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JP5366113B2 - Fatty acid ester-producing yeast - Google Patents
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JP5366113B2 - Fatty acid ester-producing yeast - Google Patents

Fatty acid ester-producing yeast Download PDF

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JP5366113B2
JP5366113B2 JP2008078470A JP2008078470A JP5366113B2 JP 5366113 B2 JP5366113 B2 JP 5366113B2 JP 2008078470 A JP2008078470 A JP 2008078470A JP 2008078470 A JP2008078470 A JP 2008078470A JP 5366113 B2 JP5366113 B2 JP 5366113B2
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fatty acid
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直也 ▲高▼桑
哲夫 松村
勝一 齋藤
満 篠田
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a yeast which can produce a fatty acid ester. <P>SOLUTION: The yeast belonging to genus Cryptococcus produces the fatty acid ester in an amount of &ge;10 &mu;g/mL per culture medium. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

本発明は、脂肪酸エステルを生産する酵母、この酵母を使用する脂肪酸エステルの製造方法、及びこの方法によって製造された脂肪酸エステルに関する。   The present invention relates to a yeast that produces a fatty acid ester, a method for producing a fatty acid ester using the yeast, and a fatty acid ester produced by this method.

化石燃料の枯渇が懸念される昨今において、国産バイオマスを代替燃料へ変換利用し、エネルギー自給率の向上を目指すための研究開発が強く求められている。そのなかで、軽油の代替燃料としては、油脂(トリグリセリド)から変換製造した脂肪酸エステル(通称:バイオディーゼル)が注目されている。国内で製造する脂肪酸エステルのほとんどは、家庭および外食産業から発生する廃食用油中のトリグリセリドを原料としており、その回収から脂肪酸エステルヘの変換製造までの技術開発が活発的に取り組まれている。   In recent years, when there is concern about the depletion of fossil fuels, there is a strong demand for research and development aimed at improving the energy self-sufficiency rate by converting domestic biomass into alternative fuels. Among them, fatty acid esters (commonly known as biodiesel) converted and produced from fats and oils (triglycerides) have attracted attention as alternative fuels for light oil. Most fatty acid esters produced domestically use triglycerides in waste edible oils generated from the household and restaurant industries as raw materials, and technological developments from recovery to production of conversion to fatty acid esters are being actively pursued.

国内における廃食用油からの脂肪酸エステルの製造方法に関しては、大別すると、アルカリ触媒法(特許文献1)、酸触媒法(特許文献2)、リパーゼ法(特許文献3)および超臨界メタノール法(特許文献4)が挙げられる。
特開平7−197047号公報 特開2004−359766号公報 国際公開第WO00/12743号パンフレット 国際公開第WO2004/108873号パンフレット
Regarding the production method of fatty acid ester from waste cooking oil in Japan, it can be roughly divided into an alkali catalyst method (Patent Document 1), an acid catalyst method (Patent Document 2), a lipase method (Patent Document 3), and a supercritical methanol method ( Patent document 4) is mentioned.
JP-A-7-197047 JP 2004-359766 A International Publication No. WO00 / 12743 Pamphlet International Publication No. WO2004 / 108873 Pamphlet

上述のように、現行の脂肪酸エステルの原料は、植物または動物由来の油脂の混合物であるが、大豆などの食用油の主要原料はほとんど輸入品であるために、エネルギー自給率の向上には寄与しない。また、廃食用油は安定供給が困難であることに加え、様々な動植物由来のトリグリセリドが混在しているために、そこから製造される脂肪酸エステルの品質の安定性の確保が困難である。そのような問題点から、現状では国内の脂肪酸エステル製造工場を合計しても年間0.5万キロリットル程度の製造量に過ぎず、これは、我が国の軽油の年間消費量(約3,000万キロリットル)の0.02%である。以上の背景から、エネルギー自給率の更なる向上を目指すためには、国産バイオディーゼルの低コスト、安定供給のみならず品質の安定化を図る必要があった。   As mentioned above, the current raw material for fatty acid esters is a mixture of oils and fats derived from plants or animals, but the main raw material for edible oils such as soybeans is mostly imported products, contributing to the improvement of the energy self-sufficiency rate. do not do. In addition, it is difficult to stably supply waste edible oil, and since various triglycerides derived from various animals and plants are mixed, it is difficult to ensure the stability of the quality of the fatty acid ester produced therefrom. Due to such problems, the total amount of domestic fatty acid ester manufacturing plants is only about 55,000 kiloliters per year at present, which is the annual consumption of light oil in Japan (about 3,000). 0.02% of 10,000 kiloliters). From the above background, in order to further improve the energy self-sufficiency rate, it was necessary to stabilize not only the low cost and stable supply of domestic biodiesel but also the quality.

