JP4889220B2 - 乳腺障害の処置方法 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
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Description
嫌気性グラム陽性細菌であるボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)は、ボツリヌス中毒と呼ばれる神経麻痺性障害をヒトおよび動物において引き起こす強力なポリペプチド神経毒であるボツリヌス毒素を産生する。ボツリヌス菌の胞子は土壌中に見出され、滅菌と密閉が不適切な零細缶詰工場の食品容器内で成長する可能性があり、これが多くのボツリヌス中毒症例の原因である。ボツリヌス中毒の影響は、通例、ボツリヌス菌の培養物または胞子で汚染された食品を飲食した18時間後〜36時間後に現れる。ボツリヌス毒素は、消化管内を弱毒化されないで通過することができ、そして末梢運動ニューロンを攻撃することができるようである。ボツリヌス毒素中毒の症状は、歩行困難、嚥下困難および会話困難から、呼吸筋の麻痺および死にまで進行し得る。
(1)頸部ジストニーを処置するための筋肉内注射(多数の筋肉)あたり約75単位〜125単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(2)眉間のしわを処置するための筋肉内注射あたり約5単位〜10単位のBOTOX(登録商標)(5単位が鼻根筋に筋肉内注射され、10単位がそれぞれの皺眉筋に筋肉内注射される);
(3)恥骨直腸筋の括約筋内注射による便秘を処置するための約30単位〜80単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(4)上瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋および下瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋に注射することによって眼瞼痙攣を処置するために筋肉あたり約1単位〜5単位の筋肉内注射されるBOTOX(登録商標);
(6)卒中後の上肢痙性を処置するために、下記のように5つの異なる上肢屈筋にBOTOX(登録商標)が筋肉内注射される:
(a)深指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(b)浅指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(c)尺側手根屈筋:10U〜40U
(d)橈側手根屈筋:15U〜60U
(e)上腕二頭筋:50U〜200U。5つの示された筋肉のそれぞれには同じ処置時に注射されるので、患者には、それぞれの処置毎に筋肉内注射によって90U〜360Uの上肢屈筋BOTOX(登録商標)が投与される。
典型的には、または通常は、単一タイプの小分子の神経伝達物質のみが、哺乳動物の神経系において各タイプのニューロンによって放出される。神経伝達物質アセチルコリンが脳の多くの領域においてニューロンによって分泌されているが、具体的には運動皮質の大錐体細胞によって、基底核におけるいくつかの異なるニューロンによって、骨格筋を神経支配する運動ニューロンによって、自律神経系(交感神経系および副交感神経系の両方)の節前ニューロンによって、副交感神経系の節後ニューロンによって、そして交感神経系の一部の節後ニューロンによって分泌されている。本質的には、汗腺、立毛筋および少数の血管に至る節後交感神経線維のみがコリン作動性であり、交感神経系の節後ニューロンの大部分は神経伝達物質のエピネフリンを分泌する。ほとんどの場合、アセチルコリンは興奮作用を有する。しかし、アセチルコリンは、迷走神経による心臓の抑制のように、抑制作用を一部の末梢副交感神経終末において有することが知られている。
ボツリヌス毒素は、神経筋接合部におけるニュ−ロンからのアセチルコリン放出をシナプス前抑制することにより、筋細胞を神経麻痺させて弛緩性麻痺をもたらしうることが、知られている。ボツリヌス毒素のタンパク質分解ドメインは、標的細胞の細胞質ゾル中で特定の基質に作用し、その基質の切断は、アセチルコリン含有分泌小胞の膜ドッキングおよびエキソサイトーシスを妨げる。支配ニューロンと筋細胞の間のシナプス間隙にアセチルコリンが存在しないと、筋細胞の刺激が妨げられ、その結果、麻痺が起こる。
(1)膵臓(Sadoul K.ら「SNAP−25はランゲルハンス島で発現され、インスリン放出に関与する」J. Cell Biology 128;1019−1029:1995)、
(2)下垂体(Dayanithi G.ら「単離され透過処理された神経分泌神経終末からのバソプレシンの放出はボツリヌスA毒素の軽鎖によって阻止される」Neuroscience 1990;39(3):711−5)、
(3)副腎髄質(Lawrence G.ら「ボツリヌス毒素AまたはBによって25kDaシナプトソーム関連タンパク質(SNAP−25)またはシナプトブレビンを切断した後の、無傷のクロム親和細胞と透過処理したクロム親和細胞の異なるエキサイトーシス応答」Eur J. Biochem 236;877−886:1996)、
