JP4860074B2 - Artificial soil molded body for greening and soil molded article containing the same - Google Patents
Artificial soil molded body for greening and soil molded article containing the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP4860074B2 JP4860074B2 JP2001283422A JP2001283422A JP4860074B2 JP 4860074 B2 JP4860074 B2 JP 4860074B2 JP 2001283422 A JP2001283422 A JP 2001283422A JP 2001283422 A JP2001283422 A JP 2001283422A JP 4860074 B2 JP4860074 B2 JP 4860074B2
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- artificial soil
- molded body
- soil
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- greening
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Images
Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
- Y02A30/254—Roof garden systems; Roof coverings with high solar reflectance
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
- Y02B80/32—Roof garden systems
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、建造物の屋上、屋根、ベランダ、アトリウム、または擁壁、橋脚のような構造物の表面などに人工土壌を設けて植栽する場合に用いられる人工土壌成形体であって、特に、機械的強度および湿潤時の成形保持性に優れた人工土壌成形体に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
最近、住宅および商業施設の建設や都市開発において、生活環境の改善や「癒し」効果を得るために、建築物自体およびその周囲に植物を定植させて人工的に緑化する試みがなされている。特に建築物の表面(すなわち建造物の屋上、屋根、ベランダ、アトリウム、または擁壁、橋脚などの構造物など)を緑化する際には、それらの本来の機能を損なったり、汚染しないことが要求されるため、天然の土壌ではなく、成形保持性に優れた人工土壌が使用されている。
【0003】
天然の土壌は、通気性や水分の保持性が低いため、土壌層をかなり厚く形成する必要があるが、土壌は比重が大きいため、これをコンクリート枡に入れたり、袋などの容器に入れて適用すると建物に大きな荷重がかかるという欠点があった。人工土壌は、天然の土壌の前記欠点を改良したものであり、薄い層に成形された場合でも植物を育成できるのに十分な水分の保持性を有し、根の成長を妨げない柔らかさや通気性などを特徴とする。
【0004】
人工土壌を構成する原料(以降、人工土壌資材という)としては、多孔質のバーミキュライトやパーライトが周知であり、必要に応じてピートモスなどの肥料、水苔、ロックウールなどの比較的軽量の土壌資材を混ぜて使用されることもある。これらの人工土壌資材は、粒状もしくは粉状またはこれらの混合物状(以下、粉粒体状という。)であり、これを樹脂で固めて成形したものが、例えば、育苗床用土壌成形物品に利用されいる。
【0005】
人工土壌を固めて成形体とするためには、主に、水溶性樹脂であるポリビニルアルコールが添加される。ポリビニルアルコールを用いて固めた土壌成形体は、地表へ敷き詰めた場合にも、生分解して土に戻るという利点を有する。しかし、ポリビニルアルコールは、水を含むと膨潤するため、乾燥時と湿潤時との体積変化が大きい。そのため、ポリビニルアルコールを用いた土壌成形体は、潅水後、乾燥し始めると、表面と内部との間の寸法変化によって「そり」が発生する。
このような従来の人工土壌成形体は、柔軟性を残しているが、成形保持性に劣るため、取り換え時および人などによって踏まれると、歪んだり、跡が付いたり、場合によっては崩壊することもあった。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従って、本発明の目的は、従来使用されているポリビニルアルコールで固めた人工土壌成形体と同様に取り扱うことができ、保水性や透水性に優れ、さらには取り換え時に破壊されず、かつ踏んでも跡が付いたり崩壊しない、改良された成形保持性を特徴とする、緑化用人工土壌成形体を提供することである。
このような目的を達成するにあたり、本発明者らは、鋭意努力を重ねた結果、土壌資材を固めるための樹脂として、ポリビニルアルコール以外の熱可塑性樹脂を使用して、人工土壌成形体の含水保持性やみずはけの良さ(すなわち保水性や透水性)を損なうことなく、優れた成形保持性が付与できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
すなわち、本発明は、膨積性粒子を含む人工土壌資材と、融点180℃以下の熱可塑性樹脂少なくとも1種とを含有する、パネル型に成形された緑化用人工土壌成形体であって、前記熱可塑性樹脂が前記人工土壌成形体の全重量に対して20〜60重量%含有されている、緑化用人工土壌成形体である。
さらに、本発明は、建築物の表面への適用や取り換えが容易な、人工土壌成形体を含む土壌成形物品も提供する。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
建築物の緑化用人工土壌成形体
(膨積性粒子)
本発明では、膨積性粒子としてバーミキュライト原石を使用する。
バーミキュライト原石は、結晶構造内に水酸基や結晶水を保有し、これらが熱処理または化学的処理によって通常約10〜30倍程度まで膨積することによって空隙が発生する。空隙内には水を保持できることから、こうして膨積された膨積性粒子を含有する人工土壌資材に保水性が付与される。
【0009】
膨積性粒子は、原料バーミキュライトに先ず高濃度の酸と鉄化合物が混合され、攪拌混合された後、約40〜約80℃で一定時間保持された後、周囲温度まで冷却され、以降に説明する人工土壌資材および熱可塑性樹脂と混合される。その後、過酸化水素水を混合すると、90℃以上、より好ましくは95℃以上の反応熱が生じて、膨積性粒子の膨積が開始する。
【0010】