脂肪酸エステルを効率的に製造するための新しい方法としては、短時間に増殖可能な微生物の利用が適していると考えられる。また、培養した菌体から簡単な抽出・精製法によって取得した脂肪酸エステルを輸送用燃料などとして利用するには、安全な微生物でなければならないことは言うまでもない。そのような微生物として、第一に挙げることができるのは酵母である。製パンや醸造で広く利用されている酵母サッカロミセス・セレヴィシエ(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)は、菌体内に脂肪酸エステルの原料となるトリグリセリドを微量ながらも生産するが、酵母の中にはトリグリセリドを含む脂質成分を著量生産する菌種がある。これらは脂質生産性酵母と呼ばれており、代表的な酵母種としては、ロドスポリジウム・トルロイデス(Rhodosporidium toruloides)を挙げることができる。   As a new method for efficiently producing fatty acid esters, it is considered suitable to use microorganisms that can grow in a short time. In addition, it goes without saying that in order to use a fatty acid ester obtained from cultured cells by a simple extraction / purification method as a transportation fuel, it must be a safe microorganism. As such a microorganism, yeast can be mentioned first. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is widely used in breadmaking and brewing, produces triglycerides, which are the raw material of fatty acid esters, in the cells, but it contains a lipid component containing triglycerides. There are bacterial species that are mass-produced. These are called lipid-producing yeasts, and typical yeast species include Rhodosporidium toruloides.

ところが、脂肪酸エステルを生産する酵母はこれまで見出されておらず、上記の脂質生産性酵母においても、脂肪酸エステルを生産することはできなかった。   However, no yeast that produces a fatty acid ester has been found so far, and the above-described lipid-producing yeast could not produce a fatty acid ester.

本発明者らは、研究機関保存のカンジダ(Candida)属、シテロミセス(Citeromyces)属、クリプトコッカス属(Cryptococcus)属、デバリオミセス(Debaryomyces)属、デッケラ(Dekkera)属、エレモテシウム(Eremothecium)属、クリヴェロミセス(Kluyveromyces)属、コダマエア(Kodamaea)属、ラチャンセア(Lachancea)属、パチーソレン(Pachysolen)属、ピキア(Pichia)属、サターニスポラ(Saturnispora)属、ウイリオプシス(Williopsis)属およびヤロウィア(Yarrowia)属の各酵母について脂肪酸エステルの生産性を調べた。しかし、ほとんどの菌株は、脂肪酸エステルを検出できないか、検出できてもごく微量であった。   The inventors of the present invention have the genus Candida, Citeromyces, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Eremothecium, Criveromyces (Kluyveromyces), Kodamaea, Lachancea, Pachysolen, Pichia, Saturnispora, Willopsis, and Yarrowia The productivity of fatty acid esters was investigated. However, most of the strains could not detect the fatty acid ester or only a trace amount even if it could be detected.

そこで、生乳から分離した100株以上の酵母について調べたところ、クリプトコッカス・カルバタス(Cryptococcus curvatus)と同定された1株TYC−19(NITE AP−524)において、脂肪酸エステルを著量生産していることを見出し、本発明を完成させた。   Therefore, when more than 100 strains of yeast isolated from raw milk were examined, one strain TYC-19 (NITE AP-524) identified as Cryptococcus curvatus produced a significant amount of fatty acid esters. The present invention was completed.

