JP6604901B2 - Display device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a display device such as a liquid crystal display device or an organic electroluminescence display device.

  In an electronic device for personal use such as a tablet PC (Personal Computer), a notebook PC, and a mobile phone such as a smartphone, there is a demand that a surrounding third party does not want to see the screen. For this reason, in these electronic devices, the viewing angle of the screen is narrowed so that surrounding third parties cannot look into the screen.

  As a method for narrowing the viewing angle of the screen, a method of sticking a film (louver film) or the like containing black stripes to the screen is known.

  However, with this method, the screen is fixed with a narrow viewing angle. Therefore, when it is necessary to visually recognize the screen from an oblique direction, for example, when several people visually recognize the screen, the visibility from the oblique direction is deteriorated, and the usability of the electronic device is deteriorated.

  In order to solve such inconvenience, in order to realize security such as prevention of peeping from the side and sufficient visibility from the side when necessary, in electronic devices such as tablet PCs and notebook PCs, Various display devices have been proposed that switch between a wide viewing angle display and a narrow viewing angle display.

  For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a first substrate having a gate wiring and a data wiring corresponding to R (red), G (green), B (blue), and W (white) subpixels, a gate wiring, and a data wiring. A thin film transistor disposed at the intersection of the first electrode, a plate-type first common electrode provided in the R, G, B, and W sub-pixels, and a plurality of slits connected to the thin film transistor and insulated from the first common electrode. A second substrate having a liquid crystal layer in a space between the pixel electrode and the first substrate, the plate type being formed on the second substrate so as to correspond to the W subpixel. A liquid crystal display device that shakes the second common electrode is disclosed.

  In this liquid crystal display device, in the case of wide viewing angle display with respect to the W subpixel, similarly to the adjacent subpixels of R, G and B, the driving angle is widened by driving in the FFS mode, and the W luminance is also increased. In addition, in the case of a narrow viewing angle display, it is possible to reduce the viewing angle by driving in an ECB mode that forms a vertical electric field different from the adjacent subpixels of R, G, and B. .

  Patent Document 2 discloses a screen in which the viewing angle is limited to a one-dimensional direction, a personal view mode in which the erecting direction of the image displayed on the screen is substantially orthogonal to the limiting direction of the viewing angle, There is disclosed a display device having image display switching means for switching between a multi-view mode in which an erect direction coincides with a viewing angle limit direction.

  That is, in this display device, the viewing angle of the screen is limited to a one-dimensional direction by a microprism sheet or the like, and the image is rotated by 90 ° to determine whether or not the image is aligned with the viewing angle limit direction. Switching between wide viewing angle display and narrow viewing angle display is possible.

JP 2007-178879 A JP 2004-279866 A

  According to these display devices, by switching between a wide viewing angle display and a narrow viewing angle display, a single display device can visually recognize the display while preventing a third person from peeping from the side. It is possible to achieve both proper visual recognition by several people.

  However, the display device of Patent Document 1 requires a plurality of substrates and W sub-pixels that do not have a normal display device, and the device configuration becomes complicated.

  On the other hand, in the display device of Patent Document 2, it is necessary to rotate the image by 90 ° in order to switch between the wide viewing angle display and the narrow viewing angle display, which requires extra image processing. In addition, since the aspect ratio of the screen is different in a normal display device, the aspect ratio of the image is different between the wide viewing angle display and the narrow viewing angle display in this display device.

  Further, in the electronic devices described above, many structures having a transparent substrate on which patterned electrode layers are laminated, such as a touch panel, are arranged facing the image display surface side of the display element. Even in such a case, it is required to be able to switch between wide viewing angle display and narrow viewing angle display.

  An object of the present invention is to solve such problems of the prior art, and a structure having a transparent substrate on which patterned electrode layers are laminated is opposed to the image display surface side of the display element. An object of the present invention is to provide a display device that can switch between a wide viewing angle display and a narrow viewing angle display with a limited viewing angle with a simple configuration and without performing image processing or the like.

The display device of the present invention includes a display element, and an optical switching element disposed to face the image display surface side of the display element,
The optical switching element has a light guide plate and a light source that makes light incident on an end face of the light guide plate,
The light guide plate includes a transparent substrate on which at least one main surface of the patterned electrode layer is laminated, and the transparent substrate, and is laminated integrally with the transparent substrate. When the light source is turned on, the light guide plate is opposite to the display element of the light guide plate. And a light deflecting layer having a concavo-convex shape for emitting 80% or more of light emitted from the main surface to a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal line of the light guide plate. is there.

In the display device of the present invention, the electrode layer is preferably covered with a refractive index matching layer having a refractive index difference of 0.2 or less from the electrode layer.
Moreover, it is preferable that the concavo-convex shape is formed by a groove provided on the surface on which the concavo-convex shape is formed.
The cross section of the groove is preferably triangular.
The apex angle of the triangular groove is preferably 100 to 150 °.
Moreover, it is preferable that the uneven | corrugated shape is formed of the convex part which the surface in which the uneven | corrugated shape was formed has.
Moreover, it is preferable that a convex part is a spherical shape.
Moreover, it is preferable that a convex part is formed with a liquid crystal compound.
Moreover, it is preferable that a convex part is formed with particle | grains.
In addition, the support layer is laminated integrally with the transparent substrate, and the binder layer is laminated on the support layer, and the particles are held in the binder layer with a part of the particles protruding from the binder layer. Is preferred.
Moreover, it is preferable to have a binder layer laminated | stacked integrally with a transparent substrate, and to hold | maintain a particle | grain to a binder layer in the state in which some particle | grains protrude from a binder layer.
Moreover, it is preferable that the uneven shape is directly formed on the refractive index matching layer.
Moreover, it is preferable that the main surface on which the uneven shape of the light deflection layer is formed is covered with a coating layer having a refractive index difference from the light deflection layer of 0.05 or more.
Moreover, it is preferable that the main surface in which the uneven | corrugated shape of the light deflection layer was formed, and the display element are stuck by the bonding layer whose refractive index difference with the light deflection layer is 0.05 or more.
Moreover, it is preferable to have an air layer between the light guide plate and the display element.
Moreover, it is preferable that the antireflection layer is laminated on the main surface of the light deflection layer on which the uneven shape is formed.
Further, it is preferable that an antireflection layer is laminated on the image display surface of the display element.

  According to the display device of the present invention, in the display device in which the structure having the transparent substrate on which the patterned electrode layers are laminated is arranged facing the image display surface side of the display element, with a simple configuration, In addition, it is possible to switch between a wide viewing angle display and a narrow viewing angle display with a limited viewing angle by simple control.

It is a schematic front view of an example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic side view of the display apparatus shown in FIG. FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 2. It is a schematic front view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic side view of the display apparatus shown in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating the display apparatus shown in FIG. It is a schematic side view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of the display apparatus shown in FIG. It is a schematic front view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic side view of the display apparatus shown in FIG. It is a schematic side view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic side view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic side view of another example of the display apparatus of this invention.

  Hereinafter, the display device of the present invention will be described in detail based on the preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.

In the present specification, a numerical range represented by using “to” means a range including numerical values described before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
In the present specification, the term “all”, “any”, “entire surface”, etc. includes 100%, and includes an error range generally accepted in the technical field. For example, 99% or more, 95% More than or 90% or more.
In the present specification, “(meth) acrylate” is used to mean “one or both of acrylate and methacrylate”.
In this specification, Re (λ) represents in-plane retardation at a wavelength λ. Re (λ) is measured with KOBRA 21ADH or WR (manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments) by allowing light of wavelength λ nm to be incident in the normal direction of the film. In selecting the measurement wavelength λnm, the wavelength selection filter can be exchanged manually, or the measurement value can be converted by a program or the like. Details of the method for measuring Re (λ) are described in paragraphs [0010] to [0012] of JP2013-041213A, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, in this specification, when there is no special mention about a measurement wavelength, a measurement wavelength is 550 nm.

In the present specification, “haze” means a value measured using a haze meter NDH-2000 manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd. Theoretically, haze means a value represented by the following equation.
(Scattering transmittance of natural light of 380 to 780 nm) / (scattering transmittance of natural light of 380 to 780 nm + direct transmittance of natural light) × 100%
The scattering transmittance is a value that can be calculated by subtracting the direct transmittance from the obtained omnidirectional transmittance using a spectrophotometer and an integrating sphere unit. The direct transmittance is a transmittance at 0 ° when based on a value measured using an integrating sphere unit. That is, a low haze means that the direct transmitted light amount is large in the total transmitted light amount. The refractive index is a refractive index for light having a wavelength of 589.3 nm.

  FIG. 1 conceptually shows a front view of an example of the display device of the present invention. FIG. 2 conceptually shows a side view of the display device shown in FIG. In addition, a front view is the figure which looked at the display apparatus of this invention from the visual recognition side (observation side).

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the display device 10 includes a display element 12 and an optical switching element that is disposed to face the image display surface side of the display element 12. The optical switching element includes a light guide plate 14 and a light source 16 that makes light incident on an end face of the light guide plate 14. When the light source 16 is turned on, the light guide plate 14 causes 80% or more of light emitted from the main surface of the light guide plate 14 opposite to the display element 12 to be 30 ° with respect to the normal line of the light guide plate 14. It has the light deflection layer 5 formed with the concavo-convex shape 20 to be emitted to the region having the above angle. In the display device 10, an air layer is formed between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14.

  In the present invention, the display device 10 includes, in addition to the illustrated members, a casing that constitutes the outline of the display device 10, a driving means and a control means for the display element 12, a support means for supporting the display element 12 and the like, a display You may have the various members which a well-known display apparatus has, such as the operation means of the apparatus 10. FIG.

  As conceptually shown in FIG. 2, in the display device 10 of the present invention, 80% or more of the light emitted (irradiated) from the light guide plate 14 when the light source 16 is turned on is guided as indicated by the arrow Z. The light is emitted toward a region having a wide angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N (the dashed line in FIG. 2) of the main surface of the light guide plate 14 on the main surface opposite to the display element 12 side of the light plate 14. The normal line N of the main surface of the light guide plate 14 is a line orthogonal to the main surface of the light guide plate 14. The main surface of the light guide plate 14 opposite to the display element 12 is a surface of the light guide plate 14 on the viewing side of the display device 10.

  That is, as shown in FIG. 2, in the display device 10 of the present invention, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is on the viewing side surface as indicated by the arrow Z. And it is radiate | emitted toward the area | region outside with respect to the normal line N rather than the dashed-two dotted line which shows 30 degrees with respect to the normal line N. In other words, in the display device 10 of the present invention, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is the surface on the viewing side as indicated by the arrow Z, and the normal line N Is emitted at an angle of 30 ° or more.

  In addition, what is necessary is just to measure the light quantity distribution (light distribution) of the emitted light from such a light-guide plate 14 with various commercially available light distribution distribution measuring apparatuses. It is also possible to perform measurement by converting luminance and luminous flux using a luminance measuring machine. Details of the measurement method are described in detail in the “Illumination Engineering” Institute of Electrical Engineers (1978).

  As described above, the light guide plate 14 is disposed with one main surface facing the image display surface of the display element 12. In the display device 10 of the present invention, the user visually recognizes the image displayed on the display element 12 through the light guide plate 14.

  Here, as will be described in detail later, in the display device 10 of the present invention, the light source 16 is normally turned off and a wide viewing angle display similar to that of a general display device is performed. On the other hand, when displaying a narrow viewing angle, the light source 16 is turned on, and light is emitted from the light guide plate 14 in an oblique direction, thereby limiting the viewing angle and visibility of the image from the oblique direction. Reduce.

  By having such a configuration, the display device 10 of the present invention switches between normal display with a wide viewing angle and display with a narrow viewing angle with a limited viewing angle. It is possible to visually recognize the display, and by turning on the light source 16 as necessary, it is possible to prevent the surrounding third party from visually recognizing the display as a narrow viewing angle, for example.

