JP4668008B2 - Ion introducer using piezoelectric member - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an iontophoresis device that uses an electromotive force generated by stress deformation of a piezoelectric member as a power supply for an iontophoresis device for transdermally administering a desired drug.

  Conventionally known is a method called iontophoresis or iontophoresis that promotes the penetration of a drug by passing a weak current through the skin.

  As its method, after applying cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. to the skin surface, an electrode is attached to the application part, and the drug is infiltrated while flowing an electric current. For example, when an anionic drug is infiltrated, A closed circuit is formed by bringing a cathode into contact with a site where cosmetics or the like is applied, and an anode with another site, and a current flows through the closed circuit to infiltrate the drug.

  Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. contain agents for whitening, hair growth, etc., and whitening agents use salts and derivatives such as L-ascorbic acid, glutathione, tranexamic acid, arbutin, kojic acid, etc. In order to further exert the effects of these drugs, ion introduction methods have been proposed.

  In particular, in the case of partial pigmentation such as stains and buckwheat, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals including a whitening agent are applied to the site of such partial pigmentation, and ions are introduced into the application part, resulting in an effect. Attempts have been made to improve pigmentation.

  In addition, in the hair restorer, an attempt is made to apply a hair restorer containing various plant extracts as disclosed in JP-A-10-265349 to the scalp, and then introduce ions after application to enhance the hair restorer effect. ing.

  In order to enhance the effects of whitening, hair growth, etc. using an iontophoresis device, it is necessary to frequently apply cosmetics or pharmaceuticals and then perform iontophoresis after application. However, conventional iontophoresis devices are large in size. Because of the complexity of the equipment, it was not always easy.

  Also, the iontophoresis device is required to keep the polarity of the electrodes constant, and therefore the power source is a direct current. Furthermore, since it is known that the drug permeability due to the polarization of the skin due to energization is reduced during energization, it is necessary to apply voltage intermittently to prevent this. In order to do this, it is necessary to incorporate a predetermined processor in the circuit. In this case, there is a problem that the apparatus becomes complicated and large. Further, when a battery is used as the direct current power source, there is a problem of battery replacement. A typical example of such an ion introducer is a technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-266328. Further, when the power source is an alternating current, a rectifying element such as a diode may be incorporated, so that the apparatus is simple, but there is a problem that a connection circuit to the power source is required.

  On the other hand, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-87662, piezoelectric elements that generate piezoelectric currents by applying stress from the past are bonded to the front and back, and stress is applied to each of the elements, so that stress is deformed. A so-called piezoelectric member capable of obtaining an electromotive force is known.

However, there has been no configuration in which an electromotive force generated by ion deformation by stress deformation of a piezoelectric member is used as a power source.
JP-A-10-265349 JP-A-8-266328 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-87662

  The present invention has been made in view of the conventional problems as described above, and does not require a complicated circuit, has a simple and low-cost structure, and maintains the polarity of the electrode while maintaining the polarity of the battery. It is an object of the present invention to provide an ion introducer that can be exchanged or connected to an external power source, can be carried, and can be easily introduced into the home.

At least one or more piezoelectric elements, possess electric conductivity, the first end is a piezoelectric member formed attached to one or both sides of the diaphragm fixed other end swings into contact with the hand to the piezoelectric element 1 An electrode is connected, and a second electrode to be brought into contact with a desired position on the skin is connected to the diaphragm, a rectifier is disposed between the circuit of the first electrode and the second electrode, and a hand is applied to the first electrode. However, the piezoelectric member is vibrated and deformed by bending, and an electromotive force generated in the piezoelectric member is applied to the skin via the second electrode.

  Further, at least one of the electrodes is configured to vibrate in conjunction with the piezoelectric member.

  The circuit is composed of a circuit connected to the positive terminal of the rectifier and a circuit connected to the negative terminal of the rectifier, and a resistance element or an electronic limiting element is attached between the circuits.

  Further, the handle coupled to support the piezoelectric member is gripped to vibrate the piezoelectric member, and the putting portion is vibrated together with the piezoelectric member, so that the second electrode disposed in the putting portion is attached to the drug permeation portion. It is characterized by being configured to put a weak current on the skin by putting on the skin.