したがって、本発明は、下記のとおりである。
1.脂肪酸エステルを培養培地当たり10μg/ml以上生産することを特徴とするクリプトコッカス(Cryptococcus)属に属する酵母、
2.酵母が、クリプトコッカス・カルバタス(Cryptococcus curvatus)である上記1に記載の酵母、
3.クリプトコッカス・カルバタス(Cryptococcus curvatus) TYC−19株(受番号:NITE −524)、
4.上記1〜3に記載の酵母を用いて製造された脂肪酸エステル、
5.上記1〜3に記載の酵母を用いる工程を含む脂肪酸エステルの製造方法、
6.上記1〜3に記載の酵母から製造された脂肪酸エステルを含む燃料。
Therefore, the present invention is as follows.
1. A yeast belonging to the genus Cryptococcus, characterized in that it produces at least 10 μg / ml of fatty acid ester per culture medium;
2. The yeast according to 1 above, wherein the yeast is Cryptococcus curvatus,
3. Cryptococcus Karubatasu (Cryptococcus curvatus) TYC-19 strain (consignment number: NITE P -524),
4). A fatty acid ester produced using the yeast according to any one of 1 to 3 above,
5. The manufacturing method of the fatty acid ester including the process using the yeast of said 1-3,
6). The fuel containing the fatty acid ester manufactured from the yeast of said 1-3.

本発明の脂肪酸エステル生産性酵母を、糖質を含む国産のバイオマスで培養し、脂肪酸エステルを発酵生産することにより、低コストかつ効率的に脂肪酸エステルを製造することができる。   By culturing the fatty acid ester-producing yeast of the present invention with domestic biomass containing carbohydrates and producing the fatty acid ester by fermentation, the fatty acid ester can be produced efficiently at low cost.

本発明でいう酵母は、脂肪酸エステルを生産することができる、クリプトコッカス(Cryptococcus)属に属する酵母をいう。好ましくは、クリプトコッカス・カルバタス(Cryptococcus curvatus)に分類される酵母であり、特に好ましくは、クリプトコッカス・カルバタス TYC−19株である。なおこの菌株は、2008年3月12日付けで独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構 特許微生物寄託センターに、受番号NITE −524として、寄託されている。また、脂肪酸エステルの種類も特に限定されず、種々の脂肪酸エステルを含有していてもよい。例えば、オレイン酸メチルエステルなどが該当する。 The yeast referred to in the present invention refers to a yeast belonging to the genus Cryptococcus that can produce a fatty acid ester. Preferred is a yeast classified as Cryptococcus curvatus, and particularly preferred is Cryptococcus cartas TYC-19. It should be noted that this strain, the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Patent Microorganisms Depositary Center March 12, 2008 with, as consignment number NITE P -524, has been deposited. Moreover, the kind of fatty acid ester is not particularly limited, and various fatty acid esters may be contained. For example, oleic acid methyl ester is applicable.

本発明の脂肪酸エステルの製造方法は、クリプトコッカス・カルバタス TYC−19株を用いることを特徴とする。この菌株の培養方法は、酵母の培養に適したものであれば、従来公知の任意の方法を用いることができる。また、本発明の菌株の培養液からの脂肪酸エステルの製造方法としては、従来公知の任意の抽出方法を用いることができ、場合により、従来公知の任意の脂肪酸エステルの精製方法を用いることもできる。   The method for producing a fatty acid ester of the present invention is characterized by using Cryptococcus carbatus TYC-19 strain. Any conventionally known method can be used for culturing the strain as long as it is suitable for culturing yeast. Moreover, as a manufacturing method of the fatty acid ester from the culture solution of the strain of the present invention, any conventionally known extraction method can be used, and in some cases, a conventionally known purification method of any fatty acid ester can also be used. .

