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JP4844862B2 - Lattice illumination microscope - Google Patents
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JP4844862B2 - Lattice illumination microscope - Google Patents

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JP4844862B2
JP4844862B2 JP2001280408A JP2001280408A JP4844862B2 JP 4844862 B2 JP4844862 B2 JP 4844862B2 JP 2001280408 A JP2001280408 A JP 2001280408A JP 2001280408 A JP2001280408 A JP 2001280408A JP 4844862 B2 JP4844862 B2 JP 4844862B2
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illumination
light
grating
optical
sample
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JP2003084206A (en
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日佐雄 大澤
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Nikon Corp
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Nikon Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、標本に格子模様の照明を行う格子照明顕微鏡に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
通常の光学顕微鏡は標本の三次元構造(立体構造)の観察には適していないが、このことについて簡単に説明する。通常の光学顕微鏡では標本の横方向に分解能と同程度の細かい構造がなければ、焦点をずらしても合焦時の像と変わりない像しか得ることができない。一方標本の横方向に分解能と同程度の細かい構造がある場合は、焦点をずらすとその構造の像から変化するが、そのときにも像全体の光量の積分強度はほとんど変化しないため、背景光に邪魔されてその変化を観察するのが困難であった。このことから分かるように通常の顕微鏡では、標本における光学系の光軸方向の情報変化を得ることが困難であり、このため、標本の三次元構造(立体構造)の観察には不向きであった。
【0003】
一方、標本の三次元構造の観察が可能な顕微鏡として共焦点顕微鏡がある。共焦点顕微鏡は、単色光を光源として標本を点状に照明するとともにその照明点で散乱された光をもう一度結像させて点状の光検出器で捉えることにより、標本中で焦点の合っている面のみの情報を得ることができるようになっている。このため、この照明点を標本の表面において二次元的に走査することで、従来の顕微鏡で得ることができる標本の二次元的な情報のみならず、光軸方向における第3次元の情報を得ることができ、標本の三次元観察が可能である。このようなことから、共焦点顕微鏡は標本の立体構造を観察したいという要求のあるところに、近年急速にその利用が広まっている。
【0004】
ところが共焦点顕微鏡はその原理上、標本の表面に点状の照明光(光スポット)を照射し、これを標本表面において二次元的に走査しながらこれと同期して光強度を計測する必要がある。このため、光スポットを標本に照射する光学系として、レーザー、リレーレンズ、偏向光学素子もしくは、ニポウディスク、ディスク回転機構が必要になる。この結果、顕微鏡システム全体が大型化しやすく、製造コストが高くなるという問題があった。
【0005】
これに対して、安価に標本の三次元画像を得ることのできる小型の顕微鏡として、格子状に標本を照明する顕微鏡(以下、格子照明顕微鏡と称する)がある。この格子照明顕微鏡は、標本に照明されてここで散乱された照明光において、焦点ずれに対して0次光の信号強度はほとんど変化しないのに対し、0次光以外の光は焦点ずれによって急速に信号強度を失っていくことに着目して作られている。すなわち、格子照明顕微鏡では、標本を格子状に照明してわざと散乱光の主成分が0次光以外となるようにしておき、残った0次光を物理的もしくは画像間演算によって除去し、焦点ずれに対して敏感な顕微鏡を構成している。このため、格子照明顕微鏡を用いて標本のうちの焦点があっている面のみからの信号を求める操作を、光軸方向に標本を移動させながら行うことで標本の三次元像を得ることができる。
【0006】
また、共焦点顕微鏡は波長(もしくは周波数)が一定な単色光を光源として構成されるが、格子照明顕微鏡は単色光のみならず、複数の波長(もしくは周波数)成分を持つ光、例えば白色光、を光源として用いることができる。これは色彩の違いが重要な意味を持つ医学、生物学系において有益である。
【0007】
この格子照明顕微鏡の原理を簡単に説明する。まず、標本の照明パターンとして、ピッチΛの一次元正弦波を仮定すると、式(1)の関係が成立するため、画像上の各点における光強度I(t,ω)は、式(2)のようになる。
【0008】
【数1】
S(t,ω)=1+m・cos(ν・t+φ) (1)
但し、ν=λ/(Λ・NA)
【0009】
【数2】
I(t,ω)=I+Icosφ+Isinφ (2)
【0010】
なお、式(1)において、S(t,ω)は標本上の光強度分布である。(t,ω) は標本上の実座標(x,y)を波長λおよび開口数NAで規格化した座標であり、(t,ω)=(2πNA/λ)・(x,y)の関係が成立する。符号mは正弦波の振幅を示し、mが大きい方がコントラストの高い正弦波状照明となることを意味する。νは標本上に投影されている照明パターンのピッチΛ、対物レンズ−標本間の屈折率nから決まる空間周波数である。NAは開口数で、NA=n・sinα(nは屈折率)であり、αは対物レンズの最も外側を通ってくる光と主光線とのなす角度である。IとIは、焦点がずれることによる照度の変化を示す重みに対応していておよそ、I≒m・cos(ν・t)、I≒m・sin(ν・t)の関係がある。φは正弦波状照明の(原点における)任意位相であり、本顕微鏡では位相の異なる3枚の画像を取得するが、φはその一つ目の位相である。よって、以下に示すφは二つ目の位相、φは三つ目の位相である。
【0011】
ここで、φ、φ、φをそれぞれ、0、2π/3、4π/3と取ると、式(3)の関係が成り立ち(M. A. A. Neil et al. Opt. Lett. 22 1905 (1997), M. A. A. Neil et al. Opt. Com. 153 1 (1998) 参照)、0次光を除去することができる。その結果、このときの焦点ずれに対する信号応答は、経験的近似から式(4)のように表される(P. A. Stokseth, J. Opt. Am. 59 1314 (1969) 参照)。このとき、光学系の光軸方向の分解能(焦点のずれに相当)がおおよそ、式(5)に示すようになる。なお、これらの式において、Jは1次の第一種ベッセル関数であり、λは光波長であり、ここでのnは対物レンズと標本の間の屈折率である。
【0012】
【数3】

Figure 0004844862
【0013】
【数4】
Figure 0004844862
【0014】
【数5】
Figure 0004844862
【0015】