ここで、前記酸としては、市販されている約95%以上の濃硫酸または約35%以上の濃塩酸が好ましく使用される。
最も好ましくは約98%の濃硫酸を酸として使用する。
【0011】
鉄化合物としては、塩化第一鉄、塩化第二鉄、硫酸第一鉄および硫酸第二鉄から選択されてよい。最も好ましくは硫酸第二鉄を使用する。
【0012】
過酸化水素水は、市販されている濃度、すなわち約25%〜約35%程度のものを好ましく使用する。
【0013】
膨積性粒子の膨積率が高いほど、本発明の人工土壌成形体の気層率(すなわち、成形体の全体積に対する空隙の総体積の割合)は大きくなり、保水性も向上する。
【0014】
人工土壌資材中に含有される膨積性粒子の配合量(膨積処理後)は、好ましくは本発明の人工土壌成形体の全容積の20〜55%、より好ましくは35〜45%であってよい。
【0015】
(人工土壌資材)
本発明で使用される人工土壌資材は、比較的軽量の土壌(例えば、赤玉土、鹿沼土など)と前述の膨積性粒子とを必須成分として含有すること以外は、特に限定されない。人工土壌資材には、必要に応じて、肥料、パーライトなどの透水性を改善するための資材、および植物繊維を細かく裁断した繊維状の補強材などが好ましく配合されていてよい。
【0016】
肥料は、例えば、バーク堆肥やピートモスなどが挙げられるが、その組成は、本発明の人工土壌成形体の緑化目的や、それに植栽する植物の種類に応じて適宜変更してよい。例えば、植物の成育に充分な施用効果(例えば約5年の間は施肥管理を必要としないことなど)を本発明の人工土壌成形体に付与しようとする場合、各種有効期間の緩行性肥料、速効性肥料、特殊肥料などをブレンドして添加することで達成され得る。
【0017】
(熱可塑性樹脂)
本発明の緑化用人工土壌成形体は、前記人工土壌資材に、融点180℃以下の熱可塑性樹脂を添加することにより得られる。融点が180℃を超える樹脂の場合、後述する成形工程でこの樹脂を溶融させる際に、前記人工土壌資材に含まれる肥料や繊維状補強材などが燃え出すことがあるため、好ましくない。
【0018】
本発明のおいて好ましく使用される熱可塑性樹脂は、ポリビニルアルコール以外のものであって、例えば、炭素数2〜4のオレフィンモノマーもしくはジオレフィンモノマーまたはそれらのハロゲン置換体の重合体および共重合体、前記重合体または共重合体と酢酸ビニルとの共重合体、および前記重合体および共重合体のうち2種以上の混合物から選択されてよく、具体的には、低密度ポリエチレン、高密度ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリ塩化ビニル、エチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体、またはそれら2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
このうち、低密度ポリエチレンおよびエチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体はそれぞれ単独で使用できるが、ポリプロピレンやポリエチレンテレフタレートなどのように融点がポリエチレンより高い樹脂は、2種以上を組み合わせて使用される。
より好ましくは、熱可塑性樹脂として、低密度ポリエチレンまたはエチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体を、これら以外の前記熱可塑性樹脂との混合物として使用する。この場合、低密度ポリエチレンおよびエチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体は混合物中に50重量%以上、好ましくは70重量%以上の量で含有される。
【0019】
より好ましくは、熱可塑性樹脂の融点は、180℃以下、最も好ましくは105℃以下である。このような融点を有する熱可塑性樹脂を使用することで、人工土壌成形体に耐久性や強度が付与される。
【0020】
後述する方法で本発明の人工土壌成形体を得るために、前記熱可塑性樹脂は、人工土壌資材や膨積性粒子と十分に混合でき、以降で説明する1次粗成形工程において外形が十分に確立でき、さらには最終成形体の機械的強度や圧潰強度耐性が高いことから、最も好ましくは粒状で使用される。ただし、前記熱可塑性樹脂は、上記要件を満たすのであれば、ペレット形態で使用されてもよい。
【0021】
本発明において、前記熱可塑性樹脂は、本発明の人工土壌成形体の全重量に対して20〜60重量%の量で、より好ましくは30〜40重量%の量で含有されてよい。熱可塑性樹脂の含有量が20重量%に満たないと、得られる成形体の機械的強度や圧潰強度耐性が低いため、踏んだときに跡が付き易い。熱可塑性樹脂含有量が60重量%を超えると、成形体中の土壌資材が占める割合が低くなり、膨積性粒子含量も低下するため、結果として成形体の透水性や保水性が低下する。
【0022】
(人工土壌成形体の製造)
人工土壌形成体の製造方法は、一般に、成形体の外形を概ね形作るための1次粗成形工程と、得られた1次粗成形物を所望の成形体に成形する工程を含んで成る。しかし、本発明では、所望の成形体の外形を1次粗成形工程で十分に確立することができる。
すなわち、1次粗成形工程において、先ず、前記熱可塑性樹脂を、前述の酸および鉄化合物を含む膨積性粒子と人工土壌資材との混合物に添加して、これらを十分に混合する。混合物に過酸化水素水を添加した後、金型に入れると、発熱により膨積性粒子の膨積が開始し、同時に熱可塑性樹脂が少なくとも部分的に(より好ましくは全部)溶融されて成形される。冷却後、内容物を金型から取り出すことで、所望の形状を有する人工土壌形成体が得られる。
【0023】
前記工程において、熱可塑性樹脂は、過酸化水素水添加後に発生する90℃以上、より好ましくは95℃以上の反応熱によって、溶融される。
ただし、熱可塑性樹脂が低密度ポリエチレンまたはエチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体とこれら以外の前記熱可塑性樹脂との混合物であって、混合される樹脂の融点が前記反応熱よりも高い場合には、混合される樹脂のみが前記反応熱によって溶融されないことがある。そのため、このような場合には、熱風乾燥機などを用いて金型を部分的または全体的に、混合される樹脂の融点まで加熱してよい。これにより、前記熱可塑性樹脂混合物を全て溶融することができる。
【0024】
本発明の人工土壌成形体は、膨積性粒子の膨積により、気層率85〜50%(ただし、潅水直後は約37%)を有する。このことは、通常、健全な天然の土壌の気層率が30%以上であることから、本発明の成形体は、天然土壌よりも優れた水はけの良さ(すなわち、優れた透水性)を有する。
【0025】
本発明によれば、前記熱可塑性樹脂を、本発明の人工土壌成形体の全重量に対して20〜60重量%、より好ましくは30〜40重量%の量で含有させることで、従来の人工土壌成形体に比べて高い機械的強度が得られる。そのため、本発明の成形体は、水平に設置される場合には踏んでも跡がつき難く、崩壊したりしないという利点(優れた圧潰強度耐性)を有する。
