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JP4863241B2 - Structural material made of ultra-high purity iron with excellent ductility - Google Patents
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JP4863241B2 - Structural material made of ultra-high purity iron with excellent ductility - Google Patents

Structural material made of ultra-high purity iron with excellent ductility Download PDF

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JP4863241B2
JP4863241B2 JP2000298535A JP2000298535A JP4863241B2 JP 4863241 B2 JP4863241 B2 JP 4863241B2 JP 2000298535 A JP2000298535 A JP 2000298535A JP 2000298535 A JP2000298535 A JP 2000298535A JP 4863241 B2 JP4863241 B2 JP 4863241B2
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ultra
iron
mass
high purity
temperature
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JP2002105583A (en
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兼次 安彦
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、常温および高温における延性が極めて大きい超高純度鉄に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
鉄には、添加元素によって、また加工・熱処理との組み合わせによって、強度や延性等の機械特性のほか、耐食性等の化学的特性、透磁率等の電気特性などが多様に変化する性質がある。この性質を利用することにより、古くから各種鋼材の研究開発が行われてきた。このように、従来$L鋼材開発の多くは、もっぱら鉄に元素を添加する見地から材質を改善しようとするものがほとんどであった。
しかし、このような従来の開発手法では、鋼特性の改善には限界があり、大幅な性能向上を図ることが次第に困難になりつつあるというのが実状である。なかでも、機械特性はあらゆる工業製品を製造するうえで必要となるもっとも基本的な特性であり、とりわけ延性は加工性、製造性を左右するので重要な特性であると言え、さらなる特性の向上が強く望まれている。
【0003】
一方、高純度化すなわち添加元素を極力少なくした鉄本来の性質を追求する努力も続けられており、例えば、日本金属学会誌(1975)第5号 535〜543頁、日本金属学会誌第(1976)12号 1284〜1291頁、鉄と鋼 第67年(1981)2000〜2009頁には、比較的高純度の鉄について、高温における変形挙動の研究成果が報告されている。
上記日本金属学会誌(1975)第5号の図3においては、C:0.036 mass%、Si:0.002 mass%、Mn:0.27 mass %、P:0.07mass%、S:0.028 mass%の成分組成の極軟鋼の伸びが示されており、室温引張で約38%、また 650℃〜960 ℃の温度範囲の高温引張で53〜78%の伸びが得られている。
また、日本金属学会誌第(1976)12号の図1においては、C:0.002 mass%、N:0.0012mass%、Si:0.0025mass%、O:0.0069mass%の成分組成のα鉄の高温引張( 800℃)により、真歪み 0.3〜0.6 が得られている。さらに、上記鉄と鋼 第67年(1981)の図2においては、C:0.036 mass%、Si:0.028 mass%、Mn:0.27 mass %、P:0.007 mass%、S:0.003 mass%の炭素鋼の高温引張( 973K)により、真歪み 0.4〜0.5 が得られている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上述したこれら従来の高純度鉄における伸びは、常温においては高々40%程度、高温でも80%に満たないものである。このため、常温あるいは高温において、これらの値よりもさらに高い延性に優れた材料が開発されれば、これまでは不可能であったより過酷な加工も可能になる。
そこで、本発明の目的は、従来の鉄あるいは鋼で得られた延性よりもさらに良好な延性を具えた鉄材料を提供することにある。本発明の具体的な目標特性は、常温引張試験における伸びが45%以上、また 800K以上の高温引張試験における伸びが80%以上であるものとする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
発明者は、鉄の高純度化を極限にまで高めると、加工時の変形挙動が従来から知られていたものとはまったく様相が異なったものとなり、従来技術では達成しえなかった高い延性が得られることを知見した。
【0006】
このようにして完成した本発明は、Fe:99.995mass%以上を含有し、残部が不純物からなる超高純度鉄であって、α域における1153Kとγ域における1273Kの高温引張試験における伸びが93%以上で、かつ、同温度以上の高温域において、すべりが結晶粒界とは無関係にその粒界を横断する任意の位置で起きる変形特性を利用した高温での延性に優れる超高純度鉄からなる、外力による脆性破壊の発生を抑制する必要がある構造材である。
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明について詳細に説明する。
一般に、純鉄などの多結晶体の変形は、各結晶粒が回りの結晶粒からの影響を受けながら変形し、これら各結晶粒の変形が総合された結果が巨視的な変形として現れるものである。すなわち、多結晶体に応力が加わえられると、この応力は回りの結晶粒を通じて各結晶粒に伝えられて弾性変形がはじまる。ここで、多結晶体の結晶方位は不規則であるので、変形に有利な方向に応力が加わっている少数の結晶が降伏する。降伏した結晶粒は次第に多くなり、巨視的な塑性変形がはじまる。このとき、各結晶粒には転位が発生し、この転位の移動によってすべりが起きて、塑性変形がもたらされる。
転位の移動は、とくに純鉄のような体心立方格子の構造をとる結晶においては、不純物元素なかでも侵入型不純物元素である、炭素、窒素、りん、硫黄などによって大きく阻害される。そして、これらの不純物元素は結晶粒界に偏析しやすいため、とくに結晶粒界では転位が堆積し、粒界をわたる転位の移動が抑制されやすくなる。
【0008】