このように式(5)により、適切なνを選択することで光軸方向の分解能Δzは非常に小さな値にすることが可能となり、その場合は焦点ずれに対して敏感となることが分かる。このため、この顕微鏡による観察では光軸方向における極く小さな幅の領域においてのみ焦点が合うことになり、このように焦点が合った状態で光軸方向に観察標本を移動させて、得られた観察画像を光軸方向の移動量に対応させて処理することにより観察標本の三次元画像を得ることができる。
【0016】
上記の原理に従って構成された従来の格子照明顕微鏡の例を図1に示している。白色光源1から出射した光はコリメートレンズ2で略平行光とされ、1次元格子3を均一に照明する。1次元格子3は透過率が周期的に変化している格子であり、一般に正弦波状の透過率分布を持ったものを用いる。1次元格子3を透過した光は回折・干渉し、その一部が図中上方へ、一部が図中下方へ向かう。これらはそれぞれ+1次、−1次の干渉光である。(0次や±2次以上の高次の干渉光は無視している。格子が正弦波状の透過率分布をもつ場合には、±2次光以上の高次成分は弱くほとんど考える必要はないため、±1次光で十分である。また本発明の実施の形態では具体的に装置構成上から、0次や±2次以上の高次の干渉光を取り除ている。)これらの光が照明レンズ6を透過してハーフミラー7により顕微鏡観察光学経路内に入射される。
【0017】
この光学経路内には、ハーフミラー7の下側に位置する対物レンズ9と、対物レンズ9の下側に配設された標本台10と、ハーフミラー7の上側に位置するリレーレンズ11と、リレーレンズ11の上側に位置するCCDカメラ(撮像素子)12とが垂直に延びる同一光軸上に並んで配設されている。上記のようにして1次元格子3から出射されて照明レンズ6を透過した±1次光はハーフミラー7により反射され、照明レンズ6と瞳位置を共有する対物レンズ9を透過して標本台10の標本載置面10aに結像される。すなわち、照明レンズ6に対する1次元格子3の位置と、対物レンズ9に対する標本載置面10aの位置とが共役な関係に設定されており、標本台10の標本載置面10aに1次元格子3の像ができるようになっている。この結果、標本台10の標本載置面10aに載置された標本は、1次元格子3として正弦波状の透過率分布を持ったものを用いているため一次元的に正弦波状に変化する強度分布を持った1次元格子模様の光による照明を受ける。このとき照明レンズ6の瞳位置には+1次光と−1次光に対応して図1の紙面に垂直な方向に2本の線状像ができている。これは1次元格子3のフーリエ変換像に相当する。
【0018】
このようにして1次元格子模様の照明がなされた標本の像を、対物レンズ9、リレーレンズ11からなる結像光学系を通してCCDカメラ12に結像させ、その信号を制御用計算機13に取り込んで格子状の標本像を得る。
【0019】
次に、制御用計算機13から圧電素子ドライバ5に制御信号を出力し、圧電素子ドライバ5により圧電素子4をわずかに伸縮させ、この圧電素子4に繋がる上記1次元格子3を格子の並びの方向(矢印A方向)に移動させる。このとき圧電素子4の伸縮長さを、上記1次元格子3の格子ピッチの1/3となるようにしておく。すると、標本載置面10a上の標本に照明される格子模様(縞)はその位相が1/3だけずれた模様となる。そして、このときの標本像を上記と同様にCCDカメラ12により撮像しておく。
【0020】
さらに、同様にして圧電素子4により1次元格子3を格子ピッチの2/3だけ移動させて標本を照明し、このときの標本像もCCDカメラ12により撮像しておく。
【0021】
以上のようにして撮像されたときの各画像を、上記の式(3)におけるI,I,Iとして式(3)により光強度Iを計算すれば、標本上の焦点の合っている高さにおける画像のみを得ることができる。そして、標本台10を光軸方向に移動させて上記と同様にして焦点の合っている高さにおける画像を取り込むことにより、標本の三次元画像を得ることができる。
【0022】
なお、図1に示した従来の格子照明顕微鏡システムは反射式の顕微鏡システムであるが、標本10から対物レンズ9、ハーフミラー7、リレーレンズ11を介してCCDカメラ12に至る結像光学系をそのままにしておいて、白色光源1からコリメートレンズ2、1次元格子3、照明レンズ6、ハーフミラー7、対物レンズ9を介して標本に達する照明光学系を、標本下側に設けることで透過型の格子顕微鏡システムとして用いることもできる。
【0023】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところで、図1に示した格子照明顕微鏡システムにおいて、1次元格子3の移動には圧電素子4を用いたリニアアクチュエータが使用されているが、その駆動速度は機械的な共振周波数から上限があり、およそ数10kHzである。
【0024】
一方、CCDカメラ12で画像を取得している間は格子が動いてはいけないため、画像取得中はリニアアクチュエータを停止させておく必要があるため、アクチュエータは停止と駆動を繰り返すことになる。上述したように標本の同一合焦面当たり3つの位相の異なる像を撮像するため、同一合焦面当たり6回の停止と駆動が行われる。連続して格子照明顕微鏡像を撮像しようとした場合、撮像のサイクルをアクチュエータの共振周波数付近で行うことは非常に困難であり、1桁以上遅いサイクルで行わなければならない。
【0025】
このため、従来の格子照明顕微鏡では連続撮像の速度が毎秒数枚程度までという上限があり通常の顕微鏡の撮像と比較して極めて遅いという問題があった。
【0026】
本発明はこのような問題に鑑みたものであり、従来の圧電素子を用いたアクチュエータの機械的な共振周波数による格子照明顕微鏡の連続撮像速度の上限を考慮することなく、格子照明顕微鏡の連続撮像速度を上げ使用感良好な格子照明顕微鏡を提供することを目的とする。
【0027】
【課題を解決するための手段】
このような目的達成ため、本発明に係る格子照明顕微鏡は、照明光を出射する照明光源と、標本を載置するための標本台と、照明光源から出射された照明光により標本台上の標本に格子模様の照明を行う照明光学系と、格子模様の照明を受けて標本台上の標本から出射される出射光を受けて前記標本の像を結像させる結像光学系と、結像光学系により結像された標本の像を撮影する撮像素子とを備えて構成され、照明光学系における瞳位置近傍に入射光の位相を変化させる光位相変調素子を配置する。
【0028】
このような構成の本発明に係る格子照明顕微鏡によれば、従来の格子照明顕微鏡のように機械的に1次元格子を移動させて位相を変化させるのではなく、光位相変調素子によって照明光の位相を変化させるので、機械的な共振による撮像速度の上限を考慮する必要がなくなり、撮像速度を上げることができる。これにより、格子照明顕微鏡の使用感が向上する。
【0029】
なお、光位相変調素子が第1位相素子と第2位相素子の2つからなり、少なくとも一方が位相変化量を調整できるようになっていることが好ましい。ここで、第1及び第2位相素子には、±1次光が各々独立に入射するように構成されている。
【0030】
光位相光学素子は、例えばLBO(リチウム−ホウ素−酸素)や液晶素子といった、電気光学素子で構成されても良い。
【0031】
電気光学素子以外にも光位相光学素子は磁気光学素子でも良い。
【0032】
電気光学素子は通電によって特定の偏光方向に対する屈折率が変化する素子であるので、鮮明な像を得るために入射光を照明光源と光位相変調素子の間に偏光素子を設けて直線偏光にし、照明光の電気ベクトルの方向を適切な方向にそろえておくことが望ましい。
【0033】
格子照明顕微鏡の照明用光源は、原理的に白色光でも単色光でもかまわない。
しかしながら本発明に係る光位相変調素子を用いた格子照明顕微鏡においては、照明用光源にレーザー光を用いた場合、1次元格子を透過した段階で直線偏光になっているので、入射光を偏光するための偏光素子を設ける必要がない。このため照明用光源にレーザー光を用いればコスト的に安価に格子照明顕微鏡を構成することができる。
【0034】
また、位相変調素子は上に述べた電気光学素子や磁気光学素子以外に透明部材から構成しても良い。
【0035】
この場合、位相のずれの大きさは光の進む方向に対する透明部材の厚みで決まるので、所望複数の位相のずれをもたらすそれぞれに対応した複数の透明部材を用意しおくことができる。
