JP4910121B2 - Partial suppression of convection - Google Patents
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- JP4910121B2 JP4910121B2 JP2002237254A JP2002237254A JP4910121B2 JP 4910121 B2 JP4910121 B2 JP 4910121B2 JP 2002237254 A JP2002237254 A JP 2002237254A JP 2002237254 A JP2002237254 A JP 2002237254A JP 4910121 B2 JP4910121 B2 JP 4910121B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、磁化力を利用して容器の一部で対流を抑制する技術に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術及びその課題】
従来、対流を制御するためには、部分的に加熱または冷却する方法が一般的に採用されているが、対流を抑制した部分、特に対流が実質的に起こらない部分を容器内で実現することはなされていなかった。
【0003】
本発明は、磁化力を利用して容器の一部で対流を抑制する技術を提供することを目的とする。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、以下の項1〜項16の発明に関する。
項1. マグネットにより形成される磁化力と重力(G)の両方の作用環境に常磁性流体又は反磁性流体を含む容器を配置し、容器内の磁化力と重力の合成体積力が最大または最小となる点を含む部分において対流を抑制することを特徴とする、容器内で部分的に対流を抑制する方法であって、
容器内において、重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力の最大値と最小値の差の絶対値が0.5G以上である対流の部分的抑制方法。
項2. 対流が、容器内の合成体積力が最小となる点を含む部分において抑制される項1に記載の方法。
項3. マグネットにより形成される重力と同方向の最大磁化力点及び重力と逆方向の最小磁化力点の一方または両方を容器内に含む、項1または2に記載の方法。
項4. 最大磁化力点または最小磁化力点の方向が重力の方向と平行ないし略平行である項3に記載の方法。
項5. 容器の中心の磁化力が0である、項1〜4のいずれかに記載の方法。
項6. 容器が密閉容器である項1〜5のいずれかに記載の方法。
項7. 容器内の流体が反磁性または常磁性の気体または液体である項1〜6のいずれかに記載の方法。
項8. 容器内において、重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力の最大値が1.5G以上、好ましくは2.0G以上であることを特徴とする項1〜7のいずれかに記載の方法。
項9. 容器内において、重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力の最小値が0.5G以下、好ましくは0G以下であることを特徴とする項1〜7のいずれかに記載の方法。
項10. 磁化力が最大および/または最小になる点が容器の上端側および/または下端側に存在することを特徴とする項1〜9のいずれかに記載の方法。
項11. 磁化力が最大および/または最小になる点が容器の中央側に存在することを特徴とする項1〜9のいずれかに記載の方法。
項12. 容器のアスペクト比(容器直径/容器高さ)が1以下である項1〜11のいずれかに記載の方法。
項13. 流体が酸素、空気、スピン量子数が0でない核種や不対電子対をもつ遷移金属イオンを含む常磁性流体である項1〜12のいずれかに記載の方法。
項14. 流体が窒素、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、ネオン、水、又は有機溶剤の反磁性流体である項1〜12のいずれかに記載の方法。
項15. 重力(G)の0.5倍(0.5G)以上の最大磁化力を発生させる筒状マグネット、該マグネット内の磁化力最大点をその内部に含む位置に容器を固定可能な固定部材を含む、対流制御装置。
項16. 容器の温度調節機構をさらに含む項15に記載の装置。
【0005】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明において、容器とは、内部に流体(気体または液体)を含むことができるものであり、内部の流体を保持することができない、例えば上下2カ所に開口を有する容器、上部のみが開放されている、液体を保有可能な容器、流体の出入りが規制された密閉容器のいずれであってもよいが、密閉容器が好ましい。密閉容器としては、例えば蓋、栓などによって内部の流体が外部に実質的に漏れない容器が例示される。