ところが、発明者は、侵入型不純物元素である、炭素、窒素、りん、硫黄などを極限にまで低下させると、転位が粒界に堆積することなく、交差するなどして伝搬し、多結晶体の変形がし、常温および高温において極めて大きな伸びを示すことを見いだしたのである。
このような、変形挙動を通じて優れた延性が得られるのは、上記不純物元素を0.005 mass%以下、好ましくは0.001 mass%以下、すなわちFe:99.995mass%以上、好ましくはFe:99.999mass%以上とすればよいこともわかった。そして、得られる延性も、常温引張試験における伸びの値が45%以上となり、Fe:99.999mass%以上では50%以上にもなる。また、 800K以上の高温引張試験における伸びの値は、80%以上の高い値になる。
【0009】
次に本発明の根拠となった実験結果の1例について説明する。
用いた実験材は純度がFe:99.9989 mass%の超高純度鉄である。この超高純度鉄を直径6mmの丸棒に圧延し、圧延のままの状態のものとその後種々の温度で熱処理(30分間保持ののち徐冷)したものについて、常温にて引張試験を行った。試験片形状は、標点距離20mm、断面寸法は直径3mmφのものとした。引張試験での歪み速度は 4.2×10−5/sとした。
【0010】
図1は上記超高純度純鉄の常温引張試験で得られた応力−歪み曲線を各熱処理温度ごとに比較して示したものである。なお、この図は歪み(伸び)0の位置を横軸方向に各温度ごとに5%づつずらして示している。図1からわかるように、本発明に従う超高純度鉄は、723K以上の温度で熱処理して再結晶組織とすることにより、伸びが大きく増加し、47%〜69%の範囲に上昇している。
【0011】
さらに、本発明材は、このような常温における延性とともに、高温における延性においても優れた特性を有することがわかっている。
図2は、純度がFe:99.9989 mass%の超高純度鉄を上述したと同様に圧延した後、α域における1153Kと、γ域における1273Kにてそれぞれ高温の引張試験を行って得た、応力−歪み曲線である。なお、このときの試験片形状も、標点距離20mm、断面寸法は直径3mmφのものであり、引張試験時の歪み速度は 4.2×10−4/sとした。
【0012】
図2の結果からわかるように、本発明に従う超高純度鉄は、α域、γ域ともに93%を超える高い伸びを示すことがわかる。発明者らはこのような高温延性が得られる条件についてさらに調査をすすめたところ、鉄の純度を99.995mass%以上に高めることにより、温度範囲が 800K以上の高温領域では、80%以上の伸びが得られることを確認した。
なお、図2に示すように、γ域 (1273K) での高温引張試験においては、伸びのみならず、応力もα域のそれよりも高い値を示すことが確かめられているが、その詳しい理由は不明であるものの、本発明にかかる超高純度鉄が高温用材料として有用であることがわかる。
【0013】
また、本発明の超高純度鉄がこのような高延性を示す機構については、必ずしも明確ではないが、 800K以上の高温のα域,γ域においては、すべりは粒界を横断し、あたかも単結晶であるかのように任意の位置で辷って多結晶全体に伝播していくことが観察されており (図5写真参照) 、このことが前記高延性と密接に関連していると考えられる。
即ち、本発明に適合する丸棒引張試験片を用いて軸方向に高温で引張応力を加えたときの変形は、以下のような挙動を示すものと考えられる。
まず、これまで知られている純鉄では、引張応力を増していくと、平行部全体が軸方向に一様に伸び、やがてその一部にくびれが生じて、さらにそのくびれの部分だけが局部的に変形し、くびれ部分が次第に細まり、ついに破断にいたる。このとき、各結晶粒は互いに不規則に変形しているため、くびれの細まっていく様子は円周方向にほぼ均一となり、くびれ部分の断面形状は円形となる。
【0014】
これに対して、本発明にかかる純鉄の変形挙動は、上述した従来純鉄のそれとは異なり、図3に示すような特異な様相を呈するものとなる。すなわち、 800K以上の温度において引張応力を付与すると、一つの直径方向の径(長さ)は図3(a)に示すように変化しないまま、それと垂直方向の径(厚み)のみが図3(b)に示すように薄く変形して、楕円形の断面形状のものとなる。この変形は、円柱を直径方向にスライスし、その全体を次第に横に寝かせていくように変形する。そして、多結晶体はやがて薄い板状となり、ついに破断にいたる。破断部の形状はナイフエッジ状であり、その幅は引張応力を加える前の丸棒試験片における平行部径にほぼ等しい。このように、本発明材はそのすべりが結晶粒界とは無関係にその粒界を横断する任意の位置で起きる変形特性を示すものである。
図4は、純度がFe:99.9989 mass%の超高純度鉄を1093Kにて同様に高温引張試験したときの、破断後の外観を示したものであり、図5は図4(b)を部分的に拡大して示したものである。とくに図5において、上述した本発明超高純度鉄の変形挙動が一層明瞭に認められる。
【0015】
以上述べた本発明の超高純度鉄を製造するには、とくに高純度の原料を用いることと、溶解条件について留意する以外は常法にしたがって製造することができる。具体的には、原料は、純度99.99 mass%以上の超高純度電解鉄を用い、溶解は、溶解中も1×10−5Pa以上の超高真空度を保つことが可能な真空溶解炉中で水冷銅ルツボを用いて行うことが望ましい。
【0016】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明によれば、常温において45%以上、800 K以上において80%以上の伸びを示す優れた高延性純鉄材料を提供することが可能になる。従って、本発明は、自動車部材のような、外力による脆性破壊の発生を抑制する必要がある構造材等として利用されることが期待される。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明超高純度鉄の常温引張試験における応力−歪み曲線の例を示すグラフである。
【図2】本発明超高純度鉄の高温引張試験における応力−歪み曲線の例を示すグラフである。
【図3】本発明超高純度鉄の高温引張試験(1143K)における破断後試験片の金属微細構造を示す図である。
【図4】本発明超高純度鉄の高温引張試験(1093K)における破断後試験片の金属微細構造を示す図である。
【図5】図4に示した破断後試験片の金属微細構造を拡大した図である。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to ultra-high purity iron having extremely high ductility at room temperature and high temperature.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Iron has various properties such as mechanical properties such as strength and ductility, chemical properties such as corrosion resistance, and electrical properties such as permeability, depending on the additive element and combination with processing and heat treatment. By utilizing this property, research and development of various steel materials has been conducted for a long time. As described above, most of the development of $ L steel materials has been mostly aimed at improving the material from the viewpoint of adding elements to iron.
