JP5014206B2 - Superconducting member cooling method - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、断熱容器に収容された超電導部材(超伝導部材といわれることもある。)を液体窒素等の冷却媒体によって冷却する超電導部材の冷却方法に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a method of cooling a superconducting member that cools a superconducting member (sometimes referred to as a superconducting member) contained in a heat insulating container with a cooling medium such as liquid nitrogen.
超電導モータ、コイル、発電機、変圧器、送電線等などの超電導部材の冷却には液体窒素、液体ヘリウム等の冷却媒体が使用され、断熱容器中の超電導部材等を冷却すると冷却媒体は昇温するので、昇温した冷却媒体は冷凍機で冷却して循環される。 Cooling media such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are used to cool superconducting members such as superconducting motors, coils, generators, transformers, and power transmission lines. Therefore, the cooled cooling medium is circulated after being cooled by the refrigerator.
前記超電導部材等を冷却する冷却媒体としては、液体状の窒素、空気、ネオン、ヘリウム、水素等が挙げられる。液体窒素は、安価であり、窒素の常圧下での沸点は約77.4Kで、液体窒素の比熱は比較的大きく、液体の潜熱も大きいので液体窒素を用いた冷却効果も大きく、電流を流したときの安定性も高いといえる。
超電導部材を有する超電導機器は長期間連続運転されるものも多いので、極低温用冷凍機には、長期連続運転に適した機械式冷凍機が通常用いられている。
超電導部材の冷却に使用する冷凍機は、基本的には該超電導部材の冷却に必要な熱量と、超電導部材以外の外部からの入熱量とをバランスさせた冷却能力に基づき仕様が決定される。
Examples of the cooling medium for cooling the superconducting member include liquid nitrogen, air, neon, helium, and hydrogen. Liquid nitrogen is inexpensive, has a boiling point of about 77.4K under normal pressure, and the specific heat of liquid nitrogen is relatively large, and the latent heat of the liquid is large, so the cooling effect using liquid nitrogen is great and current flows. It can be said that the stability is high.
Since many superconducting devices having a superconducting member are continuously operated for a long period of time, mechanical refrigerators suitable for long-term continuous operation are usually used for cryogenic refrigerators.
The specifications of the refrigerator used for cooling the superconducting member are basically determined based on the cooling capacity that balances the amount of heat necessary for cooling the superconducting member and the amount of heat input from outside the superconducting member.
しかし、実際的には超電導機器は一時的に定格運転を越える過負荷運転になることもあり、また外部からの過大な熱侵入により大きな熱負荷が発生した場合でも、超電導部材を所定温度に冷却できるようにするため、冷凍機としては正常運転時における冷却能力を超える冷却能力を有するものとする必要がある。すなわち、実用的にも正常な運転時に必要な冷却能力に、更に一定の過剰な冷却能力を有する冷凍機を使用する必要がある。このように過剰な冷却能力を有する冷凍機を用いた場合、正常な定格運転時には、冷凍機のコールドヘッド(冷凍部)又は出口における冷却媒体が過剰に冷却され、例えば液体窒素の場合にその凝固温度(約63K)よりも低温となり、前記冷却ヘッド又は出口付近で冷却媒体の凝固が開始されてしまうことがある。 However, in practice, superconducting equipment may temporarily overload when it exceeds rated operation, and even if a large heat load is generated due to excessive heat penetration from the outside, the superconducting member is cooled to a predetermined temperature. In order to be able to do so, the refrigerator needs to have a cooling capacity that exceeds the cooling capacity during normal operation. That is, it is necessary to use a refrigerator having a certain excessive cooling capacity in addition to the cooling capacity necessary for normal operation in practice. When a refrigerator having an excessive cooling capacity is used as described above, the cooling medium at the cold head (refrigeration unit) or the outlet of the refrigerator is excessively cooled during normal rated operation. The temperature becomes lower than the temperature (about 63 K), and solidification of the cooling medium may start near the cooling head or the outlet.
又、超電導機器が定格運転時を下回る運転時では冷凍機冷凍能力に余力を生じ、冷却媒体の温度が低下していき、冷却媒体の凝固点に達する場合がある。冷却媒体が凝固し始めれば、冷凍機から超電導部材への冷却媒体の流量が低下したり、冷却媒体による超電導部材への熱伝達が阻害されて、超電導部材が充分に冷却されずに温度上昇が生じたりするおそれがある。又、循環ポンプ内に凝固した冷却媒体の塊が送り込まれて循環ポンプの閉塞が発生したり、液体窒素の凝固によって、超電導部材を構成している超電導コイルに応力が加わって、コイルが緩んだり破壊されたりすることもある。 Further, when the superconducting device is operated below the rated operation, there is a surplus in the refrigerating capacity of the refrigerator, the temperature of the cooling medium is lowered, and the freezing point of the cooling medium may be reached. If the cooling medium begins to solidify, the flow rate of the cooling medium from the refrigerator to the superconducting member decreases, or heat transfer to the superconducting member by the cooling medium is hindered, and the superconducting member is not sufficiently cooled and the temperature rises. May occur. In addition, a solidified cooling medium mass is sent into the circulation pump, causing the circulation pump to be blocked, or due to the solidification of liquid nitrogen, stress is applied to the superconducting coil constituting the superconducting member, and the coil is loosened. It can be destroyed.
このように冷凍機を用いた冷却媒体による超電導部材の冷却装置では、冷却媒体を凝固させてしまった場合、種々の問題が生じる。このような問題を回避するための一般的な方策としては、図1に示すように冷凍機のコールドヘッドに電気ヒータを設置しておいて、温度センサによりコールドヘッドの温度を検出して、コールドヘッドの温度が低くなり過ぎたときには電気ヒータを作動させてコールドヘッド表面の温度を上昇させ、これによりコールドヘッドの温度を冷却媒体の凝固温度以下に下げないように制御することが考えられる。 Thus, in the cooling device for a superconducting member using a cooling medium using a refrigerator, various problems occur when the cooling medium is solidified. As a general measure for avoiding such a problem, as shown in FIG. 1, an electric heater is installed on the cold head of the refrigerator, the temperature of the cold head is detected by a temperature sensor, and When the temperature of the head becomes too low, the electric heater is operated to raise the temperature of the cold head surface, thereby controlling the temperature of the cold head so as not to be lowered below the solidification temperature of the cooling medium.
凝固点を有する低温液化ガスを冷却媒体に使用して冷凍機により超電導部材等を冷却する場合には、低温液化ガスが凝固温度以下まで冷却されて凝固してしまうおそれは常に存在する。後述する特許文献1には、超電導体を冷媒により冷却する方法において、前記超電導体の冷却系において前記冷媒が静止状態で有する凝固点またはそれより低い温度に、前記冷媒を冷却する工程と、前記冷却される冷媒への物理的作用により、前記凝固点またはそれより低い温度を有する冷媒系の流動状態を維持する工程と、前記流動状態の冷媒系により前記超電導体をその臨界温度以下の温度に冷却する工程とを備える、超電導体の冷却方法が開示されている。
また、液化された空気に、その凝固点を降下させるための材料を加える工程において、凝固点を降下させるための材料にプロパンとイソペンタンとの混合物などの石油系有機溶媒またはゼオライトを使用することが開示されている。
When using a low-temperature liquefied gas having a freezing point as a cooling medium to cool a superconducting member or the like with a refrigerator, there is always a possibility that the low-temperature liquefied gas will be cooled to below the solidification temperature and solidify. In Patent Document 1 described later, in a method of cooling a superconductor with a refrigerant, in the cooling system of the superconductor, a step of cooling the refrigerant to a freezing point or a temperature lower than that at which the refrigerant has a stationary state, and the cooling Maintaining the flow state of the refrigerant system having a temperature lower than or equal to the freezing point by a physical action on the refrigerant, and cooling the superconductor to a temperature below the critical temperature by the refrigerant system in the flow state And a method of cooling a superconductor comprising the steps.
Also disclosed is the use of a petroleum-based organic solvent such as a mixture of propane and isopentane or zeolite as the material for lowering the freezing point in the step of adding the material for lowering the freezing point to liquefied air. ing.
特許文献2には、超電導部材冷却装置およびその制御方法において、低温液化ガスの凝固を防止し得る方法が開示されている。具体的には、液体窒素等の低温液化ガスをGM冷凍機によって大気圧下での過冷却温度まで冷却して、その過冷却液体窒素により超電導部材を冷却する装置において、冷凍機の圧縮機の圧縮用モータの電源系路にインバータを介挿しておき、冷凍機の冷却ヘッドの温度をセンサにより検出して、その検出温度によりインバータを制御して、圧縮機の流量/圧力を制御し、冷却ヘッドの温度が低温液化ガスの凝固温度に達しないようにフィードバック制御することが開示されている。 Patent Document 2 discloses a method capable of preventing the solidification of the low-temperature liquefied gas in the superconducting member cooling device and the control method thereof. Specifically, in a device for cooling a superconducting member with a supercooled liquid nitrogen by cooling a low-temperature liquefied gas such as liquid nitrogen to a supercooling temperature under atmospheric pressure with a GM refrigerator, the compressor of the refrigerator An inverter is inserted in the power supply system of the compression motor, the temperature of the cooling head of the refrigerator is detected by a sensor, the inverter is controlled by the detected temperature, the flow rate / pressure of the compressor is controlled, and the cooling It is disclosed that feedback control is performed so that the temperature of the head does not reach the solidification temperature of the low-temperature liquefied gas.
特許文献3には、超電導部材冷却装置において、低温液化ガスの凝固を防止し得る方法が開示されている。具体的には、液体窒素等の低温液化ガスをGM冷凍機によって大気圧下での過冷却温度まで冷却して、その過冷却液体窒素により超電導部材を冷却する装置において、冷凍機の作動ガスとして、ヘリウムガスを使用して、低温液化ガス(例えば液体窒素)と同種のガス(例えば窒素ガス)を添加した混合ガスを用いて、断熱容器内の低温液化ガスがその凝固温度以下にしないようにしたことを特徴とする、超電導部材冷却装置が開示されている。 Patent Document 3 discloses a method capable of preventing solidification of a low-temperature liquefied gas in a superconducting member cooling device. Specifically, in a device that cools a low-temperature liquefied gas such as liquid nitrogen to a supercooling temperature under atmospheric pressure with a GM refrigerator and cools the superconducting member with the supercooled liquid nitrogen, as a working gas for the refrigerator Using a mixed gas in which helium gas is used and a gas of the same kind as a low-temperature liquefied gas (for example, liquid nitrogen) (for example, nitrogen gas) is added so that the low-temperature liquefied gas in the heat insulation container does not fall below its solidification temperature. A superconducting member cooling device is disclosed which is characterized by the above.