【0006】
本発明の容器は、対流が促進される部分と抑制される部分を有するものである。促進部分とは、重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力が大きい部分のことであり、抑制部分とは、重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力が小さい部分のことである。重力(G)と磁化力の合成体積力の最大値と最小値の差の絶対値は、0.3G以上、好ましくは0.5G以上、より好ましくは1.0〜2.0G、或いはそれ以上である。
【0007】
容器内の流体は、常磁性流体の方が反磁性流体よりも大きな磁化力の作用を受けることになる。比較する常磁性体と反磁性体の性質に依存するが、同じ磁石によって受ける常磁性体の磁化力は反磁性体が受ける磁化力の数倍から数十倍ないし数百倍(通常の上限は200〜300倍)になる。
【0008】
また、重力の倍数として磁化力を表した場合、以下の基礎式の5)に示されるように、磁化力(γ)は密度(ρ)に反比例し、流体が密度の小さい気体の場合、流体が液体の場合よりも数十倍から数百倍大きい磁化力を受ける。
【0009】
従って、磁化力の大きい順に流体を並べると、
「常磁性気体(磁化力最大)>(反磁性気体、常磁性液体)>反磁性液体」となる。
【0010】
常磁性流体としては、空気、酸素分子、を含む気体、スピン量子数が0でない核種(1
H、31Pなど)を含む物質、不対電子対をもつ遷移金属イオン(Cr3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Gd3+など)の塩を含む溶液、懸濁液、エマルジョンなどの気体または液体が例示される。
【0011】
反磁性流体としては、水(水蒸気)、窒素、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、ネオン、有機溶剤などの気体または液体が例示される。
【0012】
本発明の特徴は、重力が磁化力により弱められるか、或いは強められることにより、容器内に対流が抑制される部分が発生する点にある。対流が抑制されるとは、例えば、図1(b)の下側(Bを含む)部分、図2(d)の上側(Aを含む)部分、図32)の下側部分、図44)〜6)の上側部分などのように、対流が全く起こらないか、磁化力がない場合(例えば図4の3))に比較して対流が弱められていることをいう。対流抑制部分は、磁化力のない対照(100%)に比較して対流速度が70%以下、好ましくは50%以下、より好ましくは30%以下、さらに好ましくは20%以下、特に10%以下である。
【0013】
磁化力を発生させるマグネットとしては、永久磁石、電磁石、超伝導磁石、水冷銅磁石、ハイブリッド磁石(超伝導磁石と水冷銅磁石ないし電磁石を含む)が例示され、これは絶対値が同じで向きが異なる磁化力最大点及び磁化力最小点を有する。
【0014】
磁化力と重力の方向は、一致しているのが最も好ましいが、磁化力と重力の方向のずれは、通常45度以下、好ましくは30度以下、より好ましくは15度以下、さらに好ましくは10度以下、特に5度以下である。磁化力と重力の方向がずれると、磁化力の重力方向の成分が小さくなり、対流を抑制するためにより大きな磁化力が必要となる。
【0015】
本発明では、容器内には磁化力の絶対値の大きな部分を含み、特に1または2の磁化力の絶対値最大点を含むのが好ましい。容器の位置は、2つの磁化力の絶対値最大点のいずれか一方若しくは両方を含むか、2つの磁化力の絶対値最大点の間であるか、一方の磁化力の絶対値最大点よりもさらに離れた位置のいずれであってもよい。容器が一方の磁化力の絶対値最大点よりもさらに離れた位置にある場合、容器の一端は、磁化力の絶対値最大点の近傍にあることが好ましい。
【0016】
図1〜4において、A,Bは,各々上向きまたは下向きの磁化力が最大になる点であり、例えば常磁性流体(空気)の場合(図1)、A点は重力と同じ方向(下向き)の磁化力最大点であり、B点は重力と反対方向(上向き)の磁化力最大点である。反磁性流体(水)に関する図2では、A点とB点の磁化力の向きが反対となるため、対流の抑制される部分が上下反対となっている。
【0017】
本発明の容器の形状は任意であり、円筒状、角筒状、球状、円錐状などが例示される。容器の形状は、細長い方が、容器内に作用する磁化力の効果を大きくすることができて有利である。容器のアスペクト比(容器直径/容器高さ)は、好ましくは1以下、より好ましくは0.7以下、さらに好ましくは0.5以下、特に0.4以下、最も好ましくは0.3以下である。