(5)肺腫瘍(Graff, L.ら「小胞モノアミン輸送体、シナプトソーム関連タンパク質25およびシンタキシン1の発現:ヒト小細胞肺癌の特徴」Cancer Research 61, 2138−2144, Mar. 1, 2001(小細胞肺癌(SCLC)はSNAP−25を含んでいる)、
(6)腸腫瘍(Maksymowych A.ら「極性を持ったヒト大腸癌細胞によるボツリヌス神経毒の結合およびトランスサイトーシス」J of Bio. Chem, 273(34);21950−21957:1998(ヒト大腸癌細胞はボツリヌス毒素を内部に取り入れる)、
(8)下垂体腫瘍および正常下垂体細胞(Majo G.ら「ヒト下垂体腺腫中のシナプスタンパク質SNAP−25およびRab3Aの免疫細胞化学的分析、マンモソマトトロフ系統におけるSNAP−25の過剰発現」J. Pathol 1997 Dec.;183(4):440−446)、
(9)神経芽細胞腫(Goodall, A.ら「ヒト神経芽細胞腫SH−SY5Yにおける2タイプの分泌小胞の存在」J. of Neurochem 68;1542−1552:1997)。また、Oyler, G. A.「ラット脳、ラットPC−12細胞およびヒトSMS−KCNR神経芽細胞腫細胞におけるSNAP−25免疫反応性の分布と発現」Dev. Brain Res. 65 (1992);133−146も参照されたい。Goodall(1992)は、ただ1つの神経芽細胞腫細胞株において一定の小胞ドッキングタンパク質のインビトロ同定だけを論じていることに注意されたい。
(11)正常肺細胞(Zimmerman U. J.ら「肺胞上皮II型細胞におけるシナプトブレビン、シンタキシンおよびSNAP−25のタンパク質分解」IUBMB Life 1999 Oct.;48(4):453−8)、
(12)すべての卵巣細胞(Grosse J.ら「ラットおよびヒト卵巣の卵母細胞およびステロイド産生細胞における25キロダルトンのシナプトソーム関連タンパク質:分子解析およびゴナドトロピンによる調節」Biol Reprod 2000 August;63(2):643−50(SNAP−25は「すべての卵母細胞と、大きい胞状卵胞の顆粒膜細胞(GC)および黄体細胞を含むステロイド産生細胞に」見いだされた)。
さまざまな過形成性および新生物性乳腺細胞がコリン作動性機序による影響を受ける。例えば、「胞細胞活性にはコリン作動性機序」があることが発見されている(Balakina G. B.ら「白色マウスの乳腺の胞状部分におけるコリンアセチルトランスフェラーゼの局在」Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 1986 April;90(4):73−7)。また、乳腺異形成性(線維嚢胞)組織と乳癌組織の両方に対するコリン作動性の影響(Dorosevich A. E.ら「乳房異形成および乳癌の間質成分に不可欠な部分の一つとしての自律神経終末およびその細胞微小環境」Arkh Patol 1994 November−December;56(6):49−53)ならびに胸動脈の「平滑筋細胞の直接コリン作動性刺激」(Pesic S.ら「ブタ内胸動脈におけるアセチルコリン誘発性収縮:考えうるムスカリン受容体の役割」Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1999 October;46(8):509−15)も存在する。
副腎、別名腎上体は、腎臓の上部に位置する小さい三角形の構造物である。各副腎は副腎皮質、すなちち外側と、副腎髄質、すなわち内側とからなる。皮質は髄質を取り囲んで封入している。
クロム親和細胞(副腎髄質のクロム親和細胞を含む)と交感神経節細胞は、以下に図解するように、どちらも共通する胚祖先、すなわち神経冠の交感神経産生細胞に由来するので、両者には共通点が多い。これらの各細胞タイプから発生しうる新生物のタイプの例を括弧内に示す。表示した細胞タイプはそれぞれ潜在的にカテコールアミン類を分泌することができる。
傍神経節(同義語としてクロム親和体)は心臓(大動脈付近)、腎臓、肝臓、性腺、その他の場所に見いだすことができ、クロム親和細胞(神経冠細胞に由来すると思われ、自律神経系神経節細胞と密接な関係を持つように分布したもの)を含んでいる。傍神経節腫は傍神経節に由来するクロム親和細胞を含む新生物である。頚動脈小体傍神経節腫は頚動脈傍神経節腫と呼ばれ、副腎髄質傍神経節腫は褐色細胞腫またはクロム親和細胞腫と呼ばれる。
褐色細胞腫は副腎髄質に発生し、過剰なカテコールアミン産生に関係する臨床症状、例えば突発性高血圧(高血圧)、頭痛、頻脈、安静時の多汗、前屈姿勢から突然起きあがった後の症状の発現、および不安発作などを引き起こす。診断には、腹部撮像とカテコールアミン測定用の24時間尿採取で、通常は十分である。フェノキシベンザミンおよびメチロシンによるカテコールアミン遮断は一般に症状を改善し、現在の選択治療である手術中の高血圧発症を予防するのに必要である。標準処置は腹腔鏡下副腎摘出術であるが、家族性型の褐色細胞腫には部分副腎摘出術もしばしば用いられる。悪性(癌性)褐色細胞腫は稀な腫瘍である。
グロムス腫瘍(傍神経節腫の一タイプ)は一般に良性新生物であり、やはり神経外胚葉組織から生じ、身体のさまざまな部分に見いだされる。グロムス腫瘍は、側頭骨内に生じる最も一般的な良性腫瘍であり、悪性になって転移するのはそれらの5%未満である。グロムス腫瘍は、頭蓋底、胸郭および首に、副交感神経に沿って分布する糸球から生じる。典型的には、各耳には3つの糸球がある。糸球は通常、ヤコブセン神経(CN IX)もしくはアーノルド神経(CN X)に付随して見いだされるか、または頚静脈球の外膜中に見いだされる。しかし物理的位置は、通常は、岬角(鼓室隆起)の粘膜または頚静脈球(頚静脈糸球)である。
