JP4954797B2 - Pressure receiving structure - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a pressure receiving structure installed on a slope or the like.

There are various types of pressure-receiving structures used together with anchors that reinforce and stabilize the object to be reinforced such as slopes and existing retaining walls. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a large number of cylindrical elements. A pressure receiving structure comprising a honeycomb panel is disclosed.
JP 2003-160940 A

  In the pressure receiving structure of Patent Document 1, since it is necessary to manufacture a honeycomb panel having a thickness that gradually increases toward the center, there is a problem that processing is troublesome and production efficiency is poor. In particular, when each cylindrical element is an independent member, it is necessary to prepare a plurality of types of cylindrical elements having different height dimensions and arrange them in the order of height, which is extremely complicated.

  From such a viewpoint, an object of the present invention is to provide a pressure receiving structure using a honeycomb panel and having a high production efficiency.

The present invention devised to solve such a problem is a pressure receiving structure provided with an insertion port for inserting an anchor embedded in a reinforced body, and reinforces the honeycomb panel and the honeycomb panel. The honeycomb panel includes a back plate, a front plate disposed in parallel with the back plate, and a core material disposed between the front plate and the back plate. The reinforcing structure includes a plurality of beam members arranged along a direction from a central portion of the honeycomb panel toward an outer edge, and includes a central member arranged in accordance with the insertion opening, Is bonded to the central member and disposed outside the honeycomb panel, and is bonded to the surface plate, and a support member that supports the beam member is formed inside the honeycomb panel. Center Characterized in that it is arranged along the longitudinal direction of the beam member in a direction towards the outer edge from.

  According to the pressure-receiving structure according to the present invention, the thickness of the honeycomb panel is made constant by making the front plate and the back plate face each other in parallel, so the core material disposed between the front plate and the back plate The height (thickness) is also constant. That is, according to the pressure receiving structure according to the present invention, since it is not necessary to gradually increase the height (thickness) of the core material toward the center, the processing becomes easy, and as a result, the production efficiency is improved. In addition, the reinforcing structure that reinforces the honeycomb panel includes a beam material arranged along the direction from the central part of the honeycomb panel toward the outer edge, so that the tension of the anchor acting around the insertion opening is It will be dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel. If the tension of the anchor is dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel, warpage of the honeycomb panel is suppressed, so that the surface of the reinforced body can be pressed by the entire back plate.

  In the present invention, the reinforcing structure may be provided with a central member arranged in accordance with the insertion port, and the beam material may be joined to the central member. In this way, it becomes possible to efficiently transmit the tension of the anchor acting around the insertion opening to the beam member, and thus it is possible to suppress local warpage of the honeycomb panel around the insertion opening. Become.

  The reinforcing structure may be disposed inside the honeycomb panel instead of being disposed outside the honeycomb panel. When the reinforcing structure is arranged inside the honeycomb panel, the surface of the pressure receiving structure becomes flat, so that sediment or the like is difficult to deposit, and furthermore, the appearance of the pressure receiving structure becomes clean.

  When the beam material of the reinforcing structure is disposed outside the honeycomb panel, the beam material is joined to the surface plate. In this way, since the beam material and the honeycomb panel are integrated, it is difficult for the honeycomb panel to warp, and as a result, the surface of the reinforced body is pressed firmly.

  When the beam material is arranged outside the honeycomb panel, a support member that supports the beam material is arranged inside the honeycomb panel along the longitudinal direction of the beam material in a direction from the center of the honeycomb panel toward the outer edge. If it does in this way, since a support member will become the base of a reinforcement structure, the sinking which generate | occur | produces in the surface board of a honeycomb panel is suppressed.

  In a reinforcing structure including a beam member and a center member, the beam member may be disposed outside the honeycomb panel, and at least a part of the center member may be exposed to the outside of the honeycomb panel. When the central member includes a main body exposed to the outside of the honeycomb panel and an insertion portion inserted into the honeycomb panel, the end of the beam member is connected to the main body. To join.

  When the reinforcing structure is disposed inside the honeycomb panel, the reinforcing structure is bonded to the front plate and the back plate. In this way, the reinforcement structure and the honeycomb panel are integrated, and the strength of the honeycomb panel is improved.

