JP6027283B2 - 活性医薬成分の自己制御放出 - Google Patents
活性医薬成分の自己制御放出 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、その全内容が参照により本明細書に援用される、2012年11月30日に出願され、発明の名称が「活性医薬成分の自己制御放出のための方法および組成物」である米国特許仮出願第61/731,901号の利益を主張するものである。
活性医薬成分
いかなる薬物、治療的に許容される薬物塩、薬物誘導体、薬物類似体、薬物相同体、または多形も、本発明に用いることができる。本発明での使用に適する薬物は、その内容が参照により本明細書に援用されるPhysician's Desk Reference, 59th Editionに見出すことができる。1つの実施形態では、薬物は、経口投与される薬物である。
4‐ベンゾジアゼピン‐2(3H)‐オン(ピナゼパム)、α‐(2‐ピペリジル)ベンズヒドリルアルコール(ピプラドール(pipradol))、1’‐(3‐シアノ‐3,3‐ジフェニルプロピル)[1,4’‐ビピペリジン]‐4’‐カルボキシアミド(ピリトラミド)、7‐クロロ‐1‐(シクロプロピルメチル)‐5‐フェニル‐1H‐1,4‐ベンゾジアゼピン‐2(3H)‐オン(プラゼパム)、プロファドール(profadol)、プロヘプタジン(proheptazine)、プロメドール、プロペリジン(properidine)、プロポキシフェン、N‐(1‐メチル‐2‐ピペリジノエチル)‐N‐(2‐ピリジル)プロピオンアミド、メチル‐{3‐[4‐メトキシカルボニル‐4‐(N‐フェニルプロパンアミド)ピペリジノ]プロパノエート}(レミフェンタニル)、5‐sec‐ブチル‐5‐エチルバルビツール酸(セクブタバルビタール(secbutabarbital)),5‐アリル‐5‐(1‐メチルブチル)バルビツール酸(セコバルビタール)、N‐{4‐メトキシメチル‐1‐[2‐(2‐チエニル)エチル]‐4‐ピペリジル}プロピオンアニリド(スフェンタニル)、7‐クロロ‐2‐ヒドロキシ‐メチル‐5‐フェニル‐1H‐1,4‐ベンゾジアゼピン‐2‐(3H)‐オン(テマゼパム)、7‐クロロ‐5‐(1‐シクロヘキセニル)‐1‐メチル‐1H‐1,4‐ベンゾジアゼピン‐2(3H)‐オン(テトラゼパム)、エチル‐(2‐ジメチルアミノ‐1‐フェニル‐3‐シクロヘキサン‐1‐カルボキシレート)(チリジン(シスおよびトランス))、トラマドール、8‐クロロ‐6‐(2‐クロロフェニル)‐1‐メチル‐4H‐[1,2,4]トリアゾロ[4,3‐a][1,4]ベンゾジアゼピン(トリアゾラム)、5‐(1‐メチルブチル)‐5‐ビニルバルビツール酸(ビニルビタール)、(1R*,2R*)‐3‐(3‐ジメチルアミノ‐1‐エチル‐2‐メチル‐プロピル)フェノール、(1R,2R,4S)‐2‐[ジメチルアミノ)メチル‐4‐(p‐フルオロベンジルオキシ)‐1‐(m‐メトキシフェニル)シクロヘキサノール、各々、所望に応じて、対応する立体異性体化合物、さらには対応する誘導体、特に、エステルまたはエーテルであってよく、ならびにすべて、生理学的適合性を有する化合物、特に、塩および溶媒和物である。
ある実施形態では、本発明の医薬組成物は、酸性溶液に可溶性である1つ以上の成分を含む。酸性溶液とは、約1から約4のpHを有する溶液であると見なされてよい。ある実施形態では、酸可溶性成分は、僅かに酸性、中性、および/または塩基性である溶液、すなわち、約4よりも大きいpHを有する溶液における溶解性が低い。
ある実施形態では、本発明の医薬組成物は、1つ以上の緩衝および/または制酸成分を含む。そのような成分は、医薬組成物が適切な量で摂取された場合、胃のpHの上昇をもたらすことができる。ある実施形態では、そのような成分は、医薬組成物が適切な量で摂取された場合、約4よりも大きいpHへと胃のpHを迅速に、および持続的に上昇させることができる。
本発明はまた、本発明の医薬組成物からの剤形の製造を容易とするために、および/または本発明の医薬組成物を含む剤形の放出プロファイルを改変するために、所望に応じてその他の成分も含んでよい。