1.嚢胞の処置
慢性嚢胞性疾患がある外は正常な乳房を持つ46歳の女性が来院する。線維嚢胞性変化は、多くの良性体の混成物として現れ、腫瘤全体として直径1.2cmで、堅固な線維脂肪組織の部分とさまざまな大きさの複数の嚢胞とを含んでいる。超音波検査および撮像により、嚢胞形成および微細石灰化が明らかになる。組織学的検査により、アポクリン異型(過形成と化生の両方)が明らかになる。したがってこの患者は、アポクリン腺癌または髄様癌を発生させる危険があると判断される。
胸部痛を訴える59歳の閉経後女性を検査する。乳房X線撮影により、終末乳管小葉単位から生じた増殖性病巣であって、臨床的に触知可能で特別な色素沈着のない直径1.3cmの腫瘤を含むものが明らかになる。腫瘤の境界は明確でなく、多少の疼痛および圧痛がある。組織学的には、腺房および小葉内間質細胞の無秩序な増殖によって、小葉群の正常な配置がゆがめられている。10単位〜100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(ボトックスなど)を腫瘤中に局所投与(注入)する。その後28日以内に腫瘤は実質的に退行(直径が少なくとも80%減少)し、その状態がその後2〜24ヶ月持続する。もう一つの選択肢として、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を投与することもできる。ただし投与量は、効力がA型毒素とは異なる点を考慮して調節する。したがって、例えばB型ボツリヌス毒素の効力はA型ボツリヌス毒素の約50分の1であることがわかっているので、500〜5000単位のB型毒素を局所投与することができる。
一方の乳頭から血が混じった分泌物を排出した履歴がある50歳の女性を検査する。触知可能な腫瘤はないが、乳房の乳管上皮の良性新生物が見つかる。10単位〜100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(ボトックスなど)を局所投与する。その後28日以内に分泌物は消失し、患者は無症状の状態がその後2〜24ヶ月持続する。もう一つの選択肢として、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を投与することもできる。ただし投与量は、効力がA型毒素とは異なる点を考慮して調節する。したがって、例えばB型ボツリヌス毒素の効力はA型ボツリヌス毒素の約50分の1であることがわかっているので、500〜5000単位のB型毒素を局所投与することができる。
乳房にしこりを持つ36歳の女性が来院する。臨床検査、撮像(乳房X線撮影)および穿刺吸引細胞診断により、堅固で、可動性で、輪郭が明確で、無痛で、ゴムのような、直径1.5cmの腫瘤が見つかる。この病巣は良性なので、この患者には、切除に代わる選択肢としてボツリヌス毒素の局所注入を勧め、それに対するインフォームドコンセントを得る。10単位〜100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(ボトックスなど)をしこりに局所投与する。その後28日以内に腫瘤は実質的に退行(直径が少なくとも80%減少)し、その後2〜24ヶ月はその状態が持続する。もう一つの選択肢として、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を投与することもできる。ただし投与量は、効力がA型毒素とは異なる点を考慮して調節する。したがって、例えばB型ボツリヌス毒素の効力はA型ボツリヌス毒素の約50分の1であることがわかっているので、500〜5000単位のB型毒素を局所投与することができる。
カフェイン摂取の履歴(過去10年間ぐらいにわたって1日4〜6杯のコーヒーを摂取)がある54歳の女性に、不明瞭な微小嚢胞形領域として特定される小葉の円柱変化が認められる。個々の終末乳管小葉単位は、底部に位置する核と細胞質先端隆起とを持つ高円柱状上皮細胞の単層による、正常管腔上皮層の変化または置換を示す。10単位〜100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(ボトックス(登録商標)など)をしこりに局所投与する。その後28日以内に腺症は消失し、その状態がその後2〜24ヶ月持続する。もう一つの選択肢として、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を投与することもできる。ただし投与量は、効力がA型毒素とは異なる点を考慮して調節する。したがって、例えばB型ボツリヌス毒素の効力はA型ボツリヌス毒素の約50分の1であることがわかっているので、500〜5000単位のB型毒素を局所投与することができる。