  Further, when the reinforcing structure is disposed inside the honeycomb panel, an outer frame body is disposed between the front surface plate and the rear surface plate at the outer edge portion of the honeycomb panel, and the beam material is bonded to the outer frame body. Good. In this way, the rigidity of the honeycomb panel is improved and the tension of the anchor transmitted to the beam material is dispersed along the outer edge of the honeycomb panel, so that the surface of the reinforced body is pressed uniformly.

  According to the present invention, since the production efficiency of the pressure receiving structure is improved, the cost can be reduced.

(First embodiment)
The pressure-receiving structure J1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention is installed on the surface of a to-be-reinforced body (not shown) such as a slope or an existing retaining wall. As shown in FIG. And the reinforcing structure 2. In addition, an insertion port S1 for inserting an anchor embedded in the reinforced body is formed in the central portion of the pressure receiving structure J1.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the honeycomb panel 1 includes a back plate 11 that is in contact with a surface of a reinforcement body (not shown), a front plate 12 that is disposed in parallel with the back plate 11, and a back plate 11. In this embodiment, the outer frame member 14 is disposed between the back plate 11 and the front plate 12. The outer frame member 14 is disposed between the front plate 12 and the front plate 12. An annular member 15 and a support member 16 are provided.

  The back plate 11 is made of a rolled material made of an aluminum alloy, and a circular hole serving as the insertion opening S1 is formed at the center thereof. The front surface plate 12 is made of a rolled material made of an aluminum alloy having the same plane shape as the back surface plate 11, and a circular hole serving as an insertion port S1 is formed at the center thereof.

  The core material 13 is a collection of a plurality of cylindrical elements in a honeycomb shape (porous shape), and the side surfaces of adjacent cylindrical elements are joined to each other via a brazing material or an adhesive. Since the back plate 11 and the front plate 12 are opposed in parallel, the height (thickness) of the core material 13 is constant regardless of the location. Although only a part of the core material 13 is illustrated in FIG. 2, the core material 13 is disposed in the entire region between the outer frame material 14 and the annular member 15. Although not shown in the figure, a honeycomb-like member (a large number of hexagonal columnar spaces formed by laminating aluminum foil strips or thin plates while alternately joining them and stretching them in the lamination direction) The member may be the core material 13.

  The outer frame member 14 is disposed along the outer peripheral edge of the honeycomb panel 1 and has a rectangular frame shape according to the outer shape of the honeycomb panel 1. The outer frame material 14 is formed by combining a plurality of hollow extruded shapes made of aluminum alloy into a rectangular frame shape, and is joined to the back plate 11 and the front plate 12 via a brazing material or an adhesive. .

  The annular member 15 is formed of a cylindrical member that is open at the top and bottom, and is disposed so as to surround a circular hole provided in the central portion of the back plate 11 and the central portion of the front plate 12, and the insertion port S 1 (FIG. 3). (See (b)).

  The support member 16 is a base of the reinforcing structure 2 and is disposed from the annular member 15 toward the outer frame member 14 inside the honeycomb panel 1, and both end portions thereof are the outer frame member 14 and the annular member, respectively. It is joined to the member 15. The support member 16 is disposed along the longitudinal direction of the beam member 21 immediately below the beam member 21 of the reinforcing structure 2 to be described later, and supports the beam member 21 from below via the surface plate 12 (FIG. 3). (See (c)). In the present embodiment, the two support members 16 are arranged in parallel with each other for each beam member 21. In the present embodiment, a core member 16 a for improving the rigidity of the support member 16 is inserted into the inner space of the support member 16. The core material 16 a is disposed for the purpose of preventing the support member 16 from being crushed in the vertical direction, and has the same height as the height of the inner space of the support member 16.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the reinforcing structure 2 is disposed outside (upper surface) of the honeycomb panel 1 and joined to the surface plate 12. The reinforcing structure 2 is arranged in accordance with a plurality of (four in this embodiment) beam members 21, 21,... Arranged along the direction from the central portion toward the outer edge of the honeycomb panel 1, and the insertion opening S1. And a central member 22 to be configured.