本発明の脂肪酸エステルの製造方法により得られた脂肪酸エステルを、軽油の代替燃料に利用することができる。脂肪酸エステルは、上述したように、軽油の代替燃料として利用できることから、100%純度の脂肪酸エステルまたは軽油との混合利用により、輸送用燃料として利用することができる。   The fatty acid ester obtained by the method for producing a fatty acid ester of the present invention can be used as an alternative fuel for light oil. Since the fatty acid ester can be used as an alternative fuel for light oil as described above, it can be used as a fuel for transportation by mixing with a 100% purity fatty acid ester or light oil.

本発明の詳細を以下の実施例によって説明する。ただし、本発明はそれらの実施例によっては何ら限定されるものではない。   The details of the invention are illustrated by the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.

国内産生乳から分離した酵母クリプトコッカス・カルバタス TYC−19を一白金耳かきとり、試験管(直径1.8cm,長さ18cm)中のYPD培地(酵母エキス1%、ポリペプトン2%、グルコース2%)1mlに接種して種培養を行った。菌体の増殖後、種培養液400μlを200ml三角フラスコ中のビート廃糖蜜培地(ビート廃糖蜜5%、酵母エキス1%)またはチーズホエー培地(ホエーパウダー3.5%、酵母エキス1%)40mlに移植して、30℃、24時間、振盪(180rpm)培養を行った。菌体が増殖して白濁した培養液を遠心分離にかけ、集めた菌体に19mlのクロロホルム−メタノール−蒸留水(5:10:4,v/v)を加え、3分間超音波処理して菌体を懸濁させた。この菌体懸濁液に5mlのクロロホルムおよび5mlの蒸留水を加えた後、遠心分離により得た下層を、濃縮乾固して得た全脂質を試料1とした。   Yeast Cryptococcus carbatus TYC-19 isolated from domestically produced milk is scraped with one platinum ear and 1 ml of YPD medium (yeast extract 1%, polypeptone 2%, glucose 2%) in a test tube (diameter 1.8 cm, length 18 cm). The seed culture was performed after inoculating the seedling. After growth of the cells, 400 μl of seed culture solution is added to 40 ml of beet molasses medium (beet molasses 5%, yeast extract 1%) or cheese whey medium (3.5% whey powder, yeast extract 1%) in a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask. And cultured with shaking (180 rpm) at 30 ° C. for 24 hours. Centrifugation was performed on the culture solution in which the bacterial cells grew and became cloudy, and 19 ml of chloroform-methanol-distilled water (5: 10: 4, v / v) was added to the collected bacterial cells, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 3 minutes. The body was suspended. After adding 5 ml of chloroform and 5 ml of distilled water to this bacterial cell suspension, the lower layer obtained by centrifugation was concentrated and dried to give the total lipid as sample 1.

また、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構が保有するクリプトコッカス・カルバタスの標準株NBRC1159、アメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクションが保有するクリプトコッカス・カルバタスATCC20508およびATCC20509、およびオランダ微生物株保存センターが保有するクリプトコッカス・カルバタスCBS2176、CBS2744、CBS2754、CBS2755、CBS2829、CBS4260、CBS5162、CBS5163、CBS5324およびCBS8770を、同様の方法にて処理し、全脂質を得、比較試料1から13とした。   In addition, Cryptococcus carbatus standard strain NBRC1159 held by the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Cryptococcus carbatus ATCC 20508 and ATCC 20509 held by the American Type Culture Collection, and Cryptococcus carbatus CBS2176 and CBS2744 held by the Netherlands Microbial Stock Conservation Center. , CBS 2754, CBS 2755, CBS 2829, CBS 4260, CBS 5162, CBS 5163, CBS 5324 and CBS 8770 were treated in the same manner to obtain total lipids, which were designated as comparative samples 1 to 13.

