JP4972750B2 - 非経口抗真菌生成物 - Google Patents
非経口抗真菌生成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4972750B2 JP4972750B2 JP2004512675A JP2004512675A JP4972750B2 JP 4972750 B2 JP4972750 B2 JP 4972750B2 JP 2004512675 A JP2004512675 A JP 2004512675A JP 2004512675 A JP2004512675 A JP 2004512675A JP 4972750 B2 JP4972750 B2 JP 4972750B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- formulation
- ethanol
- sodium
- anidurafungin
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000000843 anti-fungal effect Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 title description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 245
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 146
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 123
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 82
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical group OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000244 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229940068968 polysorbate 80 Drugs 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 claims description 18
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 claims description 14
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-D-glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- WXTMDXOMEHJXQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O WXTMDXOMEHJXQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ZTHYODDOHIVTJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl gallate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 ZTHYODDOHIVTJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N Trehalose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N alpha,alpha-trehalose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical group CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004255 Butylated hydroxyanisole Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004322 Butylated hydroxytoluene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940045942 acetone sodium bisulfite Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019282 butylated hydroxyanisole Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylated hydroxyanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1.COC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C(C)(C)C CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940043253 butylated hydroxyanisole Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010354 butylated hydroxytoluene Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940095259 butylated hydroxytoluene Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002433 cysteine Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005219 gentisic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-DFWYDOINSA-M monosodium L-glutamate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-DFWYDOINSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013923 monosodium glutamate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004223 monosodium glutamate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PJUIMOJAAPLTRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monothioglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)CS PJUIMOJAAPLTRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium metabisulfite Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940043349 potassium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010263 potassium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000473 propyl gallate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010388 propyl gallate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940075579 