【0018】
以下、図面に基づいて、本発明をより詳細に説明する。
【0019】
磁化力の方向は常磁性物質または反磁性物質の磁性によって決まり、その大きさは磁化率に比例する。容器中のA, B点で磁化力と重力がほぼ等しい大きさになるように磁場の強さを調整し、容器内部の磁化力、および磁化力と重力の合成体積力の方向ベクトルを図1,
2に表した。常磁性物質に作用する磁化力のベクトル、および磁化力と重力の合成体積力のベクトルを図1(a)、図1(b)に示す。また反磁性物質に作用する磁化力のベクトル、お
よび磁化力と重力の合成体積力のベクトルを図2(c)、図2(d)に示す。このとき常磁性流体の場合と反磁性流体の場合では磁化力の向きがちょうど逆になっていることがわかる。
【0020】
長円筒容器内部の流体に磁化力を印加すると、同一容器内部で局所的に磁化力の強さが
異なるために、場所によって対流の抑制と促進が同時に行われる。この現象を三次元数値計算によって示す。基礎式は以下のように与えられる。
<基礎式>
1)は連続の式、2)はエネルギー式、3)は運動方程式、4)はビオ・サバールの式、5)は磁化力の大きさを示す無次元数で、磁化力と重力の比で定義している。6)のCは流体の磁化
率と温度の関係あらわす状態量で、常磁性流体の場合はブシネ近似が成り立つためC=2と
なり、反磁性流体の場合は磁化率に温度依存性がないのでC=1となる。
【0021】
【数1】
【0022】
B=b/ba[-], b=磁束密度[T], ba=μ0 i /hz [T], dS=コイル微小線要素[m], g=重力加速度[m/s2],
h = 熱伝達率 [W/(m2・K)], hz=容器高さ[m], i=電流[A], k = 熱伝導率 [W/(m・K)], Nu =h・hz / k [-], Pr=ν/α[-], Ra= gβ△Θhz 3/(αν)[-], Rb =rb/hz[-], rb=コイ
ル半径[m], t =時間[s], T=(Θ-Θ0)/△Θ[-], Zb=zb/hz [-],
zb=代表長さ[m], α=熱拡散率[m2/s], β=空気の体膨張率[1/K],γ=χm0 ba 2 /(ghzμ0
ρ0) [-],Θ=温度[K],
△Θ=加熱面と冷却面の温度差[K],Θ0=代表温度[K],μ0=透磁率[H/m],ρ0=空気の密度[kg/m3],
τ=(α/hz 2)t[-],χm0 =空気の体積磁化率[-].
<数値計算結果>
Nu数は、対流があるときの熱輸送量(熱伝達)と、対流が完全に抑制され伝導のみによって熱が伝わるときの熱輸送量(熱伝導)の比で定義される無次元数で、対流の強さの指標である。そのためNu数が1の場合は対流がなく、1より大きくなるほど、対流が強い状
態を表す。
【0023】
常磁性流体の代表として空気、反磁性流体の代表として水を考え、対流に及ぼす磁化力の効果を三次元数値計算によってもとめた。その結果については表.1に示す。γは前述のように磁化力の大きさを示す無次元数で、磁化力と重力の比で定義している。
【0024】
【表1】
【0025】
<温度分布、流れの様子、粒子軌跡>
常磁性流体の場合
常磁性流体としては空気を代表例として考え、Pr数=0.71、Ra数=122120とした。磁化力の大きさはA点、B点で重力とほぼ等しい大きさになるようにしている。そのため重力と磁化力の合成体積力は図1(b)のようになっている。そのときの温度分布、流れの様子、粒子軌跡を計算でもとめた。その結果は図3である。切断面は中心軸を通る、流れの様子が
よくわかる鉛直断面で切っている。
【0026】
図3の1)は磁化力を印加させない場合であり、2)は磁化力を印加させた場合である。1)では流れが容器全体にわたっているのに対し、2)では容器下方の等温線分布が水平になっており、また速度ベクトルも容器下方で流れが遅くなっている。また反対に容器上方では流れが強くなっていることも確認できる。これは2)では容器一部で対流が促進され、他の部分で対流が抑制されていることであり、磁化力の大きさと方向の違いを利用した新しい対流制御方法といえる。
反磁性流体の場合
反磁性流体としては水を代表例として考え、Pr数=6.0、Ra数=120000とした。反磁性流
体であるため磁化力の作用する向きは図2のようになり、常磁性流体の場合と逆である。そのため場所における磁化力の効果も常磁性流体の場合とは異なっている。ここでは磁化力の大きさはA点、B点で、4)重力の半分の大きさ、5)ほぼ等しい大きさ、6)重力の2倍の大きさ、の3通りで数値計算した。5)の場合の重力と磁化力の合成体積力は図2(d)の
ようになっている。
【0027】
計算によって温度分布、流れの様子、粒子軌跡をもとめ、その結果を図4にまとめた。切断面は中心軸を通る、流れの様子がよくわかる鉛直断面で切っている。