However, with such a conventional development method, there is a limit to the improvement of steel characteristics, and it is the actual situation that it is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve a significant performance improvement. Among them, mechanical characteristics are the most basic characteristics necessary for manufacturing all industrial products. Especially, ductility is an important characteristic because it affects workability and manufacturability. It is strongly desired.
[0003]
On the other hand, efforts have been made to pursue high-purity, that is, the original properties of iron with as few additive elements as possible. ) No. 12, pp. 1284-1291, Iron and Steel 67th (1981) 2000-2009, the research results of deformation behavior at high temperatures are reported for relatively high purity iron.
In FIG. 3 of the Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals (1975) No. 5, the composition of C: 0.036 mass%, Si: 0.002 mass%, Mn: 0.27 mass%, P: 0.07 mass%, S: 0.028 mass% The elongation of ultra mild steel is shown, with room temperature tension of about 38% and high temperature tension in the temperature range of 650 ° C. to 960 ° C. with 53 to 78% elongation.
Moreover, in FIG. 1 of the Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals (1976) No. 12, high temperature tensile strength of α-iron with a composition of C: 0.002 mass%, N: 0.0012 mass%, Si: 0.0025 mass%, O: 0.0069 mass% A true strain of 0.3 to 0.6 is obtained by (800 ° C). Furthermore, in FIG. 2 of the above iron and steel 67th year (1981), carbon steel with C: 0.036 mass%, Si: 0.028 mass%, Mn: 0.27 mass%, P: 0.007 mass%, S: 0.003 mass% A true strain of 0.4 to 0.5 is obtained by high-temperature tension (973K).
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the elongation of these conventional high-purity irons described above is at most about 40% at room temperature and less than 80% at high temperature. For this reason, if a material excellent in ductility higher than these values is developed at room temperature or high temperature, severer processing that has been impossible until now becomes possible.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an iron material having ductility even better than that obtained with conventional iron or steel. The specific target characteristic of the present invention is that the elongation in the normal temperature tensile test is 45% or more and the elongation in the high temperature tensile test of 800K or more is 80% or more.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
When the inventor increased the purity of iron to the limit, the deformation behavior during processing became completely different from what was conventionally known, and the high ductility that could not be achieved with the prior art It was found that it was obtained.
