JP5751207B2 - Battery DC resistance evaluation device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a battery direct current resistance evaluation apparatus, and more particularly to an improvement in efficiency in measuring internal direct current resistance of a secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery.

  One of the performance evaluation indexes of secondary batteries used in hybrid electric vehicles and the like is the direct current resistance (DCR) inside the battery. A specific test method for this DCR is, for example, “Japan Electric Vehicle Association”. Standard JEVS D714 “Method for calculating direct current resistance of sealed nickel-hydrogen battery for hybrid vehicle” (Non-patent Document 1).

  FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an example of a conventional DCR measurement system. In FIG. 12, the battery 1 to be measured includes a charge / discharge device 2 that applies a charge / discharge pulse to the battery 1, a drive control of the charge / discharge device 2, and the voltage and current of the battery 1 when the charge / discharge pulse is applied. A voltage / current measuring device 3 is connected. A DCR analyzer 4 is connected to the voltage / current measuring device 3.

  In such a configuration, in the DCR measurement, the charging / discharging device 2 generates a charging / discharging current pulse waveform having a predetermined level in a sequence as shown in FIG. 13 when the rated capacity is 20 Ah, for example. Apply. For example, as shown in FIG. 14, the voltage / current measuring device 3 measures a response voltage ΔV of the battery 1 with respect to the discharge current ΔI by the applied current pulse waveform. The DCR analyzer 4 calculates DCR (= ΔV / ΔI) by calculating a quotient of the response voltage ΔV and the discharge current ΔI.

  FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a specific configuration example of the DCR analysis apparatus 4. In FIG. 15, the DCR measurement condition including the measurement time point and the response voltage are input to the DCR calculation unit 42 via the input unit 41. The DCR calculator 42 calculates the DCR at each measurement time point specified by the DCR measurement condition based on the above-described arithmetic expression DCR (= ΔV / ΔI). Here, ΔV is the drop width of the response voltage, and ΔI is the level of the current pulse.

“Japan Electric Vehicle Association Standard JEVS D714 Calculation Method for DC Resistance of Sealed Nickel / Hydrogen Battery for Hybrid Vehicles”, Japan Electric Vehicle Association Standardization Subcommittee, established on March 26, 2003

  However, according to the conventional DCR measurement system, since a relatively large charge / discharge pulse is applied to the battery 1, the perturbation that appears in the output of the battery 1 also increases. As a result, the following problems occur.

  1) It is necessary to take a long rest time in order to restore the battery 1 to a stable state after applying the charge / discharge pulse. Without a downtime, measurement reproducibility cannot be ensured. Therefore, when a conventional DCR measurement system is used, for example, when a DCR inspection is performed in a battery production line, a considerable inspection time is required, and productivity is poor.

  2) Depending on the capacity of the battery 1 to be measured, a large capacity power supply is required. In addition, when a large-capacity power supply is used, it is easily affected by noise generated from these devices, and noise countermeasures are necessary to perform stable measurement.

  The present invention solves these problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a battery direct current resistance evaluation apparatus that can perform measurement efficiently in a short time without using a large-capacity power source.

In order to achieve such a problem, the invention according to claim 1 of the present invention is:
A battery DC resistance evaluation device for measuring the internal DC resistance of a secondary battery,
Impedance measuring means for measuring the AC impedance of the battery to be measured;
The response voltage of the battery to be measured is calculated based on the circuit constant calculated based on the measurement result of this impedance measuring means and the selected equivalent circuit, the current value of the battery DC resistance measurement condition, and the change in the open circuit voltage value (OCV). And providing a DC resistance value analyzing means for calculating the internal DC resistance value ,
The DC resistance value analyzing means calculates the response voltage using an SOC-OCV table created by measuring OCV data while changing the state of charge (SOC) of the battery.