  Also, when putting, an output monitor is placed in the circuit inside the iontophoresis device so that it can be confirmed whether the current is conducted as specified, and the output monitor emits light when conducting. It is characterized by.

  In addition, a pressing body is fixed on the surface of the piezoelectric element, and an electromotive force is generated in the piezoelectric element by a striking force generated when the pressing body collides with a peripheral member.

  Further, the present invention is characterized in that a hygroscopic body impregnated with an ionic drug is laid on the second electrode and the hygroscopic body is put on the skin.

  In addition, one end of the piezoelectric member is fixed in the exterior body, the other end freely swings in the exterior body, and a first electrode and a second electrode are respectively disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the exterior body, The electromotive force generated in the piezoelectric member in accordance with the swinging is applied to the skin via the second electrode.

  In addition, when one end of the piezoelectric member is fixed in the exterior body, a weight is disposed near the tip of the other end of the piezoelectric member, and the exterior body is swung, the piezoelectric member is swung by the weight of the weight. It is characterized in that the movement is expanded and electricity is generated in the piezoelectric member, and an electronic limiting element is attached between the circuit of the piezoelectric element and the circuit of the diaphragm.

  According to this invention, a complicated circuit is not required, a simple and low-cost structure is maintained, and the polarity of the electrode is kept constant, and no battery or battery replacement or connection to an external power source is required, and it can be carried. It is possible to provide an iontophoresis device that can easily and semipermanently introduce ions even in the home and enhance the effects of whitening, hair restoration, and other drugs.

  The invention according to claims 1 to 7 generates an electromotive force in a piezoelectric member connected to the tip by shaking the tip of the ion introducer while grasping the handle (10). Then, it is called a forced vibration model ion introducer. The invention according to claims 8 to 11 has a structure in which one end of the piezoelectric member arranged in the exterior body (18) is fixed and the other end freely moves, and a person swings the exterior body (18). Thus, an electromotive force is generated in the piezoelectric member, which is called a free vibration model ion introducer. Here, what is called a piezoelectric member is one of passive elements using a piezoelectric effect that converts a force applied to a piezoelectric element into a voltage, or converts a voltage into a force, and is a monomorph type, a bimorph type, a laminated type. Although types exist, all of these types can be used in the present invention.

  Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below. FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the main configuration of a forced vibration model ion introducer according to claims 1 to 7 of the present invention, and FIG. 2 shows stress deformation and electromotive force of a bimorph piezoelectric member (1). It is a schematic diagram which shows the mode of generation | occurrence | production.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the main structure of the ion introducer (2) to which the present invention is applied is a bimorph formed by bonding two piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b) on both sides of a diaphragm (13). Circuit (5a) (5b) connected to the two piezoelectric elements (4a) (4b) and the circuits (5a) (5b) are connected to each other. The circuit (5a) (5b) is provided with a first electrode (7) and a second electrode (8) at the tip thereof, and these electrodes (7) (8) ), The second electrode (8) on the negative pole side is vibrated in conjunction with the piezoelectric member (1), the piezoelectric member (1) is connected via the interlocking body (9), and the interlocking body ( 9) and the handle (10) supporting the piezoelectric member (1) are arranged by arranging the first electrode (7) on the positive electrode side and connected to the anode terminal of the rectifier (6) (5a ), The output monitor (11) is adjusted to the rectification direction of the rectifier (6) It is arranged. In FIG. 1, the circuit (5a) is connected to the anode terminal side of the rectifier (6), and the second electrode (8) is a negative pole. The cathode terminal side of the rectifier (6) is connected to the circuit (5b), and the first electrode (7) is a positive pole. The first electrode (7) is changed to the negative electrode and the second electrode (8) is changed to the positive electrode by changing the connection of the circuit (5a) and (5b) to the rectifier (6) according to the type of the chemical solution. Ion introduction.

  As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the piezoelectric member (1) in the present embodiment has two piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b), and these piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b) are diaphragms (13 ) And the circuit (5a) (5b) connected to each piezoelectric element (4a) (4b) is applied, and stress is applied to each piezoelectric element (4a) (4b) Thus, the electromotive force can be obtained by deforming in the front and back direction.