In the display device 10, the display element 12 is used by various display elements (display panels) used in known display devices used for mobile phones such as tablet PCs (Personal Computers), notebook PCs, and smartphones. Is possible.
Specifically, a liquid crystal display element, an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) display element, a plasma display element, an electronic paper element, etc. are illustrated.

The light source 16 emits light to be emitted from the main surface on the viewing side of the light guide plate 14 to an incident surface set as an end surface of the light guide plate 14.
In the display device 10 according to the present invention, the light source 16 is a so-called edge light type light source such as a light source, a fluorescent lamp, or a laser in which point light sources such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are arranged along an end surface serving as an incident surface of the light guide plate 14. Various known light sources used in the backlight unit can be used. In addition, the light source used in the display device 10 of the present invention is not limited as long as it allows light to enter the end face of the light guide plate. It may be emitted.
Among them, light sources such as LEDs and lasers emit light only at a desired wavelength, so that they are easily controlled and are preferably used.
The wavelength and color of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 are not limited, and the color of the light may be white or a specific color may be selected. Accordingly, the light source 16 to be used may be selected according to the color of the emitted light or the like.

The display device 10 in the illustrated example includes the light source 16 corresponding to the two opposing end surfaces of the light guide plate 14 having a rectangular main surface shape, but the present invention is not limited to this.
That is, the light source 16 may be provided corresponding to all four end surfaces of the light guide plate 14 having a rectangular main surface, or the light source 16 may be provided corresponding to the three end surfaces of the light guide plate 14. The light source 16 may be provided corresponding to only one end face.
Further, in the display device 10, the light source 16 corresponding to one end surface of the light guide plate 14 may be composed of a plurality of light sources. Further, when the light source 16 corresponding to one end surface of the light guide plate 14 is constituted by a plurality of light sources, lighting of each light source may be individually controllable or individual control may not be possible.

Although not shown, the display device 10 includes a driver and a control unit for driving the light source 16.
Each light source 16 has an independent switching mechanism, and the control means for controlling the driving of the light source 16 can control the individual light sources 16 independently. Therefore, in the display device 10, both the two light sources 16 may be turned on, or only one of the light sources 16 may be turned on in accordance with an input instruction from the user. Further, even when the light source 16 corresponding to one end surface of the light guide plate 14 is constituted by a plurality of light sources, the control means may control lighting for each individual light source according to input support by the user. . That is, the control device for the light source 16 may control the lighting time and lighting position of the light source 16.
Further, the control means may have a function of adjusting the light amount of the light source 16. This makes it possible to adjust the visibility from the horizontal direction when the viewing angle is narrow, for example, according to an input instruction from the user, and emits an appropriate amount of light according to the ambient illuminance. it can.
The light source 16 may emit light in a pattern such as blinking.
The same applies to the case where there is one light source 16 or three or more light sources.

The light guide plate 14 propagates light incident from the end face in the surface direction and emits the light from the main surface. As described above, the light guide plate 14 is disposed with one main surface facing the image display surface of the display element 12. In the present invention, this light guide plate 14 and the light source 16 that makes light incident on the end face of the light guide plate 14 constitute an optical switching element in the present invention.
In the following description, the main surface of the light guide plate 14 on the side facing the display element 12 is “back surface 14 a”, and the opposite surface of the light guide plate 14, that is, the viewing side surface of the light guide plate 14 on the display device 10 is “viewing surface. 14b ”.

  More specifically, the light guide plate 14 includes a transparent substrate 1 in which the patterned electrode layer 2 is laminated on at least one main surface, and a laminate integrally formed with the transparent substrate 1, and the light source 16 is turned on. An uneven shape is formed that emits 80% or more of the light emitted from the main surface opposite to the display element 12 of the light guide plate 14 to a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal line of the light guide plate 14. And a light deflection layer 5. In the example shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the light deflection layer 5 in which a plurality of grooves 20 are formed in an uneven shape on the light deflection layer substrate 6 is used.

  The transparent substrate 1 on which the electrode layer 2 is laminated can function as, for example, a touch panel, and various materials constituting a known touch panel can be used as the material constituting the transparent substrate 1 and the electrode layer 2. The electrode layer 2 laminated on the transparent substrate 1 is preferably covered with a refractive index matching layer 3 having a refractive index difference with the electrode layer 2 of 0.2 or less. Thereby, the visibility of the pattern of the electrode layer 2 can be reduced. In addition, as a material which comprises the refractive index matching layer 3, the material described in Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2014-142834 can be utilized suitably, for example.

Therefore, the light guide plate 14 of the present embodiment will be described as an example having a transparent laminate in which the transparent substrate 1, the electrode layer 2, and the refractive index matching layer 3 are laminated in this order, but the light guide plate 14 is not necessarily refracted. It is not necessary to have a rate matching layer. Moreover, about this transparent laminated body, it is good also as what further provided layers other than the said three component. The light deflection layer 5 is attached to the refractive index matching layer 3 of the transparent laminate by the bonding layer 4.
In addition, it is preferable that the difference in refractive index between the bonding layer 4 and the refractive index matching layer 3 is small. Specifically, the difference in refractive index between the bonding layer 4 and the refractive index matching layer 3 is preferably 0.05 to 0.3, and more preferably 0.05 to 0.1. By preventing the difference in refractive index between the bonding layer 4 and the refractive index matching layer 3 from 0.05 to 0.3, light reflection at the interface between the bonding layer 4 and the refractive index matching layer 3 is prevented. Can do.

  The light deflection layer substrate 6 constituting the light deflection layer 5 can be made of the same material as the transparent substrate 1. As the transparent substrate 1 and the light deflection layer substrate 6, various known plate-like objects (sheet-like objects) that propagate light incident from the end face in the surface direction can be used. Examples include acrylic resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, MS resin (polymethacryl styrene), cycloolefin polymers, cycloolefin copolymers, cellulose acylates such as cellulose diacetate and cellulose triacetate, etc. What is necessary is just to form with the resin with high transparency similar to the light-guide plate used for a well-known backlight apparatus. The transparent substrate 1 and the light deflection layer substrate 6 must have a refractive index larger than that of air.

Here, in the present invention, it is preferable that the polarization of the light emitted to the front is not affected by the light guide plate (for example, it is not colored when using polarized sunglasses). Considering this point, it is preferable to set Re (λ) of the transparent substrate 1 and the light deflection layer substrate 6 so as not to cause color unevenness. The light guide plate is preferably exemplified.
As one range, Re (λ) is preferably as small as possible, but specifically, it is preferably 0 to 100 nm. On the other hand, Re (λ) of 6000 nm or more is preferable because retardation is very large and color unevenness is unlikely to occur.

As described above, in the display device 10 of the present invention, 80% of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 when the light source 16 is turned on is from the viewing surface 14b side and the normal line N (see FIG. The light is emitted toward a region having a wide angle of 30 ° (two-dot chain line in FIG. 2) or more with respect to two alternate long and short dash lines. That is, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% of the light is emitted from the light guide plate 14 at an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N from the viewing surface 14b as indicated by an arrow Z. In the following description, this light emission is also referred to as “oblique emission”.
In the display device 10, as an example, the light deflection layer 5 is formed by forming an uneven shape on the light deflection layer substrate 6, thereby realizing oblique emission from the light guide plate 14.

In the illustrated example, the back surface 14 a of the light guide plate 14 (the bottom surface of the light deflection layer substrate 6 in FIG. 2) is formed with a triangular groove 20 that is long in the same direction as the longitudinal direction of the light source 16. Diagonal emission is realized by using 14a as an uneven shape. Therefore, the light source 16 and the groove 20 are parallel. Further, the groove 20 has a longitudinal direction coinciding with one direction of the pixel arrangement direction in the display element 12.
As an example, the groove 20 is an isosceles triangular groove whose bottom surface (bottom side) is the surface of the back surface 14a, that is, a groove in which the back surface 14a of the light guide plate 14 is cut into a substantially V shape.

When the light source 16 is turned on, the light emitted from the light source 16 enters the light guide plate 14 from the end face, and is repeatedly reflected in the light guide plate 14 as conceptually shown by an arrow a in FIG. Propagate inside. In FIG. 3, the contour lines of the elements that constitute the light guide plate 14 are omitted.
Here, a part of the light propagating in the light guide plate 14 enters the groove 20 formed on the back surface 14a and is reflected. As described above, the cross-sectional shape of the groove 20 is triangular. Accordingly, the light reflected by the groove 20 travels toward the viewing surface 14b and at a certain angle with respect to the normal N as shown by the arrow b in FIG. It is emitted from. Thus, when the light source 16 is turned on, light is emitted obliquely from the light guide plate 14.

In the display device 10, when the light source 16 is not turned on, the image displayed on the display element 12 is visually recognized by the user through the light guide plate 14. Accordingly, in this case, display with a wide viewing angle of the display element 12 is performed.
On the other hand, when the light source 16 is turned on, the light emitted from the light source 16 is obliquely emitted from the light guide plate 14, that is, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is visible as indicated by an arrow Z in FIG. The light is emitted toward the area on the surface 14b side and at an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N.

Therefore, when the display device 10 is observed from an oblique direction with the light source 16 turned on, the light obliquely emitted from the light guide plate 14 is also observed. The image cannot be visually recognized. On the other hand, in the region within 30 ° with respect to the normal line N of the light guide plate 14, less than 20% of light from the light guide plate 14 is emitted. Therefore, when the display device 10 is viewed from the front, the image can be viewed with good visibility without being obstructed by the light from the light guide plate 14. In other words, in the display device 10, by turning on the light source 16, it is possible to display the narrow viewing angle while greatly limiting the viewing angle.
Therefore, according to the display device 10 of the present invention, a wide viewing angle display and a narrow viewing angle display can be switched by a simple operation and control of the light source 16 not being turned on and turned on.

In the display device 10, the light emission distribution is determined according to the amount of light distribution in which the light having an angle with respect to the normal line N on the viewing surface 14 b side of the light guide plate 14 is emitted. It can be controlled by adjusting the state of the concavo-convex shape to be formed.
On a “flat” surface with no irregularities, light propagating in the light guide plate is guided at an angle greater than the critical angle, and is totally emitted and is not emitted outside the light guide plate. However, when the surface is inclined from flat, a light guide component having a critical angle or less starts to be emitted outside the light guide plate at a wide angle. When the oblique angle is further increased, the ratio of the outgoing light to the outside of the light guide plate is shifted from the wide angle side to the narrow angle side. In this way, the light quantity distribution with which the light is emitted can be controlled by the concavo-convex shape of the surface (the back surface and / or the viewing surface) of the light guide plate.

  As an example of the method for adjusting the state of the concavo-convex shape, among the shape, spacing, density, distribution state (regular or irregular) of the concave portion and / or the convex portion constituting the concavo-convex shape, and the formation position The method of adjusting any one or more is illustrated.

For example, as in the case of the display device 10 shown in FIG. 1 and the like, when the back surface 14a has an uneven shape by forming a triangular groove on the back surface 14a (the main surface of the light guide plate 14), As conceptually shown in FIG. 4, the state of oblique emission can be adjusted by adjusting the angle θ of the apex angle of the triangle.
According to the study by the inventors, by setting the angle θ of the apex angle of the triangle to 100 to 150 °, preferably 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is transmitted to the viewing surface 14b of the light guide plate 14. And can be emitted toward a region having an angle of 30 ° or more from the normal N.

By making the angle θ of the apex angle of the triangle 100 ° or more, the direction of light emission from the viewing surface 14b can be more preferably set to a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N, More reliably, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 can be emitted toward the viewing surface 14b side and toward a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N.
On the other hand, the angle with respect to the normal line N in the light emission direction from the viewing surface 14b increases as the angle θ increases. However, if there are too many components having a large angle with respect to the normal line N in the light emission direction, the light component emitted in the direction close to the side (surface direction of the viewing surface 14b) increases, and the normal line N There is a possibility that visibility from an oblique direction with a small angle cannot be sufficiently lowered. That is, there is a possibility that the viewing angle restriction is reduced. On the other hand, by setting the angle θ to 150 ° or less, the amount of the component having a large angle with respect to the normal line N in the light emission direction can be made appropriate, and the viewing angle can be stably and sufficiently limited.

