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JP4672873B2 - Spring shot peening method and spring - Google Patents
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JP4672873B2 - Spring shot peening method and spring - Google Patents

Spring shot peening method and spring Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4672873B2
JP4672873B2 JP2001002739A JP2001002739A JP4672873B2 JP 4672873 B2 JP4672873 B2 JP 4672873B2 JP 2001002739 A JP2001002739 A JP 2001002739A JP 2001002739 A JP2001002739 A JP 2001002739A JP 4672873 B2 JP4672873 B2 JP 4672873B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
shot peening
spring
shot
test
springs
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JP2002205270A (en
Inventor
真吾 三村
利憲 青木
智弘 中野
隆之 榊原
将見 脇田
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Chuo Hatsujo KK
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Chuo Hatsujo KK
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、耐久性(耐疲労性)に優れたばねを製造するためのショットピーニング方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ばねの耐久性を飛躍的に高める方法として、ショットピーニングは特に自動車用懸架ばねやエンジン用弁ばね等の高強度ばねにおいては必須の処理となっている。
【0003】
ショットピーニングは、処理対象物の表面に小粒子を投射するという処理であるが、同様の処理を行いながらも、切断・成形加工等の際に生成するバリ(張り出し)や熱処理の際に生成するスケール(硬い酸化被膜)を除去して表面を清浄にする目的で行われるショットブラストとは、その強さ等の条件の点で大きく異なる。すなわち、ショットピーニング処理は、ばねの表面に圧縮の残留応力を生成させることを目的として、その最表面を塑性変形させるような条件で行われる。このような条件に適した小粒子として、従来より、鋼線を短く切断したカットワイヤ、鋳鋼球、白銑球等の鉄鋼粒が多く用いられている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ばね自体についても、その素材鋼の成分系の変更による改良、成形工程における改良、熱処理の改良、表面処理(例えば窒化処理等)による改良等様々な改良が加えられ、疲労寿命が改善されてきている。このような素材自体の改良すなわち高強度化に対応すべく、ショットピーニング工程においても、処理対象ばねにストレスを与えながらショットピーニングを施すストレスピーニングや、処理対象ばねの温度を上げた状態(100〜300℃程度)でショットピーニングを施すウォームショットピーニング等の技術が開発され、ばねの疲労寿命の向上に効果を挙げてきた。
【0005】
そして、ショットピーニング処理で用いられるショット粒についても、鉄鋼粒以外にガラス、アルミナ、ジルコニア等のセラミック粒や、鉄以外の金属を用いた小粒子の使用が提案されている。たとえば、特開平6-158158号公報には、コイルばねに窒化処理を施した後、その表面の硬さよりも高い硬さのセラミックショット粒を投射するという方法が開示されている。また、特開平9-57629号公報には、比重が16〜20の無機物質から成る平均径1mm以下の球状体を用いるという方法が開示されている。なお、このような無機物質の例としてW(タングステン)及び/又はW2Cが挙げられている。
【0006】