また、湿潤時の機械強度にも優れており、潅水しても成形体から土壌が流失しないので、建物を汚損したり、排水パイプなどを詰まらせることがなく、建築物本来の機能を損なわないという利点も有する。
【0026】
本発明の人工土壌成形体は、その形状や大きさを、緑化の目的などに応じて適当に設計することができる。例えば、パネル型に成形すれば、壁面や急斜面など所望の場所に敷き詰めるだけで使用でき、設置および取り替えも可能であることから、工期の短期化が達成されかつ灌水も容易である。
【0027】
こうしてパネル型に成形された人工土壌成形体は、必要に応じて、その一方の面に保水性シートや防水性シートを貼付して土壌成形物品として提供することも可能である。
【0028】
保水性シートは、人工土壌成形体に水分を均等に供給するのに役立つ。保水性シートは、不織布や厚地の編織布であってよい。具体例としては、ポリエステルフェルトまたはコットンフェルトが挙げられ、シートの厚さは、0.5〜10mm程度、より好ましくは3mm程度である。
【0029】
また、防水性シートは、保水性シートや人工土壌成形体の乾燥を防止し、保水性シートにしみ込んだ水分を長時間保持するものである。このような防水性シートとしては、ゴム、プラスチックなどの材質からなるものが適当である。
【0030】
【実施例】
以下の実施例により、本発明をより詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの内容に限定されるものではない。
実施例1
本発明のパネル型人工土壌成形体は、以下の手順の1次粗成形により得た。
先ず、下記の表に示す配合量の熱可塑性樹脂、人工土壌資材および膨積性粒子をリボンブレンダーを用いて十分に混合し、ここへ下記表中の配合量の過酸化物を添加して混合した後、混合物を金型に入れた。金型寸法は、300mm×600mm×厚み50mmであった。膨積製粒子と過酸化物との接触により発生する約90℃以上の反応熱によって、熱可塑性樹脂が溶融して成形が行われた。金型を冷却した後、パネル型に成形された成形体を取り出した。得られたパネル型成形体の寸法は300mm×600mm×厚み50mmであった(気層率78%(潅水直後37%))。
注釈:
(1):住友精化株式会社製エチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体、商品名「フローバックM1685N」(融点95℃)
(2):バーミキュライト原石1.3kgに、バーミキュライト重量の1.5重量%の98%濃硫酸およびバーミキュライト重量の0.2重量%の硫酸第二鉄とを混合した後、約60℃で12時間に加熱し、再度冷却したもの。
【0031】
比較例1
エチレン/酢酸ビニル共重合体の代わりにポリビニルアルコール30重量部を用い、成形体の寸法を300mm×600mm×厚み50mmとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてパネル型人工土壌成形体を得た。
【0032】
評価試験
実施例1および比較例1で得た人工土壌成形体について、以下の試験を行なった。
(a)乾燥時と湿潤時の寸法変化
各人工土壌成形体の乾燥時の寸法を先ず計測し、次いで含水率90%となるまで潅水した後、再度寸法を計測した(湿潤時)。結果を表1に示す。
【表1】
表1の結果より、実施例1で得た本発明の人工土壌成形体は、ポリビニルアルコールを用いた比較例1の成形体に比べて、乾燥時と湿潤時の寸法変化が少なく、形状保持性に優れていることが分かる。
【0033】
(b)土壌硬度
各人工土壌成形体の乾燥時と湿潤時(含水率90%)の硬度をそれぞれ山中式土壌硬度計(フジワラ製作所製、モデル351−B)により測定した。結果を表2に示す。
【表2】
表2の結果より、実施例1で得た本発明の成形体の硬度は、乾燥時および湿潤時のいずれにおいても比較例1の成形体よりも高く、更には乾燥時と湿潤時の硬度変化も少ないことが分かる。
【0034】
(c)湿潤時における圧潰強度耐性
各人工土壌成形体から寸法5cm×5cm×厚さ5cmの試験用試料をそれぞれ切り出した(図1(a))。この試料について、足の裏の面積25cm2(つま先立ち)、体重75kgの人が踏んだこと(耐荷重441kPa)を想定して以下の試験を行なった。
各試料を、図1(b)に示すように、試験用試料10の対抗する両面に寸法5cm×5cm×厚さ2cmの鉄板20を密着させ、さらにこれら2枚の鉄板の両側から加圧板30で挟みこんだ。これをオートグラフ(島津製作所製モデル5000B)に設置し、加圧板上方から図1(b)の矢印fの方向に113kgの荷重を1分間加え、1分後の試料10の厚みの変化量(cm)を測定した。結果をそれぞれ表3に示す。
【表3】
表3の結果より、実施例1で得た本発明の人工土壌成形体が、ポリビニルアルコールを用いた比較例1の成形体に比べて、湿潤時であるにも関わらず優れた圧潰強度耐性を示すことが分かる。
【0035】
(d)透水性
実施例1で得た人工土壌成形体の透水性は、定水位法により測定した。
実施例からの人工土壌成形体表面に垂直方向に、内壁にグリースを薄く塗布した容積100mLの採土円筒(図2中、101相当)(内径5.0cm、高さ5.1cm)を差込んで試料を採取した。次に、採土円筒と同じ寸法に切断された目の粗い濾紙102を採土円筒下面(すなわち試料の下面)に敷いて、更にその上に金網103のキャップをした。採土円筒上部にはゴムリング105を接続した。これを水を入れた水槽104に入れて、試料下方から一昼夜吸水させて、試料を水で飽和させた後、採土円筒を取り出した。採土円筒上部のゴムリング105の上部に定水位ホルダー106を接続した後、試料を含む採土円筒を再び水槽104に据えた。定水位ホルダー106の排水口からは余剰の水を排水させた。水槽の排水口の下にメスシリンダー110を置いた後、試料上部から給水を開始した。定水位ホルダー106内の水位が一定に保たれるように給水量を調節しながら、一定時間t(秒)の間にメスシリンダー110に流入した水の体積Q(cm3)を測定した。測定時の水温T(℃)も合わせて測定した。
以下の式より、測定された時間t、水の体積Q、試料の長さL(cm)および断面積A(cm2)、および水頭差(図2中の△H、cm)を用いて水温T(℃)における試料の飽和透水係数K(cm/秒)が得られる。
【数1】
【0036】
算出された実施例1から得られた本発明の人工土壌成形体の水温23℃における飽和透水係数Kは1.2×10−1cm/秒であった。
一般に、土壌の飽和透水係数Kは1×10−3〜1×10−5cm/秒の間であれば良好な透水性を有するとされていることから、本発明の人工土壌成形体は、非常に優れた透水性を示すことが分かる。
【0037】
(e)保水性