【0036】
この、複数の透明部材を回転可能な円盤上にするか、もしくは回転可能な円盤上に固定させるように構成してもよい。
【0037】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、図面を参照して本発明の好ましい実施形態について説明する。本発明の実施の形態に係る格子照明顕微鏡の構成を図2に示している。この構成は、格子の並びの方向に透過分布が正弦波状に変化する1次元格子3を有し、この1次元格子3にレーザー光源20から出射した光をビームエクスパンダ24によってその径を広げ一様に照射する。1次元格子3を透過した光はその一部(+1次光)が回折により図中上方へ、一部(−1次光)が図中下方へ向かう。これらの光はその焦点が1次元格子3上にある照明レンズ6を透過し、照明レンズ6の瞳位置付近に設置されたLBO(リチウム−ホウ素−酸素)を用いた電気光学素子からなる光位相変調器22、23を透過した後、ハーフミラー7で反射され、照明レンズ6と瞳位置を共有する対物レンズ9を透過して標本10上に結像される。なお、照明レンズ6と光位相変調器22、23の間に0次光および±2次光以上の回折光を遮断するマスク部材37を配設しておく。
【0038】
このとき上記瞳上には+1次光と−1次光に対応して図2の紙面に垂直な方向に2本の線状の像ができているので、光位相変調器22、23はこれら±1次光が別々の変調器を通るように配設されている。この実施の形態では照明レンズ6の瞳位置に光位相変調器を設置しているが、瞳位置近傍、即ち空間的に±1次光が分離しているところならどこでもよい。
【0039】
また、光位相変調器22はレーザー光源20からの偏光方向が電気的に誘起される複屈折軸の方向に合うように設置されているものとする。これについては、レーザー光源20側で偏光方向を調節してもよいし、レーザー光源20と光位相変調器22との間のどこかでλ/2波長板を設置することで調整しても良い。ここで光位相変調器23は光の可干渉性のために、これがないことにより+1次光と−1次光の位相差が大きくなりすぎて干渉しにくくなってしまうのを防ぐために設けてあるので、これを同等なガラス材で置き換えることもできる。
【0040】
このような照明がなされた標本像を対物レンズ9、リレーレンズ11でCCDカメラ12に結像し、その信号を制御用計算機13に取り込むことで格子状の標本像が得られる。
【0041】
制御用計算機13からは光位相変調器駆動装置21に信号を送ることで、光位相変調器22を透過する光の位相を変化させることができるようになっている。この光位相変調器22での+1次光の位相を光位相変調器23に対して相対的に変化させることで、標本上の正弦波パターンの位相を変化させることができる。そこで、光位相変調器22と光位相変調器23との間の位相差が第1位相差となるように光位相変調器駆動装置21を介して制御用計算機13から信号を送り、そのときの格子状の標本像をCCDカメラ12で得る。同様にして、第2、第3の位相差に対応した格子状の標本像を得る。以上の3つの画像を式(3)のI、I、IとしてIを計算することで、標本上の焦点の合っている高さのみの画像を得ることができる。
【0042】
光位相変調器22、23には、電気光学素子を用いているため、印加電圧の変化だけで容易に高速の位相変化をもたらすことができるため、画像の取得が短い周期で行える。その結果、CCDカメラ12より出力される画像の繰り返し周期の3倍まで格子照明顕微鏡画像を得る周期を短くすることができる。
【0043】
これまで、±1次光のみを扱ってきたが、照明光が格子に照射されると格子を透過する光は回折を起こし、そのまま進行する0次光のほか±1次光、±2次光、…が発生する。このうちマスク部材37を用いて±1次光のみを取り出すと対物レンズの瞳上では2本の線となっており、これらは対物レンズを通ると標本の鉛直方向に対して互いに対称な方向を持った2本の光として標本上の同一点に収束する。その結果、±1次光同士が互いに干渉しそのあいだの角度によって定まる周期の正弦波状の照明となる。
【0044】
ところで、以上の説明では、暗黙の内に+1次光と−1次光の光路長が等しいとしていた。その結果、+1次光と−1次光は光軸上で位相が全く等しくなるため強め合い、光軸上で強度が極大となる正弦波照明がなされる。もし、+1次光と−1次光の光路長がλ/2だけずれていると光軸上では+1次光と−1次光は位相が全く反転しているため弱め合い、光軸上で強度が極小となる正弦波照明がなされる。このとき、標本中央からわずかに離れた点には+1次光と−1次光の光路長が等しくなる点が存在し光強度が極大となる。このように、+1次光と−1次光の光路長が異なるとそれにより生じる位相差により、同じ正弦波照明でもその標本上での位相が変化する。従って、+1次光と−1次光の光路長の間の差を調節することで、正弦波照明の標本上での位相を所望の値とすることができ、実質的に格子を駆動させたのと同じ効果を得ることができる。
【0045】
また、上記の実施の形態で用いた電気光学素子に代えて、例えば通信用レーザー波長用光アイソレータに用いられているようなテルビウム−鉄−ガーネットといった磁気光学材料を利用した磁気光学素子を用いてもよい。磁気光学素子では、磁気光学材料に励磁用コイルを設けて電流を流すことによって、磁界を発生させ、特定の偏光方向に対する磁気光学素材料の屈折率を変化させることにより、位相を変化させることができる。また、±1次光に対応させて、光位相変調器22、23をそれぞれ設けているが、いずれか一方の光に対してのみ、光位相変調器を設けてもよい。
【0046】
次に本発明に係る第2の実施形態を図3に示す。白色光源1から出射した光はコリメートレンズ2で略平行光とされ正弦波状の透過率分布を持った1次元格子3を一様に照明する。第1の実施形態と同様に1次元格子3を透過した光はその一部(+1次光)が図中上方へ、一部(−1次光)が図中下方へ向かう。これらの光は、その焦点が1次元格子3上にある照明レンズ6を透過し、照明レンズ6の瞳位置付近に設置されたガラス板33、34を透過した後、ハーフミラー7で反射され、照明レンズ6と瞳位置を共有する対物レンズ9を透過して標本10上に結像される。なお、照明レンズ6とガラス板33、34の間に0次光および±2次光以上の干渉光を遮断するマスク部材37を配設する。このとき上記瞳上には+1次光と−1次光に対応して図3の紙面に垂直な方向に2本の線状のパターンができているので、ガラス板33、34はこれら±1次光が各々別々に通るように設置されている。この実例では照明レンズ6の瞳位置に設置しているが、瞳位置近傍、即ち空間的に±1次光が分離しているところであればどこでも良い。
【0047】
ガラス板33は、図4に示すように円盤上になっているが、その厚さが中心角120度づつ3つの領域に分けられ異なっている。これら3つの領域は、それぞれ、ガラス板34と同じ厚さ領域40、ガラス板34に比べλ/(3(n−1))だけ薄い領域41、ガラス板34に比べ2λ/(3(n−1))だけ薄い領域42となっている。ここで、λは光の波長、nはガラス板の屈折率である。すなわち、ガラス板34を透過する−1次光に比べ、ガラス板33を透過する+1次光の位相をその透過する場所により、0、2π/3、4π/3と変化させることができるので、標本上の正弦波照明パターンの位相を0、2π/3、4π/3と変化させることができる。ガラス板34はこれがないこといより、+1次光と−1次光の位相差が大きくなりすぎて干渉しにくくなってしまうのを防ぐために設けてある。
【0048】
なお、ガラス板33の領域を3つに分けてあるのは必須ではなく、6、9、…なる領域に分けておき、各々複数組の3つの厚さとしておいてもよい。
【0049】
このような照明がなされた標本像を対物レンズ9、リレーレンズ11でCCDカメラ12に結像し、その信号を制御用計算機13に取り込むことで格子状の標本像が得られる。
【0050】