  As shown in FIG. 2A, when the piezoelectric member (1) is warped upward, the piezoelectric element (4a) contracts and the piezoelectric element (4b) expands, the piezoelectric element (4a) becomes a cathode, and the piezoelectric element (4b ) Acts as an anode to generate an electromotive force. Conversely, as shown in FIG. 2B, the piezoelectric member (1) warps downward, and the piezoelectric element (4a) expands and the piezoelectric element (4b) contracts. Sometimes the piezoelectric element (4a) serves as an anode and the piezoelectric element (4b) serves as a cathode to generate an electromotive force. Therefore, when this piezoelectric member (1) is vibrated in the front and back directions, the direction of the electromotive force is alternated during the reciprocation, resulting in an alternating current in which a reverse current is generated.

  However, if alternating current is conducted to the skin, the penetration efficiency of the drug due to the weak current that is conducted decreases, so the second electrode (8) for putting on the skin is required to maintain a constant polarity, and this is reached. In the present invention, the rectifier (6) is arranged in the circuit of the ion introducer (2) so that the current flows only in a certain direction.

  As the rectifier (6), a mercury rectifier, a cuprous oxide rectifier, a selenium rectifier, a silicon rectifier, and the like are known, but a diode silicon rectifier is preferable in consideration of miniaturization and portability.

  When the iontophoresis device (2) configured as described above is used, the handle (10) is gripped so that the hand contacts the positive first electrode (7) disposed on the handle (10). Then, while swinging the handle (10) up and down or from side to side, the piezoelectric member (1) and the putting part (12) are vibrated to generate an electromotive force, and the second electrode disposed on the putting part (12) ( 8) is made into a cathode, and this is put on the skin of the part to be infiltrated with the drug. In this putting, the iontophoresis device (2) and a series of skins form a closed circuit, and the putting Each time a weak current is conducted to the skin. When the current is conducted, the output monitor (11) disposed in the ion introducer (2) emits light so that the presence or absence of conduction can be visually confirmed.

  In FIG. 3, the conceptual diagram of the ion introducer (2) comprised in this way is shown. FIG. 4 shows a forced vibration model ion introducer having a putting part (12) that embodies the conceptual diagram of FIG. Further, in FIG. 5, the interlocking body (9) is attached to the handle body (10), the piezoelectric member (1) is placed on the upper surface of the interlocking body (9), and the interlocking body (9) is further placed on the piezoelectric member (1). An example is shown in which a pressing body (14) that collides with the inner surface of the handle (10) when it moves up and down to generate electricity in the piezoelectric member (1) is shown. Moreover, in FIG. 6, the example of the shape of an ion introducer suitable for ion introduction, such as a hair restorer, is shown. These details will be described later as Examples 1 and 2.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a main circuit configuration of a free vibration model ion introducer (2) according to claims 8 to 12 of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, a piezoelectric member (1) is formed by attaching two piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b) to both surfaces of a conductive diaphragm (13). This is an ion introducer of the type in which one end is fixed in the exterior body (18) and the other end is freely swung in the exterior body (18). A circuit (5a) is connected to each of the two piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b), and a circuit (5b) is connected to the diaphragm (13) having conductivity. Further, the circuit (5a) and the circuit (5b) have a rectifier (6) and a voltage limiting element (3) connected so as to communicate with each other. One electrode (7) and the second electrode (8) are connected. An output monitor (11) is arranged between the voltage limiting element (3) of the circuit (5a) and the first electrode (7) so that the output can be confirmed.

  Also in this ion generator (2) of the free vibration model, the first electrode (7) and the second electrode are changed by changing the connection of the circuits (5a) and (5b) to the rectifier (6) as described above. The positive and negative poles of (8) can be changed. Further, depending on the shape of the outer package, as seen in Example 4 described later, the outer package (18) is turned upside down, the finger is placed on the second electrode (8) side, and the ions from the first electrode (7) are ionized. It can also be introduced. With this free vibration model iontophoresis, the generated current is generated at the vibration frequency along with the swinging of the outer body (18). It can be injected. Here, the piezoelectric member (1) uses a bimorph type piezoelectric member as a power source, but it goes without saying that a monomorph type and a laminated type piezoelectric member can be used as described above.