Considering the above points, the apex angle θ of the triangular groove 20 is preferably 100 to 150 °, more preferably 110 to 140 ° as described above.
The viewing angle may be small, and if the visibility should be lowered only from the direction close to the side and having a large angle with respect to the normal, the angle θ may be set to exceed 150 °.

In the display device 10 of the present invention, as conceptually shown in FIG. 2, when the light source 16 is turned on, the contrast (contrast ratio) measured from the direction of 45 ° (broken line B) with respect to the normal N is 10 In the following, it is preferable to form the concave and convex shape of the back surface 14a so as to be 5 or less.
By forming the concavo-convex shape of the back surface 14a so that the contrast measured from the direction of 45 ° with respect to the normal line N is 10 or less, the light source 16 is turned on and is viewed from the side when in a narrow viewing angle state. In this case, the visibility of the display image can be further reduced, and the visual recognition of the display image from the lateral direction can be suitably prevented.

  In the present invention, the contrast in the direction of 45 ° with respect to the normal N may be obtained in the same manner as the contrast measurement of a general display device. As an example, the contrast may be obtained by calculating the ratio of white display to black display using a luminance meter (for example, BM-5A manufactured by Topcon Techno House Co., Ltd.).

As will be described later, in the display device 10 shown in FIG. 1, only the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the groove 20 has a narrow viewing angle when the light source 16 is turned on.
Therefore, when the concave and convex shape is formed on the main surface of the light guide plate by the long groove 20 (long convex portion) as in the illustrated example, the contrast measured from the direction of 45 ° with respect to the normal N. It is sufficient to make the value 10 or less only in both directions orthogonal to the groove 20.

In the present invention, the size s of the groove 20 shown in FIG. 5 is at least one of the pixel size of the display element 12, the size of the display device 10, the required viewing angle limit, the image quality required for the display device 10, and the like. Accordingly, it may be set appropriately. As shown in FIG. 5, the size s of the groove 20 is the size of the groove 20 in the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction on the back surface 14 a of the light guide plate 14.
Here, according to the study by the present inventors, the size s of the groove 20 is preferably smaller than the pixel size of the display element 12, and particularly 0.5 times or less the pixel size of the display element 12. Is preferred. Alternatively, the size s of the groove 20 is preferably 1 to 20 times the pixel size of the display element 12, and more preferably 2 to 10 times.
By setting the size s of the groove 20 in the above range, the groove 20 can be prevented from interfering with the pixels of the display element 12, and the image quality is deteriorated due to blurring or blurring of an image caused by the interference between the pixels and the groove 20. Can be prevented.

  Further, the grooves 20 may be formed quasi-periodically or randomly rather than periodically, thereby preventing interference between the grooves 20 and the pixels of the display element 12.

Further, if the groove 20 is too small or the formation density is too low, there is a possibility that the effect of narrowing the viewing angle cannot be obtained sufficiently. On the other hand, since the groove 20 acts as a factor that hinders the user from visually recognizing the display image of the display element 12 and reduces the transparency of the light guide plate 14, if the groove 20 is too many or the formation density is too high, the display device This leads to a reduction in image quality of 10 display images.
Therefore, it is preferable to form a plurality of grooves 20 with a certain interval p.

Considering the above points, in the display device 10, it is preferable that a plurality of the grooves 20 are formed, and the area ratio of the grooves 20 with respect to the back surface 14 a (formation surface of the grooves 20) is 5 to 80%. It is more preferable to set it to -70%, and it is further more preferable to set it as 10-55%.
In addition, the area ratio of the groove | channel 20 is an area ratio of the groove | channel 20 in the surface of the back surface 14a in which the groove | channel 20 is formed.
For the same reason, the interval p between the grooves 20 is preferably 1 to 100 times the pixel size of the display element 12, and more preferably 10 to 50 times. Further, when importance is attached to the effect of narrowing the viewing angle, it is preferable to form the grooves 20 densely by narrowing the interval p. It is preferable to form the grooves 20 sparsely by increasing the interval p.
As will be described later, in the configuration in which the back surface 14a is formed in a concave-convex shape with dot-shaped concave portions (convex portions), the interval p is the distance p from the nearest concave portion.

The groove 20 may be formed regularly, irregularly, or a region formed regularly and a region formed irregularly may be mixed.
Furthermore, the formation density of the grooves 20 may be uniform over the entire surface, or the formation density in the vicinity of the light source 16 is low, and the area away from the light source 16 is densely formed. The formation density may be sparse or dense.

Furthermore, the depth of the groove 20 is appropriately set according to the angle θ of the groove 20, the size of the groove 20, the area ratio of the groove 20, the interval p between the grooves 20, the thickness of the light guide plate 14, and the like. do it.
The size s of the groove 20, the area ratio of the groove 20, the interval p of the groove 20, the distribution and formation density of the groove 20, the depth of the groove 20 (height in the convex portion), and the like will be described later. Grooves such as arcs, recesses formed in a dot shape such as conical recesses, long convex portions having a cross-sectional shape such as a triangle shape or an arc shape, dot shapes having a shape such as a spherical shape or a cone shape The same applies to convex portions, convex portions formed of particles, and the like.
That is, for the size s, interval p, and the like of a concave portion and a convex portion, which will be described later, the groove 20 in the above description may be replaced with a concave portion and a convex portion.

In the display device 10 shown in FIG. 1 and the like, a groove 20 elongated in the same direction as the longitudinal direction of the light source 16 (pixel arrangement direction of the display elements 12) on the back surface 14a in order to make the back surface 14a of the light guide plate 14 have an uneven shape. That is, a groove 20 parallel to the light source 16 is formed.
However, the present invention is not limited to this, and various shapes can be used for the recess for making the back surface of the light guide plate 14 uneven.
For example, the back surface 14 a may be formed in an uneven shape by forming an arc-shaped groove instead of the triangular groove 20 in the same manner as the groove 20.
Alternatively, the back surface 14a is unevenly formed by forming a plurality of one or more of a conical recess, a pyramidal recess, and a spherical recess in a dot shape (sea island shape) on the back surface 14a. You may make it a shape.
Furthermore, you may make the back surface 14a uneven | corrugated shape by mixing the recessed part of these various shapes.

In the configuration in which the back surface 14 a is formed in an uneven shape by forming the long groove 20, the light emission angle can be adjusted only in the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the groove 20. That is, in the configuration using the long groove 20, the oblique emission is in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the groove 20, which is either the vertical direction or the horizontal direction (H direction or L direction) of the display device 10. The viewing angle can be narrowed only in one direction.
On the other hand, in the configuration in which the back surface 14a is uneven by a dot-shaped concave portion such as a cone shape or a pyramid shape, the light emission angle is adjusted in both the longitudinal direction of the light source 16 and the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the light source 16. it can. That is, in the configuration using dot-shaped recesses, oblique emission can be performed in four directions orthogonal to each other or in all directions around the normal N depending on the shape of the recesses, etc. The viewing angle can be narrowed.
With respect to this point, the configuration is also similar in which the back surface 14a is formed into a concavo-convex shape by forming convex portions on the back surface 14a described later.

The light guide plate 14 having a concave portion such as the groove 20 on the back surface 14 a may be produced by a known method according to the material for forming the light deflection layer substrate 6 constituting the light deflection layer 5 in the light guide plate 14.
As an example, a method of cutting or perforating the optical deflection layer substrate 6, a method of embossing a sheet-like material serving as the optical deflection layer substrate 6, a transparent substrate (optical deflection layer) by injection molding ) 5, a method for producing the light deflection layer substrate 6 by extrusion molding, and the like.

In the above example, the back surface 14a is formed in an uneven shape by forming a recess such as the groove 20 in the back surface 14a of the light guide plate 14.
In addition to this, the back surface 14a may have an uneven shape by forming a convex portion on the back surface 14a.

FIG. 6 shows a front view of an example thereof, and FIG. 7 shows a side view thereof. 6 and 7 includes a plurality of the same members as those of the display device 10 described above, the same members are denoted by the same reference numerals, and different members are mainly described.
The display device 28 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 includes the display element 12, the light guide plate 30, and the light source 16. Similar to the light guide plate 14 described above, the light guide plate 30 includes the transparent substrate 1 on which the patterned electrode layer 2 is laminated on at least one main surface, and the light deflection layer 5. A convex portion 32 is formed on the light deflection layer substrate 6. The light switching plate in the present invention is configured by the light guide plate 30 having the convex portions 32 and the light source 16.
In the display device 28, the back surface 30 a of the light guide plate 30 is formed in a concavo-convex shape by forming a plurality of spherically-shaped convex portions 32 on one main surface of the light deflection layer substrate 6. The back surface 30a and the viewing surface 30b are the same as the back surface 14a and the viewing surface 14b of the light guide plate 14 described above.

As described above, even when the convex portion 32 is formed on the back surface 30a and the back surface 30a has an uneven shape, the light reflected by the convex portion 32 is similar to the light guide plate 14 of the display device 10 described above. It proceeds toward the side and with a certain angle with respect to the normal N, and is emitted from the viewing surface 30b (see FIG. 3).
Therefore, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 30 is emitted toward the viewing surface 30b side and toward an area having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N (oblique emission). it can. Thereby, the display device 28 can switch between a normal wide viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is not turned on and a narrow viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is turned on.

The size s (diameter), the area ratio, the interval p, and the like of the protrusions 32 may be appropriately set according to the size of the light guide plate 30 and the like, but are preferably the same as the groove 20 of the light guide plate 14. Is as described above.
Here, according to the study by the present inventors, it is preferable that the internal angle γ conceptually shown in FIG. 8 is 20 to 80 °, and 30 to 70 ° in the spherically convex portion 32. Is more preferable.
That is, it is preferable to form the spherically-shaped convex portion 32 so that the internal angle γ is 20 to 80 ° according to the size s, area ratio, interval p, and the like of the convex portion 32. Alternatively, the size s, the area ratio, the interval p, and the like of the convex portions 32 may be set according to the internal angle γ of the spherical convex portion 32.

The smaller the internal angle γ is, the larger the angle with respect to the normal N in the light emission direction from the viewing surface 30b is. However, if there are too many components having a large angle with respect to the normal N of the light emission direction, the light component emitted in a direction close to the side (surface direction of the viewing surface 30b) increases, and visibility from an oblique direction is increased. May not be sufficiently reduced. On the other hand, by setting the internal angle γ to 20 ° or more, the amount of the component having a large angle with respect to the normal line N in the light emission direction can be made appropriate, and the viewing angle can be stably limited. Therefore, when the viewing angle limit may be small, the internal angle γ may be less than 20 °.
On the other hand, by setting the internal angle γ to 80 ° or less, the direction of light emission from the viewing surface 30b can be more suitably set to an area having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal line N, which is more reliable. In addition, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 30 can be emitted to a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N on the viewing surface 30b side.

In addition, in the structure which makes the back surface 30a uneven | corrugated shape by forming a convex part in the back surface 30a of the light-guide plate 30, the shape of a convex part is not limited to spherical shape like the example of illustration, Various shapes are possible. Convex is available.
As an example, the back surface 30a may be formed into a concavo-convex shape by forming convex portions such as a cone shape or a pyramid shape in a dot shape on the back surface 30a of the light guide plate 30. Further, the back surface 30a may be formed into an uneven shape by forming a long convex portion such as a column having a cross-sectional shape such as a triangular shape or an arc shape in the same manner as the groove 20 described above.
Moreover, you may make the back surface 30a into uneven | corrugated shape by mixing the convex part of these various shapes. Furthermore, you may make the back surface 30a uneven | corrugated shape by mixing the above-mentioned recessed part and such a convex part.

