JP5528107B2 - 芳香族アザ複素環、その製造方法及び有機エレクトロニクス素子 - Google Patents
芳香族アザ複素環、その製造方法及び有機エレクトロニクス素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5528107B2 JP5528107B2 JP2009518844A JP2009518844A JP5528107B2 JP 5528107 B2 JP5528107 B2 JP 5528107B2 JP 2009518844 A JP2009518844 A JP 2009518844A JP 2009518844 A JP2009518844 A JP 2009518844A JP 5528107 B2 JP5528107 B2 JP 5528107B2
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- SCAVIRZESCFSPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(NC=C3)C3=NC2=C1 SCAVIRZESCFSPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001637 1-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- GDAXJBDYNVDMDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-benzotriazine Chemical compound N1=NC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 GDAXJBDYNVDMDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 9
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000005838 radical anions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 5
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TXFRAIXKSOYKDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-benzotriazine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(CC=3N=C4C=CC=CC4=NN=3)=NN=C21 TXFRAIXKSOYKDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 3-substituted pyrazolo [1,5-a] benzimidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- FRBUNLLUASHNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-nitrophenyl)hydrazine Chemical compound NNC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O FRBUNLLUASHNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CLQNDYHOQCDEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[1,2,2-tris(1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)ethenyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazine Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=NC(C(=C(C=3N=C4C=CC=CC4=NN=3)C=3N=C4C=CC=CC4=NN=3)C3=NC4=CC=CC=C4N=N3)=NN=C21 CLQNDYHOQCDEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZIUPFIXNYNIEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=NC(C=C)=NN=C21 ZIUPFIXNYNIEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021592 Copper(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrate;hydrochloride Chemical compound O.Cl DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical compound O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LKRZLQZKWFYXGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-1h-pyrazol-5-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1N1NC(=O)C=C1 LKRZLQZKWFYXGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGUWZCUCNQXGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-5-nitro-1h-indole Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1CC1=CNC2=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C12 VGUWZCUCNQXGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21 DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 0 N=C(CC(*1CC1)C#N)O Chemical compound N=C(CC(*1CC1)C#N)O 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical class C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005041 phenanthrolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005839 radical cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005837 radical ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006476 reductive cyclization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
Description
新規の芳香族アザ複素環、その製造方法及びこの材料の有機エレクトロニクス中での使用
本発明は、縮合した電子不足芳香族化合物を基礎とする新規の電子輸送材料に関する。
のうち1つを含有する、複素芳香族成分である。特に、π不足芳香族化合物として、縮合された、及び、縮合されていない、1個又は数個の窒素原子を有する芳香族の六員のアザ複素環が理解される。
a)ビス(1,2,4−ベンゾトリアジン−3−イル)−メタン系の合成(還元による環化)
a)ビス−アミドラゾン3の合成:
0.1モルのo−ニトロフェニルヒドラジン1及び0.05モルのジイミノマロン酸ジエチルエステル2を200mlのエタノール中で4時間還流して加熱した。冷却後に、この結晶化したビスアミドラゾン3を吸引し、m.p.= ℃、収率70%(理論値の)。
水素化装置中に5gのビスアミドラゾン3を200mlのエタノール中に装入し、スパチュラ先端PtO2で混合し、かつ、引き続き室温で水素雰囲気下で水素がもはや吸収されないまで水素化する。この生じる黄色の溶液を、白金コンタクトにより、空気の排除下で分離し、かつ、2時間不活性ガス下で還流して、アンモニア分離が終了するまで加熱する。この後でこの溶液を2時間空気酸素で酸化させる。この溶液を回転蒸発器で濃縮し、かつ、結晶化させる。