  The rectifier (6) disposed between the circuits (5a) and (5b) can be a general diode as with the rectifier (6) described above. The voltage limiting element (3) arranged between the circuits (5a) and (5b) is an element for preventing a large amount of current from flowing through the skin. Electrical resistance can be used. The first electrode (7) and the second electrode (8) at the tips of the respective circuits (5a) and (5b) are made of an electric current conductor such as metal. In the case of a free vibration model ion introducer, a first electrode (7) and a second electrode (8) are arranged on the front and back surfaces of the outer package (18), respectively, and the outer body ( It is possible to introduce ions such as a whitening agent and a hair restorer by putting the second electrode on the skin.

  An embodiment of the forced vibration model ion introducer (2) according to claims 1 to 8 will be described below with reference to FIGS. However, in the following, details of the same configuration as in FIGS. 1 and 2 are omitted.

  3 is a conceptual diagram of the ion introducer (2) shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the ion introducer (2) having a putting part (12) that embodies the conceptual diagram of FIG. FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a state of vibration of the piezoelectric member (1) by enlarging the periphery of the handle (10) of the ion introducer (2) in the present embodiment.

  As shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the ion introducer (2) in the present embodiment has a piezoelectric member (1) similar to that described above in the vicinity of the lower end portion of the elastic longitudinal plate-like interlocking body (9), A pressing body (14) for pressing the piezoelectric member (1) and a rectifier (6) are fixed, and the lower end of the interlocking body (9) is fixed, and the opening is extended so as to extend toward the distal end. The interlocking body (9) can be vibrated while the lower end of the handle (10) is fixed and supported inside the handle (10). A first electrode (7) connected to the piezoelectric member (1) is disposed on the surface of the handle (10). A putting part (12) is fixed to the tip of the interlocking body (9), and a second electrode (8) connected to the piezoelectric member (1) is disposed on the surface of the putting part (12). .

  In the case of the iontophoresis device (2) configured as described above, if the handle (10) is gripped by hand and shaken up and down, only its lower end is connected and fixed to the handle (10). The interlocking body (9) is vibrated up and down, and at that time, the pressing body (14) arranged on the upper portion of the piezoelectric member (1) collides with the inner wall surface of the handle body (10), thereby causing piezoelectricity due to vibration. In addition to the stress deformation of the member (1), an impact force is further applied to the piezoelectric member (1), so that an electromotive force can be obtained more reliably.

  Next, a modification of the forced vibration model ion introducer (2) will be described with reference to FIG. An iontophoresis device (2) shown in FIG. 6 has a piezoelectric member (1) provided with a rectifier (6) inside a hollow, elongated plate-like interlocking body (9) having elasticity, and the piezoelectric member (1 ) Is arranged so that a cylindrical handle (10) supports the interlocking body (9) so as to vibrate, and a piezoelectric member (1) is placed on the surface of the handle (10). A first electrode (7) connected to the pad is disposed, and a putting part (12) is fixed to the tip of the interlocking body (9), and is formed like a sword mountain on one surface of the putting part (12). The arranged second electrode (8) is arranged.

Next, an embodiment of a free vibration model ion introducer (2) according to claims 8 to 12 will be described with reference to FIGS. The ion introducer (2) in this embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 includes a piezoelectric element (4a) (4b) on both sides of a conductive diaphragm (13) in a box-shaped exterior body (18). When one end of the bimorph type piezoelectric member (1) is fixed and the exterior body (18) is put in a predetermined direction, the piezoelectric member (in conjunction with the vibration of the putting applied to the exterior body (18) ( 1) is arranged so as to vibrate in the exterior body (18) and obtain an electromotive force. And the 1st electrode (7) connected to the piezoelectric member (1) via the circuit (5a) (5b) is arrange | positioned at the back surface of the lower end of the said exterior body (18). Further, a mounting band (20) is provided on the back surface of the lower end of the outer package (18) to facilitate holding the ion introducer (2) through a hand.