ガラス板33の中心軸はモーター32に接続されており、モーター制御装置31の指示によりガラス板を回転させることができる。制御用計算機13はモーター制御装置31より送られてくる制御信号をもとにして、ガラス板33の1つの厚みの領域を+1次光が透過している時に同期させてCCDカメラ12からの画像信号を取り込むことができるようになっている。このようにして、標本上の照明光の正弦波パターンの位相が0、2π/3、4π/3となっているときの標本像を制御計算機13に取り込むことができ、3つの画像を式(3)のI、I、IとしてIを計算することで、標本上の焦点の合っている高さのみの画像を得ることができる。
【0051】
ここで、光位相変調器には回転するガラス板33を用いているが、板内の厚さの変化は高々光波長程度であるため毎秒20回転で回すことは容易である。その結果、毎秒20枚の格子照明顕微鏡像を得ることができる。ここで、毎秒20回転としたのは、CCDカメラ12からの画像出力が通常毎秒60枚であり、これを3つの位相に分配しなければならないからである。したがって、より早い繰り返しで画像出力のできるCCDカメラ12を用いれば、より撮像周期の早い格子照明顕微鏡像を得ることができる。
【0052】
なお、これまで用いてきた1次元格子3を、透過光の成分が±1次光がほとんどで0次光や±2次光以上の干渉光を無視することができる位相格子を用いてもよい。位相格子を用いるならば、同様の効果を奏するマスク部材37を設置しなくてもよい。
【0053】
また、マスク部材37や位相格子を用いなくとも、0次光は式(3)を演算する段階でキャンセルすることが出来、±2次光以上の高次干渉光も±1次光と比べて弱いので、格子照明顕微鏡を構成することもできる。
【0054】
【発明の効果】
以上説明してきたように、本発明における格子照明顕微鏡によれば、3次元画像を得るために必要な位相の異なる3つの照明光を、1次元格子を機械的に振動させるのではなく1次元格子を透過し生じた2つの±1次光を電気光学素子等の光位相変調素子によって相対的に位相をずらすことにより得るので、機械要素の共振周波数による撮像速度の限界を考慮することなく、撮像速度を上げることができる。このため、本発明により画像を高速で表示することのできる使用感良好な格子照明顕微鏡を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係る第1の実施形態を示す模式図である。
【図2】従来の格子照明顕微鏡を説明するための模式図である。
【図3】本発明に係る第2の実施形態を示す模式図である。
【図4】上記第2の実施形態に用いられる光位相変調器としての円盤上ガラス板を示す正面図および側面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 白色光源
2 コリメートレンズ(照明光学系)
3 1次元格子(照明光学系)
6 照明レンズ(照明光学系)
7 ハーフミラー(照明光学系、結像光学系)
9 対物レンズ(照明光学系、結像光学系)
10 標本
10a 標本載置面
11 リレーレンズ(結像光学系)
12 CCDカメラ(撮像素子、結像光学系)
20 レーザー光源
22 光位相変調器(位相変調素子)
33 ガラス板(位相変調素子、透明部材)[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lattice illumination microscope that illuminates a specimen with a lattice pattern.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A normal optical microscope is not suitable for observing the three-dimensional structure (three-dimensional structure) of a specimen, but this will be briefly described. With an ordinary optical microscope, if there is no fine structure equivalent to the resolution in the lateral direction of the specimen, only an image that is the same as the focused image can be obtained even if the focus is shifted. On the other hand, if there is a fine structure similar to the resolution in the lateral direction of the sample, shifting the focus will change the image of that structure, but even at that time, the integrated intensity of the light intensity of the entire image will hardly change. It was difficult to observe the change. As can be seen from the above, it is difficult to obtain information changes in the optical axis direction of the optical system in the specimen with a normal microscope, and therefore it is not suitable for observation of the three-dimensional structure (three-dimensional structure) of the specimen. .
[0003]
On the other hand, there is a confocal microscope as a microscope capable of observing the three-dimensional structure of a specimen. A confocal microscope uses a monochromatic light source as a light source to illuminate the sample in a point shape, and then forms an image of the light scattered at that illumination point once again and captures it with a point-shaped photodetector. It is possible to obtain information only on the face that is present. Therefore, by scanning this illumination point two-dimensionally on the surface of the specimen, not only the two-dimensional information of the specimen that can be obtained with a conventional microscope but also the third dimension information in the optical axis direction is obtained. 3D observation of the specimen is possible. For this reason, confocal microscopes have been rapidly used in recent years where there is a demand for observing the three-dimensional structure of specimens.