The invention according to claim 2
A battery DC resistance evaluation device for measuring the internal DC resistance of a secondary battery,
Impedance measuring means for measuring the AC impedance of the battery to be measured;
The response voltage of the battery to be measured is calculated based on the circuit constant calculated based on the measurement result of this impedance measuring means and the selected equivalent circuit, the current value of the battery DC resistance measurement condition, and the change in the open circuit voltage value (OCV). And providing a DC resistance value analyzing means for calculating the internal DC resistance value,
The DC resistance value analyzing means corrects the response voltage using OCV data measured while changing the temperature.

A third aspect of the present invention is the battery direct-current resistance evaluation apparatus according to the first or second aspect ,
As the equivalent circuit, a circuit in which CPEs are connected in series is used .

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the battery direct-current resistance evaluation apparatus according to any one of the first to third aspects,
The circuit constant of the equivalent circuit is corrected using impedance data measured while changing the temperature .

  According to the battery direct current resistance evaluation apparatus of the present invention, the direct current resistance of a battery can be measured efficiently in a short time without using a large-capacity power source.

It is a block diagram which shows one Example of this invention. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the other Example of this invention. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the other Example of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows an example of the conventional DCR measurement system. It is a sequence example figure of the charge / discharge current pulse waveform at the time of DCR measurement. It is a waveform example figure of a voltage and an electric current at the time of DCR measurement. It is a block diagram which shows the specific structural example of the conventional DCR analyzer 4. FIG.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention, and the same reference numerals are given to portions common to FIG. 1 differs from FIG. 12 in that an impedance measuring device 6 is provided in FIG. 1 in place of the voltage / current measuring device 3 of FIG. The impedance measuring device 6 measures impedance as an electrical characteristic of the battery 1 and inputs the measurement data to the DCR analyzing device 4.

  FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a specific configuration example of the DCR analyzer 4 used in FIG. 1, and the same reference numerals are given to the portions common to FIG. In FIG. 2, impedance data, equivalent circuit, SOC-OCV table, and DCR measurement condition data are output to each unit via an input unit 44.

  The SOC calculation unit 45 calculates the state of charge (SOC) value of the battery 1 by calculating the charge / discharge amount from the charge / discharge pulse height and the pulse generation time defined as the DCR measurement conditions, and the calculation result Is output to the SOC-OCV computing unit 47. A detailed calculation method will be described separately.

  The circuit constant calculator 46 uses the impedance data measured by the impedance measuring device 6 to calculate an optimum circuit constant as an equivalent circuit. A detailed calculation method will be described separately.

  The SOC-OCV calculating unit 47 calculates an open circuit voltage OCV (Open circuit voltage) value corresponding to the SOC value from the SOC-OCV table. A detailed calculation method will be described separately.

  The response voltage calculation unit 48 calculates a response voltage when a current pulse is applied to the battery 1. Specifically, using the equivalent circuit, circuit constant, DCR measurement condition, and OCV value, it is calculated as the sum of the voltage change and the internal electromotive force generated when a current pulse is applied to the internal impedance of the battery 1. A detailed calculation method will be described separately.

In describing each detailed calculation method, each data will be described.
FIG. 3 is an example of impedance data of the battery 1 measured by the impedance measuring device 6. The characteristic curve CHa shows the impedance measurement result, and the characteristic curve CHb shows the phase measurement result.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of an equivalent circuit of a battery , (A) is a specific equivalent circuit diagram, and (B) is a list of specific circuit constant examples of each element in the circuit (A). Here, the resistor R1 in (A) represents the resistance of the electrolyte inside the battery, the parallel circuit of the resistor R2 and the capacitor C2 represents the resistance and capacitance of one electrode of the battery, and the resistor R3 and the capacitor C3 in parallel. The circuit represents the resistance and capacitance of the other electrode of the battery. These three resistors R1 to R3 are divided into three because the response frequency varies depending on the frequency band as described in FIG. 3 of Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-231179.

  FIG. 5 is a specific example of the SOC-OCV table. It is created by measuring each OCV value when the SOC value of the battery 1 is different every 10% in the range of 0 to 100%.

  The SOC value is a calculated value at each measurement time calculated based on predetermined DCR measurement conditions in the SOC calculation unit 45.

