JP5114612B2 - Microbial battery for sludge treatment and sludge purification apparatus using the same - Google Patents
Microbial battery for sludge treatment and sludge purification apparatus using the same Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Description
本発明は、生活廃水及び／又は河川汚泥の浄化に適した微生物担体を電極とする微生物電池及び該電池を用いて効率的に汚泥を浄化する汚泥浄化装置に関わる。 The present invention relates to a microbial battery using a microbial carrier suitable for purification of domestic wastewater and / or river sludge as an electrode, and a sludge purification apparatus that efficiently purifies sludge using the battery.
家庭からの生活排水や工場・事業所からの産業排水等の汚水は、川や海等の水質汚濁の主な原因となっている。そして、河口堰や湖沼等の閉鎖性水域における汚泥（ヘドロ）による魚介類や鳥類等の生物資源への悪影響は、大きな経済損失となっている。このような水質汚濁に対し、有用微生物を用いて有機物汚水を浄化する方法や装置はこれまでに多数提案されている。微生物による処理は、物理・化学的浄化方法比べて省エネルギーで且つ有害副産物等の発生が少ない利点を有しているためである。 Sewage such as domestic wastewater from households and industrial wastewater from factories and offices is a major cause of water pollution in rivers and seas. And the bad influence on biological resources, such as seafood and birds, by sludge (sludge) in closed waters, such as an estuary dam and a lake, has become a big economic loss. Many methods and apparatuses for purifying organic wastewater using useful microorganisms against such water pollution have been proposed so far. This is because the treatment with microorganisms has the advantages of saving energy and generating less harmful by-products than the physical and chemical purification methods.
有用微生物による水質浄化を効率的に行うために、汚濁の原因となっている有機物を効率的に分解する微生物、例えば光合成細菌、硝化菌、脱窒菌、水素産生菌等のバクテリアが多数発見されている。水質汚濁の原因となる有機物の種類は数多くあり、各々の原因に対応して有効に有機物を分解する微生物は異なっている。このような理由により汚泥中には複数の微生物が活動しており、微生物を特定することは一般的には困難である。 In order to efficiently purify water using useful microorganisms, many microorganisms that efficiently decompose organic substances that cause pollution, such as photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and hydrogen-producing bacteria have been discovered. Yes. There are many types of organic substances that cause water pollution, and microorganisms that effectively decompose organic substances are different for each cause. For these reasons, a plurality of microorganisms are active in the sludge, and it is generally difficult to identify the microorganisms.
これらの微生物が有効に活動できる環境、例えば温度、ｐＨ、酸素濃度等を適切に保持するための微生物担体については、天然材料を原料とするものの他にポバール（ＰＶＡ）樹脂のような多孔合成材料も提案されている。これらの中で、木炭や竹炭は多孔質であり、空気や水を通しやすく、微生物の栄養分も取り入れやすいため、微生物の増殖に好適な環境を提供するとされている（例えば、特許文献１参照）。 As for microbial carriers for appropriately maintaining the environment in which these microorganisms can effectively operate, for example, temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, etc., in addition to those made of natural materials, porous synthetic materials such as poval (PVA) resin Has also been proposed. Among these, charcoal and bamboo charcoal are porous, easy to let air and water pass through, and easy to take in nutrients from microorganisms, and therefore, provide an environment suitable for the growth of microorganisms (see, for example, Patent Document 1). .
一方、微生物の代謝作用と電気化学反応を組み合わせた微生物電池は公知である。しかし、微生物電池は、高価な酵素等のメディエータを使う必要性があること、微生物の生育条件と電極反応の最適条件が異なるため反応効率が不十分であったり、安定性に欠けること等の理由で実用化が遅れていた。
しかし近年、Ｌｏｖｅｌｙ等は海洋堆積物中に特殊加工したグラファイト負極を、直上の海水中に白金処理したグラファイト正極を挿入して、ジオバクターの作用により電気を取り出すことに成功した（非特許文献１）。又、Ｌｏｇａｎ等は、白金処理したカーボンクロス電極を使用して実験的に家庭廃水からイオン交換膜なしで最大１４６ｍＷ／ｍ２ の電力を取り出したと報告している（非特許文献２）。
しかしながら、これらの方法は電極に高価な材料を使用していること、及び、電池システムとして複雑な構造となっているためコスト高であり、実用化には更なる改善が必要であった。
On the other hand, microbial cells that combine microbial metabolic action and electrochemical reaction are known. However, microbial batteries require the use of expensive mediators such as enzymes, and the reason is that the growth efficiency of microorganisms differs from the optimum conditions for electrode reactions, resulting in insufficient reaction efficiency and lack of stability. The practical application was delayed.