propyl gallate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M rongalite Chemical compound [Na+].OCS([O-])=O XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940001607 sodium bisulfite Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium dithionite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940001482 sodium sulfite Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- GNBVPFITFYNRCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thioglycolate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)CS GNBVPFITFYNRCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940046307 sodium thioglycolate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- YNJORDSKPXMABC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;2-hydroxypropane-2-sulfonic acid Chemical group [Na+].CC(C)(O)S(O)(=O)=O YNJORDSKPXMABC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- YNCOLLPSNIHBGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dihydroxy-n-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzamide Chemical compound OCCNC(=O)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O YNCOLLPSNIHBGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cysteinate(2-) Chemical compound [S-]CC(N)C([O-])=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229950008882 polysorbate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 45
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 45
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 42
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 31
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 7
- -1 sorbitan ester Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
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- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 4
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 4
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- JHVAMHSQVVQIOT-MFAJLEFUSA-N anidulafungin Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H]2C(N[C@H](C(=O)N3C[C@H](O)C[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N3C[C@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C2)[C@@H](C)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)[C@@H](C)O)=O)C=C1 JHVAMHSQVVQIOT-MFAJLEFUSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000013011 aqueous formulation Substances 0.000 description 3
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- FZWBNHMXJMCXLU-BLAUPYHCSA-N isomaltotriose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O)O1 FZWBNHMXJMCXLU-BLAUPYHCSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-GDCKJWNLSA-N 3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-GDCKJWNLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010064760 Anidulafungin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000222122 Candida albicans Species 0.000 description 2
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 206010017533 Fungal infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000031888 Mycoses Diseases 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoelaidin Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
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- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
