JP6170145B2 - 相互混合層を有するガス分離膜 - Google Patents
相互混合層を有するガス分離膜 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6170145B2 JP6170145B2 JP2015519339A JP2015519339A JP6170145B2 JP 6170145 B2 JP6170145 B2 JP 6170145B2 JP 2015519339 A JP2015519339 A JP 2015519339A JP 2015519339 A JP2015519339 A JP 2015519339A JP 6170145 B2 JP6170145 B2 JP 6170145B2
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;octanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GBNDTYKAOXLLID-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(4+) ion Chemical compound [Zr+4] GBNDTYKAOXLLID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
a)多孔質支持体;
b)一部分が支持体内に存在し、一部分が支持体の外側にある、ガター層;および
c)ガター層上の識別層;
これに関し:
(i)支持体の外側のガター層部分は、10nm〜900nmの平均厚さ(GLe)を有し;そして
(ii)支持体内に存在するガター層部分は、GLeの10%〜350%の平均厚さ(GLi)を有する。
多孔質支持体は、任意の適した材料から構築することができる。そのような材料の例としては、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリカーボネート、ポリエステル、ポリアクリレート、酢酸セルロース、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリ(4−メチル1−ペンテン)および特にポリアクリロニトリルが挙げられる。
例えば湿潤性および/または付着力を改善する目的で、コロナ放電処理、グロー放電処理、火炎処理、紫外線照射処理などに付してある多孔質支持体を用いることもできる。
多孔率%=100%×(細孔により欠落している表面の面積)
(全表面積)
として表すこともできる。
したがって、好ましい態様において、多孔質支持体は、>1%、より好ましくは>3%、特に>10%、さらに特に>20%の多孔率%を有する。
上記多孔率%および透過率は、複合膜を作製するために用いられる多孔質支持体(すなわち、ガター層および他の層を施用する前)に関連する。
多孔質支持体として、限外濾過膜、例えば、ポリスルホン限外濾過膜、セルロース系限外濾過膜、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン限外濾過膜、ポリフッ化ビニリデン限外濾過膜、および特にポリアクリロニトリル限外濾過膜を用いることができる。
支持体内に存在するガター層部分は、好ましくはGLeの10%〜200%、より好ましくはGLeの20%〜90%の平均厚さを有する。
ガター層が終了したと考えられる位置は、ToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングにより、ガター層を特徴付ける元素の強度が、ガター層中のその元素に関する最大値の20%まで低下したことが示される位置である。例えば、ガター層がケイ素に富み、多孔質層が実質的にケイ素を含まない場合、ガター層が終了したと考えられる位置は、ToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングにより、ケイ素含有率が、ガター層中に見いだされる最大ケイ素含有率の20%まで低下したことが示される位置である。ToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングでは、スパッタリング段階中には複合膜の表面から材料を除去するためにDCモードでイオン銃を操作し、捕捉段階ではパルスモードで同じイオン銃または第2のイオン銃を操作する。ToF−SIMSによるデプスプロファイリングによって、対象となるすべての種を、高い質量分解能で同時にモニタリングすることが可能になり、多孔質支持体中のガター層が終わる境界線が、その位置における化学組成の変化により明らかに示される。同様に、ToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングでは、識別層とガター層の接合部が、それらの化学組成が非常に異なるため(例えば、識別層はフッ素化合物に富むことができ、ガター層は実質的にフッ素化合物を含まないことができる)、明らかに示される。ケイ素含有化合物に富むガター層の場合、ガター層がその前駆体成分の異なる浸透率に起因して不均一な化学組成を有していても、ケイ素含有率の変化が、ガター層の始まりと終わりに関する非常に良好な指標である。
GLiの値を小さくするために、放射線硬化性組成物を多孔質支持体に施用する前に、多孔質支持体の細孔を不活性液体で部分的に満たしてもよい。この不活性液体は放射線硬化性ではなく、ガター層を形成する放射性硬化性液体が多孔質支持体の奥深くに浸透するのを妨げ、これにより望ましい割合のガター層が多孔質支持体内にあることを確実にする。不活性液体は、ガター層を形成するために用いられる放射線硬化性組成物と混和しないことが好ましい。この技術は、より薄い膜を形成することができ、より多くの施用技術をより低粘度の放射線硬化性組成物に使用することができるという点で、上記第1の技術に勝る利点を有する。