However, recently, Lovely et al. Succeeded in extracting electricity by the action of geobacter by inserting a graphite negative electrode specially processed into marine sediments and a platinum positive electrode treated with platinum in the seawater immediately above (Non-patent Document 1). . Also, Logan et al. Reported that a maximum of 146 mW / m 2 of electric power was taken out from domestic wastewater without using an ion exchange membrane using a platinum-treated carbon cloth electrode (Non-patent Document 2).
However, these methods are expensive due to the use of expensive materials for the electrodes and the complicated structure of the battery system, and further improvement is necessary for practical use.
家庭用廃水、産業排水、湖沼や海水のヘドロ等を、微生物の作用により分解して浄化すること及び分解作用により生ずる電力を取り出すための実用的な微生物電池を提供することが本発明の課題である。 It is an object of the present invention to provide a practical microbial battery for decomposing and purifying household wastewater, industrial wastewater, sludge of lakes and seawater, etc. by the action of microorganisms and taking out electric power generated by the decomposition action. is there.
本発明者らは上記の課題を解決するためには電極材特に負極材が重要な要素であることを発見し、種々な実験を行った結果本発明に到達した。すなわち実用化の観点において、微生物電池用電極材としての汚水浄化効率の高いこと及び発生電力の高いこと、且つコストが低いことが必須である。さらに、電極材として廃材を有効活用することができれば、環境対策の視点からも望ましい。 In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have discovered that an electrode material, particularly a negative electrode material, is an important element, and as a result of conducting various experiments, the inventors have reached the present invention. That is, from the viewpoint of practical use, it is essential that the sewage purification efficiency as the electrode material for the microbial battery is high, the generated electric power is high, and the cost is low. Furthermore, if waste materials can be effectively used as electrode materials, it is desirable from the viewpoint of environmental measures.
具体的には本発明は、微生物による有機物の分解作用を利用する微生物電池である。
正極には正極用導電性材料を用い、負極には、電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下の樹木およ
び／又は竹類の炭化物から成る微生物担体を用いる。
また、前記正極と、前記負極とは導電体で接続される。
ここで微生物電池は、図１の概要図に示すように、微生物と有機物を含む水溶液において、有機物を多量に含む酸素欠損部分に負極（酸化反応側：アノード）を、酸素分に富む清澄水部分に正極（還元反応側：カソード）を挿入して構成されており、負極と正極を導電体（例えば銅線、ステンレス線等の金属線、カーボンファイバー）によって結合することにより電力を外部回路を通じて取り出すことが可能である。
上述の微生物電池の負極においては、有機物を分解して電子を取り出すと共にプロトンを
水溶液中に放出する。一方、正極においては酸素とプロトン及び負極から外部回路を通じ
て供給された電子の反応により水が生成される。ここで、電極反応の効率を高めるために、
正極と負極間にプロトン透過膜（イオン交換膜）を設置することもできるが、コスト高と
なるため省略することもある。
Specifically, the present invention is a microbial battery that utilizes the action of decomposing organic matter by microorganisms.
The positive electrode is made of a conductive material for the positive electrode, and the negative electrode is made of a tree and an electric resistivity of 20 Ω · cm or less.
And / or a microbial carrier made of bamboo carbide.
The positive electrode and the negative electrode are connected by a conductor .
Here, as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 1, in the microbial battery, in an aqueous solution containing microorganisms and organic matter, a negative electrode (oxidation reaction side: anode) is provided in an oxygen deficient portion containing a large amount of organic matter, and a clear water portion rich in oxygen. A positive electrode (reduction reaction side: cathode) is inserted into the electrode, and the negative electrode and the positive electrode are connected by a conductor (for example, a metal wire such as a copper wire or a stainless steel wire, or carbon fiber) to extract electric power through an external circuit. It is possible.