The light deflection layer substrate 6 of the light guide plate 30 may be formed of the same material as the light guide plate 14 described above. Further, the refractive index is larger than that of air as in the light guide plate 14.
The convex portion 32 can also be formed of various materials as long as it has a higher refractive index than air and has sufficient transparency. As an example, various materials exemplified in the light guide plate 14 are exemplified. Therefore, the light deflection layer substrate 6 and the convex portion 32 may be formed of the same material or may be integrally formed.
As a method for forming the convex portion 32b, so-called embossing, in which the light deflection layer substrate 6 is pressed into a shape corresponding to the shape of the die by pressing the mold while heating the light deflection layer substrate 6, is exemplified. The
In addition, as a method for forming the convex portion 32b, for example, a resin composition to be a convex portion is applied to the surface of the light deflection layer substrate 6, and the resin composition is dried and then molded with a mold while being irradiated with ultraviolet rays. A so-called imprint method that cures by emission or the like can also be used.
Or the resin composition used as a convex part may be filled into a metal mold | die, the molded resin composition may be transcribe | transferred on a support body, and it may harden | cure by ultraviolet irradiation etc., and may form a convex part.

Here, as a forming material of the convex part 32, a curable liquid crystal is illustrated suitably besides the above-mentioned material.
By forming the projections 32 using a curable liquid crystal, the direction of light emission from the viewing surface 30b can be adjusted by adjusting the alignment direction of the liquid crystal, so the direction of narrowing the light viewing angle is controlled. Thus, the effect of narrowing the viewing angle can be improved.
A curable liquid crystal can be any of various known curable liquid crystals as long as it has a higher refractive index than air (only in one direction of birefringence) and sufficient transparency. Is available.

  As an example, it is possible to use a cholesteric liquid crystal compound that is aligned and cured in a spherical shape, or in which a spherical convex portion is filled with a transparent material and made flat. That is, a spherical convex portion formed by fixing a cholesteric liquid crystal phase is preferably used. Since the cholesteric liquid crystal phase selectively reflects a specific wavelength, only light having a wavelength corresponding to the wavelength of the light source 16 can be reflected, and the influence on the display by the display device 10 can be suitably suppressed. In particular, if the selective reflection wavelength of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is set to the infrared wavelength, the propagation light of the light guide plate 30 is incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal phase in an oblique direction. A light guide having a wavelength of is emitted. On the other hand, light incident on the light guide plate 30 from the viewing surface 30b or the back surface 30a is not incident at an oblique angle larger than the critical angle due to the influence of the refractive index, so the visible light is not affected by the cholesteric liquid crystal phase, The influence on the display by the display device 10 is kept small.

What is necessary is just to produce the light-guide plate 30 which has a convex part like the convex part 32 in such a back surface 30a by the well-known method according to the formation material of the light-guide plate 30. FIG.
As an example, a method of forming convex portions 32 on the optical deflection layer substrate 6 by printing, a method of transferring a structure that becomes the convex portions 32 to the optical deflection layer substrate 6, and a sheet-like material that becomes the optical deflection layer substrate 6 A method of performing cutting or perforating processing, a method of stamping a sheet-like material serving as the light deflection layer substrate 6, a method of manufacturing the light guide plate 30 by injection molding, a method of manufacturing the light guide plate 30 by extrusion molding, etc. Is exemplified.
Furthermore, droplets may be ejected by ink jet to form a spherical resin composition, which may be cured by emitting ultraviolet rays or the like to form convex portions on the light deflection layer substrate 6. The spherical resin composition may have a cholesteric liquid crystal phase that reflects light of a specific wavelength. In this case, an alignment film is provided on the back surface 30a of the light deflecting layer substrate 6 and is then deposited thereon. It is preferred to perform the drop.
Moreover, when forming the convex part 32 etc. with a curable liquid crystal, alignment of a liquid crystal should just be performed by well-known methods, such as the method of forming an alignment film.

A layer formed by fixing the cholesteric liquid crystal phase may be disposed on one inclined surface of the convex portion 32 formed by a method such as embossing or imprinting. Moreover, it is good also as a structure which has a layer formed by fixing a cholesteric liquid crystal phase to both inclined surfaces.
In the configuration in which the layer formed by fixing the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is provided on one inclined surface of the convex portion 32, the light guided mainly from the direction of the layer formed by fixing the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is reflected. On the other hand, by disposing a layer formed by fixing the cholesteric liquid crystal phase on both inclined surfaces of the convex portion 32, light can be reflected from a plurality of left and right directions. A suitable configuration can be selected for these depending on whether the light source is arranged only on the right or left, or on both the left and right. In this case, the reflection center wavelength is preferably 400 to 900 nm, and more preferably 750 nm or more from the above viewpoint.

FIG. 9 shows another example of the display device of the present invention. Note that the display device 36 shown in FIG. 9 has a plurality of the same members as those of the above-described display device 28. Therefore, the same members are denoted by the same reference numerals, and different members are mainly described.
The display device 36 also includes the display element 12, the light guide plate 30 having the convex portion 32 formed on the back surface 30 a, and the light source 16. The display device 36 further includes a coating layer 38.
The covering layer 38 is made of a material having a refractive index higher than that of air and having a refractive index different from that of the convex portion 32, and is formed so as to cover the back surface 30 a of the light guide plate 30.
Similar to the display device 28, the display device 36 also has a convex portion 32 on the back surface 30a, so that the light source 16 is turned on, so that 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 30 is viewed on the viewing surface 30b. The light can be emitted (obliquely emitted) on the side and at an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N. Accordingly, the display device 36 can switch between a normal wide viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is not turned on and a narrow viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is turned on, and can be evaluated as contrast.

Here, the light guide plate 30 preferably has a high transmittance in the front direction, that is, in the direction of the normal line N. However, since the light guide plate 30 has irregularities on the back surface 30a, the light incident on the convex part 32 is also refracted by the light traveling toward the front, and depending on the irregularity state, the transparency is lowered and bleeding of the display image is caused. Or blur may occur.
On the other hand, the display device 36 has a coating layer 38 that covers the back surface 30 a of the light guide plate 30 and has a refractive index different from that of the convex portion 32.
Therefore, the display device 36 can reduce the amount of refraction even if light in the front direction enters the convex portion 32, and can suppress a decrease in transparency of the light guide plate 30. In addition, although the component of the light emitted at a sufficient angle with respect to the normal line N is slightly reduced by having the covering layer 38, the light of the light emitted from the light guide plate 30 is sufficiently generated by the action of the convex portion 32. 80% or more can be emitted toward a wide angle region of 30 ° or more than the normal line N on the viewing surface 30b side of the light guide plate 30.
Therefore, when priority is given to the image quality of the display device 36, it is preferable to provide the covering layer 38.

If the convex part 32 and the coating layer 38 are slightly different in refractive index, a decrease in the transparency of the light guide plate 30 can be suppressed. Here, the difference in refractive index between the convex portion 32 and the coating layer 38 is preferably 0.05 to 0.5, and more preferably 0.08 to 0.3. In addition, any refractive index of the convex part 32 and the coating layer 38 may be large.
By setting the difference in refractive index between the convex portion 32 and the covering layer 38 within the above range, a sufficient oblique emission can be performed to suitably narrow the viewing angle, and a decrease in transparency of the light guide plate 30 can be sufficiently suppressed.
Various materials can be used as the forming material of the covering layer 38 as long as it has sufficient transparency and has a refractive index different from that of the convex portion 32.

As an example, a known low refractive index material can be used. Specifically, a composition containing a fluorine-containing curable resin and inorganic fine particles described in JP 2007-298974 A, JP 2002-317152 A, JP 2003-202406 A, and JP A hollow silica fine particle-containing low refractive index coating described in JP 2003-292831 A can be suitably used.
In addition, a known medium having a high refractive index can be used. Specifically, various materials shown in paragraph numbers [0074] to [0094] of JP-A-2008-262187 can be used.
For such a covering layer 38, after the light guide plate 30 having the convex portions 32 is manufactured, a layer having a flat surface covering the back surface 30a of the light guide plate 30 is formed by a known film forming method such as a coating method. Then, it may be produced.

Further, as a preferable method for producing the light guide plate 30 in which the coating layer 38 is laminated, a method conceptually shown in FIG. 10 is exemplified.
In this method, first, a coating layer 38 in which a concave portion corresponding to the convex portion 32 is formed. The covering layer 38 having the recesses may be produced in the same manner as the light guide plate 14 having the grooves 20, for example, processing by laser. Moreover, the composition (coating material) used as the convex part 32 is prepared.

  Next, the concave portion of the coating layer 38 is filled with the composition to be the convex portion 32, and the composition is dried and / or cured. Filling the recess with the composition may be performed by a known method using a dispenser, printing, or the like. Moreover, when forming the convex part 32 with a curable liquid crystal, after forming an alignment film in a recessed part, it is preferable to fill a recessed part with a composition and to align a liquid crystal.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 10, the side on which the convex portion 32 is formed faces the transparent substrate (light deflection layer) 5 of the light guide plate 30, and a covering layer 38 is attached to the transparent substrate (light deflection layer) 5. Then, the coating layer 38 and / or the convex portion 32 is cured as necessary to obtain the light guide plate 30 in which the coating layer 38 is laminated. When the coating layer 38 has adhesive strength, the adhesive layer 38 may be adhered to the transparent substrate (light deflection layer) 5 by using this adhesive strength, such as optical transparent adhesive (OCA) or You may carry out using a transparent adhesive sheet etc.

Such a covering layer 38 can also be used in a configuration using a light guide plate in which a concave portion is formed on the back surface of the light guide plate, such as the display device 10 in which the light guide plate 14 has the groove 20 on the back surface 14a. Therefore, in this case, the coating layer 38 needs to have a refractive index different from that of the light guide plate.
When the coating layer 38 is provided on the light guide plate having the recess, the coating layer 38 may or may not fill the recess. Alternatively, the concave portion of the light guide plate may be filled with the above-described curable liquid crystal and covered with the coating layer 38.

Note that, in the display device 10 or the like having the groove 20, the recesses such as the groove 20 may be filled with a curable liquid crystal even when the coating layer 38 is not provided. Also in this case, alignment of the liquid crystal may be performed by a known method such as a method using an alignment film.
Moreover, such a coating layer 38 can be suitably used even in a configuration in which convex portions are formed on the light guide plate by particles to form a concave and convex shape, which will be described later. Therefore, in this case, the coating layer 38 needs to have a refractive index different from that of the particles.

  In the above example, the back surface 30a is formed in an uneven shape by forming the spherical protrusion 32 on the back surface 30a of the light guide plate 30, but the back surface is uneven by forming a convex portion on the back surface of the light guide plate. Various other configurations can be used for the configuration.

FIG. 11 is a front view of an example thereof, and FIG. 12 is a side view thereof. The display device 50 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 includes a plurality of the same members as those of the display device 10 described above. Therefore, the same members are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is mainly performed on different members.
The display device 50 illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12 includes the display element 12, the light guide plate 52, and the light source 16. The light guide plate 52 includes a transparent laminate composed of the transparent substrate 1, the electrode layer 2, and the refractive index matching layer 3, a light deflecting layer 5 composed of a support layer 54, a binder layer 58, and particles 60, And a bonding layer 62. The light guide plate 52 having the particles 60 and the like and the light source 16 constitute an optical switching element in the present invention. In the light guide plate 52, a convex portion is formed on the back surface 52 a by the particles 60.
The back surface 52a and the viewing surface 52b are the same as the back surface 14a and the viewing surface 14b of the light guide plate 14 described above.

In the light guide plate 52, the particles 60 that form convex portions on the back surface 52 a are held in a state of being dispersed in the binder layer 58 laminated on the support layer 54. Further, the thickness of the binder layer 58 is smaller than the particle size of the particles 60. Accordingly, the particles 60 protrude from the binder layer 58.
The support layer 54 on which the binder layer 58 that holds the particles 60 is laminated is attached to the transparent laminate of the light guide plate 52 by the bonding layer 62.