一般に、降雨や給水によって土壌に供給された水は、その後、給水が停まると、蒸発などによって減少していき、ついには植栽された植物が萎えるに至る。給水が停止されて土壌から外部への水の移動が停止した状態における土壌表層の水分量は、圃場容水量とよばれ、また、その後、水が不足して植物が萎えるに至った時の水分点は、萎凋点と呼ばれる。ここで、前記圃場容水量から萎凋点までの間における土壌中の水分が土壌粒子に吸着されている強さを水柱の高さの対数で表した値はPF価と呼ばれ、通常1.5〜4.2が採用される。このPF値の範囲に含まれる水分量が、土壌中から植物が利用できる有効水分保持量であり、一般には80L/m3以上は必要であるとされている。
これに対し、実施例1で得た人工土壌成形体の前記範囲のPF価における有効水分保持量は412L/m3であったことから、非常に保水性に優れていることが分かる。
【0038】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、人工土壌資材を固めるために従来使用されているポリビニルアルコールに換えて、融点180以下の熱可塑性樹脂を使用することにより、優れた機械強度と圧潰強度耐性を有する(すなわち、踏んでも跡が付き難くかつ崩壊しない)、成形保持性の良い緑化用人工土壌成形体を提供することができる。本発明の人工土壌成形体は、特に、湿潤時の成形保持性に優れていることから、潅水しても成形体から土壌が流失しないので、適用された建物を汚損したり、排水パイプなどを詰まらせることがなく、建築物本来の機能も損なわない。
また、本発明の人工土壌成形体は、気層率が高いことから、植物の育成に適した優れた水はけの良さ(優れた透水性)も有する。
【0039】
本発明によれば、前記人工土壌成形体を含む土壌成形物品も提供できる。これは、前記人工土壌成形体の優れた機械強度と圧潰強度耐性を特徴とすることから、建築物の屋上、屋根、ベランダ、アトリウムなどの構造物の水平な表面に容易に適用でき、かつ取り換えも容易である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 実施例において人工土壌成形体パネルの湿潤時における圧潰強度耐性を評価するための試験用試料およびそれを用いた試験手順を表す模式的な断面図である。
【図2】 実施例において人工土壌成形体パネルの透水性を測定するための土壌透水性測定装置の模式的な断面図である。
【符号の説明】
10…人工土壌成形体試料、20…鉄板、30…加圧板、101…採土円筒およびその内部に保持される透水性試験用試料、102…濾紙、103…金網、104…水槽、105…ゴムリング、106…定水位ホルダー、110…メスシリンダー[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an artificial soil molded body used when planting by providing artificial soil on the roof of a building, roof, veranda, atrium, or the surface of a structure such as a retaining wall or bridge pier, Furthermore, the present invention relates to an artificial soil molded body having excellent mechanical strength and molding retention when wet.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, in the construction of residential and commercial facilities and urban development, attempts have been made to artificially plant trees by planting plants in and around the building itself in order to improve the living environment and obtain a “healing” effect. Especially when greening the surface of a building (ie building rooftops, roofs, verandas, atriums, or structures such as retaining walls, piers, etc.), it is required not to impair or contaminate their original functions. Therefore, not natural soil but artificial soil excellent in mold retention is used.
[0003]
Since natural soil has low air permeability and moisture retention, it is necessary to form a very thick soil layer. However, since soil has a high specific gravity, it can be placed in concrete fences or in containers such as bags. When applied, there is a drawback that a large load is applied to the building. Artificial soil is an improvement of the above-mentioned drawbacks of natural soil, has sufficient moisture retention to allow plants to grow even when formed into a thin layer, and does not hinder root growth. Characterized by sex.
[0004]
Porous vermiculite and perlite are well-known as raw materials that constitute artificial soil (hereinafter referred to as artificial soil materials), and relatively lightweight soil materials such as fertilizers such as peat moss, moss, and rock wool as necessary. Sometimes used in combination. These artificial soil materials are in the form of granules, powders, or a mixture thereof (hereinafter referred to as powders), and these are molded and molded with a resin. It has been.