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- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011123 type I (borosilicate glass) Substances 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AKTFIQYVASYRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoethanol;2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound NCCO.OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O AKTFIQYVASYRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 3',5'-cyclic GMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=C(NC2=O)N)=C2N=C1 ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000335423 Blastomyces Species 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223238 Trichophyton Species 0.000 description 1
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
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- 108010062092 echinocandin B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FAUOJMHVEYMQQG-HVYQDZECSA-N echinocandin B Chemical compound C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N3C[C@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@@H](C(N[C@H](C(=O)N3C[C@H](O)C[C@H]3C(=O)N2)[C@@H](C)O)=O)NC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC)[C@@H](C)O)=CC=C(O)C=C1 FAUOJMHVEYMQQG-HVYQDZECSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/407—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with other heterocyclic ring systems, e.g. ketorolac, physostigmine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/10—Antimycotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Communicable Diseases (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Description
注射可能な薬物生成物の商業的実効性の一局面は、長い貯蔵寿命である。1年よりも有意に長い貯蔵寿命が、代表的には必要とされる。これは、薬物生成物が、しばしば、必要とされるまで長期間(例えば、6ヶ月〜1年以上)保存されるからである。生成物の使用期限は、その薬物が生成された時から始まるが、輸送についての試験およびパッケージは、しばしば、一定時間(例えば、数ヶ月)かかる。1〜3年以上の貯蔵寿命は、注射可能な薬物生成物について非常に望ましい。これは、長期間保存され得る薬物について、特に当てはまる。なぜなら、その薬物は、頻繁には使用されないが、示された場合には特に必要とされるからである。
一局面において、エキノカンジンと水性エタノール溶媒とを含む、薬学的に受容可能な非経口処方物が、提供される。この処方物は、必要に応じて、1種以上の添加剤(例えば、プロピレングリコール、もしくはポリエチレングリコール、緩衝剤、安定化剤、張度調整剤、抗酸化剤もしくは増量剤)もまた、含む。エキノカンジンを含む固体組成物を再構成する方法もまた、提供される。
この処方物は、
約5.0〜30%w/vのエタノール;
約0.1〜2.0%w/vのアニデュラフンジン;
約0.1〜1.0%w/vの安定化剤(例えば、フルクトース);
約0.1〜10%w/vの増量剤(例えば、マンニトール);
約0.01〜5%w/vの緩衝剤(例えば、酒石酸);および
約0.1〜5.0%w/vの可溶化剤(例えば、ポリソルベート80)
を含む。
エキノカンジン(例えば、アニデュラフンジン)を含む薬学的に受容可能な処方物が、提供される。
エキノカンジン型化合物は、抗真菌および抗寄生生物活性(例えば、種々の感染性真菌の増殖阻害)を示すことが、示されている。上記の感染性真菌としては、Candida spp.(すなわち、C.Albicans、C.Parapsilosis、C.Krusei、C.Glabrata、C.Tropicalis、またはC.Lusitaniaw);Torulopus spp.(すなわち、T.Glabrata);Aspergillus spp.(すなわち、A.Fumigalus)、Histoplasma spp.(すなわち、H.Capsulatum);Cryptococcus spp.(すなわち、C.Neoformans);Blastomyces spp.(すなわち、B.Dermatilidis);Fusarium spp.;Trichophyton spp.;Pseudallescheria boydii;Coccidioides immits;およびSporothrix schenckiiなどが挙げられる。PCT WO 00/51564。
エキノカンジンを含む固体の薬学的組成物が、提供され、この組成物は、投与する必要がある患者に投与するために処方され得る。そのような固体組成物は、液体生成物を提供するために水性エタノール溶媒中で再構成され得、この液体生成物は、非経口手段(皮下注射、静脈内注射、ボーラス注射、筋肉内注射、または動脈内注射)によって、あるいは、経口投与、局所投与、経皮投与、または粘膜投与によって、投与され得る。
アニデュラフンジンと水性溶媒とを含む非経口薬学的処方物が、提供され、この処方物は、約5%w/wのエタノール〜約50%w/wのエタノールを含む。その水性溶媒は、例えば、水または例えば、生理食塩水である。
(製造)
適切な製造容器中で、25gのポリソルベート80を、十分な量の脱酸素化滅菌注射用水に添加し、溶解するまでゆっくり混合する。その溶液を冷却し、1.1gの酒石酸を添加する。その溶液を、水酸化ナトリウム溶液および/または塩酸溶液を使用して、pH4.5に調整する。
滅菌濾過したバルク溶液のアリコート(3.5ml)を、滅菌(発熱物質除去した)ガラスバイアル中に無菌的に充填し、滅菌ストッパーを部分的に挿入する。充填したバイアルを、凍結乾燥器に移し、凍結乾燥する。
再構成を、2工程プロセスで行う。第1工程において、35mgのアニデュラフンジンと、必要に応じてその処方物の他の成分とを含む固体処方物を、滅菌注射用水中20%w/vエタノールの10ml溶液中で再構成する。その混合物を、手で100秒間旋回し、透明で泡がない溶液中における固体生成物の完全な溶解を確認するために観察する。その後、この混合物を、滅菌水中5%デキストロース(D5W)溶液中で7倍希釈する。生じた溶液は、ここで、IV注射のために利用可能である。
(A.36ヶ月まで保存したアニデュラフンジンの再構成時間)