In the display device 50, by having such a configuration, the back surface 52 a of the light guide plate 52 is formed with convex portions due to the particles 60 protruding from the binder layer 58, and the back surface 52 a has an uneven shape.
As described above, even when the back surface 52a is formed with convex portions by the particles 60 and the back surface 52a has an uneven shape, the light guide plates 14 of the display device 10 and the light guide plate 30 of the display device 28 are formed by the particles 60. The light reflected by the convex portion travels toward the viewing surface 52b side and at a certain angle with respect to the normal N, and is emitted from the viewing surface 52b (see FIG. 3).
Therefore, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 52 is emitted toward the viewing surface 52b side and toward an area having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N (oblique emission). it can. Thus, the display device 50 can switch between a normal wide viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is not turned on and a narrow viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is turned on.

The size of the protrusions due to the particles 60, that is, the size s (diameter), the area ratio, the interval p, and the like of the protrusions due to the spheres due to the particles 60 protruding from the binder layer 58, depends on the size of the light guide plate 52, etc. What is necessary is just to set suitably, Preferably, it is as above-mentioned that it is the same as that of the groove | channel 20 of the light-guide plate 14. FIG. Moreover, it is preferable that the internal angle γ of the convex portion due to the particles 60 is the same as that of the convex portion 32 of the light guide plate 30 described above.
Further, the back surface 52a on which irregularities are formed by the convex portions of the particles 60, the arithmetic average roughness Ra is preferably 0.01 to 0.25 μm, more preferably 0.01 to 0.20 μm, More preferably, it is 0.01-0.15 micrometer. In the present invention, the arithmetic average roughness Ra may be measured according to JIS B 0601 (2001).

  What is necessary is just to form the transparent laminated body of the light-guide plate 52 with the material similar to the above-mentioned light-guide plate 14. FIG. Further, the refractive index is larger than that of air as in the light guide plate 14.

As the support layer 54, various transparent resin films can be used.
Specific examples of transparent resin films (resin plates, resin sheets) include cellulose acylate films (for example, cellulose triacetate film (refractive index: 1.48), cellulose diacetate film, cellulose acetate butyrate film, and cellulose acetate. Propionate film), polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethersulfone film, polyacrylic resin film, polyurethane resin film, polyester film, polycarbonate film, polysulfone film, polyether film, polymethylpentene film, polyetherketone film, ( A meth) acrylonitrile film etc. are illustrated.
In addition to these, a film made of the material exemplified for the light guide plate 14 can also be used as the support layer 54.

The forming material of the support layer 54 and the forming material of the transparent substrate 1 may be the same or different.
Among them, a cellulose acylate film having high transparency, optically low birefringence, easy production, and generally used as a protective film for a polarizing plate is preferable, and a cellulose triacetate film is more preferable.
As the support layer 54, a polyethylene terephthalate film is also preferably used because it is excellent in transparency, mechanical strength, flatness, chemical resistance and moisture resistance, and is inexpensive. When a polyethylene terephthalate film is used as the support layer 54, the support layer 54 is subjected to an easy adhesion treatment in order to further improve the adhesion strength between the support layer 54 and the binder layer 58 laminated thereon. More preferably,

A commercially available product can be used as the polyethylene terephthalate film, and in particular, an optical polyethylene terephthalate film with an easily adhesive layer is preferably used. Examples of the commercially available polyethylene terephthalate film with an easily adhesive layer for optics include Toyobo Co., Ltd. Cosmo Shine A4100 and A4300.
The thickness of the support layer 54 may be appropriately set according to the thickness of the light guide plate 52 and the like, but is preferably 25 to 1000 μm.
In the present invention, it is particularly preferable that the support layer 54 is a cellulose ester film and the film thickness of the cellulose ester film is 30 to 70 μm.

In the light guide plate 52, it is preferable that the difference in refractive index between a bonding layer 62 and a support layer 54 described later is small.
Specifically, the difference in refractive index between the bonding layer 62 and the support layer 54 is preferably 0.05 to 0.3, and more preferably 0.05 to 0.1.
By setting the difference in refractive index between the bonding layer 62 and the support layer 54 to 0.05 to 0.3, reflection of light at the interface between the bonding layer 62 and the support layer 54 can be prevented.

The binder layer 58 is a matrix that holds the particles 60, and is laminated and attached to the support layer 54. The binder layer 58 holds a part of the particles 60 in a protruding state.
The binder layer 58 is formed of a curable composition containing a curable resin compound. This curable resin compound becomes a light-transmitting resin after curing and acts as a binder. Such a resin binder is preferably a compound that forms a light-transmitting polymer (also referred to as a binder polymer) having a saturated hydrocarbon chain as a main chain after curing with ionizing radiation or the like. The main binder polymer after curing preferably has a crosslinked structure.

As the compound that forms a binder polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon chain as a main chain after curing, a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group described below is preferable.
As the binder polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon chain as a main chain and having a crosslinked structure, a (co) polymer of a monomer having two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups is preferable.

As the monomer having two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups used in the curable resin compound for forming the binder layer 58, an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and (meth) acrylic acid {for example, ethylene glycol di (meth) ) Acrylate, 1,4-cyclohexanediacrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolethane tri (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol tetra ( (Meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, 1,2,3-chlorohexanetetra Tacrylate, polyurethane polyacrylate, polyester polyacrylate}, vinylbenzene and its derivatives (eg, 1,4-divinylbenzene, 4-vinylbenzoic acid-2-acryloylethyl ester, 1,4-divinylcyclohexanone), vinyl sulfone (eg, , Divinyl sulfone), (meth) acrylamide (for example, methylenebisacrylamide) and the like.

Commercially available polyfunctional acrylate compounds having a (meth) acryloyl group can also be used. Commercially available products include KAYARAD DPHA and P
Examples thereof include ET-30, Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd., NK Ester A-TMMT, and A-TMPT. From the viewpoint of reducing curling shrinkage and curling, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and caprolactone are preferably added to increase the distance between crosslinking points. For example, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (for example, Osaka Organic Chemical Co., Ltd.) added with ethylene oxide is added. Biscoat V # 360), glycerin propylene oxide-added triacrylate (for example, V # GPT manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Co., Ltd.), caprolactone-added dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (for example, DPCA-20, 120 manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) and the like are preferable. Used. Two or more types of monomers having two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups are also preferably used in combination.
The curable resin compound that forms the binder layer 58 may be a low molecule, a polymer, or an oligomer.

Examples of the curable resin compound in the present invention include resins having two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, for example, relatively low molecular weight polyester resins, polyether resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, urethane resins, alkyd resins, spiroacetals. Examples also include oligomers or prepolymers such as polyfunctional compounds such as resins, polybutadiene resins, polythiol polyene resins and polyhydric alcohols. Two or more of these oligomers or prepolymers may be used in combination.
It is preferable to contain 10-100 mass% of resin which has 2 or more ethylenically unsaturated groups with respect to the curable resin compound whole quantity used as a binder.
Polymerization of these compounds having an ethylenically unsaturated group can be carried out by irradiation with ionizing radiation or heating in the presence of a photo radical polymerization initiator or a thermal radical polymerization initiator.

Therefore, curability containing a compound having an ethylenically unsaturated group, a radical photopolymerization initiator or thermal radical polymerization initiator, particles 60, a dispersion solvent added as necessary, a coating aid, other additives, and the like. A composition (coating liquid) is prepared, and this curable composition is coated on the support layer 54 and then cured by a polymerization reaction by ionizing radiation or heat to hold the particles 60 on the surface of the support layer 54. Can be formed.
In this case, it is also preferable to perform ionizing radiation curing and thermal curing together. Commercially available compounds can be used as the light and thermal polymerization initiators.

In the light guide plate 52 of the display device 50, the difference in refractive index between the support layer 54 and the binder layer 58 is preferably small.
Specifically, the difference in refractive index between the support layer 54 and the binder layer 58 is preferably 0.2 or less, and more preferably 0.1 or less.
By setting the difference in refractive index between the support layer 54 and the binder layer 58 to 0.2 or less, reflection of light at the interface between the support layer 54 and the binder layer 58 is prevented, and more preferably, light is transmitted by the particles 60. The light emitted from the light guide plate 52 can be obliquely emitted.

As described above, the binder layer 58 is laminated and attached to the support layer 54 while holding the particles 60.
In the present invention, the particles 60 are light transmissive. The particle 60 may be any shape such as a sphere, a substantially sphere, a regular octahedron, a truncated regular octahedron, a regular tetrahedron, a truncated regular tetrahedron, a flat plate, etc. Although the shape may be used, it is preferably a sphere or a substantially sphere. Part of the particles 60 protrudes from the binder layer 58 and is held by the binder layer 58.

Specific examples of the particles 60 include, for example, crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate particles, crosslinked methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer particles, crosslinked polystyrene particles, crosslinked methyl methacrylate-methyl acrylate copolymer particles, crosslinked acrylate-styrene copolymer particles, Examples thereof include resin particles such as melamine / formaldehyde resin particles and benzoguanamine / formaldehyde resin particles. Of these, crosslinked styrene particles, crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate particles, crosslinked methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer particles, and crosslinked acrylate-styrene copolymer particles are preferred.
Furthermore, surface-modified particles or silica-sized inorganic fine particles in which compounds containing fluorine atoms, silicon atoms, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, sulfonic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, etc. are chemically bonded to the surfaces of these resin particles. Also particles bound to the surface. Is available.
As the particles 60, various types of commercially available microbeads, resin particles, resin fine particles, and the like can be used.

In the present invention, the thickness of the binder layer 58 with respect to the average particle size of the particles 60 is preferably 0.3 to 0.98 in a ratio of “film thickness of the binder layer 58 / average particle size of the particles 60”. 0.4 to 0.98 is more preferable, and 0.5 to 0.98 is even more preferable. The film thickness of the binder layer 58 is the film thickness of the binder layer 58 at a position where the particles 60 are not present.
By setting the ratio of “the thickness of the binder layer 58 / the average particle diameter of the particles 60” to 0.3 to 0.98, the particles 60 are appropriately projected from the binder layer 58, and more preferably, by the particles 60. By reflecting the light, the light emitted from the light guide plate 52 can be emitted obliquely.

The average particle size of the particles 60 is preferably 2 to 12 μm, more preferably 2 to 10 μm, further preferably 2 to 8 μm, and particularly preferably 3 to 8 μm. In the present invention, the average particle diameter indicates the primary particle diameter.
The average particle size of the particles 60 is not particularly limited, but is preferably larger than the wavelength of light and geometrically refracted by light. In addition, if the average particle diameter of the particles 60 is 2 μm or more, the binder layer 58 has a sufficient thickness in the light guide plate 52 in which the back surface 52a has an uneven shape by forming convex portions on the back surface 52a with the particles 60. And sufficient strength of the binder layer 58 can be obtained. Further, if the average particle size of the particles 60 is 12 μm or less, the sedimentation rate of the particles is slow, and the particles 60 are suitably dispersed by reducing the collision frequency between the particles during drying immediately after coating and suppressing particle aggregation. Thus, it is possible to perform good oblique emission.
Further, in order to adjust the uneven shape of the back surface 52a, two or more kinds of particles 60 having different average particle sizes may be used.

As the measuring method of the average particle diameter of the particles 60, any measuring method can be applied as long as it is a measuring method for measuring the particle diameter of the particles. Specifically, the particle size distribution of particles is measured by the Coulter counter method, and the average particle size is calculated from the particle distribution obtained by converting the measured distribution into the particle number distribution, or a transmission electron microscope (magnification There is a method of observing particles at 500,000 to 2,000,000 times), observing 100 particles, and making the average value the average particle size.
In the present invention, the value obtained by the Coulter counter method is used as the average particle size of the particles 60.

In the light guide plate 52 of the display device 50, the difference in refractive index between the binder layer 58 and the support layer 54 and the particles 60 is preferably small.
Specifically, the difference in refractive index between the binder layer 58 and the support layer 54 and the particles 60 is preferably 0.2 or less, and more preferably 0.1 or less.
By setting the difference in refractive index between the binder layer 58 and the support layer 54 and the particle 60 to 0.2 or less, reflection of light at the interface between the binder layer 58 or the support layer 54 and the particle 60 is prevented, which is more preferable. In addition, the light reflected by the particles 60 can be emitted obliquely from the light guide plate 52.