【0028】
図4の3)は磁化力を印加させない場合であり、4)は重力の半分の磁化力を印加させた場合である。このときまだ流れが容器全体におよび、容器内に水平な等温線分布も見られない。しかし5)では容器上方の等温線分布が水平になっており、また速度ベクトルからも流れが遅くなっているのが解る。6)ではさらにその効果が顕著である。反対に容器下方では、5)、6)において流れが強くなっていることも確認できる。これは常磁性流体の場合のときと同様に、容器一部で対流が促進され、他の部分で対流が抑制されていることであり、常磁性でも反磁性でも磁性を有する流体の制御に、磁化力の大きさと方向の違いを利用する方法が適用できることがわかる。また磁化力の強さを変えて計算した結果、効果的に対流を制御するためには、磁化力の大きさを重力の大きさと同程度か、それよりも大きくした場合に、同一容器内で局所的な対流の加速・抑制が一般的に実現できることが示され、本発明の工学的応用に関する重要な知見といえる。
【0029】
本発明の装置において、密閉容器の温度調節機構としては、容器の上面ないし下面の加
熱ないし冷却機構、容器の側壁の断熱機構などが例示される。
【0030】
図1〜図4の数値計算は、容器下面を、ある温度に加熱し、上面を、それより低い温度に冷却し、側壁を断熱した場合の結果である。自然対流は、温度差、濃度差など、種々の要因で起きる。しかし、対流の起き方、起きにくさを定量的に表すために、本発明の具体例を示す図では、下面加熱、上面冷却という、対流を起こすための一定の刺激を流体に与えて、その刺激に対する応答としての対流を調べた。このような方法を使うことによって、対流の起きやすさ、起きにくさについて、一般的で定量的な知見が得られる。
【0031】
本解析では磁化力の大きさと向きの違いを利用したため、磁化力が最大になるA点およ
びB点を容器内にともに含む大きさの円筒容器を使用して計算を行ったが、細長い同一容
器内に作用する磁化力の大きさと向きの違いを利用した対流制御方法では、必ずしもA点
とB点がともに含まれる必要はない。例えば円筒容器内に磁化力が最大になるA点かB点の
どちらか一方しか含まれていない構造であっても、細長い円筒のもう一端が、磁化力が最大になる点から十分離れている場合は、磁化力の影響が無視でき、流体に作用する体積力は重力のみとなる。このようにしても、同一容器内部で体積力の違いに起因する全く新しい対流が起こる。
【0032】
従来は磁化力が特定の値の場所に試料を置くという考えのみが注目されていたが、その場合(例えば特開平10-172825号公報)は磁化力を均一にすることに意義があった。これ
に対し本発明は、場所によって異なる磁化力を積極的に活用した制御方法であり、同一容器内の磁化力の不均一性を利用するところに新しさがある。つまり磁化力による不均一場を積極的に利用するという試みは全く新しい着想である。
【0033】
【発明の効果】
本発明の技術を、晶析装置に応用すると、同一容器内部で対流の強い場所と弱い場所ができ、対流が加速された領域では結晶の成長が進む。そして成長が進んで大きくなった結晶は、比重の違いによって容器下方に沈降集積するか、容器上方に集中する。このとき結晶の集中する領域で流れが弱くなっていると、生成した結晶を効率的に回収することができる。つまり磁化力による同一容器内部の対流強度の差を利用することで、結晶の効率的な生成と回収を一石二鳥に行うことができる。
【0034】
さらに晶析装置に磁化力を利用することの長所はほかにもある。磁化力によって対流を作動させているので、攪拌翼などの強制的な攪拌装置が不要となるため、結晶が攪拌翼に衝突にして起こる破壊がなくなる。また、完全密閉容器内で晶析作業を実施できるため、不純物の混入がなく、純度の高い結晶を生産するのに適していると考えられる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】円筒容器内の常磁性流体に作用する磁化力(a)と磁化力と重力の合成体積力(b)。
【図2】円筒容器内の反磁性流体に作用する磁化力(c)と磁化力と重力の合成体積力(d)。
【図3】常磁性流体である空気に磁化力を印加させた場合の対流の等温線分布と速度ベクトル、および粒子軌跡. 1)は磁化力なし、2)は磁化力あり。
【図4】反磁性流体である水に磁化力を印加させた場合の対流の等温線分布と速度ベクトル、および粒子軌跡. 3)は磁化力なし、4),5),6)は磁化力あり。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a technique for suppressing convection in a part of a container using a magnetizing force.