(i)熱硬化性および放射線硬化性の両方であり、1以上のジアルコキシシラン基を含む成分;
(ii)加熱されると成分(i)と共重合することができる架橋剤;および
(iii)不活性溶媒;および所望により
(iv)触媒;
を含む組成物を熱硬化することにより得ることが好ましい。
成分(i)は、1分子あたり少なくとも3つの放射線硬化性基を含むことが好ましい。
成分(i)は、フェニルシロキサン基(例えば、式−(Si(Ph)2−O)−基[式中、Phはフェニルまたはフェニレン基である]のもの)を含まないことが好ましい。
成分(i)はまた、1以上の熱硬化性基を含む。成分(i)が熱硬化してPCPポリマーをもたらすことができるように、これは必須である。
不活性溶媒(iii)の機能は、PCPポリマーを作製するために用いられる組成物に、熱架橋反応の効率的な進行および/または該組成物の粘度の制御に適した濃度をもたらすことである。典型的には、成分(iii)として用いられる不活性溶媒は、1以上の有機溶媒、特に水不混和性有機溶媒(1以上)を含む。不活性溶媒は、硬化性ではないので“不活性”とする。
(1)0.5〜50重量%のPCPポリマー;
(2)0〜5重量%の光開始剤;および
(3)50〜99.5重量%の不活性溶媒。
好ましいカチオン光開始剤としては、非求核性アニオン、例えば、ヘキサフルオロアルシネートアニオン、六フッ化アンチモン(V)アニオン、六フッ化リンアニオンおよびテトラフルオロボレートの有機塩が挙げられる。市販のカチオン光開始剤としては、UV−9380c、UV−9390c(Momentive performance materialsにより製造されている)、UVI−6974、UVI−6970、UVI−6990(Union Carbide Corp.により製造されている)、CD−1010、CD−1011、CD−1012(Sartomer Corp.により製造されている)、AdekaoptomerTM SP−150、SP−151、SP−170、SP−171(Asahi Denka Kogyo Co.,Ltd.により製造されている)、IrgacureTM 250、IrgacureTM 261(Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp.)、CI−2481、CI−2624、CI−2639、CI−2064(Nippon Soda Co.,Ltd.)、DTS−102、DTS−103、NAT−103、NDS−103、TPS−103、MDS−103、MPI−103およびBBI−103(Midori Chemical Co.,Ltd.)が挙げられる。上記カチオン光開始剤は、個別または2種以上の組合わせのいずれかで用いることができる。
ラジカルタイプIの光開始剤の例は、国際公開WO2007/018425号、14頁23行〜15頁26行に記載されているとおりであり、これを本明細書中で参考として援用する。
場合によっては、ガター層を形成するために用いられる硬化性組成物中の個々の成分が、異なる速度で多孔質支持体中に浸透してもよい。したがって、ガター層の化学組成が不均一である、例えば、これら浸透速度の差に起因して、支持体内に存在するガター層部分が、支持体の外側にあるガター層部分と異なる化学組成を有することが可能である。したがって、本発明は、その範囲内に、先に定義したような複合膜であって、ガター層が均一または不均一であるものを包含することが、理解されるであろう。
適したコーティング技術を用い、少なくとも5m/分、例えば、少なくとも10m/分またはさらに高速、例えば、15m/分、20m/分、またはさらに最高100m/分のコーティング速度を達成することができる。好ましい態様では、放射線硬化性組成物を、上記コーティング速度の1つで支持体に施用する。
通常、ガター層は、識別層のための平滑な連続表面を提供する機能を有する。ガター層には細孔がないことが好ましいが、識別層はガター層中の微小欠陥をしばしば満たすことができるので、通常、多少の細孔の存在により最終膜の透過性が低減することはない。
ガター層は実質的に非孔質である、すなわち、層中に存在するあらゆる細孔が<1nmの平均径を有することが好ましい。これは、著しく大きい可能性がある欠陥の存在を排除するものではない。上記のように、欠陥は識別層により補正される可能性がある。
例えば、組成物を硬化するために電子ビーム、紫外線、可視線および/または赤外線を用いることができ、組成物に適合するように適した放射線を選択する。紫外線硬化の場合、水銀アーク灯がとりわけ有効であるが、発光ダイオードを用いることもできる。
放射線硬化性組成物は、紫外線または電子ビームで照射することが好ましい。
乾燥厚さは、複合膜を切断し、ガター層上の識別層の厚さを走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて測定することにより、決定することができる。
識別層のガター層上への付着性を改善するために、後者をコロナ放電またはプラズマ処理により処理してから、該層上に識別層を形成することができる。コロナまたはプラズマ処理では、一般に、0.5〜100kJ/m2のエネルギー線量が好ましい。
所望による保護層は、任意の適した技術、例えば、ガター層の調製に関して上記したコーティング法のいずれかを含むプロセスにより、識別層上に形成することができる。