  The beam members 21, 21,... Are arranged radially (in the form of a cross in this embodiment) on the upper surface of the honeycomb panel 1. The beam member 21 is made of an extruded material made of an aluminum alloy having a rectangular frame shape in cross section, and is joined to the upper surface (surface plate 12) of the honeycomb panel 1 by welding or the like. Further, the end portion of the beam member 21 located on the center side of the honeycomb panel 1 is joined to the center member 22 by welding or the like. In the present embodiment, the end portion of the beam member 21 is joined to the main body portion 22 a of the center member 22.

  The central member 22 is a portion that serves as a pedestal of an anchor head (not shown), and is disposed at the center of the honeycomb panel 1 and joined to the upper surface (surface plate 12) of the honeycomb panel 1 by welding or the like. As shown in FIG. 2, the central member 22 includes a block-shaped main body portion 22a having a through-hole 22c formed in the central portion, and rectangular frame-shaped sleeves 22b and 22b protruding from the outer peripheral surface of the main body portion 22a. Are entirely exposed to the outside of the honeycomb panel 1 as shown in FIG. 3 (b). The main body 22 a is exposed to the outside of the honeycomb panel 1 immediately above the annular member 15. The sleeve 22 b has an outer shape equal to the inner space of the beam member 21, and is fitted into the inner space of the beam member 21. The through-hole 22c has a truncated conical shape that extends downward so as to correspond to an anchor (not shown) that is disposed obliquely with respect to a normal line such as a slope, and the lower end of the through-hole 22c. The hole diameter is substantially equal to the diameter of the annular member 15.

  The central member 22 is made of an aluminum alloy casting, and the main body 22a and the sleeves 22b, 22b,... Are integrally formed. As shown in FIG. 3B, the center member 22 is installed so that the through hole 22 c is concentric with the annular member 15.

  According to the pressure receiving structure J1 configured as described above, since it is not necessary to gradually increase the height (thickness) of the core material 13 toward the center, the processing becomes easy, and as a result, the production efficiency is improved. . Further, since the reinforcing structural body 2 includes the beam members 21, 21,... Arranged along the direction toward the outer edge of the honeycomb panel 1, the tension of the anchor acting on the periphery of the insertion opening S1 is as follows. It will be dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel 1. If the tension of the anchor is dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel 1, warpage of the honeycomb panel 1 is suppressed, so that the surface of the reinforced body can be uniformly pressed by the entire back plate 11.

  Furthermore, in this embodiment, since each beam member 21 is joined to the central member 22, it becomes possible to efficiently transmit the tension of the anchor to the beam member 21, and as a result, the honeycomb panel around the insertion opening S1. 1 local warpage can be suppressed.

  Further, in the present embodiment, since the reinforcing structure 2 is attached to the outside of the honeycomb panel 1, it is possible to prevent the entire pressure receiving structure J1 from becoming thick, and consequently the pressure receiving structure J1 can be reduced in weight. Can be achieved. In addition, in the present embodiment, the reinforcing structure 2 is joined to the surface plate 12 so as to integrate the honeycomb panel 1 and the reinforcing structure 2, so that the honeycomb panel 1 is unlikely to be warped. It becomes possible to firmly press the surface of the reinforced body.

  Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the supporting members 16, 16,... That support the reinforcing structure 2 are disposed inside the honeycomb panel 1, it is possible to suppress subsidence that occurs in the surface plate 12 of the honeycomb panel 1. Is possible. In particular, in the present embodiment, since the support member 16 is disposed along the longitudinal direction of the beam member 21, it is possible to further reliably suppress the sinking of the surface plate 12.

  In the first embodiment, the case where the center member 22 is placed on the upper surface (surface plate 12) of the honeycomb panel 1 is illustrated, but the form of the center member 22 is not limited. For example, a lower end portion of the central member 23 shown in FIG. 4 may be inserted into the honeycomb panel 1.