The relationship between the refractive indexes of the binder layer 58 and the support layer 54 and the particles 60 may be adjusted by using two or more kinds of particles 60 having different refractive indexes.
The refractive index of the particles 60 is changed in the solvent in which the refractive index is changed by changing the mixing ratio of two kinds of solvents having different refractive indexes selected from methylene iodide, 1,2-dibromopropane, and n-hexane. It is measured by measuring the turbidity by dispersing an equal amount of the particles 60 and measuring the refractive index of the solvent when the turbidity is minimized with an Abbe refractometer.

In the light guide plate 52, the amount of the particles 60 may be appropriately set according to the particle size of the particles 60 and the like. Specifically, the amount of the particles 60 is preferably 3 to 20% by mass, more preferably 5 to 18% by mass, and 7 to 15% by mass with respect to the total mass of the total solid content of the binder layer 58 and the particles 60. % Is more preferable.
The light guide plate 52 is obtained by sticking the support layer 54 on which the binder layer 58 holding the particles 60 is laminated in this manner to the transparent laminate with the bonding layer 62 on the surface opposite to the binder layer 58. Composed.

The bonding layer 62 can be made of various known materials as long as the transparent laminate and the support layer 54 can be bonded together with the necessary adhesion. That is, the bonding layer 62 may be made of an adhesive, an adhesive, or a material having both characteristics. Therefore, the laminating layer 62 is a laminate of a sheet-like material using an optical device and an optical element, such as an optical transparent adhesive (OCA (Optical Clear Adhesive)), an optical transparent double-sided tape, an optical transparent adhesive sheet, and an ultraviolet curable resin. What is necessary is just to use the well-known thing used for.
What is necessary is just to set the thickness of the bonding layer 62 suitably according to the forming material of the bonding layer 62, the thickness which can bond a transparent laminated body and the support layer 54 with required adhesive force. Note that the bonding layer 62 is preferably thin as long as the necessary adhesion can be obtained.

In the light guide plate 52 of the display device 50, the difference in refractive index between the refractive index matching layer 3 and the bonding layer 62 of the transparent laminated body is preferably 0.05 to 0.3, and 0.05 to 0.00. 1 is more preferable.
By making the difference in refractive index between the refractive index matching layer 3 and the bonding layer 62 of the transparent laminate 0.05 to 0.3, reflection of light at the interface between the transparent laminate and the bonding layer 62 is prevented. can do.

Such a light guide plate 52 may be manufactured by a known method.
As an example, as described above, a curable composition containing a curable resin compound that mainly serves as the binder layer 58, such as a compound having an ethylenically unsaturated group, a polymerization initiator, and particles 60 is prepared. You may add a dispersion | distribution solvent, a coating aid, another additive, etc. to this curable composition as needed.
The curable composition is applied to the support layer 54 and, if necessary, dried, and then the curable resin compound is cured by a polymerization reaction by ionizing radiation or heat to hold the particles 60 on the surface. A support layer 54 in which is laminated is prepared.
The light guide plate 52 can be produced by sticking the support layer 54 to the transparent laminate with the bonding layer 62.

In addition, the method described in Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2010-277080 can use suitably the method of producing the support layer 54 which laminated | stacked the binder layer 58 which hold | maintains the particle | grains 60 on the surface.
That is, a base layer dope in which a resin to be the support layer 54 is dissolved in a solvent, and a curable composition (surface layer dope) containing the curable resin compound, the polymerization initiator, and the particles 60 described above are prepared. On top of that, the base layer dope and the surface layer dope are extruded from separate slits simultaneously onto a support for casting such as a drum or a band, cast in a laminated state, peeled off from the support after being appropriately dried. Further, drying and curing as necessary may produce a support layer 54 in which a binder layer 58 that holds the particles 60 is laminated on the surface.

The display device 50 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 forms a light guide plate 52 by sticking a support layer 54 having a binder layer 58 that holds particles 60 on the surface to a transparent laminate. The invention is not limited to this, and the light guide plate may be configured without using the support layer 54.
That is, as in the display device 70 conceptually shown in FIG. 13, the light guide plate 72 is directly laminated and adhered to the main surface of the transparent laminate, and the binder layer 58 that holds the particles 60 is laminated. The light plate 72 may be configured. That is, in this case, the light deflection layer 5 is configured only by the binder layer 58 and the particles 60. The back surface 72a and the viewing surface 72b are the same as the back surface 14a and the viewing surface 14b of the light guide plate 14 described above.
Therefore, in this case, for the same reason as described above, the difference in refractive index between the refractive index matching layer 3 of the transparent laminate, the binder layer 58 and the particles 60 is preferably 0.1 or less. .05 or less is more preferable, and it is most preferable that there is no difference in refractive index.

The above example has an air layer between the light guide plate and the display element 12. By having the air layer, the reflectance in the light guide plate can be increased, oblique emission with a high amount of light can be performed, and the visibility from the lateral direction when the light source 16 is turned on can be greatly reduced.
In addition, what is necessary is just to set the thickness of an air layer suitably according to the structure of a display apparatus so that the light guide plate and the display element 12 can be completely separated completely. Here, the air layer is basically preferably thinner as long as it satisfies this condition.

FIG. 14 shows another example of the display device of the present invention. 14 includes a plurality of members that are the same as those of the display device 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 described above, the same members are denoted by the same reference numerals, and different members are mainly described.
The display device 42 also includes the display element 12, the light guide plate 14 in which the groove 20 is formed on the back surface 14 a, and the light source 16.
As described above, in the display device 10, an air layer exists between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14.
On the other hand, the display apparatus 42 shown in FIG. 14 does not have an air layer between the display element 12 and the light-guide plate 14, and the bonding layer 46 is provided. The bonding layer 46 has a refractive index difference of 0.05 or more with respect to the light guide plate 14 to which the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14 are attached.

Similar to the display device 10, the display device 42 also has the light guide plate 14 having the groove 20 on the back surface 14 a, thereby turning on the light source 16, so that 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is on the viewing surface 30 b side. In addition, it can be emitted (obliquely emitted) to a region having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal N.
Accordingly, the display device 36 can switch between a normal wide viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is not turned on and a narrow viewing angle display in which the light source 16 is turned on.

Here, in the display device 10, since there is an air layer between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14, the light reflectance in the light guide plate 14 is increased due to a large refractive index difference between the light guide plate 14 and air. Thus, oblique emission with a high amount of light can be performed, and the visibility from the lateral direction when the light source 16 is turned on can be greatly reduced.
On the other hand, the display device 10 having an air layer has two interfaces having a large difference in refractive index due to the air layer. Therefore, in particular, the light incident from the front, that is, the direction of the normal N is
Depending on the usage environment of the display device 10 and the like, the display image may be interfered by reflected light of the external light, and the image may appear blurred, the image becomes dark, or the reflected light of the external light is reflected. In some cases, the image quality of the display image is degraded.

On the other hand, the display device 42 shown in FIG. 14 does not have an air layer, and the difference in refractive index between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14 is 0.05 or more, preferably 0. It has the bonding layer 46 of 0.08 or more.
Therefore, since the display device 42 does not generate an interface having a large difference in refractive index between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14, the display caused by the external light is suppressed by suppressing reflection of external light at the interface. Degradation of image quality can be suppressed.

In addition, since the display apparatus 42 having the bonding layer 46 has no air layer, reflection at the light guide plate 14 is reduced, and a component of light emitted at a sufficient angle with respect to the normal line N is reduced. However, by setting the difference in refractive index between the light guide plate 14 and the bonding layer 46 to be 0.05 or more, when the light source 16 is turned on, 80% or more of the light emitted from the light guide plate 14 is reduced. Is emitted toward a region having a wider angle by 30 ° or more than the normal line N on the viewing surface 14b side.
That is, in the display device of the present invention, it is preferable to provide an air layer between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14 when it is important to reduce the visibility from the lateral direction in the display at a narrow viewing angle. In the case where the image quality is important, a bonding layer 46 is provided between the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14, and the difference in the refractive index between the light guide plate 14 and the bonding layer 46 is reduced as the image quality is important. Is preferred.

Considering the above points, the difference in refractive index between the light guide plate 14 and the bonding layer 46 is preferably 0.05 to 0.3, and more preferably 0.05 to 0.1.
The thickness of the bonding layer 46 is a thickness at which the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14 can be reliably bonded according to the forming material of the bonding layer 46 and the display element 12 and the light guide plate 14 are not in contact with each other. May be set as appropriate.
In addition, if the bonding layer 46 satisfy | fills this condition, the thinner one is fundamentally preferable.
Various materials can be used as the forming material of the bonding layer 46 as long as it has sufficient transparency and the difference in refractive index from the light guide plate 14 is 0.05 or more.
As an example, an acrylate polymer can be preferably used. For example, the material described in [0035] of Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2013-203899 is illustrated. If such a general material is used, the refractive index of the bonding layer 46 can be appropriately adjusted to a value necessary for the conditions of the present invention.

What is necessary is just to produce the display apparatus 42 which has such a bonding layer 46 by the apply | coating method as an example.
That is, the light guide plate 14 and the display element 12 are prepared, and further, a composition that becomes the bonding layer 46 is prepared. Subsequently, the composition used as the bonding layer 46 is apply | coated to the light-guide plate 14 and / or the display element 12, and a composition is dried and / or hardened as needed.
Then, the laminated body which consists of the light-guide plate 14, the bonding layer 46, and the display element 12 is produced, and the display apparatus 42 is produced by hardening the bonding layer 46 as needed.

  In addition, the bonding layer 46 may be bonded to the display element 12 and / or the light guide plate 14 by using an adhesive force (adhesive force) of the bonding layer 46, such as an OCA or a transparent adhesive sheet. May be used. In this case, the adhesive strength of the bonding layer 46 may be used for bonding with one, and the bonding with the other may be performed using OCA or the like.

In the display device 42 having the bonding layer 46, a dielectric multilayer film may be provided between the bonding layer 46 and the display element 12 as necessary.
By having a dielectric multilayer film between the bonding layer 46 and the display element 12, the light source 16 is mainly used.
The light obliquely emitted from the light guide plate 14 emitted from the light can be reflected by the dielectric multilayer film and returned to the light guide plate 14, and the light guide plate 14 caused mainly by the external light is straightened (in the normal N direction). The lost light can be transmitted.
Therefore, by having a dielectric multilayer film between the bonding layer 46 and the display element 12, it is more preferable to prevent image quality deterioration due to external light and from a lateral direction when the viewing angle is narrow. Visibility can be reduced.

Various known materials can be used for the dielectric multilayer film, and they may be formed by a known method.
Such a configuration having the bonding layer 46 or further a dielectric multilayer film is such that the back surface of the light guide plate is provided by providing a recess on the back surface of the light guide plate like the display device 42 having the grooves 20 on the back surface 14a of the light guide plate 14. In addition to the concavo-convex display device, a display device having a concavo-convex shape on the back surface of the light guide plate, such as the display device 28 shown in FIGS. The display device in which the back surface of the light guide plate is made uneven by using the particles 60 as shown in FIGS. 11 to 13 can also be used.

FIG. 15 shows another example of the display device of the present invention. The display device 76 shown in FIG. 15 has a plurality of the same members as the display device 50 shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 described above.
The display device 76 shown in FIG. 15 is provided with an antireflection layer 78 on the surface of the back surface 52a of the light guide plate 52 in the display device 50 shown in FIG. The layer 80 is provided.
In this way, by having the antireflection layer 78 on the back surface of the light guide plate 52 and / or the antireflection layer on the image display surface of the display element 12, as in the display device 42 shown in FIG. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the display image quality caused by the external light.

The antireflection layers 78 and 80 are not particularly limited, and all known antireflection films such as an antireflection film formed by laminating a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer can be used. The antireflection layer 78 on the back surface 52a of the light guide plate 52 is formed on the antireflection layer 78 on the back surface 52a of the light guide plate 52 so as not to bury the projections and depressions formed by the particles 60. A membrane is preferably used.
Further, the film thickness of the antireflection film may be appropriately set according to the material for forming the antireflection film, the antireflection performance required for the antireflection film, and the like.