[0005]
In order to harden the artificial soil into a molded body, polyvinyl alcohol which is a water-soluble resin is mainly added. A soil molded body hardened with polyvinyl alcohol has the advantage of biodegrading and returning to the soil even when laid on the ground surface. However, since polyvinyl alcohol swells when it contains water, the volume change between drying and wetting is large. Therefore, when the soil compact using polyvinyl alcohol begins to dry after irrigation, “sledge” occurs due to a dimensional change between the surface and the inside.
Such conventional artificial soil compacts remain flexible, but are inferior in mold retention, so they can be distorted, marked, or even collapsed when replaced or when stepped on by people. There was also.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, the object of the present invention can be handled in the same manner as a conventionally used artificial soil molded body hardened with polyvinyl alcohol, is excellent in water retention and water permeability, and is not destroyed at the time of replacement. An object of the present invention is to provide an artificial soil green body for greening, which is characterized by improved shape retention, which does not stick or collapse.
In achieving such an object, as a result of intensive efforts, the present inventors have used a thermoplastic resin other than polyvinyl alcohol as a resin for hardening the soil material, and retained the moisture content of the artificial soil molded body. The present inventors have found that excellent molding retention can be imparted without impairing the properties and water-repellent properties (that is, water retention and water permeability), and have completed the present invention.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the present invention is an artificial soil molding for greening molded into a panel mold, comprising an artificial soil material containing expandable particles and at least one thermoplastic resin having a melting point of 180 ° C. or less, The artificial soil molded body for greening, wherein a thermoplastic resin is contained in an amount of 20 to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the artificial soil molded body.
Furthermore, the present invention also provides a soil molded article including an artificial soil molded body that can be easily applied to or replaced by the surface of a building.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Artificial soil compact for building greening (swellable particles)
In the present invention, vermiculite ore is used as the expandable particles.
The raw vermiculite has a hydroxyl group and water of crystallization in the crystal structure, and voids are generated when they are expanded to about 10 to 30 times by heat treatment or chemical treatment. Since water can be held in the voids, water retention is imparted to the artificial soil material containing the expandable particles thus expanded.