しかし、セラミック粒は一般にスケール除去等のショットブラスト用としては使用できても、鋼表面を塑性変形させる程度まで投射するというショットピーニング用には不向きと考えられている。すなわち、セラミック粒は鉄鋼粒と比較すると壊れやすいため、繰り返し使用する間に破壊したショット粒の鋭い角が処理対象物の表面に疵を与え、これが疲労破壊の起点となってむしろ疲労強度が低下する可能性がある。従って、ショット粒を選択するに際しては、単に実験室的な効果ばかりではなく、長期間実際に操業を行った後のことも考慮する必要がある。
【0007】
本発明は、実際に行われる操業条件を考慮した上で、ばねの耐久性を最も有効に高めることのできるショットピーニング処理を提供するものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
すなわち、本発明に係るばねのショットピーニング方法は、複数回のショットピーニングを施すとともに、その最後の回以外のショットピーニングにおいては鉄鋼ショット粒を60〜90m/sの速度で投射し、最後の回のショットピーニングにおいてセラミックビーズを50m/s以下の速度でばねに投射することを特徴とするものである。
【0009】
また、セラミックビーズを投射するとともに、ショットピーニング後の表面の圧縮残留応力σRがばねの硬さHSに対して次の式を満足するようにショットピーニング条件を調整するという方法でもよい。
σR[MPa]≧2.675×HS[Hv]−955
【0010】
これらの方法は、もちろん、組み合わせて行ってもよい。
【0011】
これらの場合、使用するセラミックビーズの平均粒径を0.3mm以下とすることにより、本発明の目的をよりよく達成することができる。
【0012】
なお、ショットピーニングを複数回施す場合には、その最後の回のショットピーニングにおいて上記のいずれかの方法で行うようにする。この場合、最終回以外のショットピーニングは、従来の方法(径0.1〜1.2mm程度の鉄鋼ショット粒を60〜90m/sの速度で投射する)で行うことが望ましい。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態及び効果】
本発明に係る方法で用いるセラミックビーズとは、ZrO2(ジルコニア)及びSiO2(シリカ)を主成分とし、必要に応じて付加的にMgO、CaO、HfO2、Y2O3、CeO2等を含むセラミックであり、溶融後空気・スチーム等の吹き込み又は溶融物のスプレー等により生成されたものである(例えば、米国特許第4,106,947号公報、日本特許第2594023号公報参照)。これらにも記載されているように、一般的にはZrO2/SiO2=2:1程度の混合率となっているが、本件発明で使用可能なセラミックビーズはそれに厳密に限定されるものではなく、「セラミックビーズ」として市販されているものを使用することで足りる。なお、一例として製品名ZIRSHOT(日本サンゴバン株販売)として販売されているセラミックビーズは、次のような組成及び特性を有する。
【0014】

Figure 0004672873
【0015】
本発明に係るばねのショットピーニング方法において、セラミックビーズの投射速度を50m/s以下としたのは、これ以上の高速で投射して処理対象物の表面に衝突させた場合、その運動エネルギーによりセラミックビーズが破壊する確率が大きく、また、その破片が処理対象物の表面に深い疵を付ける可能性が高いためである。
【0016】
ショットピーニング後のばね表面の圧縮残留応力σRとばねの硬さHSの間の次の関係式
σR[MPa]≧2.675×HS[Hv]−955
は、本発明者らが多数のばねについて実験を行った結果、この関係式を満足するようにショットピーニング処理を施したばねは、高い疲労強度を持つことを見いだしたことから定めたものである。その詳細については後述する。
【0017】
このようなセラミックビーズのうち平均粒径が0.3mm以下のものを使用することが望ましいのは、これよりも大きいものは処理対象ばねの表面に衝突した際に破壊しやすく、繰り返し使用した場合には、その破片の鋭い角が処理対象ばねの表面に鋭い疵を付ける可能性が高いためである。また、ショットピーニング処理後の表面粗さ(最大粗さ、平均粗さ)をできるだけ小さくすることにより、耐久性を向上させる効果も得られる。
【0018】
本発明に係るショットピーニング方法は、それのみで行ってもよいが、従来のショットピーニング方法と組み合わせて行ってもよい。この場合、本発明に係る方法を必ず最終回に行うようにする。これは次のような理由からである。本発明に係る方法でショットピーニングを行った場合、後述するように圧縮残留応力が最大となる表面からの深さは、従来の方法で行った場合よりもやや浅くなる。従って、従来の方法でショットピーニングを行うことにより比較的深い位置に残留応力を発生させた後、更に本発明に係る方法でショットピーニングを行うことにより、それよりも更に表面に近い位置においてより大きい圧縮残留応力を付与することが出来るようになる。これにより、耐久性向上の効果を大きく挙げることができるようになる。