<TLCによる確認と結果>
上記試料1、比較試料1〜13を少量のクロロホルム−メタノール(2:1,v/v)に溶解し、へキサン−ジエチルエーテル(95:5,v/v)を展開溶媒として、シリカゲル薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)にかけた。そして、25%硫酸を噴霧、加熱後に出現するスポットの様子を観察した。さらに比較試料14として市販の脂肪酸エステル標品(オレイン酸メチルエステル)を加えた。図1にその結果を示す。
<Confirmation and results by TLC>
Sample 1 and Comparative Samples 1 to 13 are dissolved in a small amount of chloroform-methanol (2: 1, v / v), and hexane-diethyl ether (95: 5, v / v) is used as a developing solvent to form a thin silica gel layer. Chromatography (TLC). And the state of the spot which appears after spraying and heating 25% sulfuric acid was observed. Further, as a comparative sample 14, a commercially available fatty acid ester preparation (oleic acid methyl ester) was added. The result is shown in FIG.

図1に示したように、ビート廃糖蜜培地による培養で、比較試料14の市販の脂肪酸エステル標品と同じ位置にスポットが顕著に観察された菌株は、試料1(TYC−19)のみであり、比較試料8(CBS2829)においては僅かに検出されるものの、その他の比較試料では検出されなかった。一方、チーズホエー培地による培養で、脂肪酸エステルが顕著に観察された菌株は、同様に試料1のみであり、その他の比較試料では極微量しか検出されなかった。したがって、本発明のクリプトコッカス・カルバタス TYC−19は、培養培地の相違に関わらず安定的かつ高濃度に脂肪酸エステルを生産していることがわかる。   As shown in FIG. 1, only the sample 1 (TYC-19) was observed with the spot in the same position as the commercially available fatty acid ester preparation of the comparative sample 14 in the culture using the beet waste molasses medium. Although it was slightly detected in the comparative sample 8 (CBS2829), it was not detected in the other comparative samples. On the other hand, in the culture using the cheese whey medium, the only strain in which the fatty acid ester was remarkably observed was the sample 1 as well, and only a trace amount was detected in the other comparative samples. Therefore, it can be seen that Cryptococcus carbatus TYC-19 of the present invention produces fatty acid esters stably and at a high concentration regardless of the culture medium.

<脂肪酸エステルの生産量の算出>
さらに、この菌体の脂肪酸エステルの生産量の算出結果を表1に示す。
<Calculation of fatty acid ester production>
Furthermore, the calculation result of the production amount of the fatty acid ester of this microbial cell is shown in Table 1.

画像解析装置によってスポットの画像を取り込み、スポットの強度から培養培地当たりの生産量を算出した。これらの結果から、本発明のクリプトコッカス・カルバタス TYC−19は、脂肪酸エステルを培養培地当たり10μg/ml以上生産していることが分かった。   The image of the spot was captured by an image analyzer, and the production amount per culture medium was calculated from the intensity of the spot. From these results, it was found that Cryptococcus carbatus TYC-19 of the present invention produced a fatty acid ester of 10 μg / ml or more per culture medium.

<脂肪酸エステルの組成の分析>
さらに、この菌体が生産した脂肪酸エステルの組成の算出結果を表2に示す。
<Analysis of composition of fatty acid ester>
Furthermore, the calculation result of the composition of the fatty acid ester produced by this microbial cell is shown in Table 2.

ビート廃糖蜜培地およびチーズホエー培地による培養で調製した試料1をTLCにかけた後、脂肪酸エステルのスポット部分をかきとって、少量のへキサンによってシリカゲルから脂肪酸エステルを溶出させた。溶出した脂肪酸エステルをガスクロマトグラフィーで分析することによって、脂肪酸エステルの分子種の分離とそれらのピーク面積から脂肪酸エステルの組成を算出した。これらの結果から、本発明のクリプトコッカス・カルバタスTYC−19が生産する主要な脂肪酸エステルは、オレイン酸メチルエステルが40%以上、リノール酸メチルエステルが45%以上であることが分かった。   Sample 1 prepared by cultivation in beet waste molasses medium and cheese whey medium was subjected to TLC, and then the fatty acid ester spot portion was scraped and the fatty acid ester was eluted from the silica gel with a small amount of hexane. By analyzing the eluted fatty acid ester by gas chromatography, the composition of the fatty acid ester was calculated from the separation of the molecular species of the fatty acid ester and their peak areas. From these results, it was found that the main fatty acid ester produced by Cryptococcus carbatus TYC-19 of the present invention is 40% or more of oleic acid methyl ester and 45% or more of linoleic acid methyl ester.