冷凍機は、一般に一定の冷凍能力での運転が長期の安定運転には望ましく、頻繁な冷凍能力の変更や起動・停止は故障の原因となる場合がある。従って、極低温用冷凍機のような冷凍機の運転は基本的にはオン/オフ制御で行い、超電導部材の冷却負荷に拘わらず、消費電力一定の運転がなされることが故障も少なくメンテナンス上も極めて有利である。
しかしながら、超電導機器が一時的に定格運転時を下回って冷却媒体の温度が凝固点に近づいたときは、冷却流路にヒータを設けておいて冷却媒体が凝固点以下の温度にならないようにヒータで加熱することにより、冷却媒体の温度が凝固点以下になるのを防止できるが、装置上ヒータを設けることなく、冷却媒体の凝固を防止できることが望ましい。
In general, operation of a refrigerator with a constant refrigeration capacity is desirable for long-term stable operation, and frequent changes in the refrigeration capacity and start / stop may cause failures. Therefore, the operation of a refrigerator such as a cryogenic refrigerator is basically performed by on / off control, and operation with a constant power consumption is performed regardless of the cooling load of the superconducting member, so that there are few failures and maintenance. Is also very advantageous.
However, if the superconducting equipment temporarily falls below the rated operation and the temperature of the cooling medium approaches the freezing point, a heater is provided in the cooling flow path and heated by the heater so that the cooling medium does not fall below the freezing point. By doing so, it is possible to prevent the temperature of the cooling medium from becoming below the freezing point, but it is desirable to prevent the cooling medium from solidifying without providing a heater on the apparatus.
前記特許文献1には、冷却冷媒の凝固点を降下させる手段が開示されているが冷却冷媒の凝固を防止する直接的な手段とはなり得ない。特許文献2には、冷凍機のコールドヘッド(冷却部)の温度をセンサにより検出してその検出温度により、圧縮機の流量/圧力をインバータを制御して、冷却媒体の温度が凝固点以下になるのを防止する技術が開示されているが、インバータ制御装置が必要となる。また、特許文献3には、冷凍機の作動ガスとして、ヘリウムガスに低温液化ガス(例えば液体窒素)と同種のガス(例えば窒素ガス)を添加した混合ガスを用いて、断熱容器内の低温液化ガスがその凝固温度以下になるのを防止する方法が開示されているが、超電導機器等の冷却のために外部循環に使用される冷却媒体とは異なる技術であり、また該混合ガスの濃度調整を図る必要がある。
本発明は、上記課題を解決して超電導部材を冷却媒体によって簡易且つ安定して冷却することのできる超電導部材の冷却方法を提供することを目的とする。
Patent Document 1 discloses means for lowering the freezing point of the cooling refrigerant, but cannot be a direct means for preventing the cooling refrigerant from solidifying. In Patent Document 2, the temperature of the cooling medium is equal to or lower than the freezing point by detecting the temperature of the cold head (cooling unit) of the refrigerator with a sensor and controlling the inverter with the flow rate / pressure of the compressor based on the detected temperature. Although a technique for preventing this is disclosed, an inverter control device is required. Patent Document 3 discloses a low-temperature liquefaction in a heat insulating container using a mixed gas obtained by adding a gas (for example, nitrogen gas) of the same kind as a low-temperature liquefied gas (for example, liquid nitrogen) to helium gas as a working gas for a refrigerator. Although a method for preventing the gas from lowering below its solidification temperature is disclosed, it is a technique different from the cooling medium used for external circulation for cooling superconducting equipment, etc., and the concentration adjustment of the mixed gas It is necessary to plan.
An object of the present invention is to provide a cooling method for a superconducting member that can easily and stably cool the superconducting member with a cooling medium by solving the above problems.
本発明は以上の事情を背景としてなされたもので、冷凍機により冷却媒体を過冷却温度まで冷却して超電導部材の冷却媒体として用いる超電導部材冷却装置において、電気ヒータを用いることなく、循環ポンプの吐出圧を利用して、冷凍機と超電導部材の収容容器から循環ポンプ吸入側に戻る循環系において、冷却媒体の一部を冷却媒体の貯蔵容器内に供給することにより、又は該貯蔵容器内の冷却媒体と間接熱交換等させることにより、冷凍機に供給する冷却媒体温度を上昇させて冷凍機のコールドヘッド、出口等において冷却媒体が凝固するのを防止できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。 The present invention has been made against the background described above. In a superconducting member cooling device that uses a refrigerator to cool a cooling medium to a supercooling temperature and uses it as a cooling medium for a superconducting member, the present invention is not limited to an electric heater. In the circulation system using the discharge pressure and returning from the storage container of the refrigerator and the superconducting member to the circulation pump suction side, by supplying a part of the cooling medium into the storage container of the cooling medium, or in the storage container In order to complete the present invention, it has been found that by indirect heat exchange with the cooling medium, the temperature of the cooling medium supplied to the refrigerator can be raised to prevent the cooling medium from solidifying at the cold head, outlet, etc. of the refrigerator. It came.
即ち、本発明は、以下の(1)ないし(5)に記載する発明を要旨とする。
(1)冷却媒体の貯蔵容器(A)から吸入側に冷却媒体配管が配設されている循環ポンプ(B)により、冷却媒体を循環ポンプ(B)吐出側から少なくとも冷凍機(C)と、超電導部材(E)が収容された断熱容器(D)を経由して循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に循環させる、超電導部材(E)の冷却方法において、
冷却媒体の循環ポンプ(B)吐出側から冷凍機(C)と断熱容器(D)を経由して循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)では、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド温度(T1)、断熱容器(D)入口の冷却媒体温度(T2)、断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)、及び冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の間には、T1<T2<T3≦T4となる関係が形成されるので、
(イ)前記主循環系(R0)に、下記(i)ないし(iii)の中から選択された少なくとも1又は2以上の副循環系(R1、R2、R3)を配設し、
(i)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内に分流して貯蔵容器(A)内経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R1)、
(ii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より下部の液相部に配設された熱交換器(E1)に分流して熱交換器(E1)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R2)、
(iii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より上部の気相部に配設された熱交換器(E2)に分流して熱交換器(E2)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R3)、
(ロ)かつ、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)を上記冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも高く維持して、
超電導部材(E)における冷却負荷が一時的に減少して断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)が低下し、コールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいたときに、
断熱容器(D)出口から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)の冷却媒体の一部を前記副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流させて、貯蔵容器(A)内の温度(T5)の冷却媒体との混合又は間接熱交換により冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度を上昇させ、冷凍機(C)において冷却された冷却媒体が凝固するのを防止することを特徴とする超電導部材(E)の冷却方法。
That is, the gist of the present invention is the invention described in the following (1) to (5).
(1) At least the refrigerator (C) from the circulation pump (B) discharge side by means of a circulation pump (B) in which a cooling medium pipe is disposed on the suction side from the cooling medium storage container (A), In the cooling method of the superconducting member (E), the superconducting member (E) is circulated to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat insulating container (D) containing the superconducting member (E).
In the main circulation system (R0) returning from the cooling medium circulation pump (B) discharge side to the circulation pump (B) suction side via the refrigerator (C) and the heat insulating container (D), the cold of the refrigerator (C) Head temperature (T 1 ), cooling medium temperature (T 2 ) at the inlet of the insulating container (D), cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the insulating container (D), and cooling medium temperature supplied to the refrigerator (C) ( T 4 ), a relationship of T 1 <T 2 <T 3 ≦ T 4 is formed.
(B) At least one or two or more auxiliary circulation systems (R1, R2, R3) selected from the following (i) to (iii) are disposed in the main circulation system (R0),
(I) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) in the main circulation system to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the storage container (A), and the circulation pump is passed through the storage container (A). (B) Subcirculatory system (R1) returning to the suction side,
(Ii) A part of the cooling medium circulated from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the liquid phase portion below the cooling medium liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R2) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E1) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E1),
(Iii) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the gas phase part above the liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R3) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E2) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E2),
(B) and maintaining the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ),
When the cooling load on the superconducting member (E) temporarily decreases, the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) decreases, and the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium. ,
A part of the cooling medium of the main circulation system (R0) returning from the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the auxiliary circulation system (R1, R2, or R3), and the storage container (A The temperature of the cooling medium (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) is increased by mixing or indirect heat exchange with the cooling medium of the temperature (T 5 ) in the cooling), and the cooling cooled in the refrigerator (C) A method of cooling a superconducting member (E), wherein the medium is prevented from solidifying.
(2)断熱容器(D)出口から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)の冷却媒体の一部を前記副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流させる手段が、(i)断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)に至る貯蔵容器(A)と合流する部分の上流側に配設された三方弁からなるバルブユニット(V1)、又は(ii)前記分岐後の副循環系及び/もしくは主循環系に配設されたバルブユニット(V2)であることを特徴とする、前記(1)に記載の超電導部材(D)の冷却方法。
(3)前記冷凍機(A)のコールドヘッド温度検出手段からの信号に基づき、前記バルブユニット(V1又はV2)を作動させて主循環系(R0)の冷却媒体の一部を副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流させることにより冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度を上昇させることを特徴とする、前記(1)又は(2)に記載の超電導部材(D)の冷却方法。
(4)前記貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)を、平常運転時において副循環系(R1)、副循環系(R2)又は副循環系(R3)を利用して、断続的に冷却することにより制御することを特徴とする、前記(1)ないし(3)のいずれかの1に記載の超電導部材(E)の冷却方法。
(5)前記冷却媒体が液体窒素であり、かつ貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)が、平常時の運転において断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも6℃以上高いことを特徴とする、前記(1)ないし(4)のいずれかの1に記載の超電導部材(E)の冷却方法。
(2) Means for diverting a part of the cooling medium of the main circulation system (R0) returning from the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side to the auxiliary circulation system (R1, R2, or R3), (I) a valve unit (V1) composed of a three-way valve disposed upstream of a portion joining the storage container (A) from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B), or (ii) after the branching The superconducting member (D) cooling method according to (1), wherein the valve unit (V2) is disposed in the secondary circulation system and / or the main circulation system.