[0004]
However, in principle, the confocal microscope needs to irradiate the surface of the specimen with a point-like illumination light (light spot) and scan the light two-dimensionally on the specimen surface to measure the light intensity in synchronization with this. is there. For this reason, a laser, a relay lens, a deflection optical element, a nipou disk, and a disk rotating mechanism are required as an optical system for irradiating a specimen with a light spot. As a result, there has been a problem that the entire microscope system is easily increased in size and the manufacturing cost is increased.
[0005]
On the other hand, as a small-sized microscope that can obtain a three-dimensional image of a specimen at low cost, there is a microscope that illuminates the specimen in a lattice shape (hereinafter referred to as a grating illumination microscope). In the grating illumination microscope, in the illumination light which is illuminated on the specimen and scattered here, the signal intensity of the 0th-order light hardly changes with respect to the defocus, whereas light other than the 0th-order light rapidly due to the defocus. It is made paying attention to losing signal strength. That is, in the grating illumination microscope, the specimen is illuminated in a lattice shape so that the main component of the scattered light is other than the zero-order light, and the remaining zero-order light is removed by physical or inter-image calculation to focus. The microscope is sensitive to displacement. For this reason, a three-dimensional image of a specimen can be obtained by performing an operation of obtaining a signal from only a focused surface of the specimen using a grating illumination microscope while moving the specimen in the optical axis direction. .
[0006]
In addition, the confocal microscope is configured with monochromatic light having a constant wavelength (or frequency) as a light source, but the grating illumination microscope is not only monochromatic light but also light having a plurality of wavelength (or frequency) components, such as white light, Can be used as a light source. This is useful in medical and biological systems where color differences are important.
[0007]
The principle of the grating illumination microscope will be briefly described. First, assuming a one-dimensional sine wave with a pitch Λ as the illumination pattern of the sample, the relationship of Equation (1) is established. Therefore, the light intensity I (t, ω) at each point on the image is expressed by Equation (2). become that way.
[0008]
[Expression 1]
S (t, ω) = 1 + m · cos (ν · t + φ) (1)
However, ν = λ / (Λ · NA)
[0009]
[Expression 2]
I (t, ω) = I 0 + I c cosφ 0 + I s sinφ 0 (2)
[0010]
In equation (1), S (t, ω) is the light intensity distribution on the sample. (t, ω) is a coordinate obtained by normalizing the actual coordinates (x, y) on the sample with the wavelength λ and the numerical aperture NA, and the relationship (t, ω) = (2πNA / λ) · (x, y) Is established. The symbol m indicates the amplitude of the sine wave, and the larger m means that the sine wave illumination has a higher contrast. ν is a spatial frequency determined by the pitch Λ of the illumination pattern projected on the specimen and the refractive index n between the objective lens and the specimen. NA is the numerical aperture, NA = n · sin α (n is the refractive index), and α is the angle formed between the light passing through the outermost side of the objective lens and the principal ray. I c and I s correspond to weights indicating changes in illuminance due to defocusing, and are approximately related to I c ≈m · cos (ν · t) and I s ≈m · sin (ν · t). There is. φ is an arbitrary phase (at the origin) of sinusoidal illumination, and this microscope acquires three images with different phases, and φ 0 is the first phase. Therefore, the phi 1 shown below The second phase, phi 2 is the third phase.
[0011]
Here, if φ 0 , φ 1 , and φ 2 are taken as 0, 2π / 3, and 4π / 3, respectively, the relationship of Expression (3) is established (MAA Neil et al. Opt. Lett. 22 1905 (1997). , MAA Neil et al. Opt. Com. 153 1 (1998)), the zero order light can be removed. As a result, the signal response to the defocus at this time is expressed by the empirical approximation as shown in Equation (4) (see PA Stokseth, J. Opt. Am. 59 1314 (1969)). At this time, the resolution in the optical axis direction of the optical system (corresponding to a focus shift) is approximately as shown in Expression (5). In these equations, J 1 is a first-order first-type Bessel function, λ is a light wavelength, and n is a refractive index between the objective lens and the sample.
[0012]
[Equation 3]
Figure 0004844862
[0013]
[Expression 4]
Figure 0004844862
[0014]
[Equation 5]
Figure 0004844862
[0015]
Thus, it can be seen from equation (5) that the resolution Δz in the optical axis direction can be made very small by selecting an appropriate ν, and in this case, it becomes sensitive to defocusing. For this reason, in the observation with this microscope, the focus is achieved only in a region having a very small width in the optical axis direction, and the observation specimen is moved in the optical axis direction in such a focused state. By processing the observation image in accordance with the amount of movement in the optical axis direction, a three-dimensional image of the observation specimen can be obtained.
[0016]
An example of a conventional grating illumination microscope constructed according to the above principle is shown in FIG. The light emitted from the white light source 1 is made into substantially parallel light by the collimating lens 2 and illuminates the one-dimensional grating 3 uniformly. The one-dimensional grating 3 is a grating whose transmittance changes periodically, and generally has a sinusoidal transmittance distribution. The light transmitted through the one-dimensional grating 3 is diffracted and interfered, and a part of the light travels upward in the drawing and a part of the light travels downward in the drawing. These are + 1st order and −1st order interference lights, respectively. (High-order interference light of 0th order or ± 2nd order or higher is ignored. If the grating has a sinusoidal transmittance distribution, the higher order components of ± 2nd order or higher light are weak and need not be considered. Therefore, ± first-order light is sufficient, and in the embodiment of the present invention, high-order interference light of 0th order or ± 2nd order or higher is specifically removed from the device configuration.) Passes through the illumination lens 6 and is incident on the microscope observation optical path by the half mirror 7.
[0017]
In this optical path, an objective lens 9 located below the half mirror 7, a sample table 10 disposed below the objective lens 9, a relay lens 11 located above the half mirror 7, A CCD camera (imaging device) 12 positioned above the relay lens 11 is arranged side by side on the same optical axis extending vertically. The ± first-order light emitted from the one-dimensional grating 3 and transmitted through the illumination lens 6 as described above is reflected by the half mirror 7 and transmitted through the objective lens 9 sharing the pupil position with the illumination lens 6 and the sample table 10. The image is formed on the sample placement surface 10a. That is, the position of the one-dimensional grating 3 with respect to the illumination lens 6 and the position of the specimen placement surface 10a with respect to the objective lens 9 are set in a conjugate relationship, and the one-dimensional grating 3 is placed on the specimen placement face 10a of the specimen table 10. The image of can be made. As a result, since the specimen placed on the specimen placement surface 10a of the specimen stage 10 uses a one-dimensional grating 3 having a sinusoidal transmittance distribution, the intensity changes one-dimensionally in a sinusoidal form. It is illuminated by light with a one-dimensional lattice pattern with distribution. At this time, two linear images are formed at the pupil position of the illumination lens 6 in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 1 corresponding to the + 1st order light and the −1st order light. This corresponds to a Fourier transform image of the one-dimensional lattice 3.