In the negative electrode of the above-described microbial battery, the organic matter is decomposed to extract electrons and protons are released into the aqueous solution. On the other hand, in the positive electrode, water is generated by the reaction of oxygen, protons, and electrons supplied from the negative electrode through an external circuit. Here, in order to increase the efficiency of the electrode reaction,
A proton permeable membrane (ion exchange membrane) can be installed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, but may be omitted because of high cost.
樹木および竹類の炭化物は多孔質であり、この多孔質部に有効微生物が着生しやすいこと、更には、孔の大きさが大小種々あり、大きさに合わせて色々な微生物が棲み分けられる特長があるため、微生物担体として有用である。ここで、炭化物の原料である樹木はウバメガシ、アラカシ、ナラ、カシ、クヌギ等であり、竹類は真竹や孟宗竹等が主なものである。
中でも竹炭の孔内部の表面積は、竹炭１ｇ当り約３００ｍ２と備長炭の２倍以上ある上に、孔の形状が空気や水を通しやすい構造となっていて、微生物の栄養分を取り入れやすく微生物の増殖に適しているため、本発明の微生物担体として好適に用いられる。
更に、竹類は里山に密生して生育しており、従来からその有効活用が探索されていたこと、及び、生育が早いため原料供給の点では問題がないなど、経済的環境も竹炭を汚泥浄化用の微生物担体として使用するのに有利な条件となっている。
Carbides of trees and bamboos are porous, and effective microorganisms are likely to grow in this porous part. Furthermore, there are various sizes of pores, and various microorganisms can be segregated according to the size. Because of its features, it is useful as a microbial carrier. Here, the trees that are the raw materials for carbides are Ubameshi, Arakashi, oak, oak, kunugi, etc., and bamboos are mainly made of true bamboo or Buddhist bamboo.
Above all, the surface area inside the hole of bamboo charcoal is about 300m 2 per gram of bamboo charcoal, more than twice that of Bincho charcoal, and the shape of the hole is easy to allow air and water to pass through. Since it is suitable for growth, it is preferably used as the microbial carrier of the present invention.
In addition, bamboo has grown densely in satoyama, and its effective use has been explored, and there is no problem in terms of supply of raw materials because of its rapid growth. This is an advantageous condition for use as a microorganism carrier for purification.
ところで、樹木や竹類の原料を４００℃以上で焼成することにより炭化物が得られるが、より高温（例えば６５０℃以上）で焼成することにより、原料中の有機成分の分解が進み、導電性が増大するとともに、孔率も増大する。更に、上述の木炭や竹炭等の微生物担体に棲みついた微生物が有機物を分解する際に生ずる電子を外部に連続的に有効に取り出すためには、微生物担体が構成する負極材の電気抵抗率は低いことが必要である。具体的には、電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下の炭化物を用いること、より望ましくは１０Ω・ｃｍ以下の炭化物を用いることが薦められる。 By the way, carbides can be obtained by firing the raw materials of trees and bamboos at 400 ° C. or higher, but by firing at higher temperatures (for example, 650 ° C. or higher), the decomposition of organic components in the raw materials proceeds and the conductivity is increased. As it increases, the porosity also increases. Furthermore, in order to continuously and effectively extract the electrons generated when the microorganisms clinging to the microorganism carrier such as charcoal or bamboo charcoal decompose organic matter to the outside, the electrical resistivity of the negative electrode material constituted by the microorganism carrier is: It needs to be low. Specifically, it is recommended to use a carbide having an electrical resistivity of 20 Ω · cm or less, and more desirably, a carbide having a resistivity of 10 Ω · cm or less.