[0006]
The present invention thus completed contains ultra high-purity iron containing Fe: 99.995 mass% or more and the balance being impurities, and has an elongation in a high temperature tensile test of 1153 K in the α region and 1273 K in the γ region. Ultra high purity iron with excellent ductility at high temperature using deformation characteristics occurring at any position across the grain boundary regardless of the grain boundary in a high temperature range of 93 % or more and the same temperature or more It is a structural material which needs to suppress the occurrence of brittle fracture due to external force .
[0007]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
In general, deformation of polycrystals such as pure iron deforms while each crystal grain is affected by surrounding crystal grains, and the result of combining the deformation of each crystal grain appears as a macroscopic deformation. is there. That is, when a stress is applied to the polycrystal, the stress is transmitted to each crystal grain through surrounding crystal grains, and elastic deformation starts. Here, since the crystal orientation of the polycrystal is irregular, a small number of crystals to which stress is applied in a direction advantageous for deformation yield. The yielded grains gradually increase, and macroscopic plastic deformation begins. At this time, dislocation occurs in each crystal grain, and slippage occurs due to the movement of the dislocation, resulting in plastic deformation.
The movement of dislocations is particularly hindered by interstitial impurity elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur among the impurity elements, particularly in crystals having a body-centered cubic lattice structure such as pure iron. Since these impurity elements are easily segregated at the crystal grain boundaries, dislocations accumulate particularly at the crystal grain boundaries, and the movement of the dislocations across the grain boundaries is likely to be suppressed.
[0008]
However, when the inventor has reduced the interstitial impurity elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, to the limit, the dislocation does not accumulate at the grain boundary and propagates by crossing the polycrystalline body. It has been found that the material is deformed and exhibits extremely large elongation at room temperature and high temperature.
Such excellent ductility can be obtained through deformation behavior when the impurity element is 0.005 mass% or less, preferably 0.001 mass% or less, that is, Fe: 99.995 mass% or more, preferably Fe: 99.999 mass% or more. I also knew it would be good. And the ductility obtained will also be 45% or more of the elongation value in a normal temperature tensile test, and will also be 50% or more in Fe: 99.999 mass% or more. Further, the elongation value in the high temperature tensile test of 800K or higher is a high value of 80% or higher.
[0009]
Next, an example of the experimental result that is the basis of the present invention will be described.
The experimental material used is ultra high purity iron with a purity of Fe: 99.9989 mass%. This ultra-high purity iron was rolled into a round bar having a diameter of 6 mm, and a tensile test was performed at room temperature for the as-rolled state and then heat-treated at various temperatures (slow cooling after holding for 30 minutes). . The shape of the test piece was a gauge distance of 20 mm, and the cross-sectional dimension was 3 mm in diameter. The strain rate in the tensile test was 4.2 × 10 −5 / s.
[0010]
FIG. 1 shows a comparison of stress-strain curves obtained by the room temperature tensile test of the ultra-high purity pure iron for each heat treatment temperature. In this figure, the position of strain (elongation) 0 is shifted by 5% for each temperature in the horizontal axis direction. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the ultra-high purity iron according to the present invention is greatly increased in elongation by raising the temperature to a range of 47% to 69% by heat treatment at a temperature of 723 K or higher to form a recrystallized structure. .
[0011]
Furthermore, it has been found that the material of the present invention has excellent properties in ductility at high temperature as well as ductility at such normal temperature.
Fig. 2 shows the stress obtained by rolling ultra-high purity iron with a purity of Fe: 99.9989 mass% in the same manner as described above, and performing a high-temperature tensile test at 1153 K in the α region and 1273 K in the γ region. -Strain curve. In addition, the test piece shape at this time also has a gauge distance of 20 mm, a cross-sectional dimension of 3 mm in diameter, and the strain rate during the tensile test was 4.2 × 10 −4 / s.
[0012]
As can be seen from the results of FIG. 2, the ultra-high purity iron according to the present invention shows a high elongation exceeding 93% in both the α region and the γ region. The inventors have further investigated the conditions under which such high temperature ductility can be obtained. As a result, by increasing the purity of iron to 99.995 mass% or more, the elongation of 80% or more is achieved in the high temperature range of 800K or more. It was confirmed that it was obtained.