(3) Based on the signal from the cold head temperature detection means of the refrigerator (A), the valve unit (V1 or V2) is operated to partially transfer the cooling medium of the main circulation system (R0) to the auxiliary circulation system ( The cooling method of the superconducting member (D) according to the above (1) or (2), wherein the temperature of the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) is increased by diverting it to R1, R2, or R3).
(4) The cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) is intermittently used during normal operation using the auxiliary circulation system (R1), auxiliary circulation system (R2), or auxiliary circulation system (R3). The method of cooling a superconducting member (E) according to any one of the above (1) to (3), characterized in that the control is carried out by cooling in an automatic manner.
(5) The cooling medium is liquid nitrogen, and the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) is higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) in normal operation. The method of cooling a superconducting member (E) according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the temperature is higher by 6 ° C or more.
上記(1)に記載の「超電導部材の冷却方法」は、冷却媒体の凝固を防止するために、簡易且つ安定して超電導部材を冷却することのできる超電導部材の冷却方法である。
上記(2)に記載の「超電導部材の冷却方法」は、冷却媒体を分流させるに有効な手段であり、該バルブユニットの操作により、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)を確実に上昇させることが出来る。
上記(3)に記載の「超電導部材の冷却方法」は、冷凍機(A)のコールドヘッドの冷却媒体温度(T1)、を検出して、該検出信号により冷却媒体を分流させるので、冷凍機(A)のコールドヘッド部での冷却媒体の凝固を確実に防止することが出来る。
上記(4)に記載の「超電導部材の冷却方法」は、必要に応じて冷却媒体を収容している貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体の冷却も併せて可能である。
上記(5)に記載の「超電導部材の冷却方法」は、冷却媒体として液体窒素を用い、かつ貯蔵容器(A)内の温度(T5)と断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)との差を6℃以上であることにより、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)を効率よく上昇することが出来る。
The “superconducting member cooling method” described in the above (1) is a superconducting member cooling method capable of cooling the superconducting member simply and stably in order to prevent the cooling medium from solidifying.
The “superconducting member cooling method” described in (2) is an effective means for diverting the cooling medium, and the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) by operating the valve unit. Can be raised reliably.
The “superconducting member cooling method” described in the above (3) detects the cooling medium temperature (T 1 ) of the cold head of the refrigerator (A) and diverts the cooling medium according to the detection signal. Solidification of the cooling medium at the cold head portion of the machine (A) can be reliably prevented.
The “cooling method of the superconducting member” described in (4) above can also cool the cooling medium in the storage container (A) containing the cooling medium as necessary.
The “cooling method of the superconducting member” described in (5) above uses liquid nitrogen as the cooling medium, and the temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) and the cooling medium temperature (T) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D). When the difference from 3 ) is 6 ° C. or higher, the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) can be increased efficiently.
本発明の「超電導部材(E)の冷却方法」は、
冷却媒体の貯蔵容器(A)から吸入側に冷却媒体配管が配設されている循環ポンプ(B)により、冷却媒体を循環ポンプ(B)吐出側から少なくとも冷凍機(C)と、超電導部材(E)が収容された断熱容器(D)を経由して循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に循環させる、超電導部材(E)の冷却方法において、
冷却媒体の循環ポンプ(B)吐出側から冷凍機(C)と断熱容器(D)を経由して循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)では、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド温度(T1)、断熱容器(D)入口の冷却媒体温度(T2)、断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)、及び冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の間には、T1<T2<T3≦T4となる関係が形成されるので、
(イ)前記主循環系(R0)に、下記(i)ないし(iii)の中から選択された少なくとも1又は2以上の副循環系(R1、R2、R3)を配設し、
(i)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内に分流して貯蔵容器(A)内経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R1)、
(ii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より下部の液相部に配設された熱交換器(E1)に分流して熱交換器(E1)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R2)、
(iii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より上部の気相部に配設された熱交換器(E2)に分流して熱交換器(E2)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R3)、
(ロ)かつ、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)を上記冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも高く維持して、
超電導部材(E)における冷却負荷が一時的に減少して断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)が低下し、コールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいたときに、
断熱容器(D)出口から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)の冷却媒体の一部を前記副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流させて、貯蔵容器(A)内の温度(T5)の冷却媒体との混合又は間接熱交換により冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度を上昇させ、冷凍機(C)において冷却された冷却媒体が凝固するのを防止することを特徴とする。
以下、本発明について詳述する。
尚、以下、本発明のおける貯蔵容器(A)、循環ポンプ(B)、冷凍機(C)、断熱容器(D)、及び熱交換器(E1、E2、E3)等を併せて冷却装置ということがある。
又、主循環系と副循環系とを併せて循環系ということがある。
The “superconducting member (E) cooling method” of the present invention is:
A circulation pump (B) in which a cooling medium pipe is disposed on the suction side from the cooling medium storage container (A), and at least the refrigerator (C) and the superconducting member (C) from the circulation pump (B) discharge side. In the cooling method of the superconducting member (E), which circulates to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat insulating container (D) containing E),
In the main circulation system (R0) returning from the cooling medium circulation pump (B) discharge side to the circulation pump (B) suction side via the refrigerator (C) and the heat insulating container (D), the cold of the refrigerator (C) Head temperature (T 1 ), cooling medium temperature (T 2 ) at the inlet of the insulating container (D), cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the insulating container (D), and cooling medium temperature supplied to the refrigerator (C) ( T 4 ), a relationship of T 1 <T 2 <T 3 ≦ T 4 is formed.
(B) At least one or two or more auxiliary circulation systems (R1, R2, R3) selected from the following (i) to (iii) are disposed in the main circulation system (R0),
(I) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) in the main circulation system to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the storage container (A), and the circulation pump is passed through the storage container (A). (B) Subcirculatory system (R1) returning to the suction side,
(Ii) A part of the cooling medium circulated from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the liquid phase portion below the cooling medium liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R2) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E1) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E1),
(Iii) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the gas phase part above the liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R3) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E2) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E2),
(B) and maintaining the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ),
When the cooling load on the superconducting member (E) temporarily decreases, the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) decreases, and the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium. ,
A part of the cooling medium of the main circulation system (R0) returning from the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the auxiliary circulation system (R1, R2, or R3), and the storage container (A The temperature of the cooling medium (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) is increased by mixing or indirect heat exchange with the cooling medium of the temperature (T 5 ) in the cooling), and the cooling cooled in the refrigerator (C) It is characterized by preventing the medium from solidifying.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
Hereinafter, the storage container (A), the circulation pump (B), the refrigerator (C), the heat insulating container (D), the heat exchangers (E1, E2, E3) and the like according to the present invention are collectively referred to as a cooling device. Sometimes.
Further, the main circulation system and the secondary circulation system may be collectively referred to as a circulation system.
〔1〕本発明の冷却媒体について
前記超電導部材(E)は、通常、断熱容器(D)中に収容され冷却媒体により冷却されるが、超電導部材は稼動時に一定の発熱を伴うので、通常冷凍機で過冷却状態に冷却された冷却媒体を断熱容器(D)に循環させて冷却される。超電導コイルなどの超電導部材(E)、特に高温超電導を利用した超電導部材を冷却する冷却媒体として、ヘリウム、水素、ネオン、窒素、空気、アルゴン、及び酸素等の低温液化ガスが挙げられるが、本発明において、前記超電導部材(E)を超電導状態に維持するのに必要な温度に冷却できる流体であればこれらのいずれの冷却媒体も使用可能である。表1にヘリウム、水素、ネオン、窒素、空気、アルゴン、及び酸素の大気圧下における、沸点と凝固点を示す。
[1] About the cooling medium of the present invention The superconducting member (E) is usually housed in a heat insulating container (D) and cooled by the cooling medium. However, since the superconducting member generates a certain amount of heat during operation, The cooling medium cooled to the supercooled state by the machine is circulated through the heat insulating container (D) to be cooled. As a cooling medium for cooling a superconducting member (E) such as a superconducting coil, particularly a superconducting member utilizing high-temperature superconductivity, low-temperature liquefied gases such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, air, argon, and oxygen can be cited. In the invention, any of these cooling media can be used as long as the fluid can be cooled to a temperature necessary to maintain the superconducting member (E) in a superconducting state. Table 1 shows boiling points and freezing points of helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, air, argon, and oxygen under atmospheric pressure.
(i)液体ヘリウム、液体水素、及び液体ネオン
ヘリウムの常圧下での沸点は約4.2K(−268.9346℃)であり、凝固点が絶対零度に近いので、最も低温まで冷却可能な冷却媒体である。一方、26×101325Pa(尚、以下に記載する圧力は特に説明がない限り絶対圧を示すものとする。また、101325Paは1atmに相当する。)での融点は0.8K(−272.2℃)である。
また、希少資源であるので高価である。水素は常圧下での沸点は約20.3Kと低いが、取り扱い上問題点がある。ネオンは常圧下での沸点は約27.0と低いが、希少資源であるので高価である。
(I) Liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, and liquid neon Helium has a boiling point under atmospheric pressure of about 4.2 K (−268.9346 ° C.) and has a freezing point close to absolute zero, so that it can be cooled to the lowest temperature. It is. On the other hand, the melting point at 26 × 101325 Pa (note that the pressure described below indicates an absolute pressure unless otherwise specified, and 101325 Pa corresponds to 1 atm) is 0.8K (−272.2 ° C. ).
Moreover, since it is a scarce resource, it is expensive. Hydrogen has a low boiling point of about 20.3 K under normal pressure, but has a problem in handling. Neon has a low boiling point of about 27.0 under normal pressure, but is expensive because it is a scarce resource.