  A second electrode (8) connected to the piezoelectric member (1) is disposed on the upper end surface of the exterior body (18). Further, the outer body (18) has a plane area and a shape substantially equivalent to the outer body (18) attached so that it can be opened and closed by being pivotally supported by the upper end of the outer body (18), and its periphery is formed into a frame shape. The frame is provided with a frame body (21) that is opened and penetrated on the front and back sides, and the outer shape of the ion introducer (2) is formed in a so-called puff-like shape as a whole.

  When the puff-like iontophoresis device (2) configured as described above is used, for example, a vitamin C derivative that is negatively charged in an aqueous solution is dissolved in water, and the area and shape of the second electrode (8) are obtained. A paper-like moisture absorber (23) impregnated with the aqueous solution having a larger area and shape is laid on the second electrode (8) of the ion introducer (2) in this example, and the frame (21) is provided. Close and fix. In this state, the paper-like moisture absorbent body (23) impregnated with the aqueous solution of vitamin C derivative is in a state of slightly protruding upward from the opening (24) formed in the frame body (21). Therefore, the puff-like ion introducer (2) having the moisture absorbent body (23) exposed on the surface is put on the cheek or the like by using the puff. Thus, when the penetration effect of the vitamin C derivative was actually measured, it was found that the penetration promotion effect was about twice that of a normal puff that does not use the iontophoresis device (2). This is shown by the inventors' experiments.

  Further, an embodiment of the free vibration model ion introducer (2) will be described with reference to FIGS. The ion introducer (2) in the present embodiment is an ion introducer (2) that is designed to be compact and convenient to carry. The iontophoresis device (2) shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 is of a size that is gripped and vibrated by the fingertip. A piezoelectric member (1) whose end swings is disposed. Near the tip of the oscillating side of the piezoelectric member (1), there is a weight (19) for efficiently vibrating the piezoelectric member (1) by the vibration generated by the putting when putting by the ion introducer (2). It is attached. A metal first electrode (7) and a second electrode (8) are arranged on the top surface of the upper lid (16) and the bottom surface of the lower lid (17), respectively, and these electrodes are connected to the circuits (5a) (5b). It is connected to the piezoelectric member (1) via Further, a ring member (22) for holding the hygroscopic body (23) is provided at the bottom of the lower lid (17). The ion introducer (2) configured as described above is used as follows. First, a hygroscopic body (23) impregnated with an aqueous chemical solution to be introduced is disposed between the second electrode (8) and the ring member (22). Next, attach an index finger to the first electrode (7) of the iontophoresis device (2) and place the thumb and middle finger on the sides of the upper lid (16) and lower lid (17) so that the hygroscopic body (23) touches the skin. To introduce ions from the second electrode (8). In this free vibration model ion introducer (2), there is no need to change the connection of the circuit (5a) (5b) to the rectifier (6) according to the type of the aqueous chemical solution. It is also possible to invert and to introduce ions from the first electrode (7) by placing a finger on the second electrode (8) side. The state of the electromotive force can be confirmed with an output monitor (11) disposed between the piezoelectric member (1) and the first electrode (7). The electromotive force of the output monitor (11) is This can be confirmed by a window hole (15) provided in front of the exterior body (18).

  Next, an example of the iontophoresis device (2) of the free vibration model, which is a compact container for makeup, will be described. FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing a state in which the cosmetic compact container is opened. Similarly to the fourth embodiment, the metal first electrode (7) is formed on the outer surface of the upper lid (16) and the outer surface of the lower lid (17). And a second electrode (8) is arranged (not shown). Inside the compact container for makeup, a piezoelectric member (1) having one end fixed and the other end swinging is disposed as in the fourth embodiment. As described above, the piezoelectric member (1) has the piezoelectric elements (4a) and (4b) attached to both surfaces of the diaphragm (13). The piezoelectric member (1), the first electrode (7), and the second electrode (8) are energized through the circuits (5a) and (5b). The piezoelectric member (1) and the first electrode An output monitor (11) is arranged between (7). The output monitor (11) is arranged so that a part of the output monitor (11) pops out of the container in a state where the cosmetic compact container is closed, so that the electromotive force can be confirmed.