本発明においては、上述の特性を有する木炭や竹炭等の炭化物を負極として用いることが必須であるが、更に、負極に鉄合金、マンガン合金等の金属還元剤を組合せることにより、負極周辺を還元性に保つと共に、これら金属の水溶液中への溶解反応により生ずる電子を取り出すことが可能となり、総合的に電力量を増加させることができる。中でも、鉄合金特に鋳鉄は、安価で水に溶解しやすく、溶解した金属イオンが汚泥中に存在するジオバクター等の微生物によって還元されて析出し、再利用可能なことから金属還元剤として好適である。ここで、組合せるとは、微生物担体負極の表面への金属還元材の貼り合せ、メッキ、微生物微生物担体負極と金属還元材で作成された枠材又はネットとの一体化等を意味する。
又、木炭及び竹炭は正極として用いることもできる。正極としては、この他にグラファイト、活性炭、カーボンクロス、白金等のイオン化傾向の小さい金属又はシリコン等の半導体、が用いられるが、耐久性が良く特性が劣化せず且つコスト的に優れているものが好適である。
In the present invention, it is essential to use a charcoal such as charcoal or bamboo charcoal having the above-mentioned characteristics as a negative electrode, and further, by combining a metal reducing agent such as an iron alloy or a manganese alloy with the negative electrode, While maintaining the reducing property, it becomes possible to take out the electrons generated by the dissolution reaction of these metals in the aqueous solution, and the amount of electric power can be increased comprehensively. Among them, iron alloys, particularly cast iron, are suitable as metal reducing agents because they are inexpensive and easily dissolved in water, and the dissolved metal ions are reduced and precipitated by microorganisms such as Geobacter present in the sludge and can be reused. . Here, the term “combination” means bonding of a metal reducing material to the surface of the microbial carrier negative electrode, plating, integration of a microbial microorganism carrier negative electrode with a frame material or net made of the metal reducing material, and the like.
Charcoal and bamboo charcoal can also be used as the positive electrode. As the positive electrode, graphite, activated carbon, carbon cloth, metal having a low ionization tendency such as platinum, or a semiconductor such as silicon is used, but the durability is good and the characteristics are not deteriorated and the cost is excellent. Is preferred.
本発明による微生物電池は、負極を汚水の沈殿汚泥部に、正極を酸素濃度の高い上層水部に配設して汚泥浄化装置を構成することにより、生活廃水、湖沼や閉鎖性海域又は河口堰等の汚泥の浄化および電力の取り出しに有効に用いられる。ところで、汚泥には砂礫等の無機物も含まれており、これらが負極材の表面に付着すると負極の効率を損ずることになるので、負極材の厚み方向断面を貫通する空洞部例えば貫通孔および／又はスリットを複数設けることにより、比重の大きい無機物等を沈殿させることが望ましい。ここで、個々の空洞部の大きさは特に限定されないが、ｍｍからｃｍの大きさが一般的である。
次に、上述の汚泥処理装置の用途としては、特に排水溝に設置された汚水枡に上記の微生物電池を汚泥浄化装置として設置する用途に好適に用いられる。
なお外部回路を通じて取り出された電力は、蓄電池への電力保存、加熱又は照明等に利用される。
The microbial battery according to the present invention comprises a sludge purification device by disposing the negative electrode in the sediment sludge section of the sewage and the positive water in the upper water section having a high oxygen concentration, thereby forming domestic wastewater, lakes, closed sea areas or estuary weirs. It is effectively used for the purification of sludge and the like and the extraction of electric power. By the way, the sludge contains inorganic substances such as sand and gravel, and if these adhere to the surface of the negative electrode material, the efficiency of the negative electrode is impaired. Alternatively, by providing a plurality of slits, it is desirable to precipitate an inorganic substance having a large specific gravity. Here, the size of each cavity is not particularly limited, but a size of mm to cm is common.
Next, as an application of the above-mentioned sludge treatment apparatus, it is suitably used for an application in which the above-mentioned microbial battery is installed as a sludge purification apparatus, particularly in a sewage tank installed in a drainage ditch.
Note that the electric power extracted through the external circuit is used for power storage, heating, illumination, or the like in the storage battery.
本発明の微生物電池およびそれを利用した汚泥浄化装置の提供により、生活廃水、産業排水、湖沼や河川の汚泥及び海底汚泥を低コストで浄化できると共に電力を取り出すことができ、環境対策およびエネルギー対策において有用である。 By providing the microbial battery of the present invention and a sludge purification device using the same, it is possible to purify domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, sludge of lakes and rivers and submarine sludge at low cost, and take out electric power. Useful in.
本発明の実施形態について下記に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲は下記の実施形態によって限定されるものではなく、その要旨を変更することなく様々に改変して実施することができる。また、本発明の技術的範囲は、均等の範囲にまで及ぶものである。 Although embodiments of the present invention will be described below, the technical scope of the present invention is not limited by the following embodiments, and various modifications can be made without changing the gist of the present invention. Further, the technical scope of the present invention extends to an equivalent range.
