JP6009002B2 - Animal feed composition and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Description

[0001] To improve feed utilization, increase feed density, and improve handling characteristics,
Pelletization was introduced into the US feed industry in the mid 1920s. Before about 1930, several different types of pellet making machines were used. At the end of the 1920s, flat die pellet making machines and ring die pellet mills were first developed. Flat die equipment is still used for some applications, but the ring die pellet mill has become the preferred design immediately and is immediately adopted in the animal feed industry and is still the preferred form of pellet making machine . In addition to the ring die pellet mill itself, auxiliary equipment has been developed including conditioners, coolers / dryers, and related processing equipment.

[0002] Early pelletization methods involved mixing the feed ingredients and pelletizing them without further processing; the rationale was to avoid applying heat to the feed It was to prevent changes to vitamins and proteins. However, in the late 1930s, some processors began to impart water and steam to the mixture by passing it through a conditioner before introducing the animal feed pelleting mixture into the pellet extruder.
The addition of steam improved production rates, reduced die wear, and improved pellet quality. Later, the industry quickly adopted steam conditioning for pellet forming, which has been an integral part of the pelletization process to date.

[0003] During steam conditioning, live steam is generally injected into the feed mash as it is carried through a conditioner consisting of a cylindrical tube with a rotating shaft to which a number of paddles or picks are attached. Is done. Conditioning of feed powder with steam is a prerequisite for compressing feed powder or mash into pellets. Heat from the steam and water act to activate binders in the feed flour particles, such as proteins and carbohydrates, soften them and provide agglomeration properties to the surface of the particles. As the mash is compressed through the die, the particles are compacted and stacked together to form pellets. Increases mash temperature and moisture content as well as condensing steam. In addition, since steam is injected directly into the feed mash, the chemicals used to treat the boiler must be FDA approved.

[0004] The focus of pelleting research since the 1960s has been on improving steam conditioning operations, emphasizing extended residence time and increasing mash conditioning temperature. One of the more recent developments is pressurized pellets that pressurize conditioners and pelletizing die cavities to provide higher temperatures and longer conditioning times to improve pellet durability and increase production rates System. However, the adoption of high temperatures and long conditioning times goes in the opposite direction of containing either substantially heat sensitive or unstable ingredients; these ingredients may also be desirable in complete animal feed. is there.

[0005] Accordingly, there is a need in the art to produce animal feed in the absence of an intentionally added heat source, such as steam, so that heat labile additives can be added to the feed. It is a method to do. In addition, methods and apparatus that do not employ steam injection may be more economical to operate; because those methods do not require a boiler for steam production. Without a boiler, the need for FDA approval for certain chemical treatments of the device is eliminated.

[0006] The present invention relates to a method for producing an animal feed product comprising a binder and a feed powder.
eal) at a temperature of about 10C to about 70C to prepare a mash, pass the mash through an extruder to form an animal feed product, and dry the animal feed product . In some embodiments, the temperature of the feed flour, mash and final product is maintained at 70 ° C or lower.

  [0007] The present invention also relates to an animal feed product produced using the method of the present invention.

[0008] The present invention relates to a method for producing animal feed products. As used herein, an animal feed product is a feed product or treat for animals, particularly mammals. The feed product may be for dogs, cats, and livestock, such as but not limited to cows, pigs, horses, bulls and the like. In certain embodiments, the feed product is for domestic pets such as dogs or cats.

[0009] Since the present invention does not depend on or is limited by the shape of the feed product, the feed product produced by the method of the present invention may have any desired shape. For example, the feed may be solid or hollow pellets. The feed may be in other shapes such as a strip of bacon or a strip resembling fried tortilla chips. As used herein, a “strip” shaped feed product is used to mean a flat feed product of any shape such as, but not limited to, a triangle, rectangle, square or circle.

[0010] The feed product consists of feed flour mixed with a liquid binder. Any feed flour used in the animal feed industry can be used for the purposes of the present invention. Examples of ingredients of feed flour that are not essential but may be present in the feed flour used in the present invention include corn, ground corn, corn meal, rice, wheat, wheat mid, barley, buckwheat, Other vegetable fiber, soy, soy flour, any grain flour derived from biofuel production, whey, whey flour, casein, egg, cottonseed, animal fat, vegetable oil, fish oil, poultry flour, beef, pork, Groundnut shell,
Orange skin, sugar beet pulp and sorghum can be included, but are not limited to these. Examples of feed flour additive ingredients include hygroscopic solutes or ingredients such as salts, sugars and oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, propylene glycol, syrup, free amino acids, and hydrolyzed protein materials (eg, chicken, liver, Wheat gluten, casein, etc.)
Or hydrolyzed carbohydrate polymers such as, but not limited to, starch, gum, flour, fiber and chitosan. In certain embodiments, the feed flour is about 40% to about 70% ground corn, about 10% to about 30% soy flour, about 1% to
It contains about 30% poultry meat flour, and about 1% to about 30% peanut shell, with the remainder consisting of various feed flour ingredients such as, but not limited to, animal fat.