【0019】
【実施例】
本発明に係るショットピーニング方法の効果を明らかにするため、実際のばねを製造し、疲労試験を行うとともに、その表面硬さ分布及び表面圧縮残留応力分布を測定した。
【0020】
実験に供したばねは、自動車エンジン用弁ばね(A、B、C)及び懸架ばね(D)であり、それらの素材及び諸元を図1に、製造方法を図2に示す。供試ばねA及びBは窒化処理(S3)を施したものであり、供試ばねC及びDは窒化処理を施していないものである。
【0021】
それぞれの供試ばね2ないし3本に対して、図3に示す条件でショットピーニング処理を施した。各供試ばねの表面硬さHSとショットピーニング処理後の表面圧縮残留応力値σRの関係をグラフにしたものが図4である。ショット粒にセラミックビーズを用いたもの(A1、B1、C1、D1、D2。以下、これらを開発品と呼ぶ。)と従来のスチール製ショット粒を用いたもの(A2、B2、C2、D3。以下、これらを比較品と呼ぶ。)とは、[σR=2.675×HS−955]の線を境に明確に分離され、供試ばねの硬さを同一とした場合、開発品の方が高い表面圧縮残留応力値を示している。
【0022】
図5、図8、図11、図14は各供試ばねの疲労試験結果、すなわち試験応力振幅と折損までの繰り返し回数をプロットしたグラフである。各グラフには、各供試ばねの試験結果を統計的に処理して求めた10%折損確率線(全サンプル数の10%の数のサンプルが折損する繰り返し回数)を記入した。この10%折損確率線より求めた各供試ばねの疲労強度(統計疲労強度)を図17にまとめた。この結果から明らかなように、本発明に係る方法でショットピーニング処理を施した供試ばね(開発品)はいずれも比較品よりも高い疲労強度を示している。
【0023】
なお、各供試ばねの表面から深さ方向に測定した硬さの分布を図6、図9、図12、図15に、そして表面から深さ方向に測定した圧縮残留応力の分布を図7、図10、図13、図16に示す。最表面における圧縮残留応力の値において、いずれの種類においても、開発品の値が比較品の値を上回っている。また、特に図13及び図16に明りょうに現れているが、圧縮残留応力が最大となる深さは、開発品の方が比較品よりも小さく(浅く)なっている。コイルばねが圧縮されたときに最大(剪断)応力が発生するのは最表面であるから、最大残留応力は最表面に近い方に存在する方が望ましいのは言うまでもない。開発品の耐久性の優秀さ(図17)は、この現象によって説明されるものと考えられる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 供試ばねの素材及び諸元表。
【図2】 供試ばねの製造工程を示すフローチャート。
【図3】 各供試ばねのショットピーニング処理方法を示す表。
【図4】 供試ばねの表面硬さとショットピーニング後の表面圧縮残留応力の値との関係を示すグラフ。
【図5】 供試ばねA1及びA2の疲労試験結果のグラフ。
【図6】 供試ばねA1及びA2の表面からの深さ方向の硬さ分布のグラフ。
【図7】 供試ばねA1及びA2の表面からの深さ方向の圧縮残留応力分布のグラフ。
【図8】 供試ばねB1及びB2の疲労試験結果のグラフ。
【図9】 供試ばねB1及びB2の表面からの深さ方向の硬さ分布のグラフ。
【図10】 供試ばねB1及びB2の表面からの深さ方向の圧縮残留応力分布のグラフ。
【図11】 供試ばねC1及びC2の疲労試験結果のグラフ。
【図12】 供試ばねC1及びC2の表面からの深さ方向の硬さ分布のグラフ。
【図13】 供試ばねC1及びC2の表面からの深さ方向の圧縮残留応力分布のグラフ。
【図14】 供試ばねD1、D2及びD3の疲労試験結果のグラフ。
【図15】 供試ばねD1、D2及びD3の表面からの深さ方向の硬さ分布のグラフ。
【図16】 供試ばねD1、D2及びD3の表面からの深さ方向の圧縮残留応力分布のグラフ。
【図17】 各供試ばねの10%折損確率線より求めた統計疲労強度の表。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a shot peening method for producing a spring excellent in durability (fatigue resistance).
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a method for dramatically improving the durability of the spring, shot peening is an indispensable treatment particularly for high-strength springs such as automobile suspension springs and engine valve springs.