[0002]
[Prior art and problems]
Conventionally, in order to control convection, a method of partially heating or cooling is generally adopted. However, a part in which convection is suppressed, particularly a part in which convection does not substantially occur is realized in a container. Was not done.
[0003]
An object of this invention is to provide the technique which suppresses a convection in a part of container using a magnetizing force.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to the following items 1 to 16 .
Item 1. A container containing a paramagnetic fluid or a diamagnetic fluid is placed in the environment where both the magnetizing force and gravity (G) formed by the magnet are located, and the combined volume force of the magnetizing force and gravity in the container is maximized or minimized. which comprises suppressing convection in the portion including, a method of inhibiting partially convection in the container,
In the container, a method for partially suppressing convection in which the absolute value of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the combined volume force of gravity (G) and magnetizing force is 0.5 G or more .
Item 2. Item 2. The method according to Item 1, wherein convection is suppressed in a portion including a point where the combined body force in the container is minimized.
Item 3. Item 3. The method according to Item 1 or 2, wherein one or both of a maximum magnetization force point in the same direction as gravity formed by the magnet and a minimum magnetization force point in the direction opposite to gravity are included in the container.
Item 4. Item 4. The method according to Item 3, wherein the direction of the maximum magnetization force point or the minimum magnetization force point is parallel or substantially parallel to the direction of gravity.
Item 7. Item 7. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein the fluid in the container is a diamagnetic or paramagnetic gas or liquid.
Item 8 . Item 8. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein the maximum value of the combined volume force of gravity (G) and magnetizing force is 1.5 G or more, preferably 2.0 G or more in the container.
Item 9 . Item 8. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein the minimum value of the combined volume force of gravity (G) and magnetizing force is 0.5 G or less, preferably 0 G or less in the container.
Item 10 . Item 10. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 9 , wherein a point at which the magnetizing force becomes maximum and / or minimum exists on the upper end side and / or the lower end side of the container.
Item 11 . Item 10. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 9 , wherein a point at which the magnetizing force is maximized and / or minimized exists on the center side of the container.
Item 12 . Item 12. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 11 , wherein the container has an aspect ratio (container diameter / container height) of 1 or less.
Item 13 . Item 13. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 12 , wherein the fluid is a paramagnetic fluid containing oxygen, air, a nuclide whose spin quantum number is not 0, or a transition metal ion having an unpaired electron pair.
Item 14 . Item 13. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 12 , wherein the fluid is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, argon, helium, neon, water, or an organic solvent diamagnetic fluid.
Item 15 . 0.5-fold (0.5G) or more cylindrical magnet for generating a maximum magnetizing force of gravity (G), the fixed anchoring member of the container at a position including a magnetizing force maxima therein within the magnet Including convection control device.
Item 16 . Item 16. The apparatus according to Item 15 , further comprising a temperature control mechanism for the container.
[0005]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, the container can contain a fluid (gas or liquid) inside and cannot hold the fluid inside, for example, a container having two openings at the top and bottom, only the top is opened. The container may be either a container capable of holding a liquid or a sealed container in which the flow of fluid is restricted, but a sealed container is preferable. Examples of the sealed container include a container in which an internal fluid does not substantially leak to the outside by a lid, a stopper, or the like.
[0006]
The container of the present invention has a portion where convection is promoted and a portion where convection is suppressed. The promoting portion is a portion where the combined volume force of gravity (G) and the magnetizing force is large, and the suppressing portion is a portion where the combined volume force of gravity (G) and the magnetizing force is small. The absolute value of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the combined volume force of gravity (G) and magnetizing force is 0.3G or more, preferably 0.5G or more, more preferably 1.0 to 2.0G or more. It is.
[0007]
As for the fluid in the container, the paramagnetic fluid is subjected to the action of a larger magnetizing force than the diamagnetic fluid. Depending on the properties of the paramagnetic material and diamagnetic material to be compared, the magnetization force of the paramagnetic material received by the same magnet is several times to several tens to several hundred times the magnetization force received by the diamagnetic material (the usual upper limit is 200 to 300 times).
[0008]
When the magnetizing force is expressed as a multiple of gravity, the magnetizing force (γ) is inversely proportional to the density (ρ) as shown in 5) of the following basic equation. Receives a magnetizing force that is several tens to several hundred times larger than that of a liquid.
[0009]
Therefore, when fluids are arranged in descending order of magnetizing force,
“Paramagnetic gas (magnetization force maximum)> (diamagnetic gas, paramagnetic liquid)> diamagnetic liquid”.