本明細書で述べるように、本発明の医薬製剤は、活性医薬成分の過剰用量の放出、およびそれに続く吸収を遅延またはブロックするように製剤することができる。ある実施形態では、医薬製剤は、pHを改変する特徴および/またはpH依存的溶解性の特徴を持つように設計することができる。pHを改変する特徴は、医薬組成物が適切な用量で、または過剰量で服用されたかに基づいて、胃環境のpHを改変することにより、活性成分の放出および/または吸収に影響を与えることができる。pHを改変する特徴は、医薬組成物中に1つ以上の緩衝および/または制酸成分を含めることによって提供することができる。pH依存的溶解性の特徴は、胃腸管環境のpHに応じて、活性医薬成分を収容または放出することにより、活性成分の放出および/または吸収に影響を与えることができる。pH依存的溶解性の特徴は、医薬組成物中に1つ以上のpH可溶性成分を含めることによって提供することができる。
2つの溶解容器を調製した:一方の容器は、25ミリ当量のHClおよび単一の市販炭酸カルシウム制酸剤錠剤(Tums(登録商標))を含有し、他方の容器は、25ミリ当量のHClおよび5個の炭酸カルシウム制酸剤錠剤を含有していた。各容器のpHをモニタリングし、結果を図1に示す。単一錠剤の場合、錠剤は、約30分間で完全に反応し、単一錠剤の溶解は、pHの変化を示さなかった。しかし、5個の錠剤の導入では、10分間でpH4.5超までという比較的速いpHの上昇の結果となり、90分後、容器中には、著しい量の溶解しなかった固体が見られた。従って、低レベル(500mg)の炭酸カルシウムは、pHにほとんど影響を与えることなく完全に溶解可能であったが、過剰量の炭酸カルシウムの場合、迅速なpH上昇が発生して高pH環境が作り出され、そこでは、炭酸カルシウムは低い溶解性を示すことが分かった。炭酸カルシウムは、pH改変剤としての能力、およびpH依存的溶解性を示した。
自己制御剤形の設計において直面する課題は、単一用量が服用された場合に即時放出錠剤に付随する所望される迅速な放出速度を損なうことなく、高められたpHでの制御(すなわち、よりゆっくりした、または不完全な放出)を行うことである。炭酸カルシウムを、アルプラゾラムを含有する直接ブレンドマトリックス錠剤(direct blend matrix tablets)および乾式造粒錠剤の両方で評価し、ここで、顆粒は、薬物放出を制御するために炭酸カルシウムを含有し、顆粒外部の炭酸カルシウムは、pH変化を起こすためであった。両手法共に、低pH(pH1)と比較して、高いpH(およそpH6)での単一錠剤において、よりゆっくりしたアルプラゾラムの放出が得られる結果となったが、この場合、放出の隔たりは、所望されるほど高くはなかった(図2)。しかし、この結果から、pH環境に応じた薬物放出の制御に、顆粒を用いることができることが示される。顆粒は、薬物のよりゆっくりした、および/または不完全な放出が見られるように、高められたpHでの浸食または崩壊を阻害する機能成分と共に存在する薬物から構成されてよい。錠剤の顆粒外部分は、素早く放出されて反応を起こす必要があるpH制御剤を主として含有してよい。
Eudragit(登録商標)E PO(EPO)は、ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ブチルメタクリレート、およびメチルメタクリレートをベースとするカチオン性コポリマーである。技術文献によると、このポリマーは、pH5までの酸に可溶性であり;pH5より上では、それは、溶解せずに膨潤する。EPOポリマー中に5%のアルプラゾラムを含有する乾式顆粒を作製し、−16メッシュおよび+20メッシュ(16/20)ならびに−20メッシュおよび+30メッシュ(20/30)のサイズ画分を回収した。これらの顆粒サイズ画分に対する溶解を、EPOが可溶性である低pH(pH1.5)およびEPOの溶解性が低い高pH(pH6)の両方で行った。結果を図3に示す。低pHでは、粒子サイズに関係なく、15分以内で、迅速で完全なアルプラゾラムの放出が起こる。しかし、高pHでは、両サイズ画分共に、アルプラゾラムの放出は非常に遅延され、不完全であるが、小さい方の画分が僅かに高い。この溶解シミュレーションは、錠剤が指示通りに(pH1)および過剰に(pH6)服用された場合の考え得る極限pHでの固定pH条件を表すものであることには留意されたい。次の実施例は、指示通りの服用時にはpHに影響を与えないが、過剰摂取時には迅速にpHを上昇させるpH改変システムについて調べる。