保護層は、所望により、例えば膜表面をより親水性にすることにより、複合膜の機能に影響を及ぼす表面特性を有する。
複合膜の全体的乾燥厚さは、典型的には20〜500μm、好ましくは30〜300μmになる。
例えば、極性ガスおよび非極性ガスを含む供給ガスを、極性ガスに富むガス流と極性ガスが減少したガス流に分離することができる。多くの場合、膜は、非極性ガス、例えば、アルカン、H2およびN2と比較して、極性ガス、例えば、CO2、H2S、NH3、SOxおよび窒素酸化物、特にNOxに対し、高い透過性を示す。
該モジュールは任意の好都合な形をとることができ、例えば、スパイラル型、中空型、プリーツ型、チューブラー型、プレートアンドフレーム型などのモジュールが好ましい。
PAN1は、ドイツのGMT Membrantechnik GmbHからのポリアクリロニトリルL10限外濾過膜である(多孔質支持体)。
PAN2は、DuPontからのポリアクリロニトリルタイプA−7多孔質支持体である。
X−22−162Cは、Shin−Etsu Chemical Co.,Ltd.からの架橋剤(カルボン酸反応性基、220mm2/sの粘度および2300g/molの反応性基当量を有する両末端反応性シリコーン)である(MWT 4600)。
UV9300は、Momentive Performance Materials HoldingsからのSilForceTM UV9300である。これは、反応性エポキシ基および線状ポリジメチルシロキサン鎖を含む熱硬化性コポリマーである。さらに、このコポリマーは、光開始剤の存在下で紫外線を照射すると迅速に硬化する。
I0591は、Tokyo Chemical Industries N.V.(ベルギー)からの4−イソプロピル−4’−メチルジフェニルヨードニウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボレート(C40H18BF20I):
n−ヘプタンは、Brenntag Nederland BVからのn−ヘプタンである。
MEKは、Brenntag Nederland BVからの2−ブタノンである。
MIBKは、Brenntag Nederland BVからのメチルイソブチルケトンである。
APTMSは、Sigma Aldrichからの3−トリメトキシシリルプロパン−1−アミンである。
THFは、Brenntag Nederland BVからのテトラヒドロフランである。
PI1は、6FDA−TeMPD x/DABA y、x/y=20/80である;Fujifilm Corporationから得られ、以下の構造を有する:
CAは、Eastman Chemicalsからの酢酸セルロースCA−398−3である。
ガス流束および選択率の評価
以下の実施例において、複合膜のガス流束および選択率を以下のように決定した:
(A) ガス流束
得られた複合膜を通過するCH4およびCO2の流束を、40℃および6000kPaのガス供給圧力で、測定直径3.0cmのガス透過セルならびに13v/v%のCO2および87v/v%のCH4の供給ガス組成物を用いて測定した。
Qi=各ガスの流束(m3(STP)/m2・kPa.s)
θperm=透過物の流れ(m3(STP)/s)
Χperm,i=透過物中の各ガスの体積分率
Α=膜の面積(m2)
ΡFeed=供給ガスの圧力(kPa)
ΧFeed,i=供給物中の各ガスの体積分率
ΡPerm=透過ガスの圧力(kPa)
STPは標準温圧であり、ここでは25.0℃および1気圧(101.325kPa)と定義する。
(B) 選択率
膜の選択率(CO2/CH4)を、上記で算出したQ CO2およびQ CH4から、以下の式に基づき算出した:
αCO2/CH4 = Q CO2/Q CH4
ToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングによる層厚の測定
ガター層の厚さGleおよびGliを、Ulvac−PHI TRIFT V nano TOF表面分析機を用いてToF−SIMSデプスプロファイリングにより測定した。以下の条件を用いた:
−Ulvac−PHI TRIFT V nano TOF、
−Bi3 ++一次イオン(30kV、ADC 4nA)、
−デプスプロファイル分析のためのAr−GCIB、AAr2500 +、15kV、1nA。
放射線硬化性ポリマーPCP1およびPCP2の調製
成分UV9300、X−22−162CおよびDBUを表1に示す量でn−ヘプタンに溶解し、95℃の温度で168時間維持して、部分的に硬化されたポリマーPCP1を得た。PCP1は12.2のSi含量(meq/ポリマー1g)を有し、得られたPCP1のn−ヘプタン溶液は25.0℃において22.8mPasの粘度を有していた。PCP2は、100% UV9300であった。
硬化性組成物G1を作製するために、上記の前段階で生じたPCP1溶液を20℃に冷却し、以下の表2に示すPCP1濃度が得られるようにn−ヘプタンを用いて希釈した。その後、該溶液を、2.7μmの孔径を有する濾紙に通して濾過した。その後、光開始剤I0591および金属錯体(Ti(OiPr)4)を表2に示す量で濾液に加えて、硬化性組成物G1を得た。G1中に存在するTi(OiPr)4の量は、1グラムのPCP1あたり105.6μmolのTi(OiPr)4に相当していた。同様に、G1中の金属:ケイ素のモル比は0.0087であった。
段階a) ガター層の形成