[0011] The method of the present invention involves the use of a binder added to the feed flour. The binder in the present invention may be a polysaccharide, gum or soy protein binder. Specific examples of binders include, but are not limited to, sodium alginate, gum arabic, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum, maltodextrin, pregelatinized starch.

[0012] Generally, the binder is in the form of a dry powder, and water is mixed with the dry powder before the binder is mixed with the feed flour. As used herein, a “liquid binder” is a binder that is mixed with water. In one embodiment, prior to mixing with the feed flour, the liquid binder can have a solid content of less than 20% (w / w), i.e. have a moisture content greater than 80%. In other particular embodiments, the liquid binder is 18%, 16%, 14%, 12%, 10%, 9%, prior to mixing with the feed flour.
It has a solid content of less than 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. In still other specific embodiments, the liquid binder is about 18% to about 16%, about 16% to about 14%, about 14% to about 12%, about 12% to about 10% prior to mixing with the feed flour. , About 10% to about 9%, about 9
% To about 8%, about 8% to about 7%, about 7% to about 6%, about 6% to about 5%, about 5% to about 4%, about 4
% To about 3%, about 3% to about 2%, about 2% to about 1%, about 1% to about 0.5% solids. Mixing of the water and the dry form binder may be at any temperature at which the dry binder and water are properly mixed. In one embodiment, water and powdered binder are mixed at a temperature of about 17 ° C. to about 26 ° C., ie, room temperature. In one particular embodiment, the liquid binder is in the form of a gel after appropriate mixing.

[0013] In the method of the present invention, mash is prepared by mixing feed flour and a binder at a temperature of about 10 ° C to about 70 ° C. In one embodiment, the feed flour and binder are mixed at a temperature of about 17 ° C. to about 26 ° C., ie, room temperature. The mash will have a moisture content resulting from the moisture content of the liquid binder. In one embodiment, the moisture content of the mash is from about 5% to about 70% (w / w) of the total ingredients. In a more specific embodiment, the mash moisture content is from about 10% to about 60% (w / w) of the total ingredients.
It is. In a more particular embodiment, the moisture content of the mash is from about 20% to about 40% (w
/ W). In an even more specific embodiment, the mash has a moisture content of about 20% to
About 35% (w / w). In another particular embodiment, the mash has a moisture content of about 20%, 2
1%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 3
2%, 33%, 34% or 35%. In an even more specific embodiment, the moisture content of the mash is about 20% to about 22%, about 22% to about 24%, about 24% to about 26% of the total ingredients,
About 26% to about 28%, about 28% to about 30%, about 30% to about 32%, about 32% to about 34%,
About 33% to about 35% (w / w).

[0014] After mixing the liquid binder and the feed flour, the concentration of the binder (in dry form) will obviously decrease. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the liquid binder in the mash is about 0.
1% to about 10% (w / w). In other embodiments, the concentration of liquid binder in the mash is from about 0.1% to about 5% (w / w) of the total ingredients.

[0015] When a mash is prepared by mixing a binder and feed powder, the mash is passed through an extruder to form an animal feed product. As used herein, the term extruder is used to mean a machine or apparatus that shapes, shapes or reshapes a mash. The extruder can also mold, shape or reshape the mash into smaller pieces, such as but not limited to pellets and strips. The extruder simply shapes the mash and, optionally, to an additional station for further processing of the reshaped mash, such as a cutting station for breaking relatively large feed product pieces into smaller feed product pieces. Can send.
Extrusion equipment for feed is well known in the art and includes, but is not limited to, roller and die extruders, single screw extruders, twin screw extruders, pelletizers, expanders and the like. Although not exact, ideally the temperature of a specific part of the extruder should be 70 ° C
Should be maintained below. However, the temperature of certain parts of the extruder, such as the die, can exceed 70 ° C. during extrusion, which can increase the temperature of the molded mash or feed product. In these cases, it is the extrusion process itself that raises the temperature of the mash or feed product, not the intentional addition of external heat, such as steam injection. Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is a method of shaping animal feed in the absence of an intentionally added heat source, such as steam, that raises the temperature of the feed flour, mash or shaped feed product to a temperature above 70 ° C. About. In order to influence the feed density, air may or may not be injected into the extruder during extrusion.