[0010]
Paramagnetic fluids include air, gases containing oxygen molecules, and nuclide whose spin quantum number is not 0 ( 1
H, 31 P, etc.), solutions and suspensions containing salts of transition metal ions having unpaired electron pairs (Cr 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Gd 3+, etc.) Examples are gases or liquids such as emulsions.
[0011]
Examples of the diamagnetic fluid include a gas or a liquid such as water (water vapor), nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, argon, helium, neon, and an organic solvent.
[0012]
A feature of the present invention is that a portion where convection is suppressed is generated in the container when gravity is weakened or strengthened by a magnetizing force. The convection is suppressed, for example, the lower part (including B) of FIG. 1B, the upper part (including A) of FIG. 2D, the lower part of FIG. 3 2), FIG. It means that the convection is weakened as compared with the case where there is no convection or no magnetic force (for example, 3) in FIG. The convection suppressing portion has a convection velocity of 70% or less, preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or less, even more preferably 20% or less, particularly 10% or less, compared to a control without magnetizing force (100%). is there.
[0013]
Examples of magnets that generate magnetizing force include permanent magnets, electromagnets, superconducting magnets, water-cooled copper magnets, and hybrid magnets (including superconducting magnets and water-cooled copper magnets or electromagnets). It has different maximum magnetic force points and minimum magnetic force points.
[0014]
The magnetization force and the direction of gravity are most preferably coincident with each other, but the deviation between the magnetization force and the direction of gravity is usually 45 degrees or less, preferably 30 degrees or less, more preferably 15 degrees or less, and even more preferably 10 Degrees or less, especially 5 degrees or less. When the magnetization force and the direction of gravity shift, the component of the magnetization force in the direction of gravity becomes smaller, and a larger magnetization force is required to suppress convection.
[0015]
In the present invention, it is preferable that the container includes a portion having a large absolute value of the magnetizing force, and particularly includes the absolute value maximum point 1 or 2 of the magnetizing force. The position of the container includes one or both of the absolute value maximum points of the two magnetizing forces, is between the absolute value maximum points of the two magnetizing forces, or is more than the absolute value maximum point of one magnetizing force. Further, any of the distant positions may be used. When the container is at a position further away from one absolute value maximum point of the magnetizing force, one end of the container is preferably in the vicinity of the absolute value maximum point of the magnetizing force.
[0016]
1-4, A and B are points where the upward or downward magnetizing force is maximized. For example, in the case of paramagnetic fluid (air) (FIG. 1), point A is in the same direction as gravity (downward). The point B is the maximum point of magnetization force in the direction opposite to gravity (upward). In FIG. 2 regarding the diamagnetic fluid (water), since the directions of the magnetizing forces at the points A and B are opposite, the portions where the convection is suppressed are upside down.
[0017]
The shape of the container of the present invention is arbitrary, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape, a rectangular tube shape, a spherical shape, and a conical shape. As the shape of the container, an elongated one is advantageous because the effect of the magnetizing force acting in the container can be increased. The container aspect ratio (container diameter / container height) is preferably 1 or less, more preferably 0.7 or less, further preferably 0.5 or less, particularly 0.4 or less, and most preferably 0.3 or less. .
[0018]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.
[0019]
The direction of the magnetizing force is determined by the magnetism of the paramagnetic substance or diamagnetic substance, and its magnitude is proportional to the magnetic susceptibility. Adjust the strength of the magnetic field so that the magnetizing force and gravity are almost equal at points A and B in the container, and the direction vector of the magnetizing force inside the container and the combined volume force of the magnetizing force and gravity is shown in Fig. 1. ,
Represented in 2. The vector of the magnetizing force acting on the paramagnetic substance and the vector of the combined body force of the magnetizing force and gravity are shown in FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b). Moreover, the vector of the magnetization force acting on the diamagnetic substance and the vector of the combined volume force of the magnetization force and gravity are shown in FIG. 2 (c) and FIG. 2 (d). At this time, it can be seen that the direction of the magnetizing force is exactly opposite between the case of the paramagnetic fluid and the case of the diamagnetic fluid.
[0020]
When a magnetizing force is applied to the fluid inside the long cylindrical container, the strength of the magnetizing force varies locally within the same container, so that convection is simultaneously suppressed and promoted depending on the location. This phenomenon is shown by three-dimensional numerical calculation. The basic formula is given as follows.