[0018]
The specimen image illuminated with the one-dimensional lattice pattern in this way is imaged on the CCD camera 12 through the imaging optical system including the objective lens 9 and the relay lens 11, and the signal is taken into the control computer 13. A grid-like specimen image is obtained.
[0019]
Next, a control signal is output from the control computer 13 to the piezoelectric element driver 5, the piezoelectric element 4 is slightly expanded and contracted by the piezoelectric element driver 5, and the one-dimensional lattice 3 connected to the piezoelectric element 4 is moved in the direction of the lattice arrangement. Move in the direction of arrow A. At this time, the expansion / contraction length of the piezoelectric element 4 is set to be 1/3 of the lattice pitch of the one-dimensional lattice 3. Then, the lattice pattern (stripes) illuminated on the specimen on the specimen placement surface 10a is a pattern whose phase is shifted by 1/3. The specimen image at this time is picked up by the CCD camera 12 in the same manner as described above.
[0020]
Further, similarly, the piezoelectric element 4 moves the one-dimensional grating 3 by 2/3 of the grating pitch to illuminate the specimen, and the specimen image at this time is also captured by the CCD camera 12.
[0021]
When each image taken as described above is calculated as the light intensity I p according to the equation (3) as I 1 , I 2 , and I 3 in the above equation (3), the focus on the sample is adjusted. Only an image at a height can be obtained. A sample three-dimensional image can be obtained by moving the sample table 10 in the direction of the optical axis and capturing an image at an in-focus height in the same manner as described above.
[0022]
The conventional grating illumination microscope system shown in FIG. 1 is a reflective microscope system, and an imaging optical system that extends from the specimen 10 to the CCD camera 12 via the objective lens 9, the half mirror 7, and the relay lens 11 is used. The illuminating optical system that reaches the specimen from the white light source 1 through the collimating lens 2, the one-dimensional grating 3, the illumination lens 6, the half mirror 7, and the objective lens 9 is provided at the lower side of the specimen to provide a transmission type. It can also be used as a lattice microscope system.
[0023]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
By the way, in the grating illumination microscope system shown in FIG. 1, a linear actuator using the piezoelectric element 4 is used to move the one-dimensional grating 3, but the driving speed has an upper limit from the mechanical resonance frequency. It is about several tens of kHz.
[0024]
On the other hand, since the lattice should not move while the image is acquired by the CCD camera 12, it is necessary to stop the linear actuator during image acquisition, and therefore the actuator is repeatedly stopped and driven. As described above, in order to capture three images with different phases per the same focal plane of the sample, the stop and drive are performed six times per same focal plane. When it is attempted to pick up the grating illumination microscope images continuously, it is very difficult to perform the imaging cycle in the vicinity of the resonance frequency of the actuator, and it must be performed at a cycle slower by one digit or more.
[0025]
For this reason, the conventional grating illumination microscope has an upper limit that the speed of continuous imaging is about several sheets per second, and there is a problem that it is extremely slow as compared with imaging of a normal microscope.
[0026]
The present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and does not consider the upper limit of the continuous imaging speed of the grating illumination microscope due to the mechanical resonance frequency of the actuator using the conventional piezoelectric element, and continuously images the grating illumination microscope. An object of the present invention is to provide a grid illumination microscope with a high speed and good usability.
[0027]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve such an object, a grating illumination microscope according to the present invention includes an illumination light source that emits illumination light, a sample table for placing the sample, and a sample on the sample table by illumination light emitted from the illumination light source. An illumination optical system that illuminates the lattice pattern, an imaging optical system that receives the emitted light emitted from the specimen on the specimen table by receiving the illumination of the lattice pattern, and forms an image of the specimen, and imaging optics An optical phase modulation element that changes the phase of incident light is disposed in the vicinity of the pupil position in the illumination optical system.
[0028]
According to the grating illumination microscope of the present invention having such a configuration, the phase of the illumination light is not changed by moving the one-dimensional grating mechanically as in the conventional grating illumination microscope, but by the optical phase modulation element. Since the phase is changed, it is not necessary to consider the upper limit of the imaging speed due to mechanical resonance, and the imaging speed can be increased. Thereby, the usability of the grating illumination microscope is improved.
[0029]
In addition, it is preferable that an optical phase modulation element consists of two of a 1st phase element and a 2nd phase element, and at least one can adjust a phase change amount. Here, the first and second phase elements are configured such that ± primary lights are incident on each other independently.
[0030]
The optical phase optical element may be composed of an electro-optical element such as LBO (lithium-boron-oxygen) or a liquid crystal element.
[0031]
In addition to the electro-optical element, the optical phase optical element may be a magneto-optical element.
[0032]
Since the electro-optic element is an element whose refractive index changes with respect to a specific polarization direction when energized, in order to obtain a clear image, a polarizing element is provided between the illumination light source and the optical phase modulation element so as to be linearly polarized, It is desirable to align the direction of the electric vector of the illumination light in an appropriate direction.
[0033]
In principle, the illumination light source of the grating illumination microscope may be white light or monochromatic light.
However, in the grating illumination microscope using the optical phase modulation element according to the present invention, when laser light is used as the illumination light source, it is linearly polarized after passing through the one-dimensional grating, so that the incident light is polarized. There is no need to provide a polarizing element. For this reason, if a laser beam is used for the illumination light source, a lattice illumination microscope can be configured at low cost.
[0034]
Further, the phase modulation element may be formed of a transparent member other than the electro-optic element and the magneto-optic element described above.
[0035]
In this case, since the magnitude of the phase shift is determined by the thickness of the transparent member with respect to the light traveling direction, it is possible to prepare a plurality of transparent members corresponding to each of which causes a plurality of desired phase shifts.
[0036]
The plurality of transparent members may be configured on a rotatable disk or fixed on a rotatable disk.