  The central member 23 includes a main body 23a exposed to the outside of the honeycomb panel 1, sleeves 23b, 23b,... Projecting from the outer peripheral surface of the main body 23a, and an insertion extending below the main body 23a. Part 23d. A through hole 23c serving as an insertion port S1 is formed at the center of the main body 23a and the insertion portion 23d. The main body 23 a has the same configuration as the main body 22 a of the central member 22 shown in FIG. 3B and is joined to the end of the beam member 21. The insertion portion 23d has an outer shape that just fits inside the annular member 15, and the lower end portion of the insertion portion 23d is joined to the lower surface (back plate 11) and the annular member 15 of the honeycomb panel 1 by welding. If the center member 23 is used, it becomes possible to suppress deformation at the center of the honeycomb panel 1.

  In the first embodiment, the center member 22 is a cast product made of an aluminum alloy. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and an extruded shape made of an aluminum alloy like the center member 24 shown in FIG. It can be made of

  The central member 24 includes a main body portion 24a in which a through hole 24c and groove portions 24e, 24e,... Are formed, and a protrusion portion 24f that protrudes from the bottom of the groove portion 24e. The groove 24e is recessed in the outer peripheral surface of the main body 24a and is continuous in the vertical direction. The groove width of the groove 24e is equal to the outer shape of the beam member 21. The protruding portion 24 f is continuous in the vertical direction, but the upper end and the lower end thereof are cut out by the thickness of the beam member 21 and can be inserted into the inner space of the beam member 21. The beam member 21 is joined to the main body portion 24a of the center member 24 by welding or the like in a state where movement in the vertical direction is blocked by the protruding portion 24f entering the inner space. As described above, if the central member 24 is manufactured using the extruded profile, not only the dimensional accuracy is increased, but also the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

(Second embodiment)
As shown in FIG. 6, the pressure receiving structure J2 according to the second embodiment is also provided with the honeycomb panel 3 and the reinforcing structure 4, but the reinforcing structure 4 is disposed inside the honeycomb panel 3. The arranged point is different from the pressure receiving structure J1 according to the first embodiment.

  The honeycomb panel 3 includes a back plate 31 that is in contact with a surface of a reinforcing member (not shown), a front plate 32 that is disposed in parallel with the back plate 31, and the back plate 31 and the front plate 32. In this embodiment, an outer frame member 34 disposed between the back plate 31 and the front plate 32 is provided.

  The back plate 31 is made of a rolled material made of an aluminum alloy, and a circular hole 31a (see FIG. 7) serving as an insertion port S2 is formed at the center thereof. The front plate 32 is made of a rolled material made of an aluminum alloy having the same plane shape as the back plate 31, and a circular hole 32 a (see FIG. 7) serving as the insertion port S <b> 2 is formed at the center.

  Although not shown in the figure, the core material is formed by aggregating a plurality of cylindrical elements in a honeycomb shape like the core material 13 according to the first embodiment. Although not shown in the figure, a honeycomb-like member (a large number of hexagonal columnar spaces formed by laminating aluminum foil strips or thin plates while alternately joining them and stretching them in the lamination direction) The member may be a core material.

  The outer frame member 34 is disposed along the outer peripheral edge of the honeycomb panel 3 and has a rectangular frame shape. The outer frame member 34 is formed by combining a plurality of aluminum alloy hollow extruded shapes into a rectangular frame shape, and is joined to the back plate 31 and the front plate 32 via a brazing material or an adhesive.

  The reinforcing structure 4 is disposed inside the honeycomb panel 3 and joined to the back plate 31 and the front plate 32. The reinforcing structure 4 is arranged in accordance with a plurality of (four in the present embodiment) beam members 41, 41,... Arranged along the direction from the central portion toward the outer edge of the honeycomb panel 3, and the insertion opening S2. And a central member 42 to be configured.

  The beam members 41, 41,... Are arranged radially (in the form of a cross in the present embodiment) inside the honeycomb panel 1. Each beam member 41 is joined to the back plate 31 and the front plate 32 via a brazing material or an adhesive. As shown in FIG. 7, the end of the beam member 41 located on the center side of the honeycomb panel 3 is joined to the center member 42 by welding or the like, and the beam member 41 located on the outer edge side of the honeycomb panel 3 is joined. The end portion is joined to the inner side surface of the outer frame member 34 by welding or the like. The beam member 41 is also formed of an extruded shape made of an aluminum alloy having a rectangular frame shape in cross section.