1)35mgアニデュラフンジン(ロットCT12759、PPD04365)、175mgマンニトール(USP)、87.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、35mgフルクトース(USP)、および3.95mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として);または2)25mg(ロットCT12758)アニデュラフンジン、125mgマンニトール(USP)、62.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、25mgフルクトース(USP)、および2.5mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として)を含む、固体組成物を試験して、保存後の再構成時間を決定した。Eli Lilly(Indianapolis,IN)から得た凍結乾燥処方物のサンプルを、36ヶ月以上まで固体形態で保存した。保存状態は、25℃、または5℃の60%相対湿度(RH)であった。再構成時間アッセイは、35mgのアニデュラフンジンを含むバイアル中に10mgの溶媒を注入し、25mgのアニデュラフンジンを含むバイアル中に7mgの溶媒を注入することによって、固体組成物の再構成を開始することからなった。一旦溶媒を添加すると、手で穏やかに振盪または旋回することによって、バイアル中でそれをすぐに混合した。10秒間振盪するごとに停止し、溶液の完全性が観察されるまで、そのバイアルを視察した。表1中の結果は、5個のレプリカの平均として表された、報告された各再構成時間を示す。再構成混合物にエタノールを添加すると、アニデュラフンジンの再構成時間を有意に減少することが、この表から観察され得る。
1)35mg(ロットCT12759)アニデュラフンジン、175mgマンニトール(USP)、87.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、35mgフルクトース(USP)、および3.95mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として);または2)25mg(ロットCT12758)アニデュラフンジン、125mgマンニトール(USP)、62.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、25mgフルクトース(USP)、および2.5mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として)を含む、固体組成物を試験して、保存後の再構成時間を決定した。Eli Lilly(Indianapolis,IN)から得た凍結乾燥処方物のサンプルを、42ヶ月間、固体形態で保存した。保存状態は、25℃、60%相対湿度(RH)であった。再構成時間アッセイは、35mgのアニデュラフンジンを含むバイアル中に10mgの溶媒を注入し、25mgのアニデュラフンジンを含むバイアル中に7mgの溶媒を注入することによって、固体組成物の再構成を開始することからなった。一旦溶媒を添加すると、手で穏やかに振盪または旋回することによって、バイアル中でそれをすぐに混合した。10秒間振盪するごとに停止し、そのバイアルを視察した。このアッセイを、1200秒後に停止し、サンプルを、溶液の透明性および完全性について視覚的に評価した。完全に溶解したように見えたサンプルを、USP 23第788節に記載される光吸収(obscuration)アッセイによって、粒子状物質についてさらに評価した。
アニデュラフンジン固体組成物を、水(SWFI)中20%エタノール(w/w)または100%水(SWFI)で再構成した。固体組成物は、1)35mgアニデュラフンジン(ロットCT12759)、175mgマンニトール(USP)、87.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、35mgフルクトース(USP)、および3.95mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として);または2)25mg(ロットCT12758)アニデュラフンジン、125mgマンニトール(USP)、62.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、25mgフルクトース(USP)、および2.5mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として)を含んだ。これを、36ヶ月まで固体形態で保存した。サンプル(指定したロット番号から)は、Eli Lilly(Indianapolis,IN)から得た。これらを、再構成したサンプルの外観、pH、および粒子状物質に基づいて、評価した。外観は、USP24に記載される溶液の色および透明度に基づいて、視覚的に評価した。pH値は、USP 24の一般章791に記載されるアプローチに従って決定した。粒子状物質は、USP 23の第788節に記載される光吸収(obscuration)によって測定した。これは、視察によっては代表的には検出不能である粒子状物質を測定する、機器ベースのアッセイである。そのデータは、水性エタノールで再構成したサンプルの視覚的外観およびpHが、水性サンプルと事実上同一であるが、粒子状物質が有意に減少していることを、示す。これらの結果は、表6に示される。サンプルは、開始時点で評価し、そして種々の保存期間後に評価した。エタノール−水混合物中に溶解したサンプルもまた、再構成後1時間、4時間、8時間、24時間および48時間の時点で評価した。サンプルを、10ml(35mgのアニデュラフンジン)または7ml(25mgのアニデュラフンジン)のエタノール:純水(SWFI)(20:80)または100%水(SWFI)を用いて再構成した。
1)35mgアニデュラフンジン(ロットCT12759)、175mgマンニトール(USP)、87.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、35mgフルクトース(USP)、および3.95mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として);または2)25mg(ロットCT12758)アニデュラフンジン、125mgマンニトール(USP)、62.5mgポリソルベート80(NF)、25mgフルクトース(USP)、および2.5mg酒石酸(NF)(緩衝剤として)を含む、固体組成物を、36ヶ月間まで固体形態で保存した。それを、効力および関連物質について測定した。サンプル(同定したロット番号から)は、Eli Lillyから得た。効力(Pot)およびTRSは、15cm×4.6mmの3.5ミクロン粒径のZorbaxTMXDB−C18カラムを備えた高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)を使用して決定した。アニデュラフンジンサンプルを、0.85%w/wリン酸水溶液と、メタノールを希釈剤として使用する95%アセトニトリル水溶液とを用いて、溶出した。勾配溶出スキームを使用した。リン酸溶液とアセトニトリル溶液との比は、1時間にわたって、95:5〜59:41〜5:95〜95:5に変化した。表7において観察され得るように、再構成したアニデュラフンジンの効力および全関連物質は、100%水中での再構成と比較して、この再構成組成物にエタノールを添加することによっては本質的には変化しない。さらに、データを、HPLCクロマトグラムにおける全15ピークについて測定した。すべてが、エタノールの存在下で本質的には変化しなかった。
注射用のアニデュラフンジンの薬学的に受容可能な凍結乾燥処方物を、提供する。例えば、1つのバイアル当たり、35mgまたは50mgを提供する。35mg投与形態の各バイアルは、アニデュラフンジン35mg;マンニトール(USP)175mg;ポリソルベート80(NF)87.5mg;フルクトース(USP)35mg;酒石酸(NF)3.94mg(緩衝剤として)を含む。50mg投与形態の各バイアルは、アニデュラフンジン50mg;マンニトール(USP)250mg;ポリソルベート80(NF)125mg;フルクトース(USP)50mg;酒石酸(NF)5.63mg(緩衝剤として)を含む。
Claims (14)
- 薬学的に受容可能な非経口処方物であって、0.2%w/v〜2.0%w/vのアニデュラフンジンと水性溶媒とを含み、該処方物は、約20%w/vのエタノールを含み、そして水性溶媒が水である処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、安定化剤をさらに含む、処方物。
- 請求項2に記載の処方物であって、前記安定化剤は、マンニトール、ヒスチジン、リジン、グリシン、スクロース、フルクトース、トレハロース、ラクトース、およびそれらの混合物からなる群より選択される、処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、可溶化剤をさらに含む、処方物。