  The OCV value is an open circuit voltage value at each measurement time calculated by the SOC-OCV calculation unit 47.

  The response voltage is a response voltage calculated by the response voltage calculation unit 48.

The electrical characteristics of the battery 1 will be described.
The electromotive force is an electromotive force of the battery 1 and is calculated as an OCV value.
The internal impedance is the internal impedance of the battery 1 and is composed of one or a plurality of circuit elements, and the constant of each element is calculated by the circuit constant calculation unit 46.

[Calculation of response voltage]
The response voltage E0 generated in the battery 1 is the sum of the following E1 and E2 as shown in the equivalent circuit of FIG.
a) Internal electromotive force; E1
b) Voltage change due to internal impedance; E2

  The voltage E1 of the electromotive force is a voltage that does not depend on the current application state, but varies depending on the SOC. In general, it is known that the voltage E0 between the terminals of the battery 1 decreases during discharging, but here, such a voltage drop is due to internal impedance. Since it does not depend on the current application state, the voltage E1 of the electromotive force can be determined by measuring the OCV of the battery 1.

  The internal impedance is an impedance determined by the material and structure of the battery 1. A voltage is generated when a current is applied, and a voltage is generated in a direction opposite to that of the electromotive force during discharge. Even with batteries of the same standard, there are individual differences in internal impedance, and this appears as a difference in DCR test results.

  In the apparatus of the present invention, the sum of the electromotive force of the battery 1 (E1 in FIG. 6) and the voltage change (E2 in FIG. 6) generated when a current is applied to the internal impedance of the battery 1 is obtained, and the response voltage Let E0.

[Voltage change due to internal impedance]
A response voltage e (t) is calculated for the current pulse X (t) at time t.
In the present invention, the internal impedance of the battery 1 is approximated by a circuit in which a resistor and a plurality of RC parallel circuits are connected in series. That is, the internal impedance of the battery 1 is the sum of the resistance and the impedance of each RC parallel circuit.
The voltage e (t) applied to the internal impedance is the sum of the voltages applied to the respective impedances.

For example, the sum of the voltages applied to the series circuit as shown in FIG.
e (t) = e _A (t) + e _B (t) + e _C (t)

For example, e _A (t) is obtained by inverse Laplace transform of the voltage E _A (s) in the complex number region s.
However, s = jω (ω is an angular frequency).

For example, E _A (s) can be obtained by the following equation.
E _A (s) = Z _A (s) × I (s)
Z _A (s): impedance in the s region I (s): current in the s region

[Calculating circuit constants]
A circuit approximating the internal impedance is obtained by measuring the impedance of the battery 1 and optimizing circuit constants in the circuit using the data.
The optimum circuit constant is a circuit constant x that minimizes the sum of squares of y−f (x), and is obtained by the least square method. Here, the impedance data is y, and the impedance calculation formula is a function f (x). As a solution algorithm, Gauss-Newton method or Levenberg-Marquardt method can be used.

[Current in s region]
In the DCR evaluation, the current X (t) applied to the battery 1 is the sum of the step function X _k (t) of the charge / discharge current with the time as a variable as shown in FIG.

The voltage e (t) applied to the internal impedance is the sum of the response voltage e _k (t) generated by each step function.

  Since the Laplace transform has linearity, the response voltage generated by each step function can be obtained in the s region and summed.

Ik (s) is obtained by performing Laplace transform on the current in the time domain. For example, a current that changes by ΔI _{k at} t = 0 can be expressed as a step function as follows.
0: t <0
ΔI _k : t ≧ 0

This can be expressed as follows using the unit step function u (t).
ΔI _k × u (t)
That is, it can be expressed as:
I _k (s) = L [ΔI _k × u (t)] = ΔI _k / s

  FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the charge / discharge current and the change in SOC in DCR measurement. In FIG. 9, a solid line indicates a current pulse, and a broken line indicates SOC.