本発明における負極材は、６５０℃以上好ましくは７５０℃以上の高温で焼成した電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下の竹炭又は木炭を単独で又は混合して、所定の形状に組合せ・配列することにより作成される。更に、より大きな電力を取り出すために該微生物担体負極材と鉄片等の金属還元剤とを一体化しても良い。ここで、微生物担体負極材の表面積に対する金属還元剤の表面積比は５０％以下とし、一般的には３０％以下とする。
所定の形状への組合せ・配列は、結合材を用いても良いし、枠又はネットに収容することによっても達成される。上記の結合材、枠およびネットは鉄製の導電性のあるものが好ましいが、必ずしもこれに限定されない。そして、負極の形状は図２の概要図に示すように、一般的には板状のもの（図２−１）や、折板状（図２−２）のものが用いられるが必ずしもこれに限定されない。
又、前述のように所定形状に組み合わされた炭化物は、断面を貫通する孔等の隙間を有しているほうが望ましい。その理由は、水平に設置された負極において、砂礫等の無機物が負極表面に堆積し、微生物による有機物分解の効率を低下させることを防止するためである。これにより、比重が１以上の重い無機物は底部に沈殿する。
さらに、竹炭の表面は、表皮等により孔部が覆われていることがあるので、孔部が露出するように表面加工することが望ましい。
なお、正極材は負極材と同様に竹炭又は木炭を使用を使用するか、グラファイトや金属等のうち、品質が良く、低コストのものを使用する。
The negative electrode material according to the present invention is obtained by combining and arranging bamboo charcoal or charcoal having an electrical resistivity of 20 Ω · cm or less baked at a high temperature of 650 ° C. or higher, preferably 750 ° C. or higher, alone or in combination into a predetermined shape. Created. Further, in order to extract a larger electric power, the microorganism carrier negative electrode material and a metal reducing agent such as an iron piece may be integrated. Here, the surface area ratio of the metal reducing agent to the surface area of the microorganism carrier negative electrode material is 50% or less, and generally 30% or less.
The combination / arrangement into a predetermined shape may be achieved by using a binding material or by accommodating it in a frame or a net. The binder, frame, and net are preferably made of iron and conductive, but are not necessarily limited thereto. The shape of the negative electrode is generally plate-shaped (FIG. 2-1) or folded (FIG. 2-2), as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. It is not limited.
Further, it is desirable that the carbide combined in a predetermined shape as described above has a gap such as a hole penetrating the cross section. The reason for this is to prevent inorganic substances such as gravel from accumulating on the negative electrode surface in the negative electrode installed horizontally and reducing the efficiency of organic matter decomposition by microorganisms. Thereby, a heavy inorganic substance having a specific gravity of 1 or more is precipitated at the bottom.
Furthermore, since the surface of the bamboo charcoal may be covered with a skin or the like, the surface of the bamboo charcoal is desirably processed so that the hole is exposed.
As the positive electrode material, bamboo charcoal or charcoal is used as in the case of the negative electrode material, or a good quality and low cost material such as graphite or metal is used.
汚泥浄化に使用される微生物は既に汚泥中に生息する微生物を利用する。この理由は、汚泥中にはその環境に適した複数種類の微生物が生存しており、外部環境条件例えば温度、ｐＨ、微生物担体における孔形状、栄養分の補給、電池構成等の環境に適した微生物が繁殖し、効率的に有機物を分解して汚泥を浄化すると共に、電力を発生するためである。
微生物が活動する温度範囲は、微生物の種類により様々であるが、一般的には２０℃〜４５℃、特には３０℃〜４０℃が望ましい。従って、寒冷期には、発生する電力を活用して加熱することも有効である。又、負極と正極の間にプロトン交換膜（イオン交換膜）を設置しても良いが、低コスト化のために省略することが一般的である。
Microorganisms used for sludge purification already use microorganisms that inhabit sludge. This is because multiple types of microorganisms suitable for the environment are alive in the sludge, and microorganisms suitable for the environment such as external environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, pore shape in the microorganism carrier, nutrient supply, battery configuration, etc. This is because it propagates, efficiently decomposes organic matter and purifies sludge, and generates electricity.
The temperature range in which the microorganisms are active varies depending on the type of microorganism, but is generally 20 ° C to 45 ° C, particularly 30 ° C to 40 ° C. Therefore, in the cold season, it is also effective to use the generated electric power for heating. Moreover, although a proton exchange membrane (ion exchange membrane) may be installed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, it is generally omitted for cost reduction.