As shown in Fig. 2, in the high temperature tensile test in the γ region (1273K), it has been confirmed that not only the elongation but also the stress is higher than that in the α region. However, it is understood that the ultra-high purity iron according to the present invention is useful as a high temperature material.
[0013]
In addition, the mechanism by which the ultra-high purity iron of the present invention exhibits such high ductility is not necessarily clear, but in the α and γ regions at temperatures as high as 800 K or higher, the slip crosses the grain boundary, as if It has been observed that it propagates to the whole polycrystal as if it is a crystal (see the photograph in FIG. 5), and this is considered to be closely related to the high ductility. It is done.
That is, it is considered that deformation when a tensile stress is applied in the axial direction at a high temperature using a round bar tensile test piece suitable for the present invention exhibits the following behavior.
First, with pure iron known so far, when the tensile stress is increased, the entire parallel part extends uniformly in the axial direction, eventually becoming constricted, and only the constricted part is localized. Deformation, the constricted portion gradually narrows, and finally breaks. At this time, since each crystal grain is irregularly deformed, the narrowing of the constriction is substantially uniform in the circumferential direction, and the cross-sectional shape of the constricted portion is circular.
[0014]
On the other hand, the deformation behavior of pure iron according to the present invention is different from that of the conventional pure iron described above, and exhibits a unique aspect as shown in FIG. That is, when a tensile stress is applied at a temperature of 800 K or higher, the diameter (length) in one diameter direction does not change as shown in FIG. As shown in b), it is thinly deformed to have an elliptical cross-sectional shape. This deformation is performed by slicing the cylinder in the diameter direction and gradually laying the entire body horizontally. The polycrystalline body eventually becomes a thin plate and finally breaks. The shape of the fracture portion is a knife edge shape, and its width is substantially equal to the parallel portion diameter of the round bar test piece before the tensile stress is applied. As described above, the material of the present invention exhibits a deformation characteristic in which the slip occurs at an arbitrary position crossing the grain boundary irrespective of the grain boundary.
Fig. 4 shows the appearance after fracture when ultra-high purity iron with a purity of Fe: 99.9989 mass% is similarly subjected to a high temperature tensile test at 1093K. Fig. 5 shows part of Fig. 4 (b). This is a magnified view. In particular, in FIG. 5, the deformation behavior of the ultra-high purity iron of the present invention described above is more clearly recognized.
[0015]
In order to produce the ultra-high purity iron of the present invention described above, it can be produced in accordance with a conventional method except that a high-purity raw material is used and the dissolution conditions are noted. Specifically, ultra high purity electrolytic iron with a purity of 99.99 mass% or more is used as a raw material, and melting is performed in a vacuum melting furnace capable of maintaining an ultra high vacuum of 1 × 10 −5 Pa or more even during melting. It is desirable to use a water-cooled copper crucible.
[0016]
【Effect of the invention】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an excellent high ductility pure iron material exhibiting an elongation of 45% or more at normal temperature and 80% or more at 800 K or more. Therefore, the present invention is expected to be used as a structural material that needs to suppress the occurrence of brittle fracture due to an external force, such as an automobile member.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing an example of a stress-strain curve in a room temperature tensile test of ultra high purity iron of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example of a stress-strain curve in a high-temperature tensile test of the ultra-high purity iron of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a view showing a metal microstructure of a specimen after fracture in a high-temperature tensile test (1143K) of ultra-high purity iron of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view showing a metal microstructure of a specimen after fracture in a high-temperature tensile test (1093K) of ultra high purity iron of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the metal microstructure of the test piece after fracture shown in FIG. 4;

Claims (1)

Fe:99.995mass%以上を含有し、残部が不純物からなる超高純度鉄であって、α域における1153Kとγ域における1273Kの高温引張試験における伸びが93%以上で、かつ、同温度以上の高温域において、すべりが結晶粒界とは無関係にその粒界を横断する任意の位置で起きる変形特性を利用した高温での延性に優れる超高純度鉄からなる、外力による脆性破壊の発生を抑制する必要がある構造材Fe: 99.995 mass% or more of ultra-high purity iron containing impurities, the elongation in the high temperature tensile test of 1153 K in the α region and 1273 K in the γ region is 93 % or more, and the same temperature or more In the high-temperature region, the occurrence of brittle fracture due to external force is made of ultra-high purity iron with excellent ductility at high temperature using the deformation characteristics that occur at any position across the grain boundary regardless of the grain boundary. Structural material that needs to be suppressed .
JP2000298535A 2000-09-29 2000-09-29 Structural material made of ultra-high purity iron with excellent ductility Expired - Lifetime JP4863241B2 (en)

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