(ii)液体窒素
窒素は、は常圧下での沸点は約77.4K(−195.8℃)であり、63.2K(−209.9℃)で凝固する。液体窒素は、入手の容易性と取扱性、及び相対的に低価格である点から、一般に広く用いられている。
ところで高温超電導部材においては、若干でも温度が下がれば、超電導特性が大幅に向上することが知られている。具体例として、臨界電流が77Kから70Kに下がっただけでも数倍に大きくなる。従って、大気圧下での飽和温度よりも低い温度(すなわち大気圧下での過冷却温度)の液体窒素等を用いて超電導部材を冷却することが望ましい。例えば、小型超低温冷凍機によって液体窒素を大気圧下での過冷却温度、例えば65Kまで冷却し、得られた大気圧下での過冷却温度の液体窒素で超電導部材を冷却できることが望ましい。
液体窒素の飽和温度は、5×101325Paで93k、2×101325Paで83k、1×101325Pa(常圧)で77kと圧力が低いほど低くなる。また、供給する冷媒は、循環による圧力損失分と温度上昇分を見越した過冷却状態にする必要がある。
(Ii) Liquid nitrogen Nitrogen has a boiling point of about 77.4 K (-195.8 ° C.) under normal pressure, and solidifies at 63.2 K (−209.9 ° C.). Liquid nitrogen is generally widely used because it is easily available, easy to handle, and relatively inexpensive.
By the way, in a high-temperature superconducting member, it is known that the superconducting characteristics will be greatly improved if the temperature is slightly lowered. As a specific example, even if the critical current is lowered from 77K to 70K, it becomes several times larger. Therefore, it is desirable to cool the superconducting member using liquid nitrogen or the like at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature under atmospheric pressure (that is, the supercooling temperature under atmospheric pressure). For example, it is desirable that liquid nitrogen can be cooled to a supercooling temperature under atmospheric pressure, for example, 65 K, using a small ultra-low temperature refrigerator, and the superconducting member can be cooled with the obtained liquid nitrogen at a supercooling temperature under atmospheric pressure.
The saturation temperature of liquid nitrogen is 93 k at 5 × 101325 Pa, 83 k at 2 × 101325 Pa, 77 k at 1 × 101325 Pa (normal pressure), and becomes lower as the pressure is lower. In addition, the refrigerant to be supplied needs to be in a supercooled state in anticipation of the pressure loss due to circulation and the temperature rise.
(iii)空気
液体空気は常圧下での沸点が79K、凝固点が55.0Kである。沸点と凝固点の差が24.0℃と比較的大きく、且つ低い凝固点を有しているので、冷却媒体として好適に使用できる。
尚、冷却媒体が混合液体であるので長期間の使用により、比揮発度の違いから徐々に冷却媒体中の酸素濃度が高くなる可能性があるので、設計上留意する必要がある。
(iv)液体アルゴン
アルゴンは、常圧下での沸点が約87.3Kで、凝固点は83.8Kと比較的高い。沸点と凝固点の差が3.5℃と比較的小さい。大気中に窒素、酸素の次に存在するが窒素と酸素に比較すると高価であり、また沸点と凝固点の双方が窒素より高いので有用性は高くない。
(v)液体酸素
液体酸素は、常圧下での沸点が90.2Kと比較的高い沸点を有しているが、凝固点が54.3Kの比較的低いため、物性的には冷凍機などで冷却して液体として用いることが考えられる。しかし、液体酸素は液体水素と同様に取り扱い上の問題点がある。
(Iii) Air Liquid air has a boiling point of 79K under normal pressure and a freezing point of 55.0K. Since the difference between the boiling point and the freezing point is relatively large at 24.0 ° C. and has a low freezing point, it can be suitably used as a cooling medium.
Note that since the cooling medium is a mixed liquid, the oxygen concentration in the cooling medium may gradually increase due to the difference in relative volatility due to long-term use.
(Iv) Liquid argon Argon has a boiling point of about 87.3K under normal pressure and a relatively high freezing point of 83.8K. The difference between boiling point and freezing point is relatively small at 3.5 ° C. Although it exists next to nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere, it is more expensive than nitrogen and oxygen, and its usefulness is not high because both its boiling point and freezing point are higher than that of nitrogen.
(V) Liquid oxygen Liquid oxygen has a relatively high boiling point of 90.2K under normal pressure, but its freezing point is relatively low at 54.3K. Therefore, it can be considered to be used as a liquid. However, liquid oxygen has a problem in handling like liquid hydrogen.
上記冷却媒体のいずれも、冷媒は導体を超電導状態に維持するのに必要な温度に冷却できる流体であれば使用可能であり、沸点と凝固点はいずれも低い方が好ましく、また冷却媒体を用いて超電導部材を冷却する際には過冷却状態とするのが有利であるが凝固温度以下とならないように冷却媒体の温度を制御する必要がある。従って、沸点と凝固点の温度差は大きい方が望ましい。
上記の点から、冷却温度が64〜77Kの範囲である場合には液体窒素が極めて有用であり、また、1〜4K程度の冷却温度が必要とされる場合には液体ヘリウムが有用である。
Any of the above cooling media can be used as long as the refrigerant is a fluid that can be cooled to a temperature necessary to maintain the conductor in a superconducting state, and both the boiling point and the freezing point are preferably low. When cooling the superconducting member, it is advantageous to make it supercooled, but it is necessary to control the temperature of the cooling medium so that it does not fall below the solidification temperature. Therefore, it is desirable that the temperature difference between the boiling point and the freezing point is large.
From the above points, liquid nitrogen is extremely useful when the cooling temperature is in the range of 64 to 77K, and liquid helium is useful when a cooling temperature of about 1 to 4K is required.
〔2〕本発明の「冷却装置」について
以下に、本発明の貯蔵容器(A)、循環ポンプ(B)、冷凍機(C)、断熱容器(D)、超電導部材(E)、及び熱交換器(E1、E2)等について図2〜5を用いて説明する。
(1)超電導部材(E)
本発明における超電導部材(E)は、超電導モータ、コイル、発電機、変圧器、送電線等などの超電導部材、またリニアモータカー、核磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)、超伝導磁気エネルギー貯蔵(SMES)、超伝導量子干渉計(QUID)等の超電導部材であり、液体窒素等の低温液化ガスによって低温に冷却・維持されて、超電導効果が発揮されるものである。
[2] About “Cooling Device” of the Present Invention Hereinafter, the storage container (A), the circulation pump (B), the refrigerator (C), the heat insulating container (D), the superconducting member (E), and the heat exchange of the present invention. The containers (E1, E2) will be described with reference to FIGS.
(1) Superconducting member (E)
The superconducting member (E) in the present invention is a superconducting member such as a superconducting motor, coil, generator, transformer, power transmission line, etc., linear motor car, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). A superconducting member such as a superconducting quantum interferometer (QUID), which is cooled and maintained at a low temperature by a low-temperature liquefied gas such as liquid nitrogen and exhibits a superconducting effect.
(2)断熱容器(D)
本発明において、断熱容器(D)は、超電導部材(E)を収容する容器であり、また、断熱容器(D)には冷却媒体を供給する配管と、断熱容器(D)から冷却媒体を回収する回収配管とが設けられている。尚、断熱容器(D)の形状は特に限定されるものではなく、超電導部材(E)の形状と機能に対応させた形状であればよい。例えば、高温超伝導マグネット及び変圧器等はボックス状の断熱容器(D)内に収納することができ、高温超伝導ケーブルの場合には配管形状内に該ケーブルを収容することが出来る。
断熱容器(D)には過冷却された冷却媒体が冷凍機(C)から常時流入して、循環ポンプ(B)の吸入側に流出しており、一方断熱容器(D)中には超電導部材(E)が浸漬されていて超電導部材を冷却・保持している。冷却媒体として例えば液体窒素を使用する場合には、超電導部材(E)を例えば好ましくは64〜70K、より好ましくは64〜69、更に好ましくは64〜68K程度に冷却することができる。
断熱容器(D)は、外周壁部および底壁部を真空断熱構造とするのが好ましい。また冷却媒体の流入と流出を除いて、外部と遮断された隙間のない、シールされた構造となっていて、断熱容器(D)内の圧力は冷凍機(B)の吸入側の配管を経由して貯蔵容器(A)内と連通していることが好ましい。この場合、断熱容器(D)の圧力は、貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力に影響される。
尚、冷却媒体が流れる配管において、断熱容器(D)と循環ポンプ(B)との間に流量調節弁等が設けられている場合には、断熱容器(D)の上部に安全弁を設けておいてその噴出口を貯蔵容器(A)の気相部とすることができる。
(2) Insulated container (D)
In the present invention, the heat insulating container (D) is a container for accommodating the superconducting member (E), and the cooling medium is recovered from the heat insulating container (D) by piping for supplying the cooling medium and the heat insulating container (D). And a recovery pipe to be provided. The shape of the heat insulating container (D) is not particularly limited as long as it corresponds to the shape and function of the superconducting member (E). For example, a high-temperature superconducting magnet and a transformer can be housed in a box-shaped heat insulating container (D). In the case of a high-temperature superconducting cable, the cable can be housed in a pipe shape.
The supercooled cooling medium always flows from the refrigerator (C) into the heat insulating container (D) and flows out to the suction side of the circulation pump (B), while the superconducting member is in the heat insulating container (D). (E) is immersed to cool and hold the superconducting member. For example, when liquid nitrogen is used as the cooling medium, the superconducting member (E) can be cooled to, for example, preferably about 64-70K, more preferably about 64-69, and still more preferably about 64-68K.
The heat insulating container (D) preferably has a vacuum heat insulating structure at the outer peripheral wall portion and the bottom wall portion. Moreover, except for the inflow and outflow of the cooling medium, it has a sealed structure without a gap that is cut off from the outside, and the pressure in the heat insulating container (D) passes through the piping on the suction side of the refrigerator (B). And it is preferable to communicate with the inside of the storage container (A). In this case, the pressure in the heat insulating container (D) is affected by the pressure in the storage container (A).
In addition, when the flow rate control valve etc. are provided between the heat insulation container (D) and the circulation pump (B) in the piping through which the cooling medium flows, a safety valve is provided above the heat insulation container (D). And the jet outlet can be used as the gas phase part of the storage container (A).