排水溝における汚水枡への微生物電極の設置方法の１典型を図３に示すが、必ずしもこれに限定されるものではない。図３においては、汚泥部に負極を、上澄み水域に正極を配設する場合を示しており、負極と正極は金属線を通じて外部回路に結線されている。ここで、定常的に電力を得るためには、負極は、底部より浮かせて設置することが望ましい。負極表面の反応活性部分が砂礫等の無機物によって損なわれることを防止し、砂礫等の無機物を底部に沈殿させるためである。そして、正極は酸素濃度の高い比較的清澄な水域に置かれている必要がある。又、汚水枡内の温度制御のため、枡外周及び枡上部を断熱層で覆う等の工夫も有効である。
更に、砂礫、木片、金属片等の異物が汚水枡に混入することを防止するため、排水溝にフィルターを設置することが望ましい。
One typical method for installing a microbial electrode on a sewage basin in a drain is shown in FIG. 3, but is not necessarily limited thereto. FIG. 3 shows a case where a negative electrode is disposed in the sludge portion and a positive electrode is disposed in the supernatant water region, and the negative electrode and the positive electrode are connected to an external circuit through a metal wire. Here, in order to obtain electric power constantly, it is desirable that the negative electrode be installed so as to float from the bottom. This is to prevent the reaction active part on the negative electrode surface from being damaged by inorganic substances such as gravel and to precipitate inorganic substances such as gravel at the bottom. The positive electrode needs to be placed in a relatively clear water area having a high oxygen concentration. Moreover, in order to control the temperature in the sewage tub, it is also effective to cover the rim outer periphery and the ridge upper portion with a heat insulating layer.
Furthermore, it is desirable to install a filter in the drainage channel in order to prevent foreign matter such as gravel, wood pieces, metal pieces, etc. from entering the sewage basin.
＜微生物電池の準備および汚泥の採取＞
岡山産の竹炭（長さ１２ｃｍ、幅３ｃｍ、厚さ５ｍｍ）の中から、電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下のもの（Ａ群とする）と２５Ω・ｃｍ以上のもの（Ｂ群とする）を選別し、各群の竹炭６枚を幅方向に接合して、１２ｃｍ×１８ｃｍとなるように組合せ、プラスチック容器（長さ２５ｃｍ、幅１５ｃｍ、高さ１５ｃｍ）の底部に設置し負極とした。ここでＡ群の平均電気抵抗率は１０Ω・ｃｍであり、Ｂ群の平均電気抵抗率は１００Ω・ｃｍであった。
なお、図４に電気抵抗率が１０Ω・ｃｍの竹炭の厚み方向断面を走査型電子顕微鏡（ＳＥＭ）で観察した微細組織を示すが、孔部の長手方向は２０ミクロン〜８０ミクロン、短手方向は１０ミクロン〜５０ミクロンであった。
次に、三重県河芸町の生活排水が流れ込むどぶ川（伊勢湾から約５００ｍ上流にある）から汚泥混じりの汚水約５０００ｃｍ３を採取し、該汚泥をプラスチック容器に注入した後、深さが約１３ｃｍとなるまで水道水を加えた。ここで沈殿汚泥高さは約８ｃｍであった。正極には、面積７５ｃｍ２の備長炭を用いて上澄み水部に設置し、負極と正極をステンレス線で結線した。
上記のように構成されたプラスチック容器を、昼間の最高温度３６℃、夜間の最低温度２３℃の室内に放置し電池性能を調査した。
<Preparation of microbial battery and collection of sludge>
Of Okayama bamboo charcoal (length 12 cm,
FIG. 4 shows the microstructure of bamboo charcoal having an electrical resistivity of 10 Ω · cm as observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The longitudinal direction of the hole is 20 to 80 microns, the short direction. Was between 10 microns and 50 microns.
Next, about 5000 cm 3 of sludge mixed with sludge is collected from the Dobu River (about 500 m upstream from Ise Bay) into which the domestic wastewater flows in Kawage-cho, Mie Prefecture, and the depth is about after pouring the sludge into a plastic container. Tap water was added to 13 cm. Here, the height of the precipitated sludge was about 8 cm. For the positive electrode, Bincho charcoal with an area of 75 cm 2 was installed in the supernatant water part, and the negative electrode and the positive electrode were connected with a stainless steel wire.