硬化性組成物G1〜G3を、それぞれ独立して、以下の表4に示す多孔質支持体にさまざまな厚さまでスピンコーティングにより施用し、D−電球を取り付けたFusion UV SystemsからのLight Hammer LH10を24kW/mの強度で用いて硬化し、乾燥した。GLtの値(すなわち、ガター層の全体的厚さ=GLi+GLe)を、多孔質支持体に施用する硬化性組成物の単位面積あたりの量を制御することにより実現した。言い換えれば、ガター層の厚さは、単位面積あたりでより多くの関連硬化性組成物を多孔質支持体に施用するほど増大した。GLiとGLeの値の相対的値を、硬化前に多孔質支持体中に硬化性組成物が浸透するのを可能にする時間の量を変動させることにより制御した。例えば、硬化性組成物の多孔質支持体への施用と硬化の時間差が増大するほどGLiの値は増大した(そして、GLeの値は低減した)。これは、余分な時間により、より多くの硬化性組成物が多孔質支持体中に浸透することが可能になったためである。
段階b) 識別層の形成
用いる組成物D1およびD2を、表3に示す構成成分を混合することにより調製した:
段階c) 保護層の形成
以下の表4の最終列に示した放射線硬化性組成物をスピンコーティングにより識別層に施用した後、D−電球を取り付けたFusion UV SystemsからのLight Hammer LH10を24kW/mの強度で用いて該層上で硬化し、乾燥した。このようにして、さまざまな保護層厚さを有する本発明に従った一連の膜を調製した。
上記表4に記載した複合膜の選択率(CO2/CH4)および流束を、上記技術(A)および(B)により測定した。結果を以下の表5に示す。
VG(非常に良い) :30を超える
G(良い) :25〜30
A(平均) :22〜24
P(劣る) :20未満
表5では、以下の略語を用いて流束の性能を記載している:
VG(非常に良い) :50GPU(ガス透過単位)を超える
G(良い) :40〜50
A(平均) :30〜40
P(劣る) :30未満
本発明は以下の態様を含む。
[1] 以下を含む複合膜:
a)多孔質支持体;
b)一部分が支持体内に存在し、一部分が支持体の外側にある、ガター層;および
c)ガター層上の識別層;
これに関し:
(i)支持体の外側のガター層部分は、10nm〜900nmの平均厚さ(GLe)を有し;そして
(ii)支持体内に存在するガター層部分は、GLeの10%〜350%の平均厚さ(GLi)を有する。
[2] GLeが400〜900nmの値を有する、[1]に記載の複合膜。
[3] GLiがGLeの20%〜90%の値を有する、[1]〜[2]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜。
[4] ガター層がジアルコキシシラン基を含む、[1]〜[3]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜。
[5] 識別層が、ポリイミド、酢酸セルロース、ポリエチレンオキシドまたはポリエーテルイミドを含む、[1]〜[4]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜。
[6] 識別層が、トリフルオロメチル基を含むポリイミドを含む、[1]〜[5]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜。
[7] 識別層が、式(1)の基を含むポリイミドを含む、[1]〜[6]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜:
[9] [1]〜[8]のいずれか一項に記載の膜の、CO2ガスおよびCH4ガスの分離のための使用。
[10] [1]〜[9]のいずれか一項に記載の膜の、バイオガスからメタンを精製するための使用。
[11] [1]〜[7]のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜を含むガス分離モジュール。
2 ガター層
2a 支持体の外側にあるガター層部分
2b 支持体内のガター層部分
3 識別層
Claims (7)
- a)多孔質支持体;
b)一部分が支持体内に存在し、一部分が支持体の外側にある、ジアルコキシシラン基を含むガター層;および
c)ガター層上の識別層;
を含む複合膜であって、
(i)支持体の外側のガター層部分は、400nm〜900nmの平均厚さ(GLe)を有し;
(ii)支持体内に存在するガター層部分は、GLeの20%〜90%の平均厚さ(GLi)を有し、
(iii)識別層が、ポリイミド、酢酸セルロース、ポリエチレンオキシドまたはポリエーテルイミドを含む、複合膜。 - 識別層が、トリフルオロメチル基を含むポリイミドを含む、請求項1に記載の複合膜。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の膜の、ガスの分離のための使用。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の膜の、CO2ガスおよびCH4ガスの分離のための使用。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の膜の、バイオガスからメタンを精製するための使用。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の複合膜を含むガス分離モジュール。
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| JP6015650B2 (ja) * | 2012-02-24 | 2016-10-26 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜および分離膜エレメント |