The display device 76 shown in FIG. 15 includes the antireflection layer 78 on the back surface 52a of the light guide plate 52 and the antireflection layer 80 on the image display surface of the display element 12, but the present invention is not limited to this.
That is, the display device of the present invention may have only the antireflection layer 78 on the back surface 52 a of the light guide plate 52 or may have only the antireflection layer 80 on the image display surface of the display element 12.

  The configuration having such an antireflection layer is a display in which convex portions are formed by particles 60 and the back surface 52a of the light guide plate 52 is formed in an uneven shape, as in the display device 42 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 (FIG. 13). In addition to the device, a display device such as the display device 42 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided with a concave portion such as the groove 20 so that the back surface 14a of the light guide plate has an uneven shape, and the display shown in FIGS. By providing the convex portion 32 on the back surface 30a, such as the device 28, the display device can be used even in a concavo-convex shape on the back surface 30a of the light guide plate 30.

  In such a display device of the present invention, in order to perform high-quality image display, the light guide plate preferably has a haze of 30% or less, and more preferably 10% or less.

  The uneven shape may be directly formed on the refractive index matching layer by embossing (embossing) or the like. Thereby, since it can be set as the light guide plate of the present invention without adding a new member to a conventional structure such as a touch panel provided with a refractive index matching layer, the display device can be made thinner and lighter. Contributes to cost reduction and cost reduction.

  When the display device of the present invention is used, the light guide plate may be a front plate of a device such as a tablet PC. In other words, the display device of the present invention may form the light guide plate with a material that can be used as the front plate of the tablet PC.

In addition, although the above example is an example which formed the unevenness | corrugation in the back surface of a light-guide plate, this invention is not limited to this, You may make the visual recognition surface of a light-guide plate into the same uneven | corrugated shape, or a light-guide plate It is good also as the same uneven | corrugated shape on both main surfaces. However, it is preferable to form irregularities on the back surface of the light guide plate from the viewpoint of suppressing the grooves and convex portions constituting the irregular shape from being visually recognized by reflection of external light.
Further, the light emitted from the light guide plate may not be uniform within the surface, and specific information (for example, advertisement and signage information in a pattern display) may be emitted.

  The display device of the present invention has been described in detail above. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described examples, and various improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention. It is.

The features of the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the following examples. In addition, the materials, usage amounts, ratios, processing contents, processing procedures, and the like shown below can be changed as appropriate without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Moreover, unless it deviates from the meaning of this invention, it can also be set as the structure other than the structure shown below. That is, the configuration of the present invention is not limited to the specific examples shown below. Unless otherwise specified, “part” and “%” are based on mass.
First, a method for producing the transparent laminate A common to the respective examples will be specifically described. This transparent laminate A corresponds to a transparent substrate on which electrode layers are laminated in the present invention.

[Preparation of transparent laminate A]
<1. Formation of multilayer film including at least two kinds of transparent thin films having different refractive indexes>
A multilayer film including at least two kinds of transparent thin films having different refractive indexes was formed on a glass transparent substrate having a refractive index of 1.51 by the following method. A transparent laminate was formed on a 1 mm glass substrate by a dual magnetron sputtering (DMS) method. The glass substrate was placed in a sputtering apparatus, by sputtering using a _Nb 2 _{O 5} as a target _Nb 2 _{O 5} (refractive index 2.27 of the wavelength of 550nm light, extinction coefficient 0) of a thickness of 50 Å formed of An inorganic thin film layer is formed, and a 600 Å thick inorganic thin film layer (refractive index of light of wavelength 550 nm 1.46, extinction coefficient 0) made of SiO ₂ is formed thereon by sputtering using Si as a target. did. Thereafter, the substrate was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a transparent substrate in which a multilayer film including at least two kinds of transparent thin films having different refractive indexes was laminated on a glass transparent substrate.

<2. Formation of substrate with transparent electrode pattern>
The transparent substrate obtained above was introduced into a vacuum chamber, and DC magnetron sputtering (indium: tin = 95: 5 (molar ratio)) using an ITO target having a SnO ₂ content of 10% by mass (molar ratio) ( Conditions: substrate temperature 250 ° C., argon pressure 0.13 Pa, oxygen pressure 0.01 Pa), an ITO thin film having a thickness of 40 nm and a refractive index of 1.82 was formed. A transparent substrate on which a transparent electrode layer having electrodes was formed was obtained.

  Next, a method for producing the transparent laminate B common to the respective examples will be specifically described. This transparent laminate B is obtained by laminating the refractive index matching layer in the present invention on the transparent laminate A (transparent substrate on which electrode layers are laminated).

[Production of transfer film]
<1. Formation of thermoplastic resin layer and intermediate layer>
On a 75 μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate film temporary support, using a slit nozzle, a thermoplastic resin layer coating solution having the following formulation H1 was applied and dried to obtain a 15.1 μm thermoplastic resin layer. An intermediate layer coating solution having the following formulation P1 was applied to the thermoplastic resin layer and dried to obtain a 1.6 μm intermediate layer.

(Coating liquid for thermoplastic resin layer: Formulation H1)
Methanol: 11.1 parts by mass Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 6.36 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone: 52.4 parts by mass Methyl methacrylate / 2-ethylhexyl acrylate / benzyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid copolymer (copolymerization composition ratio) (Molar ratio) =
55 / 11.7 / 4.5 / 28.8, molecular weight = 100,000, Tg≈70 ° C.)
: 5.83 parts by mass-Styrene / acrylic acid copolymer (copolymerization composition ratio (molar ratio) = 63/37,
Weight average molecular weight = 10,000, Tg≈100 ° C.): 13.6 parts by mass Monomer 1 (trade name: BPE-500, manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd.)
: 9.1 parts by mass Fluorine-based polymer: 0.54 parts by mass The above fluorine-based _polymer, and _{C 6 F 13 CH 2 CH 2} OCOCH = CH 2 40 parts,
H (OCH (CH ₃ ) CH ₂ ) ₇ OCOCH═CH ₂ 55 parts;
H a copolymer of _{(OCHCH 2) 7 OCOCH = CH} 2 5 parts,
Weight average molecular weight 30,000, methyl ethyl ketone 30% by mass solution (trade name: Megafac F780F, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.)

(Coating liquid for intermediate layer: prescription P1)
Polyvinyl alcohol: 32.2 parts by mass (trade name: PVA205, manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., saponification degree = 88%, polymerization degree 550)
・ Polyvinylpyrrolidone: 14.9 parts by mass (trade name: K-30, manufactured by IS Japan Co., Ltd.)
-Distilled water: 524 parts by mass-Methanol: 429 parts by mass

<2. First curable transparent resin layer>
The first curable transparent resin layer material-1 prepared according to the composition shown in Table 1 below is adjusted to a film thickness of 2 μm, applied and dried, and then the first curable transparent material is formed on the intermediate layer. A resin layer was formed. In Table 1 and Chemical Formula 1, “%” and “wt%” both represent mass%.

<3. Formation of second curable transparent resin layer>
Thereafter, the second curable transparent resin layer material 2 prepared according to the composition described in Table 1 above was applied and dried, and the second curable film having a film thickness of 65 nm was formed on the first curable transparent resin layer. A transparent resin layer was formed.

<4. Crimping of protective film>
Thus, the thermoplastic resin layer, the intermediate layer, the first curable transparent resin layer, and the second curable transparent resin layer were provided in this order, and finally a protective film (thickness 12 μm polypropylene film) was pressure-bonded.

(Production of transparent laminate)
The transfer film obtained as described above is used to form the refractive index matching layer 3 covering the electrode layer 2 laminated on the transparent substrate 1, and using this transfer film, the following method is used. A transparent laminate B was produced.

<Transfer of refractive index matching layer>
First, using a protective film peeling roll, after peeling the protective film from the transfer film, the transfer film from which the protective film was peeled is conveyed, the temporary support of the transfer film is brought into contact with the heating roll, and the protective film is The second curable transparent resin layer on the peeled side was conveyed in the state facing the air side.
Subsequently, the second curable transparent resin layer, the first curable transparent resin layer, so that the second curable transparent resin layer covers the main surface of the transparent laminate A on which the ITO thin film is formed, The intermediate layer (oxygen barrier layer), the thermoplastic resin layer, and the support were transferred in this order. Specifically, the substrate temperature is 110 ° C., the heating roll 52 temperature is 110 ° C., the linear pressure is 3 N / cm, and the conveyance speed is 2 m / min. did.

Then, using a proximity type exposure machine (manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Electronics Engineering Co., Ltd.) having an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, between the exposure mask (quartz exposure mask having a pattern for overcoat formation) and the temporary support. The distance was set to 125 μm, and pattern exposure was performed through a temporary support with an exposure amount of 100 mJ / cm ² (i-line).
Thereafter, the temporary support was peeled off, and then washed with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate at 32 ° C. for 60 seconds. The thermoplastic resin layer and the intermediate layer were removed by spraying ultrapure water from the ultra-high pressure cleaning nozzle onto the transparent film substrate after the cleaning treatment. Subsequently, air was blown to remove moisture on the transparent substrate, and a post-baking treatment at 145 ° C. for 30 minutes was performed. On the transparent substrate, the second curable transparent resin layer and the first curable transparent resin layer (refractive A transparent laminate B was prepared in which an equivalent to the rate matching layer was laminated.

  Next, Comparative Example 1 and Examples 1 to 7 will be described individually.

[Comparative Example 1]
Apple's iPad Air (registered trademark) was disassembled and a liquid crystal display panel (LCD) was taken out as a display element, and only this display element was used as a display device.

[Example 1]
The display element of Example 1 is the same as that of Comparative Example 1.
In addition, the light guide plate of the optical switching element of Example 1 is obtained by bonding the following light deflection layer to the surface of the transparent laminate A on which the ITO thin film is formed using SK Dyne 2057 manufactured by Soken Chemical. is there.
The configuration of the light deflection layer of Example 1 is as follows.
The components shown below were mixed and filtered through a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 30 μm to prepare a curable composition.

<Curable composition (parts by mass)>
KAYARAD PET-30 (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) 27.9
Viscoat # 360 (Osaka Organic Chemical Co., Ltd.) 16.7
Cellulose acetate butyrate (Eastman Chemical) 1.0
Photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 907, manufactured by BASF) 0.5
Photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 819, manufactured by BASF) 1.9
6 μm cross-linked acrylic-styrene particle dispersion (30% by mass) 22.3
Dispersant (manufactured by BYK, Disperbyk-2000) 2.1
The following compound (SP-13) 0.1
MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) 6.0
MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) 23.0

  Further, when the refractive index of the crosslinked acrylic-styrene particles was measured using an Abbe refractometer (NAR-4T, manufactured by Atago Co., Ltd.) using a sodium lamp (λ = 589 nm) as a light source, the refractive index of the particles was 1. .52.

The prepared curable composition was applied to a cellulose triacetate film (Fujifilm, Fujitack, thickness 40 μm, refractive index 1.48) whose surface was saponified by a die coating method at a conveyance speed of 30 m / min. .
Application of the curable composition by the die coating method is described in Example 1 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-122889. The upstream lip land length is 0.5 mm, the downstream lip land length is 50 μm, and the slot opening is A slot die having a length in the web conveyance direction of 150 μm and a slot length of 50 mm was used.

The applied curable composition was dried at 60 ° C. for 150 seconds. Thereafter, using an air-cooled metal halide lamp (manufactured by Eye Graphics) with an oxygen concentration of about 0.1 vol% under nitrogen purge, an illuminance of 400 mW / cm ² and an irradiation amount of 150 m
The curable composition was cured by being irradiated with J / cm ² ultraviolet rays and wound up.
This produced the film which forms the binder layer holding a particle | grain on the surface of a support layer. In addition, the application quantity of the curable composition was adjusted so that the film thickness (average film thickness after hardening) of a binder layer might be 3.2 micrometers. Therefore, the particles (particle size 6 μm) protrude from the binder layer.
Moreover, when the refractive index of the binder layer was measured similarly to the above, the refractive index of the binder layer was 1.52.