<Basic formula>
1) is a continuity equation, 2) is an energy equation, 3) is an equation of motion, 4) is a Bio-Savart equation, 5) is a dimensionless number indicating the magnitude of the magnetizing force, and the ratio of the magnetizing force to gravity. Defined. C) in 6) is a state quantity representing the relationship between the magnetic susceptibility of the fluid and the temperature. In the case of paramagnetic fluid, C = 2 because the Buccine approximation holds, and in the case of diamagnetic fluid, the magnetic susceptibility has no temperature dependence. = 1.
[0021]
[Expression 1]
[0022]
B = b / b a [-], b = magnetic flux density [T], b a = μ 0 i / h z [T], dS = coil microwire element [m], g = gravity acceleration [m / s 2 ],
h = heat transfer coefficient [W / (m 2 · K)], h z = container height [m], i = current [A], k = heat conductivity [W / (m · K)], Nu = h ・ h z / k [-], Pr = ν / α [-], Ra = gβ △ Θh z 3 / (αν) [-], R b = r b / h z [-], r b = coil Radius [m], t = time [s], T = (Θ-Θ 0 ) / △ Θ [-], Z b = z b / h z [-],
z b = representative length [m], α = thermal diffusivity [m 2 / s], β = body expansion coefficient [1 / K], γ = χ m0 b a 2 / (gh z μ 0
ρ 0 ) [-], Θ = temperature [K],
△ Θ = temperature difference between the heating and cooling surfaces [K], Θ 0 = representative temperature [K], μ 0 = permeability [H / m], ρ 0 = air density [kg / m 3 ],
τ = (α / h z 2 ) t [-], χ m0 = volume susceptibility of air [-].
<Numerical calculation results>
Nu number is a dimensionless number defined by the ratio of the amount of heat transport when there is convection (heat transfer) and the amount of heat transport when heat is transferred only by conduction with convection completely suppressed (heat transfer). It is an indicator of the strength of convection. Therefore, when the Nu number is 1, there is no convection, and the larger the value, the stronger the convection.
[0023]
Considering air as a representative paramagnetic fluid and water as a representative diamagnetic fluid, the effect of magnetizing force on convection was determined by three-dimensional numerical calculation. The results are shown in Table 1. As described above, γ is a dimensionless number indicating the magnitude of the magnetizing force, and is defined by the ratio of the magnetizing force and gravity.
[0024]
[Table 1]
[0025]
<Temperature distribution, flow state, particle trajectory>
In the case of paramagnetic fluid, air is considered as a representative example of the paramagnetic fluid, and Pr number = 0.71 and Ra number = 122120. The magnitude of the magnetizing force is approximately equal to gravity at points A and B. Therefore, the combined volume force of gravity and magnetizing force is as shown in Fig. 1 (b). The temperature distribution at that time, the state of the flow, and the particle trajectory were also calculated. The result is shown in FIG. The cut surface is cut by a vertical section that passes through the central axis, and the flow is well understood.
[0026]
In FIG. 3, 1) is a case where no magnetizing force is applied, and 2) is a case where a magnetizing force is applied. In 1), the flow is over the entire vessel, whereas in 2) the isotherm distribution below the vessel is horizontal, and the velocity vector is also slow below the vessel. On the other hand, it can be confirmed that the flow is strong above the container. In 2), convection is promoted in a part of the container and convection is suppressed in other parts, and this is a new convection control method using the difference in magnitude and direction of the magnetizing force.
In the case of a diamagnetic fluid, water is considered as a representative example of the diamagnetic fluid, and Pr number = 6.0 and Ra number = 120,000. Since it is a diamagnetic fluid, the direction in which the magnetizing force acts is as shown in FIG. 2, which is the reverse of the paramagnetic fluid. Therefore, the effect of the magnetizing force at the place is also different from that of the paramagnetic fluid. Here, the magnitude of the magnetizing force was calculated at three points: points A and B, 4) half the gravity, 5) almost the same size, and 6) twice the gravity. The combined volume force of gravity and magnetizing force in the case of 5) is as shown in FIG.
[0027]
The temperature distribution, the flow state, and the particle trajectory were determined by calculation, and the results are summarized in FIG. The cut surface is cut by a vertical section that passes through the central axis, and the flow is well understood.