[0037]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the grating illumination microscope according to the embodiment of the present invention. This configuration has a one-dimensional grating 3 in which the transmission distribution changes in a sinusoidal shape in the direction of the arrangement of the grating, and the beam expander 24 expands the diameter of the light emitted from the laser light source 20 to the one-dimensional grating 3. Irradiate like A part (+1 order light) of the light transmitted through the one-dimensional grating 3 is directed upward in the figure by diffraction, and a part (−1 order light) is directed downward in the figure. These lights are transmitted through an illumination lens 6 whose focal point is on the one-dimensional grating 3, and an optical phase composed of an electro-optic element using LBO (lithium-boron-oxygen) installed near the pupil position of the illumination lens 6. After passing through the modulators 22 and 23, the light is reflected by the half mirror 7, passes through the objective lens 9 sharing the pupil position with the illumination lens 6, and forms an image on the sample 10. A mask member 37 is disposed between the illumination lens 6 and the optical phase modulators 22 and 23 to block the diffracted light of zero order light and ± second order light or higher.
[0038]
At this time, since two linear images are formed on the pupil corresponding to the + 1st order light and the −1st order light in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 2, the optical phase modulators 22 and 23 ± 1st order light is arranged to pass through separate modulators. In this embodiment, the optical phase modulator is installed at the pupil position of the illumination lens 6. However, it may be anywhere near the pupil position, that is, where ± 1st order light is spatially separated.
[0039]
The optical phase modulator 22 is installed so that the polarization direction from the laser light source 20 matches the direction of the birefringence axis that is electrically induced. Regarding this, the polarization direction may be adjusted on the laser light source 20 side, or may be adjusted by installing a λ / 2 wavelength plate somewhere between the laser light source 20 and the optical phase modulator 22. . Here, the optical phase modulator 23 is provided in order to prevent the phase difference between the + 1st order light and the −1st order light from becoming too large to interfere with each other due to the coherence of light. Therefore, it can be replaced with an equivalent glass material.
[0040]
A sample image with such illumination is formed on the CCD camera 12 by the objective lens 9 and the relay lens 11 and the signal is taken into the control computer 13 to obtain a lattice-like sample image.
[0041]
By sending a signal from the control computer 13 to the optical phase modulator driving device 21, the phase of the light transmitted through the optical phase modulator 22 can be changed. By changing the phase of the + 1st order light in the optical phase modulator 22 relative to the optical phase modulator 23, the phase of the sine wave pattern on the sample can be changed. Therefore, a signal is sent from the control computer 13 via the optical phase modulator driving device 21 so that the phase difference between the optical phase modulator 22 and the optical phase modulator 23 becomes the first phase difference. A lattice-like specimen image is obtained by the CCD camera 12. Similarly, a lattice-like sample image corresponding to the second and third phase differences is obtained. By calculating I p using the above three images as I 1 , I 2 , and I 3 in Expression (3), an image of only the height in focus on the sample can be obtained.
[0042]
Since the optical phase modulators 22 and 23 use electro-optic elements, a high-speed phase change can be easily achieved only by changing the applied voltage, so that an image can be acquired in a short cycle. As a result, the period for obtaining the grating illumination microscope image can be shortened up to three times the repetition period of the image output from the CCD camera 12.
[0043]
So far, only ± 1st order light has been dealt with. However, when illumination light is applied to the grating, the light passing through the grating is diffracted, and the 0th order light, the ± 1st order light, and ± 2nd order light traveling as they are. ... occurs. Among these, when only the ± first-order light is extracted using the mask member 37, it becomes two lines on the pupil of the objective lens, and these pass through the objective lens and have directions symmetrical to each other with respect to the vertical direction of the sample. It converges to the same point on the specimen as two lights. As a result, the ± primary lights interfere with each other and have a sinusoidal illumination with a period determined by the angle between them.
[0044]
By the way, in the above description, the optical path lengths of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are implicitly equal. As a result, the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are intensified because their phases are exactly the same on the optical axis, and a sinusoidal illumination is obtained with a maximum intensity on the optical axis. If the optical path lengths of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are shifted by λ / 2, the phases of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are completely reversed on the optical axis, and are weakened. Sinusoidal illumination with minimal intensity is performed. At this time, there is a point where the optical path lengths of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are equal at a point slightly away from the center of the sample, and the light intensity becomes maximum. As described above, if the optical path lengths of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light are different, the phase on the sample changes even with the same sine wave illumination due to the phase difference caused by the difference. Therefore, by adjusting the difference between the optical path lengths of the + 1st order light and the −1st order light, the phase on the sample of the sine wave illumination can be set to a desired value, and the grating is substantially driven. The same effect as can be obtained.
[0045]
Further, instead of the electro-optic element used in the above-described embodiment, a magneto-optic element using a magneto-optic material such as terbium-iron-garnet used for an optical isolator for a communication laser wavelength is used. Also good. In a magneto-optical element, an excitation coil is provided in the magneto-optical material to generate a magnetic field by passing an electric current, and the phase can be changed by changing the refractive index of the magneto-optical material with respect to a specific polarization direction. it can. In addition, although the optical phase modulators 22 and 23 are provided corresponding to the ± first-order light, the optical phase modulator may be provided only for one of the lights.
[0046]
Next, a second embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIG. The light emitted from the white light source 1 is converted into substantially parallel light by the collimator lens 2 and uniformly illuminates the one-dimensional grating 3 having a sinusoidal transmittance distribution. As in the first embodiment, a part (+1 order light) of the light transmitted through the one-dimensional grating 3 is directed upward in the figure and a part (−1 order light) is directed downward in the figure. These lights pass through the illumination lens 6 whose focal point is on the one-dimensional grating 3, pass through the glass plates 33 and 34 installed near the pupil position of the illumination lens 6, and then reflected by the half mirror 7, An image is formed on the specimen 10 through the objective lens 9 sharing the pupil position with the illumination lens 6. A mask member 37 is disposed between the illumination lens 6 and the glass plates 33 and 34 to block interference light of 0th order light and ± secondary light or higher. At this time, since two linear patterns are formed on the pupil in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 3 corresponding to the + 1st order light and the −1st order light, the glass plates 33 and 34 are ± 1 It is installed so that the next light passes separately. In this example, it is installed at the pupil position of the illumination lens 6, but it may be anywhere near the pupil position, that is, where ± 1st order light is spatially separated.
[0047]
The glass plate 33 is on a disk as shown in FIG. 4, but its thickness is divided into three regions each having a central angle of 120 degrees. These three regions have the same thickness region 40 as the glass plate 34, a region 41 thinner than the glass plate 34 by λ / (3 (n-1)), and 2λ / (3 (n− The region 42 is thin only by 1)). Here, λ is the wavelength of light, and n is the refractive index of the glass plate. That is, the phase of the + 1st order light transmitted through the glass plate 33 can be changed to 0, 2π / 3, 4π / 3, depending on the location where the light is transmitted, compared to the −1st order light transmitted through the glass plate 34. The phase of the sinusoidal illumination pattern on the sample can be changed to 0, 2π / 3, and 4π / 3. The glass plate 34 is provided in order to prevent the + 1st-order light and the -1st-order light from becoming too difficult to interfere due to the absence of this.