64歳の女性から採取した生検標本の組織学的検査により、正常管腔上皮細胞および筋上皮細胞の正常な二層を超える細胞数の増加によって示される上皮過形成(増殖性で異型を伴う)が明らかになる。10単位〜100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(ボトックスなど)をしこりに局所投与する。その後28日以内に、生検とそれに続く組織学的検査により、患者は異型性を持たないことが確認され、その状態は、少なくともその後2〜24ヶ月持続する。もう一つの選択肢として、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を投与することもできる。ただし投与量は、効力がA型毒素とは異なる点を考慮して調節する。したがって、例えばB型ボツリヌス毒素の効力はA型ボツリヌス毒素の約50分の1であることがわかっているので、500〜5000単位のB型毒素を局所投与することができる。
ボツリヌス毒素は、高張性または過形成性標的組織に、またはその近傍に、いくつかの方法で直接局所投与することができる。上述のように、乳房組織などの皮膚または皮下標的組織は、直接注入によって、または毒素植込剤の設置によって、処置することができる。内臓神経芽細胞腫などの内臓部位も容易にアクセスすることができる。例えば診断および治療用の内視鏡はよく知られている。
過形成性の視床下部または下垂体標的組織を処置するために、定位手術を利用して、水溶液または植込剤の形をした神経毒を正確に頭蓋内投与することができる。脳神経芽細胞腫もこの方法で処置される。したがって、ボツリヌス毒素の頭蓋内投与は、以下のように行うことができる。
(1)本発明は、過形成性、高張性および化生性乳房組織を含む様々な乳房障害の効果的な処置のために、外科的手法を不必要にする。
(2)全身的な薬物の作用を、本発明による神経毒の直接的な局所適用によって回避することができる。
(3)本発明の改善効果は、本明細書中に示されているように神経毒の単回局所投与から2年またはそれ以上持続させることができる。
したがって、特許請求の範囲の精神および範囲は、上記に示された好ましい実施形態の記載に限定されるものではない。
Claims (4)
- 乳腺に局所投与することにより、乳房嚢胞、硬化性腺症、乳管乳頭腫、線維腺腫、閉塞性腺症および増殖性乳房疾患から成る群から選択される前癌性乳腺障害を処置する医薬を製造するための、A型ボツリヌス神経毒の使用。
- A型ボツリヌス神経毒を1U〜40,000Uの量で使用する請求項1に記載の使用。
- 乳腺に局所投与することにより、乳房嚢胞、硬化性腺症、乳管乳頭腫、線維腺腫、閉塞性腺症および増殖性乳房疾患から成る群から選択される前癌性乳腺障害を処置する医薬であって、A型ボツリヌス神経毒を含有する医薬。
- A型ボツリヌス神経毒を1U〜40,000Uの量で含有する請求項3に記載の医薬。
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012025775A (ja) * | 2002-02-08 | 2012-02-09 | Allergan Inc | 乳腺障害の処置方法 |
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| AU2003225549B2 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
| ATE331527T1 (de) | 2006-07-15 |
| EP2204183A1 (en) | 2010-07-07 |
| JP2006510723A (ja) | 2006-03-30 |
| US20050260231A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| DE60306505D1 (de) | 2006-08-10 |
| CA2478902A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
| EP1728517A2 (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| DK1492561T3 (da) | 2006-09-25 |
| US7846456B2 (en) | 2010-12-07 |
| DE60306505T2 (de) | 2007-01-11 |
| AU2003225549A1 (en) | 2004-09-06 |
| CA2478902C (en) | 2012-05-01 |
| JP2012025775A (ja) | 2012-02-09 |
| US20020094339A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
| US7838007B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
| EP1728517A3 (en) | 2008-06-25 |
| EP1492561B1 (en) | 2006-06-28 |
| WO2004071525A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
| ES2264041T3 (es) | 2006-12-16 |
| BR0307496A (pt) | 2005-06-28 |
| PT1492561E (pt) | 2006-10-31 |
| EP1492561A1 (en) | 2005-01-05 |
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