断熱容器(D)内の冷却媒体の部分的な滞留等により生ずる温度差(温度分布)を少なくするためには、冷却媒体を断熱容器(D)の下部側から流入させて、相対する側の上部側から流出させるのが好ましい。
例えば、65Kの過冷却状態の液体窒素によって超電導部材(E)が例えば67〜70K程度に冷却・維持される。また超電導部材(E)内において超電導部材(E)からの熱などによって例えば70K程度以上に温度上昇した液体窒素は、循環ポンプ(B)の吸入側から該ポンプの吐出圧により冷凍機(C)で冷却されて供給側断熱容器(D)に循環される。
In order to reduce the temperature difference (temperature distribution) caused by partial stagnation of the cooling medium in the heat insulating container (D), the cooling medium is allowed to flow from the lower side of the heat insulating container (D) and It is preferable to flow out from the upper side.
For example, the superconducting member (E) is cooled and maintained at about 67 to 70K, for example, with 65K supercooled liquid nitrogen. Also, the liquid nitrogen whose temperature has risen to, for example, about 70 K or more due to heat from the superconducting member (E) in the superconducting member (E) is supplied to the refrigerator (C) by the discharge pressure of the pump from the suction side of the circulation pump (B). And is circulated to the supply side heat insulating container (D).
(3)循環ポンプ(B)
冷却媒体は、循環ポンプ(B)により加圧して循環され、その吐出圧は必要により循環ポンプ(B)の吐出側から吸入側へのバイパスバルブによって調整される。冷却媒体の循環系において、往路と復路では圧力損失により冷媒の圧力が異なるため、循環ポンプ(B)はこの低下分を考慮してもなお必要流量の得られるものを用いる。特に、送電線等などの冷却媒体の流れで圧力損失の大きい場合には、それを考慮した(5〜10)×101325Pa程度の吐出圧を維持することが必要とされる場合が多い。
循環ポンプ(B)の型式としてはレシプロポンプ、ターボポンプ、ラインポンプ(ターボ式)等の使用が可能である。
通常、貯蔵容器内の圧力は大気圧レベルであり、送電線等などの冷却媒体のながれの圧力損失の大きい場合には、(5〜10)×101325Pa(1atm)程度に維持される場合が多い。
(3) Circulation pump (B)
The cooling medium is pressurized and circulated by the circulation pump (B), and the discharge pressure is adjusted by a bypass valve from the discharge side to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) as necessary. In the circulating system of the cooling medium, the pressure of the refrigerant differs depending on the pressure loss in the forward path and the backward path, and therefore, the circulation pump (B) that can still obtain the necessary flow rate is used even when this decrease is taken into account. In particular, when the pressure loss is large due to the flow of a cooling medium such as a power transmission line, it is often necessary to maintain a discharge pressure of about (5 to 10) × 101325 Pa in consideration thereof.
As the type of the circulation pump (B), a reciprocating pump, a turbo pump, a line pump (turbo type), or the like can be used.
Usually, the pressure in the storage container is at an atmospheric pressure level, and when the pressure loss of the flow of a cooling medium such as a power transmission line is large, it is often maintained at (5-10) × 101325 Pa (1 atm). .
(4)冷凍機(C)
本発明において、冷却媒体を過冷却状態に冷却するのに使用する冷凍機(C)は、表1に記載する冷却媒体等に使用可能なものであれば、特に制限されるものではなく、公知のGM冷凍機、パルスチューブ冷凍機、スターリング冷凍機、タービン式冷凍機等を用いることができる。
冷凍機(C)は、商用電源を用いて動作するように設計されているのが好ましい。また、その運転は基本的にオンオフ制御のみで行うものはメンテナンスも容易であり、メンテナンスフリーで36ヶ月程度の連続運転が可能となるので本発明で使用する冷凍機に特に適している。この場合、本発明に置ける超電導部材(E)の冷却負荷の変動に拘わらず、消費電力一定の運転がなされている。
上記に例示した冷凍機においては流入してくる冷却媒体は通常コールドヘッド(冷凍部)部で冷却されるので、コールドヘッド部の温度は熱電対等により検出して、監視するのが望ましい。
冷凍機(C)内の冷却媒体が接触する部分で最も低温部分はコールドヘッド部となるので、循環される冷却媒体が凝固点以下になるのを防止するためには該コールドヘッド部の温度を冷却媒体の凝固点以下としないように制御することが重要である。
(4) Refrigerator (C)
In the present invention, the refrigerator (C) used for cooling the cooling medium to a supercooled state is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for the cooling medium described in Table 1, and the like. GM refrigerators, pulse tube refrigerators, Stirling refrigerators, turbine refrigerators, and the like can be used.
The refrigerator (C) is preferably designed to operate using a commercial power source. In addition, since the operation is basically performed only by the on / off control, the maintenance is easy, and it is possible to perform the continuous operation for about 36 months without maintenance, which is particularly suitable for the refrigerator used in the present invention. In this case, operation with constant power consumption is performed regardless of the change in the cooling load of the superconducting member (E) according to the present invention.
In the refrigeration machine exemplified above, the inflowing cooling medium is normally cooled by the cold head (refrigeration unit), and therefore it is desirable to detect and monitor the temperature of the cold head by a thermocouple or the like.
The coldest part of the refrigerator (C) where the cooling medium comes into contact is the cold head part. Therefore, in order to prevent the circulating cooling medium from becoming below the freezing point, the temperature of the cold head part is cooled. It is important to control so that it does not fall below the freezing point of the medium.
冷却媒体として液体窒素を使用する場合には、コールドヘッドの温度は、大気圧下での飽和液体窒素温度(77K程度)よりも低い温度、例えば65K程度まで温度降下されるように設定することが望ましい。また、冷凍機(C)においては、通常冷却媒体の顕熱、流入量及び温度差の積から算出される一定の熱容量分が冷凍機における冷却の基準となるので、冷凍機(C)に流入してくる冷却媒体の温度管理も重要である。
冷凍機(C)の冷凍能力は、定常運転時における超電導部材(E)の発熱量に見合う冷却熱量としてバランスさせる熱量の他、断熱容器(D)、循環ポンプ(B)、及び配管等の外部からの伝熱も考慮して設計される必要がある。
尚、超電導部材(E)を冷却し始める際に、1台の冷凍機(C)では所定の冷却温度に到達させるのに長時間要する場合には、バックアップの冷凍機を設置しておき、2台の冷凍機を並列に運転させることにより対応することが可能となる。
When liquid nitrogen is used as the cooling medium, the temperature of the cold head may be set so that the temperature is lowered to a temperature lower than the saturated liquid nitrogen temperature (about 77K) under atmospheric pressure, for example, about 65K. desirable. In the refrigerator (C), since a constant heat capacity calculated from the product of the sensible heat, the inflow amount and the temperature difference of the normal cooling medium is a reference for cooling in the refrigerator, it flows into the refrigerator (C). It is also important to manage the temperature of the cooling medium.
The refrigeration capacity of the refrigerator (C) is not only the amount of heat balanced as the amount of cooling heat corresponding to the amount of heat generated by the superconducting member (E) during steady operation, but also the outside of the heat insulating container (D), the circulation pump (B), piping, etc. It is necessary to design in consideration of heat transfer from.
When starting cooling the superconducting member (E), if a single refrigerator (C) takes a long time to reach a predetermined cooling temperature, a backup refrigerator is installed. This can be handled by operating the refrigerators in parallel.
(5)貯蔵容器(A)
本発明において、貯蔵容器(A)は、超電導部材の冷却に使用される冷却媒体の貯蔵用(バックアップ用)の容器であるが、また、該冷却媒体を温度管理して循環系における冷却媒体が凝固を防止目的にも利用することができる。
以下、経済性及び物性の点から実用上優位性の高い、液体窒素を用いた場合について説明する。尚、液体窒素の使用は例示であり、本発明の冷却媒体が液体窒素に限定されるものではない。
液体窒素は、配管、タンクロリー、ボンベ等から貯蔵容器(A)に受け入れられて、通常大気圧もしくは大気圧より若干高い圧力のもとで冷却されて保存される。
貯蔵容器(A)は、例えば、内槽はオーステナイト系(18−8)ステンレス、外槽は高張力鋼又はステンレス鋼等の超真空断熱構造とすることが出来る。
(5) Storage container (A)
In the present invention, the storage container (A) is a container for storing (backup) a cooling medium used for cooling the superconducting member, and the cooling medium in the circulation system is controlled by controlling the temperature of the cooling medium. It can also be used for the purpose of preventing coagulation.
Hereinafter, the case of using liquid nitrogen, which is highly practically advantageous from the viewpoints of economy and physical properties, will be described. In addition, use of liquid nitrogen is an illustration and the cooling medium of this invention is not limited to liquid nitrogen.
Liquid nitrogen is received in the storage container (A) from piping, tank lorries, cylinders, etc., and is usually cooled and stored under atmospheric pressure or slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.
The storage container (A) can have, for example, an austenitic (18-8) stainless steel for the inner tank and an ultra-vacuum heat insulating structure such as high-tensile steel or stainless steel for the outer tank.
(i)圧力制御
貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力は、冷却媒体の飽和蒸気圧温度を支配することになるので一定圧力に制御する必要がある。貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力は、循環ポンプ(B)の吸引側の配管を経由して断熱容器(D)と連通しているので、貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力制御は、断熱容器(D)内の圧力をも制御することになる。
また、貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力制御手段を設けておかないと、循環ポンプ(B)により一定した吐出圧力で一定流量の過冷却冷媒を循環させるのに不都合を生ずる場合がある。
循環系の冷却媒体の圧力が上昇すると該冷却媒体は貯蔵容器(A)に逆流するとともに、冷却装置全体の圧力が上昇する。冷却装置の内圧が所定以上になるのを防止するため、冷却媒体を大気放出して系全体の内圧を下げる必要がある。大気放出は、通常、気体で放出されるが、液体窒素が気化する際に多量の潜熱を奪うので、大気放出されると貯蔵容器(A)内の液体窒素の温度は低下し、その結果貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力は低下する。
(I) Pressure control Since the pressure in the storage container (A) dominates the saturated vapor pressure temperature of the cooling medium, it is necessary to control to a constant pressure. Since the pressure in the storage container (A) communicates with the heat insulation container (D) via the piping on the suction side of the circulation pump (B), the pressure control in the storage container (A) The pressure in D) is also controlled.