[0009]
The expandable particles are first mixed with high-concentration acid and iron compound in the raw material vermiculite, stirred and mixed, then held at a temperature of about 40 to about 80 ° C. for a certain period of time, and then cooled to the ambient temperature. Mixed with artificial soil material and thermoplastic resin. Thereafter, when hydrogen peroxide water is mixed, reaction heat of 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 95 ° C. or higher is generated, and expansion of the expandable particles starts.
[0010]
Here, as the acid, commercially available concentrated sulfuric acid of about 95% or more or concentrated hydrochloric acid of about 35% or more is preferably used.
Most preferably about 98% concentrated sulfuric acid is used as the acid.
[0011]
The iron compound may be selected from ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate. Most preferably ferric sulfate is used.
[0012]
As the hydrogen peroxide solution, a commercially available concentration, that is, about 25% to about 35% is preferably used.
[0013]
The higher the expansion rate of the expandable particles, the larger the air layer ratio of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention (that is, the ratio of the total volume of voids to the total volume of the molded body), and the water retention is improved.
[0014]
The blending amount of the swellable particles contained in the artificial soil material (after swell treatment) is preferably 20 to 55%, more preferably 35 to 45% of the total volume of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention. It's okay.
[0015]
(Artificial soil material)
The artificial soil material used in the present invention is not particularly limited except that it contains relatively lightweight soil (for example, red jade soil, Kanuma soil, etc.) and the aforementioned expandable particles as essential components. The artificial soil material may be preferably blended with a material for improving water permeability such as fertilizer and pearlite, and a fibrous reinforcing material obtained by finely cutting plant fibers, if necessary.
[0016]
Examples of the fertilizer include bark compost and peat moss. The composition of the fertilizer may be appropriately changed according to the purpose of greening the artificial soil molded body of the present invention and the type of plant planted therein. For example, when it is intended to impart an application effect sufficient for plant growth (for example, that fertilization management is not required for about 5 years) to the artificial soil molded body of the present invention, a slow-acting fertilizer with various effective periods, It can be achieved by blending and adding fast-acting fertilizers, special fertilizers and the like.
[0017]
(Thermoplastic resin)
The green artificial soil molded body of the present invention can be obtained by adding a thermoplastic resin having a melting point of 180 ° C. or lower to the artificial soil material. In the case of a resin having a melting point exceeding 180 ° C., when the resin is melted in a molding process described later, fertilizers and fibrous reinforcing materials contained in the artificial soil material may be burned out, which is not preferable.
[0018]
The thermoplastic resin preferably used in the present invention is other than polyvinyl alcohol, and examples thereof include polymers and copolymers of olefin monomers or diolefin monomers having 2 to 4 carbon atoms or halogen-substituted products thereof. , A copolymer of the polymer or copolymer and vinyl acetate, and a mixture of two or more of the polymers and copolymers, specifically, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene , Polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
Of these, low density polyethylene and ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer can be used alone, but resins having a melting point higher than that of polyethylene such as polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate are used in combination of two or more.
More preferably, low-density polyethylene or ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer is used as the thermoplastic resin as a mixture with the other thermoplastic resins. In this case, the low density polyethylene and the ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer are contained in the mixture in an amount of 50% by weight or more, preferably 70% by weight or more.
[0019]
More preferably, the melting point of the thermoplastic resin is 180 ° C. or lower, most preferably 105 ° C. or lower. By using a thermoplastic resin having such a melting point, durability and strength are imparted to the artificial soil molded body.
[0020]
In order to obtain the artificial soil molded body of the present invention by the method described later, the thermoplastic resin can be sufficiently mixed with artificial soil materials and expandable particles, and the outer shape is sufficiently sufficient in the primary coarse molding step described below. Since it can be established and the final molded body has high mechanical strength and crush strength resistance, it is most preferably used in the form of granules. However, the thermoplastic resin may be used in a pellet form as long as it satisfies the above requirements.
[0021]
In the present invention, the thermoplastic resin may be contained in an amount of 20 to 60% by weight, more preferably 30 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention. If the content of the thermoplastic resin is less than 20% by weight, the resulting molded article has low mechanical strength and crushing strength resistance, and therefore, marks easily occur when stepped on. When the thermoplastic resin content exceeds 60% by weight, the proportion of the soil material in the molded body is reduced, and the expandable particle content is also decreased. As a result, the water permeability and water retention of the molded body are decreased.
[0022]
(Manufacture of artificial soil compacts)
In general, a method for producing an artificial soil forming body includes a primary rough molding step for generally forming an outer shape of a molded body, and a step of molding the obtained primary rough molded product into a desired molded body. However, in the present invention, the desired outer shape of the molded body can be sufficiently established by the primary rough molding process.
That is, in the primary rough molding step, first, the thermoplastic resin is added to the mixture of the expandable particles containing the acid and the iron compound and the artificial soil material, and these are sufficiently mixed. When hydrogen peroxide solution is added to the mixture and then placed in the mold, expansion of the expandable particles starts due to heat generation, and at the same time, the thermoplastic resin is at least partially (more preferably all) melted and molded. The After cooling, the contents are taken out from the mold to obtain an artificial soil former having a desired shape.