[0016] After passing through the extruder, the shaped animal feed product is dried. Generally, the shaped feed product is dried at a temperature of 70 ° C. or lower. In one particular embodiment, the shaped feed product is dried at a temperature of about 60 ° C. The feed product may be dried at ambient temperature and without the air of the dryer. Alternatively, the feed product may be dried using a drying device such as, but not limited to, a gas or electric oven or an electronic oven. One skilled in the art will be able to set the drying conditions, such as time, temperature or power (in the case of an electronic oven) for drying the shaped feed product.

[0017] The present invention also relates to an animal feed product produced using the method of the present invention. The feed products may be hollow or solid pellets or they may be any other shape. In one embodiment, the final feed product has a moisture content of about 0.01% to about 35%,
This includes both dry and intermediate moisture ranges. In other embodiments, the final feed product is about 5 liters.
It has a density of bs / ft ³ to about 40 lbs / ft ³ . In more particular embodiments, the final feed product has a density of about 20 lbs / ft ³ to about 30 lbs / ft ³ . A feed product can also have a specific water activity (a _w ) at a specified temperature and humidity. “Water activity” is well known in the art and is generally defined as the vapor pressure just above the sample (in this case feed) divided by the vapor pressure of the same temperature of pure water. For example, food product of the present invention can exhibit _{a w} in the range of 0.2 to 0.9 at 24 ° C. and different relative humidity. _aw is, of course, a measure of the relative water vapor pressure of the feed product or the relative humidity of the environment that the feed product of the invention has reached in equilibrium.

[0018] The method of the present invention provides a feed product that, if present, is not pregelatinized. These feed products need not contain any pregelatinized starch when starch is present. In certain embodiments, the level of pregelatinized starch in the final feed product when starch is present is less than 30%. In other embodiments, the level of pregelatinized starch in the final feed product when starch is present is 20
%. In yet other embodiments, the level of pregelatinized starch in the final feed product when starch is present is less than 10%. In still other embodiments, the level of pregelatinized starch in the final feed product is less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, 1% %. The degree of pregelatinization of starch can be analyzed by various methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to assess the level of pregelatinized starch in a feed product. DSC
The method can evaluate the pre-alphalation transition temperature (T _o ), peak alpha conversion temperature (T _p ), and alpha enthalpy (ΔH) of the feed product. _T o of feed products of the present invention,
T _p and / or ΔH can be quickly compared to an untreated mixture of the same formulation to determine the degree of alpha of the feed product.

[0019] The animal feed product produced by the method of the present invention also exhibits excellent durability. Durability is a simple measurement and is generally the percentage of the mass of the pellet that passes through a particular sieve after mixing in a blender. For example, put 100g of feed product in a blender,
For example, it can be blended for 10 minutes at the “stirring” speed setting. The blended pellets or feed product can then be passed, for example, through a 4 mesh screen and the mass of pellets remaining after sieving can be measured. Durability is the residual mass divided by the mass of the starting material.

[0020] Further, the animal feed product can contain additional ingredients in addition to the feed flour and the liquid binder. Additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, inert ingredients such as swelling agents, bulking agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, palatants, processing aids, and the like.

[0021] The examples presented here are intended to illustrate certain aspects of the subject matter of the invention,
It is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example
Example 1
[0023] Dry flour by combining 65% crushed corn (w / w), 20% soy flour, 5% poultry meat flour and 10% peanut shell for about 10-15 minutes at room temperature Manufactured. A liquid binder was prepared separately by mixing 29.25 lbs of water with 0.75 lbs of sodium alginate powder. Water and powdered binder were mixed at room temperature until the powder dissolved and the binder became a uniform gel (about 2.5 hours).

[0024] The liquid binder (total 30 lbs) and the mixed powder (total 100 lbs) were mixed at about 15 at room temperature.
Mash was prepared by mixing with each other for ~ 20 minutes. At this point, the moisture content of the mash is approximately 22
. 5% (29.25 lbs water / 130 lbs total component). During the formation of the liquid binder and / or during the formation of the mash, the water level of the mash may be adjusted by adding water.