0.1モルのo−ニトロフェニルヒドラジン1及び0.12モルのβ−ケトエステル4を200mlのエタノール中で2時間還流して加熱した。冷却後に、回転蒸発器で2/3分濃縮し、かつ、このピラゾロン6を結晶化する、m.p.= ℃、収率65%(理論値の)。
水素化装置中に5gのピラゾロン6を200mlのエタノール中に装入し、スパチュラ先端PtO2で混合し、かつ、引き続き室温で水素雰囲気下で水素がもはや吸収されないまで水素化する。この生じる無色の溶液を白金コンタクトにより空気の排除下で分離し、引き続き完全な凝縮まで7時間還流して加熱する。この溶液を回転蒸発器で濃縮し、かつ、結晶化させる。この生成物は、無色の無定形の粉末である、m.p.= ℃、収率55%(理論値の)。
2gのビス(1,2,4−ベンゾトリアジン−3−イル)−メタン4を100mlの無水THF中に不活性な装置中で溶解し、かつ、二倍当量のLDAと混合する。この褐色に色づいた溶液を、無水の塩化銅(II)と混合する。30分間の加熱後に、この混合物を回転蒸発器で濃縮し、水及び希釈した塩酸と混合し、かつ、最後に、クロロホルムと振盪する。クロロホルム相を乾燥後に濃縮し、かつ、生成物Aをエタノール及びエーテルで沈殿した。
2gのピラゾロ[1,5−a]−ベンズイミダゾール7を100mlの無水THF中に不活性な装置中で溶解し、かつ、二倍当量のLDAと混合する。この褐色に色づいた溶液を、無水の塩化銅(II)と混合する。30分間の加熱後に、この混合物を回転蒸発器で濃縮し、水及び希釈した塩酸と混合し、かつ、最後に、クロロホルムと振盪する。クロロホルム相を乾燥後に濃縮し、かつ、生成物Cをエタノール及びエーテルで沈殿した。
0.01モルのビス(1,2,4−ベンゾトリアジン−3−イル)−メタン4を50mlのテトラ中に溶解し、かつ、当量のNBSと混合する。この溶液の6時間の還流しながらの加熱後に約40℃で吸引し、かつ、この濾過物を乾燥まで濃縮した。この残留物と当量のトリエチルホスフィット、50mlトルエン及び1.5当量の所望のジアリールケトンを混合する。
0.01モルのピラゾロ[1,5−a]−ベンズイミダゾール7を、50mlのテトラ中に溶解し、かつ、当量のNBSと混合する。この溶液の6時間の還流しながらの加熱後に約40℃で吸引し、かつ、この濾過物を乾燥まで濃縮した。この残留物と当量のトリエチルホスフィット、50mlトルエン及び1.5当量の所望のジアリールケトンを混合する。この後で、この反応混合物を約100℃で油浴中で加熱し、かつ、この溶液に油浴温度の達成後に2当量のカリウム−tert−ブチラートを添加する。2時間後に、この混合物から回転蒸発器で溶媒を除去し、かつ、水、希釈した塩酸及びクロロホルムの添加により生成物Dを抽出することにより後処理する。クロロホルム相の乾燥後に、再度濃縮し、かつ、この粗生成物をエタノール及びエーテルからなる混合物から沈殿させる。
Claims (8)
- R3が複素環式基本構造C及び/又はDにおいて少なくとも1回フェニルの意味合いを有する、請求項1記載の化合物。
- R3が、複素環式基本構造C及び/又はDにおいて少なくとも1回メチルの意味合いを有する、請求項1又は2記載の化合物。
- 有機エレクトロニクス中での電子輸送材料としての請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の化合物の使用。
- 請求項1から3のいずれか1項記載の化合物を含む、有機エレクトロニクス素子。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006032107.3 | 2006-07-11 | ||
| DE102006032107A DE102006032107A1 (de) | 2006-07-11 | 2006-07-11 | Neue aromatische Aza-Heterocyclen, Herstellungsverfahren dazu und Verwendung des Materials in der organischen Elektronik |
| PCT/EP2007/056688 WO2008006738A1 (de) | 2006-07-11 | 2007-07-03 | Neue aromatische aza-heterocyclen, herstellungsverfahren dazu und verwendung des materials in der organischen elektronik |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2009542767A JP2009542767A (ja) | 2009-12-03 |
| JP2009542767A5 JP2009542767A5 (ja) | 2013-01-17 |
| JP5528107B2 true JP5528107B2 (ja) | 2014-06-25 |
Family
ID=38657172
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009518844A Expired - Fee Related JP5528107B2 (ja) | 2006-07-11 | 2007-07-03 | 芳香族アザ複素環、その製造方法及び有機エレクトロニクス素子 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8232393B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2038263B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5528107B2 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE102006032107A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2008006738A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5355171B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-25 | 2013-11-27 | ユー・ディー・シー アイルランド リミテッド | 有機電界発光素子 |
| CN111732532B (zh) * | 2020-07-21 | 2021-01-01 | 南昌大学 | 一种合成具有缺电子基团的四芳基取代乙烯衍生物的方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1070030B (ja) | 1958-06-21 | 1959-11-26 | ||
| EP1293837B1 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2008-10-08 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Electrophotographic organophotoreceptors |
-
2006
- 2006-07-11 DE DE102006032107A patent/DE102006032107A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-07-03 WO PCT/EP2007/056688 patent/WO2008006738A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2007-07-03 US US12/373,504 patent/US8232393B2/en active Active
- 2007-07-03 JP JP2009518844A patent/JP5528107B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-07-03 EP EP07787011.1A patent/EP2038263B1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8232393B2 (en) | 2012-07-31 |
| EP2038263B1 (de) | 2014-03-05 |
| US20090318691A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
| DE102006032107A1 (de) | 2008-01-24 |
| EP2038263A1 (de) | 2009-03-25 |
| JP2009542767A (ja) | 2009-12-03 |
| WO2008006738A1 (de) | 2008-01-17 |
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