Further, if the pressure control means in the storage container (A) is not provided, there may be a problem in circulating the supercooled refrigerant at a constant flow rate with a constant discharge pressure by the circulation pump (B).
When the pressure of the cooling medium in the circulation system increases, the cooling medium flows back to the storage container (A) and the pressure of the entire cooling device increases. In order to prevent the internal pressure of the cooling device from exceeding a predetermined level, it is necessary to release the cooling medium to the atmosphere to lower the internal pressure of the entire system. Atmospheric release is usually released as a gas, but when liquid nitrogen is vaporized, it loses a large amount of latent heat. Therefore, when released into the atmosphere, the temperature of liquid nitrogen in the storage container (A) decreases, resulting in storage. The pressure in the container (A) decreases.
本発明において、貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力制御方法は特に限定されるものではなく、通常行われている、安全弁を使用した圧力制御が可能である。すなわち、貯蔵容器(A)の気相部に設置された安全弁を所定の圧力に設定しておき、貯蔵容器(A)の内部圧力が設定圧力以上に上昇した場合に安全弁を作動させて、設定圧力以上になるのを防止することが出来る。
超電導部材(E)もしくは断熱容器(D)の使用事情により、断熱容器(D)内を一定の加圧状態に維持する必要がある場合、又は貯蔵容器(A)内が負圧になるのを防止するために、貯蔵容器(A)の圧力を一定の加圧状態、例えば大気圧〜1気圧程度、又は5〜10気圧程度に維持する必要がある場合には、窒素ガスより凝縮温度が低い供給ガス(G)を導入して大気圧もしくは大気圧より若干高い圧力を加えた状態に維持することが可能である。供給ガス(G)は、本発明の冷却媒体よりも沸点や三重点が低いものを用いる。本発明の冷却媒体と三重点が同等以上の供給ガス(G)に用いれば、冷却により供給ガス(G)が液化又は凍結することになり、好ましくない。
本発明において、冷却媒体に液体窒素を用いた場合に、供給ガス(G)としてヘリウムガスを使用することができる。また、貯蔵容器(A)内が負圧の際に大気から空気を導入して負圧を防止するのは大気中の水分、酸素、炭酸ガス等を吸い込むおそれがあり好ましくない。
In the present invention, the pressure control method in the storage container (A) is not particularly limited, and pressure control using a safety valve, which is normally performed, is possible. That is, the safety valve installed in the gas phase part of the storage container (A) is set to a predetermined pressure, and when the internal pressure of the storage container (A) rises above the set pressure, the safety valve is operated to set It is possible to prevent the pressure from being exceeded.
When it is necessary to maintain the inside of the heat insulation container (D) at a constant pressurization state due to the use situation of the superconducting member (E) or the heat insulation container (D), or the inside of the storage container (A) becomes a negative pressure. In order to prevent this, the condensation temperature is lower than that of nitrogen gas when it is necessary to maintain the pressure of the storage container (A) at a constant pressure, for example, from atmospheric pressure to 1 atmospheric pressure, or from 5 to 10 atmospheric pressure. The supply gas (G) can be introduced and maintained at a state where an atmospheric pressure or a pressure slightly higher than the atmospheric pressure is applied. As the supply gas (G), one having a boiling point or a triple point lower than that of the cooling medium of the present invention is used. If the cooling medium of the present invention is used for a supply gas (G) having a triple point equal to or higher than that, the supply gas (G) is liquefied or frozen by cooling, which is not preferable.
In the present invention, when liquid nitrogen is used as the cooling medium, helium gas can be used as the supply gas (G). Further, it is not preferable to introduce air from the atmosphere to prevent negative pressure when the inside of the storage container (A) is at a negative pressure because moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide gas, etc. in the atmosphere may be sucked.
(ii)冷却媒体の温度制御
断熱容器(D)内に収容されている超電導部材(E)の機能を有効に発揮させるためには、冷却温度は低い方が望ましいが、一方冷却媒体が表1に示すような凝固点以下になって凝固するのを防止する必要がある。従って、循環系の冷却媒体をできるだけ低めに設定する一方、冷却媒体が凝固点以下になるのを防止する手段が必要である。
そのために、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体を相対的に高め維持しておくと、超伝導機器等の発熱量が減少して、一次的に冷凍機(C)の冷却容量が該発熱量を上回って、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド部における冷却媒体がその凝固点に近づいたときに、貯蔵容器(A)内の相対的に高めに維持された冷却媒体により、冷却媒体の直接の混合又は間接熱交換させて、コールドヘッド部における冷却媒体を凝固点以上に上昇させることが可能になる。
(Ii) Temperature control of the cooling medium In order to effectively exhibit the function of the superconducting member (E) accommodated in the heat insulating container (D), it is desirable that the cooling temperature is low. It is necessary to prevent solidification below the freezing point as shown in FIG. Therefore, there is a need for means for setting the cooling medium in the circulation system as low as possible while preventing the cooling medium from becoming below the freezing point.
Therefore, if the cooling medium in the storage container (A) is kept relatively high, the amount of heat generated by the superconducting device or the like is reduced, and the cooling capacity of the refrigerator (C) is temporarily set to the amount of generated heat. When the cooling medium in the cold head part of the refrigerator (C) approaches its freezing point, the cooling medium kept relatively high in the storage container (A) directly mixes the cooling medium. Alternatively, the cooling medium in the cold head can be raised above the freezing point by indirect heat exchange.
貯蔵容器(A)は通常、断熱構造として大気中で保管されるので、放置しておくと、大気との間接熱交換により貯蔵容器(A)の壁から熱が移動して貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度は循環ラインの冷却媒体温度よりも高くなる傾向がある。従って、例えば、貯蔵容器(A)内の圧力がほぼ大気圧で制御される場合に、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度は72〜77K程度、また73〜77K、更に74〜77K程度とすることは可能である。
このような貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体の温度制御は、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体の温度を熱電対等により検出しておき、該冷却媒体の温度が77Kを超える可能性がある場合には、予め副循環(R1、R2、又はR3)を利用して、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体を徐々に冷却することが可能である。
尚、後述するように、本発明において、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体のホールド量は全循環系の冷却媒体のホールド量よりは多量とすることが好ましいので、副循環(R1、R2、又はR3)の流量を相対的に少量として貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体を上記した温度に保つことは可能である。
Since the storage container (A) is normally stored in the atmosphere as a heat insulating structure, if left untreated, heat is transferred from the wall of the storage container (A) by indirect heat exchange with the atmosphere, and the storage container (A) The coolant temperature inside tends to be higher than the coolant temperature in the circulation line. Therefore, for example, when the pressure in the storage container (A) is controlled at almost atmospheric pressure, the cooling medium temperature in the storage container (A) is about 72 to 77K, 73 to 77K, and further about 74 to 77K. It is possible to do.
In such temperature control of the cooling medium in the storage container (A), the temperature of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) is detected by a thermocouple or the like, and the temperature of the cooling medium may exceed 77K. In this case, it is possible to gradually cool the cooling medium in the storage container (A) by using the auxiliary circulation (R1, R2, or R3) in advance.
As will be described later, in the present invention, since the holding amount of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) is preferably larger than the holding amount of the cooling medium in the entire circulation system, the auxiliary circulation (R1, R2,. Alternatively, it is possible to keep the cooling medium in the storage container (A) at the above-described temperature by making the flow rate of R3) relatively small.
(iii)貯蔵容器(A)中の冷却媒体のホールドアップ量
本発明において、貯蔵容器(A)中の冷却媒体のホールドアップ量は多い方が好ましく、ホールドアップ量に特に制限はないが、循環系の冷却媒体のホールドアップ量の2倍以上が好ましく、4倍以上がより好ましい。
(Iii) Hold-up amount of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) In the present invention, it is preferable that the hold-up amount of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) is large, and the hold-up amount is not particularly limited. Two times or more of the hold-up amount of the cooling medium of the system is preferable, and four times or more is more preferable.
(6)熱交換器(E1、E2)
副循環系に配設される熱交換器(E1、E2)は、それぞれ貯蔵容器(A)内の液相部と気相部に設けられるが、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体の液面は変動しうるのでその配設する位置を特に考慮する必要がある。熱交換器(E1)は液相部に設けられるので、貯蔵容器(A)内の相対的に底部に配設することが好ましい。また、熱交換器(E2)は気相部に設けられるので、貯蔵容器(A)の蓋又は上部チャンネル近傍に配設される。
尚、熱交換器(E1、E2)の伝熱面積は、両冷却媒体の温度差、副循環流量、伝熱係数等を考慮して適宜設計しうるが、これらの熱交換器のタイプは特に制限されるものではないが、例えばらせん状のコイルタイプを使用することが出来る。
(6) Heat exchanger (E1, E2)
The heat exchangers (E1, E2) disposed in the auxiliary circulation system are respectively provided in the liquid phase part and the gas phase part in the storage container (A), but the liquid level of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) Since it may fluctuate, it is necessary to take into consideration the position of the arrangement. Since a heat exchanger (E1) is provided in a liquid phase part, it is preferable to arrange | position at the bottom part relatively in a storage container (A). Further, since the heat exchanger (E2) is provided in the gas phase portion, it is disposed near the lid or upper channel of the storage container (A).
The heat transfer area of the heat exchangers (E1, E2) can be appropriately designed in consideration of the temperature difference between the two cooling media, the sub-circulation flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient, etc. The type of these heat exchangers is particularly Although not limited, for example, a helical coil type can be used.
〔3〕本発明の「超電導部材(E)の冷却方法」について
以下に、本発明の循環系、温度制御、流量制御等について図2〜5を用いて説明する。
(1)循環系
本発明における冷却媒体の全循環系は、以下に記載する主循環系と副循環系から構成される。
主循環系は定常時に使用される循環系であり、副循環系は、超電導部材(D)の冷却負荷が一次的に減少した場合、又は貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体の冷却が必要な場合の非定常時に断続的に使用される循環系である。
[3] “Cooling method of superconducting member (E)” of the present invention The circulation system, temperature control, flow control, etc. of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.