[0023]
In the above step, the thermoplastic resin is melted by the reaction heat generated after addition of hydrogen peroxide solution of 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 95 ° C. or higher.
However, if the thermoplastic resin is a mixture of low-density polyethylene or ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer and the other thermoplastic resins, and the melting point of the resin to be mixed is higher than the reaction heat, mixing Only the resin to be obtained may not be melted by the reaction heat. Therefore, in such a case, the mold may be partially or wholly heated to the melting point of the resin to be mixed using a hot air dryer or the like. Thereby, all the thermoplastic resin mixtures can be melted.
[0024]
The artificial soil molded body of the present invention has a gas layer ratio of 85 to 50% (however, about 37% immediately after irrigation) due to the swelling of the expandable particles. This is because, since the air layer rate of healthy natural soil is usually 30% or more, the molded article of the present invention has better drainage (that is, superior water permeability) than natural soil. .
[0025]
According to the present invention, the thermoplastic resin is contained in an amount of 20 to 60% by weight, more preferably 30 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention. High mechanical strength is obtained compared to the soil compact. Therefore, the molded body of the present invention has an advantage (excellent crushing strength resistance) that it is difficult to leave a mark even if it is stepped on when it is installed horizontally and does not collapse.
In addition, it has excellent mechanical strength when wet, and even if it is irrigated, the soil does not run away from the molded body, so it does not pollute the building or clog drain pipes, and does not impair the original function of the building. It also has the advantage of.
[0026]
The shape and size of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention can be appropriately designed according to the purpose of greening. For example, if it is formed into a panel mold, it can be used simply by laying it on a desired place such as a wall surface or a steep slope, and it can be installed and replaced, so that the construction period can be shortened and irrigation is easy.
[0027]
The artificial soil molded body thus formed into a panel mold can be provided as a soil molded article by attaching a water-retaining sheet or a waterproof sheet on one surface thereof as necessary.
[0028]
The water retention sheet is useful for supplying moisture to the artificial soil compact evenly. The water retention sheet may be a nonwoven fabric or a thick knitted fabric. Specific examples include polyester felt or cotton felt, and the thickness of the sheet is about 0.5 to 10 mm, more preferably about 3 mm.
[0029]
Further, the waterproof sheet prevents the water-retaining sheet and the artificial soil molded body from being dried, and retains the moisture soaked in the water-retaining sheet for a long time. As such a waterproof sheet, a sheet made of a material such as rubber or plastic is suitable.
[0030]
【Example】
The following examples explain the present invention in more detail, but the present invention is not limited to these contents.
Example 1
The panel type artificial soil molded body of the present invention was obtained by primary rough molding according to the following procedure.
First, mix the thermoplastic resin, artificial soil material and swellable particles in the blending amounts shown in the table below using a ribbon blender, and add the peroxide in the blending amount in the table below to mix. After that, the mixture was placed in a mold. The mold dimensions were 300 mm x 600 mm x thickness 50 mm. The thermoplastic resin was melted and molded by the reaction heat of about 90 ° C. or more generated by the contact between the expanded particles and the peroxide. After cooling the mold, the molded body molded into a panel mold was taken out. The dimensions of the obtained panel mold were 300 mm × 600 mm × thickness 50 mm (the air layer ratio was 78% (37% immediately after irrigation)).
Notes:
(1) : Ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd., trade name “Flowback M1685N” (melting point 95 ° C.)
(2) : After mixing 1.3 kg of vermiculite ore with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid of 1.5% by weight of vermiculite and 0.2% by weight of ferric sulfate of vermiculite, 12 hours at about 60 ° C. Heated and cooled again.
[0031]
Comparative Example 1
A panel-type artificial soil molded body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 30 parts by weight of polyvinyl alcohol was used instead of the ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, and the size of the molded body was 300 mm × 600 mm × thickness 50 mm. It was.
[0032]
Evaluation test The artificial soil molded bodies obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to the following tests.
(A) Dimensional change at the time of drying and wetness The dryness of each artificial soil molded body was first measured, then watered until the water content became 90%, and then the dimension was measured again (at the time of wetness). The results are shown in Table 1.
[Table 1]
From the results shown in Table 1, the artificial soil molded body of the present invention obtained in Example 1 has less dimensional change during drying and wetting than the molded body of Comparative Example 1 using polyvinyl alcohol, and has shape retention. It turns out that it is excellent in.
[0033]
(B) Soil hardness The hardness of each artificial soil compact when dried and wet (water content 90%) was measured with a Yamanaka soil hardness meter (model 351-B, manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho). The results are shown in Table 2.
[Table 2]
From the results shown in Table 2, the hardness of the molded product of the present invention obtained in Example 1 is higher than that of the molded product of Comparative Example 1 both when dry and when wet, and further, the hardness change between dry and wet It can be seen that there are few.