[Voltage applied to resistance]
When the resistance value of the resistor is r, the voltage _er (t) is obtained by the following equation.
e _r (t) = r × X (t)

[Voltage applied to RC circuit]
When the impedance of the RC circuit is Z _rc (s), the voltage e _rc (t) is as follows.

When I _k (s) is a step function of current that changes ΔI _{k at} t = t _k , the response voltage Y _rck (T) is obtained as follows. However, T = t−t _k .

Since the impedance Z _rc (s) of the RC circuit is the impedance of the RC parallel circuit of the resistor R and the capacitance C, it is obtained as follows.

At this time, if α = 1 / C and β = −1 / RC, then Z (s) = α / (s−β), and thus E _rck (s) can be expressed as follows.

  Is the inverse Laplace transform,

Therefore, Y _rck (T) becomes as follows.

[Internal electromotive force]
The internal electromotive force E1 of the battery 1 shown in FIG. 6 is determined by the OCV value. This OCV value is calculated by the following procedure.
1) The change in SOC due to the DCR charge / discharge pulse is calculated.
2) The OCV value due to the change in SOC is calculated.

[SOC calculation]
In DCR measurement, since a charging or discharging pulse is applied to the battery 1, the SOC of the battery 1 changes according to the progress of the measurement as shown in FIG. The SOC value at time t can be calculated by the following equation.

Here, S ₀ is the initial value of SOC, C _max is the maximum capacity of battery 1, and I (x) is the charge / discharge current.

An example of calculating the SOC will be described.
In a battery 1 having a large capacity of 2400 mAh and SOC of 50% (1200 mAh), when a charging pulse of 2400 mA for 30 seconds is applied, the SOC is calculated by the following equation.
{1200 mAh + (2400 mA * 0.0083)} / 2400 mAh = 0.5083
Thus, the SOC after applying the charge pulse is 50.83%.

On the other hand, in a battery 1 having a maximum capacity of 2400 mAh and SOC of 50% (1200 mAh), when a discharge pulse of 2400 mA for 30 seconds is applied, the SOC is calculated by the following equation.
{1200mAh + (-2400mA * 0.0083)} / 2400mAh
= 0.4917
Thus, the SOC after application of the discharge pulse is 49.17%.

[OCV value calculation]
OCV varies with SOC. In order to obtain the OCV at S (t), the OCV is measured while changing the state of charge of the battery 1 to create an OCV table for SOC pulling, and the OCV table is referred to according to S (t). The intermediate value is calculated using a calculation method such as linear interpolation.

An example of calculating the OCV will be described below.
The OCV value e (t _k ) at time t = t _k is calculated using the following equation. However, the SOC value S (t _k ) = 50.83%, OCV ₁ is the OCV value when the SOC is 50%, and OCV ₂ is the OCV value when the SOC is 60%.

  The calculation result of the OCV value according to this equation is 3.727V. And the OCV value of SOC 49.17% by the same formula will be 3.706V.

Since the present invention estimates the DCR measurement result of the battery based on the AC impedance measurement result, the following effects can be obtained.
1) Since the AC impedance measurement can be stably performed even if the amplitude of the AC signal applied for the measurement is small, the perturbation appearing at the output of the battery 1 can be suppressed to a low level.
2) This eliminates the need for a standby time for returning the battery 1 to its original state, thereby shortening the measurement time and increasing the efficiency of the inspection in the production line, for example.

3) Measurement with good reproducibility can be performed.
4) Stable measurement can be performed even with a small power supply capacity.
5) In the AC impedance measurement, the measurement result is FFT processed and only the frequency to be analyzed is used, so that it is not easily affected by noise or the like.

  In the above embodiment, an example of SOC is described as a parameter used for OCV calculation. However, the present invention is not limited to SOC, and temperature (cell temperature, environmental temperature) may be used. That is, the OCV data measured while changing the temperature of the battery 1 in advance may be used to calculate the OCV from the temperature change and correct the response voltage.

  In calculating the OCV, the temperature table may be corrected in consideration of the material and structure of the battery.

  In calculating the OCV, the SOC may be used in combination with temperature and other conditions.