[0048]
It is not essential to divide the glass plate 33 into three regions, and the glass plate 33 may be divided into regions of 6, 9,...
[0049]
A sample image with such illumination is formed on the CCD camera 12 by the objective lens 9 and the relay lens 11 and the signal is taken into the control computer 13 to obtain a lattice-like sample image.
[0050]
The central axis of the glass plate 33 is connected to the motor 32, and the glass plate can be rotated by an instruction from the motor control device 31. Based on the control signal sent from the motor control device 31, the control computer 13 synchronizes the one-thickness region of the glass plate 33 when the + 1st order light is transmitted and the image from the CCD camera 12. The signal can be captured. In this way, the sample image when the phase of the sine wave pattern of the illumination light on the sample is 0, 2π / 3, 4π / 3 can be taken into the control computer 13, and the three images can be expressed by the formula ( By calculating I p as I 1 , I 2 , and I 3 in 3), it is possible to obtain an image with only a height in focus on the sample.
[0051]
Here, although the rotating glass plate 33 is used for the optical phase modulator, the change in the thickness within the plate is at most about the light wavelength, so it is easy to rotate at 20 rotations per second. As a result, 20 grating illumination microscope images can be obtained per second. Here, the reason why the rotation is set to 20 rotations per second is that the image output from the CCD camera 12 is normally 60 sheets per second, which must be distributed to three phases. Therefore, if the CCD camera 12 that can output an image at a faster repetition is used, a grating illumination microscope image with a faster imaging cycle can be obtained.
[0052]
The one-dimensional grating 3 that has been used so far may be a phase grating that is capable of ignoring interference light that has almost ± 1st order transmitted light and zeroth order light or more than ± 2nd order light. . If a phase grating is used, it is not necessary to install the mask member 37 having the same effect.
[0053]
Further, the zero-order light can be canceled at the stage of calculating equation (3) without using the mask member 37 or the phase grating, and higher-order interference light of ± second-order light or higher is also compared with ± first-order light. Since it is weak, a grating illumination microscope can be constructed.
[0054]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the grating illumination microscope of the present invention, the three illumination lights having different phases necessary for obtaining a three-dimensional image are not mechanically vibrated by the one-dimensional grating but the one-dimensional grating. The two ± first-order light beams that are transmitted through the optical element are obtained by relatively shifting the phase by an optical phase modulation element such as an electro-optic element, so that imaging can be performed without considering the imaging speed limit due to the resonance frequency of the mechanical element. You can increase the speed. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a lattice illumination microscope that can display an image at a high speed and has a good usability.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a first embodiment according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining a conventional grating illumination microscope.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a second embodiment according to the present invention.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a front view and a side view showing a disk glass plate as an optical phase modulator used in the second embodiment. FIGS.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 White light source 2 Collimating lens (illumination optical system)
3 One-dimensional grating (illumination optical system)
6 Illumination lens (illumination optical system)
7 Half mirror (illumination optical system, imaging optical system)
9 Objective lens (illumination optical system, imaging optical system)
10 Sample 10a Sample mounting surface 11 Relay lens (imaging optical system)
12 CCD camera (image sensor, imaging optical system)
20 Laser light source 22 Optical phase modulator (phase modulation element)
33 Glass plate (phase modulation element, transparent member)

Claims (9)

照明光を出射する照明光源と、
標本を載置するための標本台と、
前記照明光源から出射された照明光により前記標本台上の標本に格子模様の照明を行う照明光学系と、
前記格子模様の照明を受けて前記標本台上の標本から出射される出射光を受けて前記標本の像を結像させる結像光学系と、
前記結像光学系により結像された前記標本の像を撮影する撮像素子とを備えて構成され、
前記照明光学系における瞳位置近傍に入射光の位相を変化させる光位相変調素子を配置したことを特徴とする格子照明顕微鏡。
An illumination light source that emits illumination light;
A sample stage for placing the sample;
An illumination optical system that illuminates a sample on the sample table with illumination light emitted from the illumination light source; and
An imaging optical system that receives the emitted light emitted from the sample on the sample stage under illumination of the lattice pattern and forms an image of the sample;
An imaging device that captures an image of the specimen imaged by the imaging optical system,
A grating illumination microscope characterized in that an optical phase modulation element for changing the phase of incident light is arranged in the vicinity of a pupil position in the illumination optical system.
前記光位相変調素子が第1位相素子と第2位相素子からなり、少なくとも一方が位相変化量を調整できるようになっていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の格子照明顕微鏡。2. The grating illumination microscope according to claim 1, wherein the optical phase modulation element includes a first phase element and a second phase element, and at least one of the optical phase modulation elements can adjust a phase change amount. 前記光位相変調素子が電気光学素子からなることを特徴とする請求項1もしくは2に記載の格子照明顕微鏡。The grating illumination microscope according to claim 1, wherein the optical phase modulation element is an electro-optic element. 前記光位相変調素子が磁気光学素子からなることを特徴とする請求項1もしくは2に記載の格子照明顕微鏡。The grating illumination microscope according to claim 1, wherein the optical phase modulation element is a magneto-optical element. 前記照明光源と前記光位相変調素子との間に偏光素子が設けられており、前記光位相変調素子に入射する光が直線偏光となっていることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の格子照明顕微鏡。5. A polarizing element is provided between the illumination light source and the optical phase modulation element, and light incident on the optical phase modulation element is linearly polarized light. A grating illumination microscope according to claim 1. 前記照明光源がレーザーから成り前記光位相変調素子に入射する光が直線偏光となっていることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の格子照明顕微鏡。The grating illumination microscope according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the illumination light source is made of a laser, and light incident on the optical phase modulation element is linearly polarized light. 前記位相変調素子が透明部材からなることを特徴とする請求項1もしくは2に記載の格子照明顕微鏡。The grating illumination microscope according to claim 1, wherein the phase modulation element is made of a transparent member. 前記透明部材が所望の位相のずれを発生できる複数の厚みを持っていることを特徴とする請求項7記載の格子照明顕微鏡。The grating illumination microscope according to claim 7, wherein the transparent member has a plurality of thicknesses capable of generating a desired phase shift. 複数の厚みをもった前記透明部材が回転可能な円盤状となっているか、もしくは回転可能な円盤上に固定されていることを特徴とする請求項8記載の格子照明顕微鏡。9. The grating illumination microscope according to claim 8, wherein the transparent member having a plurality of thicknesses is formed in a rotatable disk shape or fixed on the rotatable disk.
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