Example 2
[0026] 60% crushed corn (w / w), 20% soy flour, 15% poultry flour and 5% peanut husk were combined and mixed at room temperature for about 10-15 minutes to dry flour Manufactured. A liquid binder was prepared separately by mixing 29.25 lbs of water with 0.75 lbs of sodium alginate powder. Water and powdered binder were mixed at room temperature until the powder dissolved and the binder became a uniform gel (about 2.5 hours).

[0027] Liquid binder (total 30 lbs) and mixed powder (total 100 lbs) at about 15 at room temperature
Mash was prepared by mixing with each other for ~ 20 minutes. At this point, the moisture content of the mash is approximately 22
. 5% (29.25 lbs water / 130 lbs total component). During the formation of the liquid binder and / or during the formation of the mash, the water level of the mash may be adjusted by adding water.

Example 3
[0029] The mixed mash of Example 1 having a water content adjusted to about 30% was fed by a twin screw extruder (TX-52, Wenger) at a feed rate of about 80 k / hour and about 18 rpm.
Were extruded at a feed screw speed of about 25 ° C. and a temperature in the entire barrel of about 25 ° C. 2 used for extruder
One die was 7.9 mm in diameter and had 3 holes and a 6.4 mm diameter pin.
The extrusion screw speed was about 200 rpm. At this rate and a moisture level of about 30%, the temperature of the extruder head rose to about 63 ° C. without adding any external heat source.

Example 4
[0031] The mixed mash of Example 2 having a water content adjusted to about 35% was fed by a twin screw extruder (TX-52) at a feed rate of about 80 kg / hour, a feed screw speed of about 200 rpm, and in the whole barrel. Was extruded at a temperature of 58 ° C. or lower. The two dies used in the extruder were 7.9 mm in diameter and had three holes and a pin with a diameter of 2.2 mm. At this rate and a moisture level of about 25%, the temperature of the extruder head is about 6 without any external heat source added.
Maintained below 0 ° C.

[0032] The pellets were dried at a temperature of about 60 ° C for about 65 minutes. The hollow pellets produced in this example have a density of about 30 lbs / ft ³ to about 32 lbs / ft ³ and about 0.25.
Had water activity. These pellets appeared to contain no pregelatinized starch.

Claims (17)

a) a 20% (w / w) less than the aqueous gel of the binder having a solids content, and a feed powder was mixed at room temperature feed mash is prepared,
b) In an extruder having no external heat source around the extrusion cylinder, feed mash is charged at room temperature with a moisture content of 30% to 35% (w / w) of the total components,
c) Feed mash is passed through the extruder, the animal feed product being shaped by the extrusion process itself such that the head of the extruder is at a temperature of 60 ° C. or higher and less than 70 ° C. , and
d) drying at a temperature below 70 ° C. In animal feed products 60 ° C. or higher include Rukoto,
During the charging, the concentration of binding agent in the feed mash is 0.1% to 5% of the total ingredients (w / w),
The animal feed product has a density of 80.1 kg / m ³ (5 lbs / ft ³ ) to 640.7 kg / m ³ (40 lbs / ft ³ ) ,
Method. The method of claim 1, further comprising dissolving the binder to prepare an aqueous gel. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the aqueous gel is uniform. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the head of the extruder is heated to 63 [deg.] C. when passing through the extruder. The feed flour contains starch and the animal feed product does not contain pregelatinized starch derived from starch in the feed flour or the content of pregelatinized starch derived from starch in the feed flour is less than 1%, The method according to claim 1. Extruder pelletizer for forming an animal feed pellets Ru equipped, the method according to any one of claims 1-5. The method of claim 6 , wherein the pellet is hollow. Extruder press for molding the animal feed strip Ru equipped, the method according to any one of claims 1-5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 , wherein the binder is a polysaccharide, gum or soy protein binder. 10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, gum arabic, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum, maltodextrin, pregelatinized starch and soy protein binder. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10 , wherein during the mixing, the aqueous gel of the binder and the feed powder are mixed at a temperature between 17 ° C and 26 ° C. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the temperature of the feed mash and the temperature near the charging port in the extruder are between 17 ° C and 26 ° C during the charging. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12 , wherein the feed flour comprises corn, soy flour, poultry meat flour and peanut shell. 14. A method according to claim 13 , wherein the feed flour further comprises a hygroscopic component. 15. A method according to claim 13 or 14 , wherein the feed flour further comprises a swelling agent. Animal feed products, the final water content of 0.01% to 35%, and you have a a _w of 0.20 to 0.90, The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15. A method of manufacturing the guy you for animal Ri by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 16.