  The central member 42 is disposed in the central portion of the honeycomb panel 3 and joined to the back plate 31 and the front plate 32 via a brazing material or an adhesive. The central member 42 includes a block-shaped main body portion 42a having a through hole 42c formed in the central portion, and sleeves 42b, 42b,... Protruding from the outer peripheral surface of the main body portion 42a. The center member 42 is made of an aluminum alloy casting, and the main body 42a and the sleeves 42b, 42b,... Are integrally formed. The sleeve 42 b has an outer shape equal to the inner space of the beam member 41, and is fitted into the inner space of the beam member 41. The through-hole 42c has a truncated conical shape that extends downward so as to correspond to an anchor (not shown) that is disposed obliquely with respect to a normal line such as a normal surface. The diameter of the lower end portion of the through hole 42c is substantially equal to the diameter of the circular hole 31a of the back plate 31, and the diameter of the upper end portion of the through hole 42c is substantially equal to the diameter of the circular hole 32a of the surface plate 32. Yes.

  Even in the pressure receiving structure J2 configured as described above, since it is not necessary to gradually increase the height (thickness) of the core material toward the center, the processing becomes easy, and as a result, the production efficiency is improved. In addition, since the reinforcing structure 4 includes the beam members 41, 41,... Arranged along the direction toward the outer edge of the honeycomb panel 3, the tension of the anchor acting on the periphery of the insertion port S2 is It is dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel 3. If the tension of the anchor is dispersed throughout the honeycomb panel 3, warpage of the honeycomb panel 3 is suppressed, so that the surface of the reinforced body can be pressed by the entire back plate 31.

  Furthermore, according to the pressure-receiving structure J2, since the reinforcing structure 4 is disposed inside the honeycomb panel 3, the appearance is neat. Further, by arranging the reinforcing structure 4 inside the honeycomb panel 3, the honeycomb panel 3 and the reinforcing structure 4 can be integrated, so that the strength of the honeycomb panel 3 can be improved. Become. Furthermore, according to the pressure-receiving structure J2, dirt and the like are hardly deposited on the surface, so that the aesthetic appearance is not impaired even after use.

  Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the beam member 41 of the reinforcing structure 4 is joined to the outer frame body 34 of the honeycomb panel 3, the rigidity of the honeycomb panel 3 is improved. When the beam member 41 is joined to the outer frame body 34, it becomes possible to disperse the tension of the anchor transmitted to the beam member 41 along the outer edge portion of the honeycomb panel 3, so that the surface of the reinforced body is pressed uniformly. It becomes possible to do.

(Third embodiment)
In the second embodiment, the case where the back plate 31 and the front plate 32 are covered with the reinforcing structure 4 formed by assembling the beam members 41, 41,. After forming the honeycomb panel 5 by covering the back plate 51 and the front plate 52 only to the beam members 61, 61,... Of the reinforcing structure 6 as in the pressure receiving structure J3 according to the third embodiment. Alternatively, the reinforcing member 6 may be completed by assembling the center member 62.

  The configuration of the honeycomb panel 5 is the same as that of the honeycomb panel 3 of the second embodiment, except that an opening 5a into which the central member 62 can be inserted is formed at the center thereof. Omitted.

  Since the configuration of the beam member 61 is also the same as that of the beam member 41 according to the second embodiment, detailed description thereof is omitted, but as shown in FIG. A fore edge member 63 for suppressing vertical deformation is disposed at the end. The fore edge member 63 has an outer shape that can be inserted into the beam member 61, and is joined to the beam member 61 in a state of being in contact with at least the upper and lower surfaces of the inner space of the beam member 61.

  The center member 62 is made of a block-like member having a through hole 62c formed at the center, and has an outer shape that can be inserted into the opening 5a formed at the center of the honeycomb panel 5. Then, the entirety is arranged inside the honeycomb panel 5. The shapes of the central member 62 and the opening 5a are not limited to those shown in the figure, and for example, both may be circular in plan view.