本発明の「脂肪酸エステルの製造方法」は、「分離工程」と「精製工程」を含むことができる。   The “method for producing a fatty acid ester” of the present invention can include a “separation step” and a “purification step”.

「分離工程」では、脂肪酸エステルを生産するクリプトコッカス・カルバタス菌体から脂肪酸エステルを分離する。まず、菌体から脂肪酸エステルを分離するために、酵母菌体の増殖を行う。微量の酵母菌体を液体培地に接種し、25〜30℃で24時間、150〜220rpmで振盪培養すると、菌体が増殖して白濁する。次に、液体培地上の白濁した菌体を遠心分離によって集め、培養直後の生菌体中の全脂質成分を有機溶媒で抽出する。そして、抽出溶液を濃縮、乾燥することにより、脂肪酸エステルを得ることができる。   In the “separation step”, the fatty acid ester is separated from Cryptococcus carbatus cells that produce the fatty acid ester. First, in order to isolate | separate fatty acid ester from a microbial cell, a yeast microbial cell is propagated. When a small amount of yeast cells is inoculated into a liquid medium and cultured at 25 to 30 ° C. for 24 hours with shaking at 150 to 220 rpm, the cells grow and become cloudy. Next, the clouded cells on the liquid medium are collected by centrifugation, and the total lipid components in the living cells immediately after the culture are extracted with an organic solvent. Then, the fatty acid ester can be obtained by concentrating and drying the extraction solution.

「精製ステップ」では、前記分離工程で分離された粗脂肪酸エステルを精製する。精製工程は、脂肪酸エステル(種々の脂肪酸エステルを含む)として精製するものであってもよいし、脂肪酸エステルのうち単一の成分を精製するものであってもよい。分離工程で得られた粗脂肪酸エステルを少量の溶媒に溶解し、シリカゲルクルマトグラフィーを行うことによって、脂肪酸エステル画分のみを容易に分離することができる。また、シリカゲルクロマトグラフィーを繰り返すことにより、さらに細かく成分を分離精製することとしてもよい。   In the “purification step”, the crude fatty acid ester separated in the separation step is purified. A refinement | purification process may refine | purify as fatty acid ester (a various fatty acid ester is included), and may refine | purify a single component among fatty acid esters. Only the fatty acid ester fraction can be easily separated by dissolving the crude fatty acid ester obtained in the separation step in a small amount of solvent and carrying out silica gel chromatography. Further, the components may be further separated and purified by repeating silica gel chromatography.

本発明によれば、大豆や菜種などの油糧作物から脂肪酸エステルを製造するのではなく、大量かつ安定的に供給可能なビート廃糖蜜やチーズホエーを用いる発酵生産法という手段を使用し、工業的に安価に脂肪酸エステルを得ることができる。他面では、砂糖およびチーズ製造時に多量に副生するビート廃糖蜜およびチーズホエーについて、産業上有用かつ高度な新規用途を図り、付加価値を高めることができる。   According to the present invention, instead of producing fatty acid esters from oil crops such as soybeans and rapeseed, a means of fermentation production using beet waste molasses and cheese whey that can be stably supplied in large quantities is used, Thus, fatty acid esters can be obtained at low cost. In other aspects, beet waste molasses and cheese whey, which are by-produced in large quantities during the production of sugar and cheese, can be industrially useful and can be used for advanced new applications, and can increase added value.

TLCによる確認と結果を示す。TLC confirmation and results are shown.

Claims (2)

クリプトコッカス・カルバタス(Cryptococcus curvatus) TYC−19株(受領番号:NITE P−524)。   Cryptococcus curvatus TYC-19 strain (reception number: NITE P-524). 請求項1に記載の酵母を用いる工程を含む脂肪酸エステルの製造方法。   The manufacturing method of the fatty acid ester including the process of using the yeast of Claim 1.
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