(1) Circulation system The total circulation system of the cooling medium in the present invention is composed of a main circulation system and a secondary circulation system described below.
The main circulatory system is a circulatory system used in a steady state, and the auxiliary circulatory system requires cooling of the cooling medium in the storage container (A) when the cooling load of the superconducting member (D) is temporarily reduced. It is a circulatory system that is used intermittently during non-stationary cases.
(1−1)主循環系
本発明において、冷却媒体は、図2〜5に示すように循環ポンプ(B)の吐出圧により冷凍機(C)に送られて冷却され、次に断熱容器(D)内に送られて超電導部材(D)を冷却して昇温され、その後循環ポンプ(B)の吸入側にリサイクルされる。
尚、循環ポンプ(B)の吐出側近傍配管に、冷媒の循環圧力を一定に制御する圧力制御弁(PIC)又は、冷却媒体の流量を一定に保つための流量調節弁(FIC)を設けることで、主循環回系を安定的に制御することができる。
(1-1) Main Circulation System In the present invention, the cooling medium is sent to the refrigerator (C) by the discharge pressure of the circulation pump (B) as shown in FIGS. D), the temperature is raised by cooling the superconducting member (D), and then recycled to the suction side of the circulation pump (B).
In addition, a pressure control valve (PIC) for controlling the circulating pressure of the refrigerant to be constant or a flow rate adjusting valve (FIC) for keeping the flow rate of the cooling medium constant is provided in the piping near the discharge side of the circulation pump (B). Thus, the main circulation circuit can be stably controlled.
(1−2)副循環系
(i)副循環系(R1)
副循環系(R1)は、図2、及び図5に示す概念図のように主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内に分流して貯蔵容器(A)内経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す循環系である。
この場合、断熱容器(D)出口(温度:T3)から循環ポンプ(B)により冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体(温度:T4)は、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体(温度:T5)と直接混合されるので、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度を迅速に上昇することが可能である。
(1-2) Subcirculatory system (i) Subcirculatory system (R1)
As shown in the conceptual diagrams of FIG. 2 and FIG. 5, the auxiliary circulation system (R1) is a storage container in which a part of the cooling medium circulated from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is stored. (A) A circulation system that divides the flow into the circulation container (B) and returns to the suction side via the storage container (A).
In this case, the cooling medium (temperature: T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) from the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) (temperature: T 3 ) by the circulation pump (B) is the cooling medium ( Since the temperature is directly mixed with T 5 ), the temperature of the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) can be quickly increased.
(ii)副循環系(R2)
副循環系(R2)は、図3に示すように主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より下部の液相部に配設された熱交換器(E1)に分流して熱交換器(E1)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す循環系である。
この場合、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体と直接混合されず、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体と間接熱交換されるので、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度は徐々に上昇する。
(iii)副循環系(R3)
副循環系(R3)は、図4に示すように主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より上部の気相部に配設された熱交換器(E2)に分流して熱交換器(E2)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す循環系である。
この場合、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体と直接混合されず、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より上部の気相部と間接熱交換されるので、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度は徐々に上昇する。
(Ii) Subcirculatory system (R2)
As shown in FIG. 3, the auxiliary circulation system (R2) is a part of the cooling medium that circulates from the heat insulating container (D) in the main circulation system to the circulation pump (B) suction side, and the cooling medium in the storage container (A). This is a circulation system that diverts to the heat exchanger (E1) disposed in the liquid phase part below the liquid level and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E1).
In this case, since it is not directly mixed with the cooling medium in the storage container (A) but indirectly exchanged with the cooling medium in the storage container (A), the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C). The temperature gradually rises.
(Iii) Subcirculatory system (R3)
As shown in FIG. 4, the auxiliary circulation system (R3) is a part of the cooling medium that circulates from the heat insulating container (D) in the main circulation system to the circulation pump (B) suction side, and the cooling medium in the storage container (A). This is a circulation system that diverts to the heat exchanger (E2) disposed in the gas phase above the liquid level and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E2).
In this case, since it is not directly mixed with the cooling medium in the storage container (A) and indirectly heat-exchanged with the gas phase part above the cooling medium liquid level in the storage container (A), it is supplied to the refrigerator (C). The temperature of the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) to rise gradually increases.
(2)冷却媒体の温度制御
(i)定常状態における主循環系における冷却媒体の温度
定常状態において、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド温度(T1)、断熱容器(D)入口の冷却媒体温度(T2)、断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)、及び冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の間には、T1<T2<T3≦T4となる関係が形成される。
すなわち、冷凍機(C)置いては、コールドヘッド部の温度(T1)が最も低く、冷凍機(C)で冷却される冷却媒体の温度は、通常コールドヘッド部の温度(T1)を超える温度となるので、「T1<T2」となる関係が常に形成される。
又、断熱容器(D)内で冷却媒体は超電導部材(E)により加熱されるので、断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体温度(T3)は常に入口の冷却媒体温度(T2)を超える温度となるので、「T2<T3」となる関係が常に形成される。
更に、定常状態の場合には、断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体は、循環ポンプ(B)を経由して冷凍機(C)に供給されるので、循環ポンプ(B)内での昇温を無視すれば、断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体(T3)と冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)は、殆ど同じ温度になるので「T3=T4」の関係が形成され、又は副循環系が使用された場合には、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)は、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体により直接的又は間接的に昇温されるので、断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体(T3)と冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)との間には「T3<T4」なる関係が形成されるので、これらの両ケースをまとめると「T3≦T4」なる関係が形成される。
(2) Temperature control of the cooling medium (i) Temperature of the cooling medium in the main circulation system in the steady state In the steady state, the cold head temperature (T 1 ) of the refrigerator (C), the cooling medium temperature at the inlet of the heat insulating container (D) Between (T 2 ), the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D), and the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C), T 1 <T 2 <T 3 ≦ the T 4 relationship is formed.
That is, in the refrigerator (C), the temperature (T 1 ) of the cold head part is the lowest, and the temperature of the cooling medium cooled by the refrigerator (C) is usually the temperature (T 1 ) of the cold head part. Since the temperature exceeds, a relationship of “T 1 <T 2 ” is always formed.
Further, since the cooling medium is heated by the superconducting member (E) in the heat insulating container (D), the outlet cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) of the heat insulating container (D) always exceeds the inlet cooling medium temperature (T 2 ). Since the temperature is reached, a relationship of “T 2 <T 3 ” is always formed.
Further, in the steady state, the outlet cooling medium of the heat insulating container (D) is supplied to the refrigerator (C) via the circulation pump (B), so that the temperature rise in the circulation pump (B). Is neglected, the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the outlet cooling medium (T 3 ) of the heat insulating container (D) and the refrigerator (C) is almost the same temperature, so that “T 3 = T 4 ” When a relationship is formed or when a secondary circulation system is used, the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) is directly or indirectly determined by the cooling medium in the storage container (A). Since the temperature is raised, there is a relationship “T 3 <T 4 ” between the outlet cooling medium (T 3 ) of the heat insulating container (D) and the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C). Since these two cases are formed, the relationship of “T 3 ≦ T 4 ” is formed by combining these two cases.
(ii)冷却媒体の温度制御
上記の温度関係が成立するので、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)を上記冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも高いと、超電導部材(E)における冷却負荷が一時的に減少してコールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいたときに、上記副循環系を使用して冷却媒体の一部を分流させることにより、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)は確実上昇するので、冷凍機(C)において冷却媒体が凝固するのを確実に防止することが可能となる。
従って、例えば、冷却媒体として液体窒素を使用する場合には、定常状態において、断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体温度(T3)を好ましくは64〜70K、より好ましくは64〜69K、更に好ましくは65〜68Kとしておき、断熱容器(D)内に収容された超電導部材(E)の冷却負荷が一次的に減少して、コールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいたときに、副循環系を使用して冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも高い温度の貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体(温度:T5)により直接的又は間接的に、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体の温度(T4)を上昇させることにより、冷却された冷却媒体が凝固するのを防止することができる。
貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)は、好ましくは72〜77K、より好ましくは73〜77K、更に好ましくは74〜77Kである。この場合、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)と断熱容器(D)の出口冷却媒体温度(T3)差は、好ましくは6℃以上、より好ましくは8℃以上、更に好ましくは10℃以上である。
(Ii) Temperature control of the cooling medium Since the above temperature relationship is established, when the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) is higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ), the superconducting member (E) When the cooling load at the time is temporarily reduced and the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium, a part of the cooling medium is shunted by using the above-mentioned auxiliary circulation system. Since the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to C) is reliably increased, it is possible to reliably prevent the cooling medium from solidifying in the refrigerator (C).
Therefore, for example, when liquid nitrogen is used as the cooling medium, the outlet cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) of the heat insulating container (D) is preferably 64 to 70K, more preferably 64 to 69K, and still more preferably in a steady state. Is set to 65 to 68K, when the cooling load of the superconducting member (E) accommodated in the heat insulating container (D) is temporarily reduced, and the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium. Supplied to the refrigerator (C) directly or indirectly by the cooling medium (temperature: T 5 ) in the storage container (A) having a temperature higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) using the secondary circulation system By raising the temperature (T 4 ) of the cooling medium to be cooled, it is possible to prevent the cooled cooling medium from solidifying.
The cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) is preferably 72 to 77K, more preferably 73 to 77K, and still more preferably 74 to 77K. In this case, the difference between the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) and the outlet cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) of the heat insulating container (D) is preferably 6 ° C. or higher, more preferably 8 ° C. or higher, and still more preferably. Is 10 ° C. or higher.