- 請求項4に記載の処方物であって、前記可溶化剤は、ポリソルベートである、処方物。
- 請求項5に記載の処方物であって、前記可溶化剤は、ポリソルベート80である、処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、緩衝剤をさらに含む、処方物。
- 請求項7に記載の処方物であって、前記緩衝剤は、酢酸塩、クエン酸塩、酒石酸塩、乳酸塩、コハク酸塩およびリン酸塩からなる群より選択される、処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、張度調整剤をさらに含む、処方物。
- 請求項9に記載の処方物であって、前記張度調整剤は、グリセリン、ラクトース、マンニトール、デキストロース、塩化ナトリウム、硫酸ナトリウム、およびソルビトールからなる群より選択される、処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、抗酸化剤をさらに含む、処方物。
- 請求項11に記載の処方物であって、前記抗酸化剤は、アセトン−重亜硫酸ナトリウム、重亜硫酸ナトリウム、ブチル化ヒドロキシアニソール、ブチル化ヒドロキシトルエン、システイン、システイナートHCl、亜二チオン酸ナトリウム、ゲンチシン酸、ゲンチシン酸エタノールアミン、グルタミン酸一ナトリウム、ホルムアルデヒドスルホキシル酸ナトリウム、メタ重亜硫酸カリウム、メタ重亜硫酸ナトリウム、モノチオグリセロール、没食子酸プロピル、亜硫酸ナトリウム、チオグリコール酸ナトリウム、およびアスコルビン酸からなる群より選択される、処方物。
- 請求項1に記載の処方物であって、該処方物は、
20%w/vのエタノール;
0.2〜2.0%w/vのアニデュラフンジン;
0.1〜1.0%w/vのフルクトース;
0.1〜10.0%w/vのマンニトール;
0.01〜5.0%w/vの酒石酸;および
0.1〜5.0%w/vのポリソルベート80
を含む、処方物。 - 薬学的に受容可能な非経口薬学的処方物の送達において使用するためのキットであって、該キットは、25〜200mgのアニデュラフンジンを含む薬学的に受容可能な固体処方物を含む第1バイアルと;10〜60mLの水中において約20%w/vのエタノールの薬学的に受容可能な水溶液を含む第2バイアルと;を含む、キット。
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| US10/172,678 US6991800B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2002-06-13 | Antifungal parenteral products |
| US10/172,678 | 2002-06-13 | ||
| PCT/US2003/018754 WO2003105767A2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2003-06-12 | Antifungal parenteral products |
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-
2002
- 2002-06-13 US US10/172,678 patent/US6991800B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
- 2003-06-12 JP JP2004512675A patent/JP4972750B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-12 AU AU2003248692A patent/AU2003248692B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-12 EP EP03760347A patent/EP1511378A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-06-12 KR KR1020047020282A patent/KR100800503B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-12 CA CA002488872A patent/CA2488872A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-12 WO PCT/US2003/018754 patent/WO2003105767A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-13 TW TW092116139A patent/TW200400831A/zh unknown
- 2003-06-13 AR ARP030102119A patent/AR040226A1/es unknown
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2004
- 2004-12-12 IL IL16572004A patent/IL165720A0/xx unknown
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- 2005-04-04 NO NO20051648A patent/NO20051648L/no unknown
- 2005-08-01 US US11/195,498 patent/US7198796B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW200400831A (en) | 2004-01-16 |
| WO2003105767A2 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
| US20040223997A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
| US20050261173A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| WO2003105767A8 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
| AR040226A1 (es) | 2005-03-16 |
| KR20050016552A (ko) | 2005-02-21 |
| AU2003248692A1 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
| JP2005533056A (ja) | 2005-11-04 |
| NO20051648L (no) | 2005-04-04 |
| AU2003248692B2 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
| CA2488872A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
| IL165720A0 (en) | 2006-01-15 |
| US6991800B2 (en) | 2006-01-31 |
| KR100800503B1 (ko) | 2008-02-04 |
| WO2003105767A3 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
| EP1511378A2 (en) | 2005-03-09 |
| US7198796B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 |
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