[0003]
Shot peening is a process in which small particles are projected onto the surface of the object to be processed. However, while performing the same process, it is generated during burrs (overhanging) and heat treatment that occur during cutting and molding. It differs greatly from shot blasting for the purpose of removing the scale (hard oxide film) and cleaning the surface in terms of conditions such as strength. That is, the shot peening process is performed under the condition that the outermost surface is plastically deformed for the purpose of generating a compressive residual stress on the spring surface. As small particles suitable for such conditions, steel particles such as cut wires, cast steel balls, white birch balls, etc., obtained by cutting a steel wire short have been conventionally used.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As for the spring itself, various improvements such as improvement by changing the component system of the material steel, improvement in the molding process, improvement of heat treatment, improvement by surface treatment (for example, nitriding treatment, etc.) have been added, and the fatigue life has been improved. Yes. In the shot peening process, stress peening for performing shot peening while applying stress to the processing target spring, or a state where the temperature of the processing target spring is raised (100 to 100) Techniques such as warm shot peening that perform shot peening at about 300 ° C. have been developed and have been effective in improving the fatigue life of springs.
[0005]
As for shot grains used in the shot peening treatment, it has been proposed to use ceramic grains such as glass, alumina, zirconia and the like, and small grains using metals other than iron, in addition to steel grains. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-158158 discloses a method in which after a nitriding treatment is applied to a coil spring, ceramic shot grains having a hardness higher than the surface hardness are projected. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-57629 discloses a method of using a spherical body made of an inorganic substance having a specific gravity of 16 to 20 and having an average diameter of 1 mm or less. Examples of such inorganic substances include W (tungsten) and / or W 2 C.
[0006]
However, ceramic grains are generally considered unsuitable for shot peening in which the steel surface is projected to the extent of plastic deformation, even though it can be used for shot blasting such as scale removal. In other words, since ceramic grains are more fragile than steel grains, the sharp corners of shot grains broken during repeated use give wrinkles to the surface of the object to be treated, which becomes the starting point of fatigue fracture and rather reduces fatigue strength. there's a possibility that. Therefore, when selecting the shot grain, it is necessary to consider not only the laboratory effect but also the fact that the actual operation has been performed for a long time.
[0007]
The present invention provides a shot peening process that can most effectively increase the durability of the spring in consideration of the actual operating conditions.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the shot peening method for a spring according to the present invention performs shot peening a plurality of times, and in shot peening other than the last round, steel shot grains are projected at a speed of 60 to 90 m / s, and the last round. In this shot peening, ceramic beads are projected onto a spring at a speed of 50 m / s or less.
[0009]
Further, a method of projecting ceramic beads and adjusting the shot peening conditions so that the compressive residual stress σ R of the surface after shot peening satisfies the following formula with respect to the hardness H S of the spring may be used.
σ R [MPa] ≧ 2.675 × H S [Hv] −955
[0010]
Of course, these methods may be combined.
[0011]
In these cases, the object of the present invention can be better achieved when the average particle size of the ceramic beads used is 0.3 mm or less.
[0012]
When shot peening is performed a plurality of times, the last shot peening is performed by any one of the methods described above. In this case, it is desirable to perform shot peening other than the final round by a conventional method (projecting steel shot grains having a diameter of about 0.1 to 1.2 mm at a speed of 60 to 90 m / s).
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The ceramic beads used in the method according to the present invention are mainly composed of ZrO 2 (zirconia) and SiO 2 (silica), and additionally MgO, CaO, HfO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , CeO 2 and the like as necessary. This ceramic is produced by blowing air or steam after melting or spraying a melt or the like (for example, see US Pat. No. 4,106,947 and Japanese Patent 2594023). As described in these, generally, the mixing ratio is about ZrO 2 / SiO 2 = 2: 1, but the ceramic beads usable in the present invention are not strictly limited thereto. It is sufficient to use what is marketed as "ceramic beads". As an example, ceramic beads sold under the product name ZIRSHOT (Nihon Saint-Gobain Co., Ltd.) have the following composition and characteristics.
