataler Corp | Fuel cell electrode catalyst with improved precious metal utilization efficiency, method for producing the same, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell having the same |
| JP4553861B2 (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2010-09-29 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Fuel cell |
| JP2007317437A (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-12-06 | Toyota Motor Corp | Battery electrode catalyst performance evaluation method, search method, battery electrode catalyst, and fuel cell using the electrode catalyst |
| JP2008041498A (en) * | 2006-08-08 | 2008-02-21 | Sharp Corp | Method for producing catalyst support for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
| EP2729979B1 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2017-12-13 | Audi AG | Low platinum load electrode |
| JP5893305B2 (en) * | 2011-09-09 | 2016-03-23 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | Electrocatalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method for producing the same |
| CN105142784A (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2015-12-09 | 日产自动车株式会社 | Catalyst and electrode catalyst layer using same, membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell |
| EP2991142B1 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2017-05-03 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Catalyst, electrode catalyst layer using said catalyst, membrane electrode assembly, and fuel cell |
| US10573901B2 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2020-02-25 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. | Catalyst and manufacturing method thereof, and electrode catalyst layer using the catalyst |
| EP3214680B1 (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2020-06-17 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd | Electrode catalyst for fuel cell, electrode catalyst layer for fuel cell, method for producing same, and membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell using catalyst layer |
| US10367218B2 (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2019-07-30 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Electrode catalyst layer for fuel cell, method for producing the same, and membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell using the catalyst layer |
| EP3446781B1 (en) * | 2016-04-19 | 2020-09-09 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Electrocatalyst, membrane electrode assembly using said electrocatalyst, and fuel cell |
| WO2019177060A1 (en) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | 株式会社キャタラー | Electrode catalyst for fuel cell, and fuel cell using same |
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