  In order to manufacture the pressure receiving structure J3 having such a configuration, first, a beam member 61, a core material (not shown), or the like is disposed between the back plate 51 and the front plate 52 having an opening at the center. These are joined by brazing to assemble the honeycomb panel 5 including the beam member 61, and then the central member 62 is inserted into the opening 5a of the honeycomb panel 5, and then the back plate 51, the beam member 61, In the groove formed across the surface plate 52 and the beam material 61, welding W <b> 1 is performed at the groove formed across the surface plate and the back plate 51, the beam material 61 and the central member 62 are joined together. What is necessary is just to join the surface plate 52, the beam material 61, and the center member 62 collectively by welding W2. The groove may be formed after the center member 62 is inserted into the opening 5a, or the opening edge of the back plate 51 and the front plate 52 and the peripheral edge of the center member 62 are chamfered in advance. The center member 62 may be formed when inserted into the opening 5a. Of course, the groove may be omitted.

  If the center member 62 having a large heat capacity is retrofitted to the honeycomb panel 5 after the brazing step, there is no possibility that the heat balance during brazing becomes unstable due to the presence of the central member 62, so that temperature management during brazing can be performed. This facilitates the manufacture of the honeycomb panel 5.

  Further, if the fore edge member 63 is fixed to the fore edge of the beam member 61 on the center member 62 side, the rigidity of the beam member 61 is improved, so that deformation at the central portion of the honeycomb panel 5 can be suppressed. The small edge member 63 is also useful when the center member 62 is joined to the face plates 51 and 52 and the beam member 61 by friction stir welding. That is, if the fore edge member 63 is disposed at the end of the beam member 61, when a rotary tool for friction stir welding is pressed against the face plates 51 and 52, deformation such as warpage is unlikely to occur. Therefore, management at the time of joining work becomes easy, and furthermore, joining strength with the central member 62 can be increased.

  In the present embodiment, the case where the honeycomb panel 5 including the beam member 61 is assembled using brazing is illustrated, but it may be assembled using an adhesive.

It is a perspective view which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 1st embodiment. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 1st embodiment. (A) is a top view which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 1st embodiment, (b) is the BB sectional view taken on the line of (a), (c) is the CC sectional view taken on the line of (a). . It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of a center member. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the other modification of a center member. It is a perspective view which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 2nd embodiment. It is sectional drawing which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 2nd embodiment. (A) is a disassembled perspective view which shows the pressure receiving structure which concerns on 3rd embodiment, (b) is sectional drawing similarly.

Explanation of symbols

J1, J2, J3 Pressure receiving structure S1, S2, S3 Insertion port 1, 3, 5 Honeycomb panel 11, 31, 51 Back plate 12, 32, 52 Surface plate 13 Core material 14, 34 Outer frame material 16 Support member 2, 4,6 Reinforcement structure 21, 41, 61 Beam material 22, 23, 24, 42, 62 Center member

Claims (3)

A pressure receiving structure including an insertion port for inserting an anchor embedded in a reinforced body,
A honeycomb panel, and a reinforcing structure for reinforcing the honeycomb panel,
The honeycomb panel includes a back plate, a surface plate disposed in parallel with the back plate, and a core material disposed between the surface plate and the back plate,
The reinforcing structure includes a plurality of beam members arranged along a direction from the central part of the honeycomb panel toward the outer edge, and includes a central member arranged in accordance with the insertion port,
The beam member is bonded to the central member, disposed outside the honeycomb panel, and bonded to the surface plate,
A pressure receiving structure, wherein a supporting member for supporting the beam member is disposed in the honeycomb panel along a longitudinal direction of the beam member immediately below the beam member and serves as a base of a reinforcing structure. A pressure receiving structure including an insertion port for inserting an anchor embedded in a reinforced body,
A honeycomb panel, and a reinforcing structure for reinforcing the honeycomb panel,
The honeycomb panel includes a back plate, a surface plate disposed in parallel with the back plate, and a core material disposed between the surface plate and the back plate,
The reinforcing structure includes a plurality of beam members arranged along a direction from the central part of the honeycomb panel toward the outer edge, and includes a central member arranged in accordance with the insertion port,
The pressure-receiving structure, wherein the reinforcing structure is disposed inside the honeycomb panel and joined to the front plate and the back plate. In claim 2, the honeycomb panel further comprises an outer frame material disposed between the front plate and the back plate,
The outer frame material is disposed at an outer edge of the honeycomb panel;
The pressure receiving structure, wherein the beam member is joined to the outer frame member.

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