[0034]
(C) Crush strength resistance at the time of wetness Each test sample having dimensions of 5 cm × 5 cm ×
As shown in FIG. 1B, each sample is brought into close contact with an
[Table 3]
From the results of Table 3, the artificial soil molded body of the present invention obtained in Example 1 has superior crush strength resistance despite being wet, as compared with the molded body of Comparative Example 1 using polyvinyl alcohol. You can see that
[0035]
(D) Water permeability The water permeability of the artificial soil molded body obtained in Example 1 was measured by the constant water level method.
In the direction perpendicular to the surface of the artificial soil molded body from the examples, a 100-mL volume soil-collecting cylinder (corresponding to 101 in FIG. 2) (inner diameter: 5.0 cm, height: 5.1 cm) with thin grease applied to the inner wall is inserted. A sample was taken at Next, a
From the following equation, the water temperature using the measured time t, water volume Q, sample length L (cm) and cross-sectional area A (cm 2 ), and water head difference (ΔH, cm in FIG. 2) The saturated hydraulic conductivity K (cm / sec) of the sample at T (° C.) is obtained.
[Expression 1]
[0036]
The saturated hydraulic conductivity K at a water temperature of 23 ° C. of the artificial soil molded body of the present invention obtained from the calculated Example 1 was 1.2 × 10 −1 cm / sec.
Generally, since the saturated hydraulic conductivity K of the soil is said to have good water permeability if it is between 1 × 10 −3 and 1 × 10 −5 cm / sec, the artificial soil compact of the present invention is It can be seen that it exhibits very good water permeability.
[0037]
(E) Water retention In general, the water supplied to the soil by rainfall or water supply is reduced by evaporation or the like when the water supply is stopped thereafter, and finally the planted plants are withered. The amount of water on the surface of the soil when water supply is stopped and the movement of water from the soil to the outside is called the field capacity, and then the water when the plant dries out due to lack of water. The point is called the wilting point. Here, the value of the strength of moisture in the soil between the field capacity and the wilting point expressed by the logarithm of the height of the water column, which is adsorbed by the soil particles, is called the PF value and is usually 1.5. ~ 4.2 is adopted. The amount of water included in the range of the PF value is an effective water holding amount that can be used by plants from the soil, and generally 80 L / m 3 or more is necessary.
On the other hand, since the effective water retention amount in the PF value of the said range of the artificial soil molded object obtained in Example 1 was 412 L / m < 3 >, it turns out that it is very excellent in water retention.
[0038]
【Effect of the invention】
According to the present invention, by using a thermoplastic resin having a melting point of 180 or less instead of polyvinyl alcohol conventionally used to harden artificial soil material, it has excellent mechanical strength and crushing strength resistance (that is, It is possible to provide an artificial soil greening body for greening that has a good shape-retaining property and hardly leaves a mark even when stepped on. Since the artificial soil molded body of the present invention is particularly excellent in mold retention when wet, the soil does not run away from the molded body even after irrigation. There is no clogging and the original function of the building is not impaired.
Moreover, since the artificial soil molded body of the present invention has a high air layer rate, it also has excellent drainage (excellent water permeability) suitable for plant growth.
[0039]
According to the present invention, a soil molded article including the artificial soil molded body can also be provided. This is characterized by the excellent mechanical strength and crush strength resistance of the artificial soil compact, so it can be easily applied to the horizontal surface of structures such as rooftops, roofs, verandas, atriums, etc. Is also easy.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a test sample for evaluating the crushing strength resistance of an artificial soil molded body panel when wet in an example and a test procedure using the test sample.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a soil permeability measuring apparatus for measuring the permeability of an artificial soil molded body panel in an example.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Artificial soil molded object sample, 20 ... Iron plate, 30 ... Pressurizing plate, 101 ... Sample for soil collection and water permeability test held in the inside, 102 ... Filter paper, 103 ... Wire mesh, 104 ... Water tank, 105 ... Rubber Ring, 106 ... Constant water level holder, 110 ... Measuring cylinder
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2001283422A JP4860074B2 (en) | 2001-09-18 | 2001-09-18 | Artificial soil molded body for greening and soil molded article containing the same |
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| JP2001283422A JP4860074B2 (en) | 2001-09-18 | 2001-09-18 | Artificial soil molded body for greening and soil molded article containing the same |
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| JP2003088240A JP2003088240A (en) | 2003-03-25 |
| JP4860074B2 true JP4860074B2 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
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| JPH0759162B2 (en) * | 1986-04-26 | 1995-06-28 | 三菱化学ビーエーエスエフ株式会社 | Vegetation |
| JPH08126436A (en) * | 1994-11-02 | 1996-05-21 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | Container for growing plants |
| JPH11116950A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 1999-04-27 | Mitsui Chem Inc | Formed item and its manufacture |
| JPH11229382A (en) * | 1998-02-19 | 1999-08-24 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Planting structure of planting material |
| JP4299943B2 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2009-07-22 | 日光化成株式会社 | Artificial soil molding for greening of buildings and panels for wall greening |
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