JP6433087B2 - 複合材料の結合方法 - Google Patents
複合材料の結合方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6433087B2 JP6433087B2 JP2016536091A JP2016536091A JP6433087B2 JP 6433087 B2 JP6433087 B2 JP 6433087B2 JP 2016536091 A JP2016536091 A JP 2016536091A JP 2016536091 A JP2016536091 A JP 2016536091A JP 6433087 B2 JP6433087 B2 JP 6433087B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- composite substrate
- release layer
- matrix resin
- cured
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
- B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
- B29C65/483—Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
- B29C65/4835—Heat curing adhesives
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
- B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
- B29C65/5057—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like positioned between the surfaces to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
- B29C66/022—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
- B29C66/0224—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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- B29C66/30322—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of rugosity
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/45—Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/7316—Surface properties
- B29C66/73161—Roughness or rugosity
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- B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
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- B29C66/73751—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized
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- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
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- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
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- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
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Description
強度となることを保証することにはならない。
合が強くなることである。本処理の他の有利な効果は、複合基板の結合面上の汚染の影響を最小限にすることができることである。またさらに、本結合方法は産業的な規模で実施可能であり、本産業において現在使用されているインフラに大きな変化を必要としない。
剥離層」は、乾燥した織布(樹脂を有さない)であり、通常はナイロン、ガラスまたはポリエステルからなり、硬化前の複合基板の結合面に付加される。硬化後、乾燥剥離層が除去されてテクスチャ状の結合面が現われる。
%硬化=[ΔH未硬化−ΔH硬化済み]/[ΔH未硬化]×100%
本開示の樹脂リッチ剥離層は、硬化可能マトリクス樹脂で含浸されたファブリックで構成され、含浸されているファブリックの具体的種類に応じて、剥離層の合計重量を基準として少なくとも重量で20%の樹脂含有率を有する。ある実施形態では、樹脂含有率は重量で20%〜80%の範囲内であり、好ましくは20%〜50%である。一実施形態では、本開示の樹脂リッチ剥離層は、剥離層の合計重量を基準として、20wt%〜80wt%の熱硬化マトリクス樹脂、2wt%〜20wt%の硬化作用剤及び5wt%〜40wt%の追加の調製剤または充填添加剤を含有する。
脂は、不完全な硬化に起因する複合樹脂マトリクスよりも低いガラス遷移温度(Tg)を有する。低い樹脂Tgによって、表面剥離層樹脂が後続の結合工程中に粘性流を通過して、剥離層樹脂が接着樹脂と混合することができる条件を作ることも可能となる。
いればよい。1以上の硬化作用剤が使用され、硬化作用剤の合計量は樹脂混合物の合計重量を基準として重量で2%〜20%の範囲内であればよい。
この状況における複合基板とは、繊維補強された樹脂組成物をいい、プリプレグまたはプリプレグ積層体(航空宇宙産業用の複合構造体を作製するのに使用されるものなど)を含む。ここで使用する用語「プリプレグ」とは、硬化可能なマトリクス樹脂で含浸された繊維質材料の層(例えば、一方向性トウまたはテープ、非織布マットまたは繊維プライ)をいう。複合基板におけるマトリクス樹脂は、未硬化の状態または部分的に硬化された状態にあればよい。繊維補強材料は、織布若しくは織られていないファブリック層または一方向性テープの形態であればよい。「一方向性テープ」とは、同じ方向に配列された補強繊維の層をいう。ここで使用する用語「プリプレグ」とは、積層構成において積層された複数のプリプレグ積層体をいう。