(3)冷却媒体の分流制御
本発明において、上記温度制御が可能であれば、冷却媒体の分流制御は特に制限されるものではないが、好ましい具体例を以下に記載する。
(3-1)三方弁からなるバルブユニット(V1)による制御
分流制御は、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッドに温度検出手段を設けておいて、本発明の超電導部材(E)の冷却装置稼動中は常に冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド温度(T1)を監視しておき、該コールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいた際に、図2〜4に示すように、断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)に至る貯蔵容器(A)と合流する部分の上流側に配設された三方弁からなるバルブユニット(V1)により、副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流を行い、冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)を上昇させる。
この場合、三方弁のそれぞれの下流側(冷凍機(C)への供給側と貯蔵容器(A)への供給側)それぞれ流量計(F1)と流量計(F2)を設けておき(図2〜4には示していない)、コールドヘッド温度(T1)と冷却媒体の凝固点との差により、副循環系に分流する割合を制御することが望ましい。
(3) Shunt control of cooling medium In the present invention, if the above temperature control is possible, the shunt control of the cooling medium is not particularly limited, but preferred specific examples are described below.
(3-1) Control by valve unit (V1) consisting of a three-way valve In the shunt control, temperature detecting means is provided in the cold head of the refrigerator (C), and the cooling device operation of the superconducting member (E) of the present invention is operated. During this time, the cold head temperature (T 1 ) of the refrigerator (C) is always monitored, and when the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium, as shown in FIGS. A sub-circulation system (R1, R2, or) is provided by a valve unit (V1) comprising a three-way valve disposed upstream of a portion where it joins the storage container (A) from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B). The flow is divided into R3), and the cooling medium temperature (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) is increased.
In this case, a flow meter (F1) and a flow meter (F2) are respectively provided downstream of the three-way valve (supply side to the refrigerator (C) and supply side to the storage container (A)) (FIG. 2). (Not shown in FIG. 4), it is desirable to control the rate of diverting to the secondary circulation system by the difference between the cold head temperature (T 1 ) and the freezing point of the cooling medium.
すなわち、コールドヘッド温度(T1)と冷却媒体の凝固点との差が比較的大きいときには、副循環系への分流割合を少なくし、一方、コールドヘッド温度(T1)と冷却媒体の凝固点との差が比較的小さいときには、副循環系への分流割合を多くするように制御することが好ましい。
このような制御は、コールドヘッド温度(T1)の検出、三方弁のそれぞれの下流側に設けられた流量計(F1)と流量計(F2)、及び三方弁間でのシーケンス制御により行うことが可能であり、このようなシーケンス制御は公知技術を利用して容易に行うことが可能である。尚、上記温度検出手段は、間接的にはなるが断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)を検出して行うことができる。
That is, when the difference between the cold head temperature (T 1 ) and the freezing point of the cooling medium is relatively large, the ratio of the diversion to the secondary circulation system is reduced, while the difference between the cold head temperature (T 1 ) and the freezing point of the cooling medium. When the difference is relatively small, it is preferable to control so as to increase the ratio of the diversion to the auxiliary circulation system.
Such control is performed by detection of the cold head temperature (T 1 ), flow control (F1) and flow meter (F2) provided downstream of each of the three-way valves, and sequence control between the three-way valves. Such sequence control can be easily performed using a known technique. Incidentally, the temperature detecting means becomes the indirect can be performed by detecting the heat-insulating container (D) the outlet of the cooling medium temperature (T 3).
(3-2)バルブユニット(V2)による制御
分流の目的は、上記「三方弁からなるバルブユニット(V1)による制御」と同様であり、バルブユニット(V1)においては、1個の三方弁によって分流を行うのに対し、バルブユニット(V2)では、1個又は2個の調節弁(コントロールバルブ)により分流を行う点で分流手段が異なる。バルブユニット(V2)による制御において、温度の検出手段は、上記バルブユニット(V1)の場合と同様であり、バルブユニット(V2)は、前記分岐後の副循環系及び/もしくは主循環系に配設されるのが望ましい。バルブユニット(V2)の調節弁は、図5に示すように分流点から冷凍機(C)への供給側と貯蔵容器(A)への供給側の双方に設けることが出来るが、それぞれの機器の配置レベル関係から差圧又は配管の圧力損失等からいずれか一方側に調節弁を設けておいても制御可能な場合があるので、この場合にはより容易に冷却媒体が流れ易い側に調節弁を設けることも可能な場合がある。尚、いずれの場合にも、それぞれバルブユニット(V1)で示した箇所と同様の箇所(図5には示していない))に流量計(F1)と流量計(F2)を設けておくことが望ましい。
バルブユニット(V2)を採用する場合にも、流量制御は、コールドヘッド温度(T1)の検出、流量計(F1)と流量計(F2)、及び1又は2の調節弁間でのシーケンス制御により行うことが可能であり、このようなシーケンス制御は公知技術を利用して容易に行うことができる。
(3-2) Control by the valve unit (V2) The purpose of the diversion is the same as the above-mentioned “control by the valve unit (V1) comprising three-way valves”. In the valve unit (V1), one three-way valve is used. Whereas the flow is divided, the valve unit (V2) differs in the flow dividing means in that the flow is divided by one or two control valves (control valves). In the control by the valve unit (V2), the temperature detecting means is the same as in the case of the valve unit (V1), and the valve unit (V2) is arranged in the auxiliary circulation system and / or the main circulation system after the branching. It is desirable to be installed. The control valve of the valve unit (V2) can be provided on both the supply side from the diversion point to the refrigerator (C) and the supply side to the storage container (A) as shown in FIG. Because of the arrangement level relationship, there are cases where control is possible even if a control valve is provided on either side due to differential pressure or pressure loss of the piping. It may be possible to provide a valve. In either case, a flow meter (F1) and a flow meter (F2) may be provided at the same location (not shown in FIG. 5) as the location indicated by the valve unit (V1). desirable.
Even when the valve unit (V2) is employed, the flow rate control includes the detection of the cold head temperature (T 1 ), the sequence control between the flow meter (F1) and the flow meter (F2), and one or two control valves. Such sequence control can be easily performed using a known technique.
A 冷却媒体の貯蔵容器
B 循環ポンプ
C 冷凍機
D 断熱容器
E 超電動部材
HE1 熱交換器
HE2 熱交換器
HT ヒータ
TC 温度調節計
V1 バルブユニット1
V21 バルブユニット2
V22 バルブユニット2
A Cooling medium storage container B Circulation pump C Refrigerator D Insulation container E Super electric member
HE1 heat exchanger
HE2 Heat exchanger HT Heater TC Temperature controller
V1 Valve unit 1
V2 1 valve unit 2
V2 2 valve unit 2
Claims (5)
冷却媒体の循環ポンプ(B)吐出側から冷凍機(C)と断熱容器(D)を経由して循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)では、冷凍機(C)のコールドヘッド温度(T1)、断熱容器(D)入口の冷却媒体温度(T2)、断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)、及び冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の間には、T1<T2<T3≦T4となる関係が形成されるので、
(イ)前記主循環系(R0)に、下記(i)ないし(iii)の中から選択された少なくとも1又は2以上の副循環系(R1、R2、R3)を配設し、
(i)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内に分流して貯蔵容器(A)内経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R1)、
(ii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より下部の液相部に配設された熱交換器(E1)に分流して熱交換器(E1)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R2)、
(iii)主循環系における断熱容器(D)から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側へ循環する冷却媒体の一部を、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体液面より上部の気相部に配設された熱交換器(E2)に分流して熱交換器(E2)経由で循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻す副循環系(R3)、
(ロ)かつ、貯蔵容器(A)内の冷却媒体温度(T5)を上記冷却媒体温度(T3)よりも高く維持して、
超電導部材(E)における冷却負荷が一時的に減少して断熱容器(D)出口の冷却媒体温度(T3)が低下し、コールドヘッド温度(T1)が冷却媒体の凝固点に近づいたときに、
断熱容器(D)出口から循環ポンプ(B)吸入側に戻る主循環系(R0)の冷却媒体の一部を前記副循環系(R1、R2、又はR3)に分流させて、貯蔵容器(A)内の温度(T5)の冷却媒体との混合又は間接熱交換により冷凍機(C)に供給する冷却媒体温度(T4)の温度を上昇させ、冷凍機(C)において冷却された冷却媒体が凝固するのを防止することを特徴とする超電導部材(E)の冷却方法。 A circulation pump (B) in which a cooling medium pipe is disposed on the suction side from the cooling medium storage container (A), and at least the refrigerator (C) and the superconducting member (C) from the circulation pump (B) discharge side. In the cooling method of the superconducting member (E), which circulates to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat insulating container (D) containing E),
In the main circulation system (R0) returning from the cooling medium circulation pump (B) discharge side to the circulation pump (B) suction side via the refrigerator (C) and the heat insulating container (D), the cold of the refrigerator (C) Head temperature (T 1 ), cooling medium temperature (T 2 ) at the inlet of the insulating container (D), cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the insulating container (D), and cooling medium temperature supplied to the refrigerator (C) ( T 4 ), a relationship of T 1 <T 2 <T 3 ≦ T 4 is formed.
(B) At least one or two or more auxiliary circulation systems (R1, R2, R3) selected from the following (i) to (iii) are disposed in the main circulation system (R0),
(I) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) in the main circulation system to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the storage container (A), and the circulation pump is passed through the storage container (A). (B) Subcirculatory system (R1) returning to the suction side,
(Ii) A part of the cooling medium circulated from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the liquid phase portion below the cooling medium liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R2) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E1) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E1),
(Iii) A part of the cooling medium circulating from the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side in the main circulation system is disposed in the gas phase part above the liquid level in the storage container (A). A sub-circulation system (R3) that diverts to the heat exchanger (E2) and returns to the suction side of the circulation pump (B) via the heat exchanger (E2),
(B) and maintaining the cooling medium temperature (T 5 ) in the storage container (A) higher than the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ),
When the cooling load on the superconducting member (E) temporarily decreases, the cooling medium temperature (T 3 ) at the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) decreases, and the cold head temperature (T 1 ) approaches the freezing point of the cooling medium. ,
A part of the cooling medium of the main circulation system (R0) returning from the outlet of the heat insulating container (D) to the circulation pump (B) suction side is divided into the auxiliary circulation system (R1, R2, or R3), and the storage container (A The temperature of the cooling medium (T 4 ) supplied to the refrigerator (C) is increased by mixing or indirect heat exchange with the cooling medium of the temperature (T 5 ) in the cooling), and the cooling cooled in the refrigerator (C) A method of cooling a superconducting member (E), wherein the medium is prevented from solidifying.
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