[0028]
4) shows a case where no magnetizing force is applied, and 4) shows a case where a magnetizing force half the gravity is applied. At this time, the flow still reaches the entire container, and a horizontal isotherm distribution is not seen in the container. However, in 5), the isotherm distribution above the container is horizontal, and the velocity vector also shows that the flow is slow. In 6), the effect is even more remarkable. On the other hand, it can be confirmed that the flow is strong in 5) and 6) below the container. As in the case of paramagnetic fluid, this is that convection is promoted in a part of the container and convection is suppressed in other parts.For control of a fluid having magnetism, both paramagnetic and diamagnetic, It can be seen that a method using the difference in magnitude and direction of the magnetizing force can be applied. In addition, as a result of changing the strength of the magnetizing force, in order to effectively control the convection, when the magnitude of the magnetizing force is about the same as or larger than the magnitude of gravity, It is shown that acceleration and suppression of local convection can be generally realized, and can be said to be an important finding regarding the engineering application of the present invention.
[0029]
In the apparatus of the present invention, examples of the temperature adjusting mechanism of the sealed container include a heating or cooling mechanism for the upper surface or the lower surface of the container, a heat insulating mechanism for the side wall of the container, and the like.
[0030]
The numerical calculations in FIGS. 1 to 4 are results when the lower surface of the container is heated to a certain temperature, the upper surface is cooled to a lower temperature, and the side walls are insulated. Natural convection occurs due to various factors such as temperature difference and concentration difference. However, in order to quantitatively represent how convection occurs and how difficult it is to occur, in the diagram showing a specific example of the present invention, a constant stimulus for causing convection, such as lower surface heating and upper surface cooling, is given to the fluid. The convection as a response to the stimulus was examined. By using such a method, general and quantitative knowledge about the susceptibility and difficulty of convection can be obtained.
[0031]
In this analysis, since the difference in magnitude and direction of the magnetizing force was used, the calculation was performed using a cylindrical container with a size that includes both points A and B where the magnetizing force is maximized. In the convection control method using the difference in magnitude and direction of the magnetizing force acting inside, it is not always necessary to include both the points A and B. For example, even if the cylindrical container has only one of points A and B where the magnetizing force is maximized, the other end of the elongated cylinder is sufficiently far from the point where the magnetizing force is maximized. In this case, the influence of the magnetizing force can be ignored, and the body force acting on the fluid is only gravity. Even if it does in this way, the completely new convection resulting from the difference in body force will arise within the same container.
[0032]
Conventionally, only the idea of placing a sample at a place where the magnetizing force has a specific value has attracted attention, but in that case (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-172825 ), it was significant to make the magnetizing force uniform. On the other hand, the present invention is a control method that positively uses different magnetic forces depending on the location, and is novel in that it uses the nonuniformity of the magnetic force in the same container. In other words, the attempt to positively use the inhomogeneous field due to the magnetizing force is a completely new idea.
[0033]
【Effect of the invention】
When the technique of the present invention is applied to a crystallization apparatus, a strong convection place and a weak place are formed inside the same container, and crystal growth proceeds in a region where convection is accelerated. Then, the crystals that have grown as the growth progresses settles and accumulates below the container or concentrates above the container depending on the difference in specific gravity. At this time, if the flow is weak in the region where the crystals are concentrated, the generated crystals can be efficiently recovered. In other words, by utilizing the difference in convection strength inside the same container due to the magnetizing force, it is possible to efficiently generate and collect crystals in two birds with one stone.
[0034]
Furthermore, there are other advantages of using the magnetizing force in the crystallizer. Since the convection is actuated by the magnetizing force, a forced stirring device such as a stirring blade is not required, so that the destruction caused by the collision of the crystal with the stirring blade is eliminated. Further, since the crystallization operation can be carried out in a completely sealed container, it is considered that it is suitable for producing high-purity crystals without contamination of impurities.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows a magnetizing force (a) acting on a paramagnetic fluid in a cylindrical container, and a combined volume force (b) of the magnetizing force and gravity.
FIG. 2 shows a magnetizing force (c) acting on a diamagnetic fluid in a cylindrical container and a combined volume force (d) of the magnetizing force and gravity.
[Fig. 3] Convective isotherm distribution and velocity vector and particle trajectory when magnetizing force is applied to paramagnetic fluid air. 1) No magnetizing force, 2) With magnetizing force.
[Fig.4] Convective isotherm distribution and velocity vector and particle trajectory when magnetizing force is applied to diamagnetic fluid water. 3) No magnetizing force, 4), 5), 6) Magnetizing force Yes.
Claims (10)
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