に理解されるべきである。
(1)溶融含浸用マトリクス樹脂混合物の(加熱された)槽を通して連続的に繊維を移動して、完全にまたは実質的に完全に繊維をウェットアウトすること、または
(2)連続的な、平行に配置された一方向性繊維またはファブリック層に対して上部及び底部樹脂膜を押圧すること
を含んでいればよい。
複合基板を結合するための接着剤は、未硬化の、または硬化可能な複合基板と共硬化するのに適した硬化可能な組成物である。硬化可能な接着組成物は、1以上の熱硬化樹脂、硬化作用剤及び/または触媒並びに選択的に強化剤、充填材、流体制御剤、染色剤などを備えていてもよい。熱硬化樹脂は、以下に限定されないが、エポキシ、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、ビスマレイミド、ポリイミド、シアネートエステル、フェノール類などを含む。
以降の実施例は、本開示の所定の態様を示すものである。以降の実施例において、各表に示す量は、特に断りがない限り重量部(pbw)である。
4つの硬化可能な剥離層樹脂混合物が、表1に示す配合組成に基づいて調製された。樹脂−17、樹脂−11及び樹脂−8として示される樹脂混合物は、対照として示される樹脂混合物と同じ配合組成を用いて調製されたが、4,4’−ジアミノ−ジフェニルスルホン(4,4’−DDS)硬化作用剤が20.9部からそれぞれ17pbw、11.3pbw、8.3pbwに変えられた。
料として使用された。
上記生成された結合構造体の機械的性能が、ASTM D5528に従って行われたG1C破壊強度試験によって判定された。G1Cの結果を表2に示す。
部分的に硬化された剥離層表面上の活性官能基の残留は、フーリエ変換赤外線(FT−IR)分光計を用いて剥離層材料の検証を通じて実証された。FT−IR分光計は、官能基を特徴付けるのに有用な分光機器であり、材料の構造的成分の特定を可能とする。剥離層は硬化剤(すなわち、硬化作用剤)における欠損分の樹脂成分から形成され、対照剥離層は、エポキシ対硬化剤が1:1の樹脂混合物から形成された。剥離層の組成を表3に示す。
実施例1における剥離層の配合組成を、ガラス遷移温度を解析する熱機械分析(TMA)によって調べた。図6は調査の結果を示し、剥離層樹脂面のTgが配合組成比の調製によって制御可能なことを実証する。
樹脂−12及び樹脂−6として示す2つの硬化可能な剥離層樹脂混合物が、表4に示す配合組成に基づいて調製された。樹脂混合物がホットメルト処理を用いて調製され、続いて上記樹脂混合物の各々をPorcher Industries製のポリエステルベースの繊維材料(Porcher8115)上にコーティングした。そして、得られた樹脂含浸ファブリック層が剥離層材料として使用された。
本実施例で生成された結合構造体の機械的性能が、ASTM D5528に従って行われたG1C破壊強度試験によって判定された。G1Cの結果を表5に示す。
CYCOM977−2プリプレグ材料の4層積層が、外被として上記実施例4の樹脂−6に基づく剥離層で積層された。そして、未硬化積層体が、華氏350度において80psiで3時間にわたって加熱することによって硬化され、これにより樹脂−6剥離層が硬化サイクルの終了時に部分的に硬化された。剥離層の除去後に、部分的に硬化された残存剥離層膜を有する硬化された複合積層体が、同様に調製された硬化された複合積層体(部分的に硬化された樹脂剥離層膜も含む)に対して、ピールプライ処理された面同士を対向させてエポキシベースの接着剤FM309−1を挟んだ状態で結合された。エポキシベースの接着剤は未硬化であり、アミン官能基を与えたアミンタイプの硬化作用剤を含有していた。結合中、結合アセンブリも2インチ×2インチのアルミニウム固定ブロックに接着された。アセンブリ全体が真空引きされ、華氏350度まで分速華氏3度で加熱して40psiで90分にわたって保持することによってオートクレーブにおいて硬化された。そ
して、硬化された積層体が、インストロン試験機で、故障の破壊力学を評価するために表面張力において引っ張ることによって試験された。
Claims (19)
- 接着結合前の表面調製の方法であって、
(a)硬化可能な第1のマトリクス樹脂で含浸された補強繊維を備える複合基板を提供すること、
(b)除去可能な樹脂リッチの剥離層を前記複合基板の表面上に付加することであって、前記剥離層が、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂とは異なる硬化可能な第2のマトリクス樹脂で含浸された織布を備える、前記付加すること、
(c)前記剥離層における前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が部分的に硬化されて残り、前記複合基板が完全に硬化されるまで、前記複合基板及び前記剥離層を共硬化すること、及び
(d)前記複合基板の表面上に部分的に硬化された第2のマトリクス樹脂の薄膜を残して前記剥離層を前記複合基板の表面から除去することであって、前記薄膜が、化学的に活性な官能基を有する粗面化された結合可能面を与える、前記除去すること
を備える方法。 - 請求項1の方法において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が1以上の多官能エポキシ樹脂を備え、前記剥離層の除去後に、前記粗面化された結合可能面上の前記化学的に活性な官能基がエポキシ官能基を備える、前記方法。
- 請求項1の方法において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が、少なくとも1つの熱硬化樹脂及び前記熱硬化樹脂を架橋結合するための少なくとも1つの硬化作用剤を備え、硬化作用剤に対する熱硬化樹脂のモル比が、工程(c)における共硬化後に前記剥離層に未反応の架橋結合されていない熱硬化樹脂が存在するようなモル比である、前記方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、熱硬化樹脂に対する硬化作用剤の比が、100%の前記熱硬化樹脂と反応するために必要な硬化作用剤の量に欠損分が存在するような比である、前記方法。
- 請求項1または2の方法において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が、1以上の多官能エポキシ樹脂を備えるが、前記エポキシ樹脂を架橋結合するためのいずれの硬化作用剤も含有しない、前記方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記複合基板の表面上に残存する部分的に硬化された第2のマトリクス樹脂の前記薄膜が、不完全な硬化に起因して前記複合基板のマトリクス樹脂よりも低いガラス遷移温度(Tg)を有する、前記方法。