| JP5922836B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-13 | 2016-05-24 | ダブリュ.エル.ゴア アンド アソシエイツ,インコーポレイティドW.L. Gore & Associates, Incorporated | 通気アレイとその製造方法 |
| US20150136690A1 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2015-05-21 | National Unibersity of Singapore | Method of making a membrane and a membrane for water filtration |
| GB201211309D0 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2012-08-08 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Process for preparing membranes |
| US20150005468A1 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-01-01 | Uop Llc | High permeability copolyimide gas separation membranes |
| GB201317525D0 (en) * | 2013-10-03 | 2013-11-20 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Membranes |
| GB201317521D0 (en) * | 2013-10-03 | 2013-11-20 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Membranes |
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| CN104411389B (zh) | 2017-04-12 |
| US20150209733A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
| US20150165369A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
| CN104428050B (zh) | 2017-02-08 |
| MY171318A (en) | 2019-10-08 |
| WO2014001795A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
| JP6235006B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 |
| CN104428052A (zh) | 2015-03-18 |
| US20170296981A1 (en) | 2017-10-19 |
| US20150298071A1 (en) | 2015-10-22 |
| JP2015522410A (ja) | 2015-08-06 |
| WO2014001796A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
| JP2015528739A (ja) | 2015-10-01 |
| CN104428052B (zh) | 2017-03-15 |
| GB201211309D0 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
| US10005043B2 (en) | 2018-06-26 |
| CN104428050A (zh) | 2015-03-18 |
| US9579609B2 (en) | 2017-02-28 |
| JP2015522411A (ja) | 2015-08-06 |
| JP6170144B2 (ja) | 2017-07-26 |
| MY178421A (en) | 2020-10-13 |
| US20150143995A1 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
| US9700848B2 (en) | 2017-07-11 |
| WO2014001794A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
| US9731248B2 (en) | 2017-08-15 |
| US20150343389A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
| CN104411389A (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
| WO2014001790A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
| US9586182B2 (en) | 2017-03-07 |
| WO2014001798A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
| US9694325B2 (en) | 2017-07-04 |
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