  Further, as an equivalent circuit, a circuit in which CPEs (Constant Phase Elements) are connected in series may be used. CPE is an element that can represent the impedance due to material diffusion inside the battery, and the impedance Z is generally defined as follows using constants P and T.

  When P = 0.5, the impedance of the CPE is equal to the Warburg impedance expressed by the following equation.

  Similar to the resistor and RC parallel circuit, the voltage applied to the CPE in the equivalent circuit is obtained and added to the voltage applied to other parts to obtain the response voltage of the entire internal resistor.

[Voltage applied to CPE]
When the impedance of CPE is Z _cpe (s), the voltage E _cpe (t) is as follows.

When I _k (s) is a step function of current that changes ΔI _{k at} t = t _k , the response voltage E _cpek (T) is obtained as follows. However, T = t−t _k .

  The impedance of CPE is defined as follows using constants P and Q. P and Q are battery specific characteristics and are treated as circuit constants.

Therefore

  Here, the following inverse Laplace transform is used.

However, n> 0 and Γ (n) is a gamma function. Thereby, E _cpe (T) can be expressed as the following equation.

  In determining the circuit constant, an impedance measurement result (SOC-impedance data) for each SOC may be used. FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a specific configuration example of the DCR analysis apparatus 4 using SOC-impedance data, and the same reference numerals are given to portions common to FIG. The SOC-circuit constant table calculation unit 49a obtains a circuit constant corresponding to the equivalent circuit in each SOC based on the SOC-impedance data table and the equivalent circuit data input from the input unit 44.

  Specifically, as shown in FIG. 11, for example, an SOC-circuit constant table is created in which each circuit constant is a circuit constant for SOC subtraction.

  The SOC-circuit constant calculation unit 49b calculates a circuit constant corresponding to the SOC value based on the SOC-circuit constant table and the SOC value calculated from the SOC calculation unit 45.

  In calculating the circuit constants, for example, the circuit constants are optimized so that the parameters are within a limited range based on the measurement data of each SOC. However, the condition for changing the characteristics is not limited to the SOC. Temperature may be a condition.

  As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a battery direct-current resistance evaluation apparatus capable of measuring resistance efficiently in a short time without using a large-capacity power source, and a DCR inspection in a battery production line. It is suitable for.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Test battery 4 DCR analyzer 42 DCR calculating part 43 Output part 44 Input part 45 SOC calculating part 46 Circuit constant calculating part 47 SOC-OCV calculating part 48 Response voltage calculating part 49a SOC-Circuit constant table calculating part 49b SOC-circuit Constant calculator 5 AC power supply 6 Impedance measuring device

Claims (4)

A battery DC resistance evaluation device for measuring the internal DC resistance of a secondary battery,
Impedance measuring means for measuring the AC impedance of the battery to be measured;
The response voltage of the battery to be measured is calculated based on the circuit constant calculated based on the measurement result of this impedance measuring means and the selected equivalent circuit, the current value of the battery DC resistance measurement condition, and the change in the open circuit voltage value (OCV). And providing a DC resistance value analyzing means for calculating the internal DC resistance value,
The DC resistance value analyzing means calculates the response voltage using an SOC-OCV table created by measuring OCV data while changing the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. . A battery DC resistance evaluation device for measuring the internal DC resistance of a secondary battery,
Impedance measuring means for measuring the AC impedance of the battery to be measured;
The response voltage of the battery to be measured is calculated based on the circuit constant calculated based on the measurement result of this impedance measuring means and the selected equivalent circuit, the current value of the battery DC resistance measurement condition, and the change in the open circuit voltage value (OCV). And providing a DC resistance value analyzing means for calculating the internal DC resistance value,
The direct current resistance value analyzing means corrects the response voltage using OCV data measured while changing the temperature.   The battery DC resistance evaluation apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a circuit in which CPE is connected in series is used as the equivalent circuit.   4. The battery direct current resistance evaluation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the circuit constant of the equivalent circuit is corrected using impedance data measured while changing a temperature. 5.