[0014]
Figure 0004672873
[0015]
In the spring shot peening method according to the present invention, the ceramic beads are projected at a speed of 50 m / s or less because when they are projected at a higher speed and collide with the surface of the object to be processed, the kinetic energy causes the ceramic beads to project. This is because the probability that the bead breaks is high, and there is a high possibility that the broken piece gives a deep flaw to the surface of the object to be treated.
[0016]
The following relational expression σ R [MPa] ≧ 2.675 × H S [Hv] −955 between the compression residual stress σ R on the spring surface after shot peening and the hardness H S of the spring
Is determined from the fact that, as a result of experiments conducted by the present inventors on a large number of springs, it has been found that a spring subjected to shot peening so as to satisfy this relational expression has high fatigue strength. Details thereof will be described later.
[0017]
It is desirable to use such ceramic beads with an average particle size of 0.3 mm or less. Larger beads are more likely to break when they collide with the surface of the spring to be treated. The reason for this is that the sharp corners of the fragments are highly likely to have sharp wrinkles on the surface of the spring to be processed. Moreover, the effect which improves durability is also acquired by making the surface roughness (maximum roughness, average roughness) after a shot peening process as small as possible.
[0018]
The shot peening method according to the present invention may be performed alone, or may be performed in combination with a conventional shot peening method. In this case, the method according to the present invention is always performed in the final round. This is for the following reason. When shot peening is performed by the method according to the present invention, as will be described later, the depth from the surface where the compressive residual stress is maximized is slightly shallower than that obtained by the conventional method. Therefore, after a residual stress is generated at a relatively deep position by performing shot peening by the conventional method, the shot peening is further performed by the method according to the present invention, which is larger at a position closer to the surface than that. Compressive residual stress can be applied. Thereby, the effect of improving the durability can be greatly increased.
[0019]
【Example】
In order to clarify the effect of the shot peening method according to the present invention, an actual spring was manufactured, subjected to a fatigue test, and its surface hardness distribution and surface compressive residual stress distribution were measured.
[0020]
The springs used in the experiment are the valve springs (A, B, C) and suspension springs (D) for automobile engines, and their materials and specifications are shown in FIG. 1, and the manufacturing method is shown in FIG. The test springs A and B are subjected to nitriding treatment (S3), and the test springs C and D are not subjected to nitriding treatment.
[0021]
Shot peening treatment was performed on 2 to 3 test springs under the conditions shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the surface hardness H S of each test spring and the surface compressive residual stress value σ R after the shot peening treatment. Those using ceramic beads for shot grains (A1, B1, C1, D1, D2, hereinafter referred to as developed products) and those using conventional steel shot grains (A2, B2, C2, D3). In the following, these are referred to as comparative products.) Means that if the hardness of the test springs is the same when clearly separated from the line [σ R = 2.675 × H S −955], Indicates a high surface compressive residual stress value.
[0022]
FIG. 5, FIG. 8, FIG. 11, and FIG. 14 are graphs plotting the fatigue test results of each test spring, that is, the test stress amplitude and the number of repetitions until breakage. In each graph, a 10% break probability line (the number of repetitions that breaks 10% of the total number of samples) obtained by statistically processing the test results of each test spring was entered. The fatigue strength (statistical fatigue strength) of each test spring obtained from the 10% breakage probability line is summarized in FIG. As is apparent from the results, all the test springs (developed products) subjected to the shot peening treatment by the method according to the present invention exhibit higher fatigue strength than the comparative products.
[0023]
The distribution of hardness measured in the depth direction from the surface of each test spring is shown in FIGS. 6, 9, 12, and 15, and the distribution of compressive residual stress measured in the depth direction from the surface is shown in FIG. FIG. 10, FIG. 13, and FIG. Regarding the value of the compressive residual stress on the outermost surface, the value of the developed product exceeds the value of the comparative product in any type. Further, as clearly shown in FIGS. 13 and 16, the depth at which the compressive residual stress is maximized is smaller (shallow) in the developed product than in the comparative product. Needless to say, it is desirable that the maximum residual stress be present closer to the outermost surface because the maximum (shear) stress is generated on the outermost surface when the coil spring is compressed. The excellent durability of the developed product (Fig. 17) is thought to be explained by this phenomenon.