The plastic container constructed as described above was left in a room with a maximum temperature of 36 ° C during the daytime and a minimum temperature of 23 ° C during the nighttime, and the battery performance was investigated.
＜発生電力の測定＞
上述の外部回路となるステンレス線に流れる電流を測定した。Ａ群を負極とした場合の電流−電圧曲線（Ｉ−Ｖ）及び電流−電力曲線（Ｉ−Ｗ）を図６に示す。ここで、汚泥量は３週間後に約２０％減少した。
図５に３週間後のＡ群の負極を走査型電子顕微鏡（ＳＥＭ）で観察した微細組織を示すが、竹炭の孔部で増殖した棒状のバクテリアが観察された。該バクテリアの詳細観察から、Caulobacter属に近い形状を有していると判断されたが特定はできなかった。
一方、Ｂ群を負極とする微生物電池は、３週間後においても発生電力量は２０％以下であった。
<Measurement of generated power>
The current flowing through the stainless steel wire serving as the external circuit was measured. FIG. 6 shows a current-voltage curve (IV) and a current-power curve (I-W) when the A group is a negative electrode. Here, the amount of sludge decreased by about 20% after 3 weeks.
FIG. 5 shows the microstructure of the negative electrode of group A after 3 weeks observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and rod-shaped bacteria grown in the pores of bamboo charcoal were observed. From detailed observation of the bacterium, it was judged that it had a shape close to the genus Caulobacter, but could not be identified.
On the other hand, in the microbial battery using the B group as the negative electrode, the generated electric energy was 20% or less even after 3 weeks.
実施例１と同様の竹炭負極材の表面上部に、長さ７ｃｍ、幅４ｃｍ、厚さ５ｍｍの鋳鉄板を堅結し、他は実施例１と同様の試験条件で、Ｉ−Ｖ曲線とＩ−Ｗ曲線を求めた結果を図７に示す。図に示すように、炭化物と鋳鉄を組合せた負極を用いることにより、発生電流、電圧ともに大幅に増加し、電力量は鋳鉄のない場合に比べ６倍強となった。
A cast iron plate having a length of 7 cm, a width of 4 cm, and a thickness of 5 mm was firmly attached to the upper surface of the bamboo charcoal negative electrode material similar to that in Example 1, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 1, except that the IV curve and I The result of obtaining the -W curve is shown in FIG. As shown in the figure, by using a negative electrode in which carbide and cast iron were combined, both the generated current and voltage were greatly increased, and the amount of power was 6 times that of the case without cast iron.
Claims (8)
正極とし、
樹木および／又は竹類の炭化物から成り、電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下の微生物担体
を負極とし、
前記正極と、前記負極とが導電体で接続されて構成される汚泥処理用微生物電池。 A microbial battery that utilizes the action of decomposing organic matter by microorganisms, with the positive electrode conductive material as the positive electrode,
A negative electrode is a microbial carrier made of a carbide of tree and / or bamboo and having an electrical resistivity of 20 Ω · cm or less.
A microbial cell for sludge treatment constituted by connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a conductor.
樹木および／又は竹類の炭化物から成り、電気抵抗率が２０Ω・ｃｍ以下の微生物担体である請求項１〜５の何れかに記載の汚泥処理用微生物電池。 The conductive material for positive electrode is
The microbial cell for sludge treatment according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is a microbial carrier made of a carbide of tree and / or bamboo and having an electrical resistivity of 20 Ω · cm or less.
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| CN101710626B (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2013-04-17 | 南京大学 | A single-chamber microbial fuel cell and its application in wastewater treatment |
| JP2011212513A (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2011-10-27 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | Microbial treatment system |
| WO2012039464A1 (en) * | 2010-09-24 | 2012-03-29 | イビデン株式会社 | Microorganism fuel cell system, method for generating electricity, and method for processing organic substances |
| US20130230744A1 (en) * | 2010-11-18 | 2013-09-05 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Electrode for microbial fuel cell and microbial fuel cell using the same |
| JP5828455B2 (en) * | 2011-09-27 | 2015-12-09 | 国立大学法人広島大学 | Microbial fuel cell and microbial power generation method |
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