- 請求項1の方法によって生成された化学的に活性な官能基を有する粗面化された結合可能面を有する硬化された複合基板。
- 結合方法であって、
(a)硬化可能な第1のマトリクス樹脂で含浸された補強繊維を備える第1の複合基板を提供すること、
(b)除去可能な樹脂リッチの剥離層を前記第1の複合基板の表面上に付加することであって、前記剥離層が、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂とは異なる硬化可能な第2のマトリクス樹脂で含浸された織布を備える、前記付加すること、
(c)前記剥離層における前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が部分的に硬化されて残り、前記第1の複合基板が完全に硬化されるまで、前記第1の複合基板及び前記剥離層を共硬化すること、
(d)前記第1の複合基板の表面上に部分的に硬化された第2のマトリクス樹脂の薄膜を残して前記剥離層を前記複合基板の表面から除去することであって、前記薄膜が、化学的に活性な官能基を有する粗面化された結合可能面を与える、前記除去すること、
(e)硬化された前記第1の複合基板を第2の複合基板に、該複合基板間に硬化可能な接着膜がある状態で接合することであって、前記接着膜は前記第1の複合基板の前記結合可能面と接触し、前記硬化可能な接着膜が、前記第1の複合基板の前記結合可能面上の前記化学的に活性な官能基と反応することができる化学的に活性な官能基を備える、前記接合すること、及び
(f)前記接着膜を硬化して共有結合的に結合された構造体を形成することであって、前記接着膜上の官能基が前記第1の複合基板の前記結合可能面上の前記官能基と反応して共有結合を形成する、前記硬化させること
を備える結合方法。 - 請求項8の結合方法において、前記第2の複合基板が、前記硬化された第1の複合基板と接合される前に硬化される、前記結合方法。
- 請求項9の結合方法において、硬化された前記第2の複合基板が、前記硬化された第1の複合基板の前記粗面化された結合可能面を形成するのに使用されたのと同じ方法によって調製された化学的に活性な官能基を有する粗面化された結合可能面を備える、前記結合方法。
- 請求項8に記載の結合方法において、前記第2の複合基板が、前記第1の複合基板に接合される前において未硬化であり、または部分的に硬化され、工程(f)中に、前記接着膜及び前記第2の複合基板が同時に硬化される、前記結合方法。
- 請求項8に記載の結合方法において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が1以上の多官能エポキシ樹脂を備え、前記剥離層の除去後において、前記第1の複合基板の前記粗面化された結合可能面上の前記化学的に活性な官能基がエポキシ官能基を備える、前記結合方法。
- 請求項12の結合方法において、前記硬化可能な接着膜が、少なくとも1つの多官能エポキシ樹脂、及び多官能エポキシ樹脂と反応できる少なくとも1つの脂肪族または環状アミン化合物を備える、前記結合方法。
- 請求項9に記載の結合方法において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が少なくとも1つの熱硬化樹脂及び該熱硬化樹脂を架橋結合するための少なくとも1つの硬化作用剤を備え、硬化作用剤に対する熱硬化樹脂のモル比が、100%の前記熱硬化樹脂と反応するために必要な硬化作用剤の量に欠損分が存在し、結果的に工程(c)における共硬化の後に前記剥離層に未反応の架橋結合されていない熱硬化樹脂が存在するような比である、前記結合方法。
- 請求項9に記載の方法によって生成された共有結合的に結合された構造体。
- 請求項11に記載の方法によって生成された共有結合的に結合された構造体。
- 硬化可能な複合構造体であって、
複合基板の表面上に除去可能な樹脂リッチの剥離層を備え、
前記複合基板が、硬化可能な第1のマトリクス樹脂で含浸された補強繊維を備え、前記剥離層が、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂とは異なる硬化可能な第2のマトリクス樹脂で含浸されたファブリックを備え、
(i)前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂を完全に硬化させることになるであろう硬化条件と同じ硬化条件下で前記第2のマトリクス樹脂を完全に硬化させるには不十分な量の硬化作用剤を含有する、前記複合構造体。 - 請求項17の硬化可能な複合構造体において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂が少なくとも1つの熱硬化樹脂及び該熱硬化樹脂を架橋結合するための少なくとも1つの硬化作用剤を備え、硬化作用剤に対する熱硬化樹脂のモル比が、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂を完全に硬化させることになるであろう硬化条件と同じ硬化条件に前記第1及び第2のマトリクス樹脂の両方が曝される場合に、100%の前記熱硬化樹脂と反応するために必要な硬化作用剤の量に欠損分が存在し、結果的に、前記第1のマトリクス樹脂が完全に硬化される場合に前記剥離層に未反応の架橋結合されていない熱硬化樹脂が存在するような比である、前記硬化可能な複合構造体。
- 請求項18の硬化可能な複合構造体において、前記第2のマトリクス樹脂における前記少なくとも1つの熱硬化樹脂が多官能エポキシ樹脂である、前記硬化可能な複合構造体。
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| KR20160045776A (ko) | 2016-04-27 |
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| BR112016003376B1 (pt) | 2021-10-05 |
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| BR112016003376A2 (pt) | 2017-08-01 |
| CN105473239A (zh) | 2016-04-06 |
| KR102208691B1 (ko) | 2021-01-28 |
| CA2921904A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
| US9636867B2 (en) | 2017-05-02 |
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