[Brief description of the drawings]
[Fig. 1] Material and specifications of test springs.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of a test spring.
FIG. 3 is a table showing a shot peening processing method for each test spring.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the surface hardness of the test spring and the value of the surface compressive residual stress after shot peening.
FIG. 5 is a graph of fatigue test results of test springs A1 and A2.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the hardness distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs A1 and A2.
FIG. 7 is a graph of the distribution of compressive residual stress in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs A1 and A2.
FIG. 8 is a graph of fatigue test results of test springs B1 and B2.
FIG. 9 is a graph of the hardness distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs B1 and B2.
FIG. 10 is a graph of the compressive residual stress distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs B1 and B2.
FIG. 11 is a graph of fatigue test results of test springs C1 and C2.
FIG. 12 is a graph of the hardness distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs C1 and C2.
FIG. 13 is a graph of the compressive residual stress distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs C1 and C2.
FIG. 14 is a graph of fatigue test results of test springs D1, D2, and D3.
FIG. 15 is a graph of the hardness distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs D1, D2, and D3.
FIG. 16 is a graph of the compressive residual stress distribution in the depth direction from the surface of the test springs D1, D2, and D3.
FIG. 17 is a table of statistical fatigue strength obtained from a 10% fracture probability line of each test spring.

Claims (8)

複数回のショットピーニングを施すとともに、その最後の回以外のショットピーニングにおいては鉄鋼ショット粒を60〜90m/sの速度で投射し、最後の回のショットピーニングにおいてセラミックビーズを50m/s以下の速度で投射することを特徴とするばねのショットピーニング方法。In addition to performing shot peening multiple times, in shot peening other than the last shot, steel shot grains are projected at a speed of 60 to 90 m / s, and ceramic beads are shot at a speed of 50 m / s or less in the last shot peening. A shot peening method for a spring, characterized by projecting with ショットピーニング後の表面の圧縮残留応力σRがばねの硬さHSに対して次の式を満足するようにショットピーニング条件を調整することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のばねのショットピーニング方法。
σR[MPa]≧2.675×HS[Hv]−955
2. The shot peening of a spring according to claim 1, wherein the shot peening condition is adjusted so that the compressive residual stress σ R of the surface after shot peening satisfies the following formula with respect to the hardness H S of the spring: Method.
σ R [MPa] ≧ 2.675 × H S [Hv] −955
セラミックビーズの平均粒径を0.3mm以下としたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のばねのショットピーニング方法。 3. The spring shot peening method according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the ceramic beads is 0.3 mm or less. 請求項1〜3のいずれかの方法でショットピーニングを施したことを特徴とするばね。 A spring obtained by shot peening according to any one of claims 1 to 3. ピアノ線、硬鋼線、高シリコンピアノ線等の硬引線を素材とし、請求項1〜3のいずれかの方法でショットピーニングを施したことを特徴とするばね。 A spring characterized by using a hard-drawn wire such as a piano wire, a hard steel wire, a high silicon piano wire, or the like, and shot peening according to any one of claims 1 to 3. オイルテンパー線を素材とし、請求項1〜3のいずれかの方法でショットピーニングを施したことを特徴とするばね。 A spring characterized by using an oil tempered wire as a raw material and shot peening according to any one of claims 1 to 3. オイルテンパー線を素材とし、窒化処理を施した後、請求項1〜3のいずれかの方法でショットピーニングを施したことを特徴とするばね。 A spring characterized by using an oil tempered wire as a raw material and performing nitriding, and then performing shot peening by the method according to claim 1. 熱間成形し、焼き入れ・焼もどしを施した後、請求項1〜3のいずれかの方法でショットピーニングを施したことを特徴とするばね。 A spring characterized by performing shot peening by the method of any one of claims 1 to 3 after hot forming, quenching and tempering.
JP2001002739A 2001-01-10 2001-01-10 Spring shot peening method and spring Expired - Lifetime JP4672873B2 (en)

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