炭酸カルシウムを主たるpH改変剤として用いる試験を続いて行い、5%アルプラゾラム/EPO顆粒から、15分間で比較的迅速にアルプラゾラムが放出される結果を得た(60%)。炭酸カルシウムに対して上記で見られた10分間でpH5までのpH変化(図1)は、アルプラゾラムの放出も迅速であり、15分間で完了すると仮定すると、速いものであると認識され得るが、アルプラゾラム/EPO顆粒では、炭酸カルシウムは、pH変化に対して充分に迅速に影響を与えない可能性がある。以前の実験において、炭酸水素ナトリウムが、より迅速なpH効果を有することが示されており、2分間未満で、酸媒体をpH1からpH6まで上昇させる。従って、主として迅速なpH上昇を制御するために炭酸水素ナトリウムを、上昇したpHのより持続的な制御のために炭酸カルシウムを、プロトタイプ製剤に添加した。本発明の代表的な製剤を、以下の表に示す。
[1]a.医薬活性成分、b.酸可溶性成分、およびc.緩衝成分、を含む乱用抑止性医薬組成物であって、ここで、前記酸可溶性成分および前記緩衝成分は、前記組成物が意図される用量を超えて摂取された場合に、前記医薬活性成分の放出を抑制する、乱用抑止性医薬組成物。
[2]前記医薬活性成分が、乱用され易い薬物を含む、[1]に記載の組成物。
[3]前記医薬活性成分が、狭い治療指数を有する薬物を含む、[1]に記載の組成物。
[4]前記酸可溶性成分が、炭酸カルシウム、カチオン性コポリマー、またはこれらの組み合わせを含む、[1]に記載の組成物。
[5]前記酸可溶性成分が、ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ブチルメタクリレート、およびメチルメタクリレートをベースとするカチオン性コポリマーを含む、[1]に記載の組成物。
[6]前記医薬活性成分が、前記酸可溶性成分のマトリックス中に収容されている、[1]に記載の組成物。
[7]前記酸可溶性成分が、前記医薬組成物の約1重量%から約40重量%の量で存在する、[1]に記載の組成物。
[8]前記緩衝成分が、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム、酸化マグネシウム、三塩基性リン酸ナトリウム、またはこれらの組み合わせを含む、[1]に記載の組成物。
[9]前記緩衝成分が、約45重量%から約95重量%の量で存在する、[1]に記載の組成物。
Claims (5)
- a.医薬活性成分、
b.ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ブチルメタクリレート、およびメチルメタクリレートをベースとするカチオン性コポリマーを含み、1重量%から50重量%の量で存在する、酸可溶性成分、及び
c.炭酸カルシウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム、酸化マグネシウム、三塩基性リン酸ナトリウム、またはこれらの組み合わせ、の一つ以上を含む、緩衝成分、
の即時放出性単位剤形を含む乱用抑止性医薬組成物であって、
前記酸可溶性成分および前記緩衝成分が、前記組成物の三つ以上の単位剤形を摂取された場合に、前記医薬活性成分の放出を抑制し、
前記医薬活性成分と前記酸可溶性成分が組成物中で混合されている、組成物。 - 前記医薬活性成分が、オピオイド、オピエート、覚せい剤、精神安定剤、鎮静剤、抗不安剤、麻薬、及び、生理学的または身体的依存性を引き起こし得る薬物、からなる群から選択される薬物を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記緩衝成分が、前記組成物の三つ以上の単位剤形が摂取された場合に、4よりも大きいように胃のpHを上昇させるのに充分な量で存在する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記緩衝成分が、90重量%より少ない量で存在する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記医薬活性成分と前記酸可溶性成分が粒子マトリックスの形態で混合されている、請求項1に記載の組成物。
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