Schematic diagram showing the main components of the forced vibration model iontophoresis device Schematic diagram showing the state of stress deformation and electromotive force generation of the piezoelectric member shown in FIG. Conceptual diagram formed by applying the main configuration of the ion introducer shown in FIG. The perspective view of the iontophoresis device based on Example 1 provided with the structure shown in FIG. The schematic diagram which expands the pattern body periphery of the iontophoretic device which concerns on Example 1, and shows the mode of a vibration of a piezoelectric member. The perspective view which shows the iontophoretic device which concerns on Example 2. FIG. Schematic diagram showing the main configuration of a free vibration model iontophoresis device The perspective view of the iontophoretic device concerning Example 3. Sectional view of the iontophoretic device shown in FIG. The perspective view of the iontophoretic device concerning Example 4. Sectional view of the iontophoretic device shown in FIG. The perspective view of the iontophoretic device concerning Example 5.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Piezoelectric member 2 Ion introducer 3 Voltage limiting element
4a Piezoelectric element
4b Piezoelectric element
5a circuit
5b circuit 6 rectifier 7 first electrode 8 second electrode 9 interlocking body
10 Pattern
11 Output monitor
12 Putting part
13 Diaphragm
14 Press body
15 Window hole
16 Top lid
17 Lower lid
18 Exterior body
19 spindles
20 Wearing belt
21 Frame
22 Ring member
23 Hygroscopic body
24 opening

Claims (12)

At least one or more piezoelectric elements, possess electric conductivity, the first end is a piezoelectric member formed attached to one or both sides of the diaphragm fixed other end swings into contact with the hand to the piezoelectric element 1 An electrode is connected, and a second electrode to be brought into contact with a desired position on the skin is connected to the diaphragm, a rectifier is disposed between the circuit of the first electrode and the second electrode, and a hand is applied to the first electrode. while bending deformation vibrates the piezoelectric member, the ion introducer, characterized in that to apply an electromotive force generated in the piezoelectric member to the skin through the second electrode.   The iontophoresis device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the electrodes is configured to vibrate in conjunction with the piezoelectric member.  The circuit of the first electrode and the second electrode is composed of a circuit connected to the positive terminal of the rectifier and a circuit connected to the negative terminal of the rectifier, and a resistance element or a voltage limiting element is attached between the circuits. The iontophoresis device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein   The ion introducer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a handle connected to the piezoelectric member, wherein the first electrode is connected to the handle.   The iontophoresis device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising a putting part connected to the piezoelectric member, and a second electrode connected to the putting part.   6. The ion introducer according to claim 1, wherein an output monitor is disposed in a circuit between the rectifier and the second electrode.   7. A pressing body is fixed on the surface of the piezoelectric element, and an electromotive force is generated in the piezoelectric element by an impact force generated when the pressing body collides with a peripheral member. The iontophoresis device according to any one of the above.   One end of the piezoelectric member is fixed in the exterior body, the other end freely swings in the exterior body, and a first electrode and a second electrode are arranged on the outer peripheral surface of the exterior body, respectively, and the exterior body swings. The iontophoresis device according to claim 1, wherein an electromotive force generated in the piezoelectric member is applied to the skin via the second electrode.   When one end of the piezoelectric member is fixed in the exterior body, a weight is disposed near the tip of the other end of the piezoelectric member, and the exterior body is swung, the weight of the weight causes the swing of the piezoelectric member. 9. The iontophoresis device according to claim 8, which is enlarged and generates electricity in the piezoelectric member.    The circuit of the first electrode and the second electrode is composed of a circuit connected to the positive terminal of the rectifier and a circuit connected to the negative terminal of the rectifier, and a resistance element or a voltage limiting element is attached between the circuits. The iontophoresis device according to claim 8 or 9, wherein:   The ion according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein a hygroscopic material impregnated with an ionic drug is laid on the second electrode, and the hygroscopic material is put on the skin. Introducer.   The ion introducer according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein an output monitor is disposed in a circuit between the rectifier and the second electrode.

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