The surface of the prepared film on which the binder layer was not provided was bonded to the surface of the transparent laminate A on which the ITO thin film was formed using SK Dyne 2057 manufactured by Soken Chemical.
Moreover, the LED array was mounted | worn as a light source on the end surface of the transversal direction of the light-guide plate (transparent laminated glass A glass transparent substrate).
The light guide plate was attached to the display element so that the light deflection layer side surface of the light guide plate and the image display surface of the display element face each other. A 1 mm air layer was provided between the light guide plate and the display element.
Thus, a display device as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 was manufactured.

[Example 2]
The display element of Example 2 is the same as that of Comparative Example 1.
In addition, the light guide plate of the optical switching element of Example 2 has the same light deflection layer as that of Example 1 on the surface of the transparent laminate B on which the first curable transparent resin layer is formed. It is bonded with Dyne 2057.
Moreover, the LED array was mounted | worn as a light source to the end surface of the transversal direction of the light-guide plate (The transparent glass substrate B of the transparent laminated body B).
The light guide plate was attached to the display element so that the light deflection layer side surface of the light guide plate and the image display surface of the display element face each other. A 1 mm air layer was provided between the light guide plate and the display element.
Thus, a display device as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 was manufactured.

[Example 3]
The display element of Example 3 is the same as that of Comparative Example 1.
In addition, the light guide plate of the optical switching element of Example 3 has the following light deflection layer on the surface of the transparent laminate B on which the first curable transparent resin layer is formed. Are pasted together.

The configuration of the light deflection layer of Example 3 is as follows.
A flat plate made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) having a thickness of 2 mm and a size of 100 × 100 mm (Sumi Holiday, manufactured by Hikari Co., Ltd.) was prepared. The refractive index of this flat plate is 1.48.
On the other hand, a mold (made of nickel) having a plurality of long convex portions having an isosceles triangular cross section with an apex angle of 120 ° in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction was prepared. The sectional shape of the convex portion is a sectional shape in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the convex portion.
The mold was pressed against a PMMA flat plate for 30 minutes to transfer the shape. Note that the shape was transferred by matching the longitudinal direction of the convex portion of the mold with the short direction of the flat plate.

Thereby, a plurality of elongated grooves (triangular grooves) having an isosceles triangle shape having an apex angle of 120 ° are formed on one surface of a flat plate made of PMMA in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, as shown in FIGS. A light guide plate as shown in FIG. The groove was formed in the entire region in the short direction of the light guide plate with the longitudinal direction coinciding with the short direction of the light guide plate.
Ten grooves were randomly selected from the produced light guide plate, and the shape was observed with a laser microscope (manufactured by Keyence Corporation). The groove size s was 20 μm, the groove interval p was 100 μm, and the groove depth was It was 17 μm (all average values).
Furthermore, when 5 areas selected at random were observed with a laser microscope (manufactured by Keyence Corporation) and the area ratio was measured in an area of 1 × 1 mm, the area ratio was 17% (average value).

The surface of the produced light deflection layer that was not provided with a groove was bonded to the surface of the transparent laminate B on which the first curable transparent resin layer was formed using SK Dyne 2057 manufactured by Soken Chemical.
Moreover, the LED array was mounted | worn as a light source to the end surface of the transversal direction of the light-guide plate (The transparent glass substrate B of the transparent laminated body B).
The light guide plate was attached to the display element so that the light deflection layer side surface of the light guide plate and the image display surface of the display element face each other. The display element was arranged so that one direction of the pixel arrangement direction coincided with the longitudinal direction of the groove of the light guide plate. A 1 mm air layer was provided between the light guide plate and the display element.
Thus, a display device as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 was produced.

[Example 4]
The display element of Example 4 is the same as that of Comparative Example 1.
In addition, the light guide plate of the optical switching element of Example 4 has the following light deflection layer on the surface of the transparent laminate B on which the first curable transparent resin layer is formed. Are pasted together.

The configuration of the light deflection layer of Example 4 is as follows.
<Formation of underlayer>
The components shown below were stirred and dissolved in a container kept at 25 ° C. to prepare a base layer solution.
<< Underlayer solution (parts by mass) >>
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 67.8
Dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., KAYARAD DPHA) 5.0
Surfactant (Megafac RS-90, manufactured by DIC Corporation) 26.7
Photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 819, manufactured by BASF) 0.5
One side of the PMMA flat plate used in Example 3 was subjected to corona treatment.
The prepared underlayer solution was applied to the surface of the flat plate subjected to corona treatment at a coating amount of 3 mL (liter) / m ² using a bar coater. Thereafter, the film surface is heated to 90 ° C. and dried for 120 seconds. Then, under a nitrogen purge with an oxygen concentration of 100 ppm or less, ultraviolet rays of 700 mJ / cm ² are emitted by an ultraviolet ray emission device, and the crosslinking reaction proceeds. To form an underlayer.

<Formation of convex parts>
The components shown below were stirred and dissolved in a container kept at 25 ° C. to prepare a composition (liquid crystal composition) for forming convex portions.
<< Composition (parts by mass) forming convex parts >>
Methoxyethyl acrylate 145.0
A mixture of the following rod-like liquid crystal compounds 100.0
Photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 819, manufactured by BASF) 10.0
Chiral agent A with the following structure 3.97
Surfactant with the following structure 0.08

Rod-shaped liquid crystal compound
The numerical value is mass%. R is a group bonded with oxygen.

Chiral agent A

Surfactant

The composition for forming the convex portion was converted into an ink jet printer (FUJIFILM Dim).
Atomic Co., Ltd., DMP-2831), droplets were deposited on the entire surface of the lower layer of the PMMA flat plate and dried at 95 ° C. for 30 seconds. Thereafter, the composition was cured (UV cured) by emitting an ultraviolet ray of 500 mJ / cm ² under an environment of 130 ° C. with an ultraviolet ray emitting device to form a convex portion.
Thereby, an optical deflection layer having a large number of convex portions as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 was produced.
In addition, although the formation material of a convex part is a liquid crystal, a liquid crystal becomes an isotropic phase by UV hardening at 130 degreeC, and the anisotropy is lose | eliminated.

When 10 convex portions were selected at random and the produced light guide plate was measured in the same manner as in Example 3, the size s (diameter) of the convex portions was 23 μm, the interval p between the convex portions was 100 μm, The height was 10 μm. In addition, the internal angle γ of the spherical convex portion was 50 °. Further, when the area ratio was measured in the same manner as in Example 3, the area ratio was 6.5%.
Moreover, when the refractive index of the forming material of a convex part was measured similarly to Example 1, the refractive index of the convex part was 1.58.

The surface of the manufactured light deflection layer on which the convex portion was not provided was bonded to the surface of the transparent laminate B on which the first curable transparent resin layer was formed, using SK Dyne 2057 manufactured by Soken Chemical.
Moreover, the LED array was mounted | worn as a light source to the end surface of the transversal direction of the light-guide plate (The transparent glass substrate B of the transparent laminated body B).
The light guide plate was attached to the display element so that the light deflection layer side surface of the light guide plate and the image display surface of the display element face each other. A 1 mm air layer was provided between the light guide plate and the display element.
Thus, a display device as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 was produced.

[Example 5]
A display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the display element was changed from an LCD to an organic EL display panel (OLED). The organic EL display panel was obtained by disassembling Samsung S6 Galaxy S6.

[Example 6]
A display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the light guide plate and the display element were bonded together with a bonding layer.

In addition, the detail of a bonding layer is as follows.
Mix the components shown below, add propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate in all solvents to 30% by mass, then dilute with methyl ethyl ketone, so that the final solids concentration is 5% by mass. Was prepared.
The prepared solution was charged into a glass separable flask equipped with a stirrer, stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and then filtered through a polypropylene depth filter having a pore size of 0.5 μm to prepare a composition for forming a bonding layer. .

<Components (parts by mass) of the composition that forms the bonding layer>
Mixture of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate and dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) 48.5
Dispersion A 45 below
Photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 127, manufactured by BASF) 3
Antifouling agent (reactive silicone, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 3.5

<< Dispersion A >>
A hollow silica particle dispersion having an average particle size of 60 nm, a shell thickness of 10 nm, and a silica particle refractive index of 1.31 is adjusted using the same method as dispersion A-1 described in JP-A-2007-298974. A liquid (solid content concentration: 18.2% by mass) was prepared.
To 500 parts by mass of this hollow silica dispersion, 15 parts by mass of acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 1.5 parts by mass of diisopropoxyaluminum ethyl acetate were added and mixed, and then 9 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water was added. After making it react at 60 degreeC for 8 hours, it cooled to room temperature and added 1.8 mass parts of acetylacetone. The solvent was replaced by distillation under reduced pressure while adding methyl isobutyl ketone so that the total liquid volume was almost constant. Dispersion A was prepared by adjusting the final solid content to 20%.

The same light deflection layer as in Example 1 was prepared, and the composition for forming the bonding layer was applied to the particle forming surface of this light deflection layer by bar coating and dried at 100 ° C. After drying, 1000 mJ / cm @ 2 of ultraviolet light was emitted to cure the composition to form a bonding layer. The thickness of the bonding layer was 4 μm. Moreover, when the refractive index of the bonding layer was measured similarly to Example 1, the refractive index of the bonding layer was 1.4.
Next, using the adhesive (manufactured by Soken Chemical Co., Ltd., SK Dyne 2057), the same display element as in Example 1 was bonded with the image display surface facing the bonding layer, to produce a display device.

[Example 7]
A display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that an antireflection layer was laminated on the surface of the light deflection layer on the binder layer side and the image display surface of the display element.

The details of the antireflection layer are as follows.
The antireflection layer includes an adhesion layer, a high refractive index layer a, a high refractive index layer b, and a low refractive index layer.
(1) Adhesion layer: SiO _x
Sputtering target: B-doped polycrystalline Si
・ Sputtering gas: Ar
Reactive gas: O ₂
・ Reactive gas flow ratio: 10%
-Input power: 100W
-Pressure during film formation: 0.13 Pa
(2) High refractive index layer a: SnO ₂
・ Sputter target: Metal Sn
・ Sputtering gas: Ar
・ Reactive gas: CO ₂
-Reactive gas flow ratio: 85%
・ Input power: 3kW
・ Film pressure: 0.6Pa
(3) High refractive index layer b: Nb ₂ O ₅
・ Sputtering target: Metal Nb
・ Sputtering gas: Ar
・ Reactive gas: CO ₂
・ Reactive gas flow ratio: 10%
-Input power: 500W
・ Film pressure: 0.6Pa
(4) Low refractive index layer: SiO ₂
Sputtering target: B-doped polycrystalline Si
・ Sputtering gas: Ar
・ Reactive gas: CO ₂
・ Reactive gas flow ratio: 10%
-Input power: 100W
-Pressure during film formation: 0.3 Pa

  Adhesion between the laminated surface of the antireflection layer and the formed antireflection layer (adhesion layer, high refractive index layer a, high refractive index layer b, low refractive index layer) was good.

[Evaluation of contrast]
For each of the manufactured display devices, the display element alternately displays a pattern of white and black on the entire surface, and the front (normal line) in the non-lighted state (OFF) and the light source turned on (ON). N direction) and a contrast (contrast ratio) were measured from a direction of 45 ° with respect to the normal N and evaluated. In addition, the measurement of the contrast was performed using the luminance meter (The Topcon Techno House company make, BM-5A).
"Evaluation criteria"
A: Contrast is more than 100 B: Contrast is more than 10 and less than 100 C: Contrast is more than 5 and less than 10 D: Contrast is less than 5 A higher contrast is preferable regardless of lighting, that is, A is the best. Regarding 45 °, when the light source is not turned on, it is preferable that the contrast is high, that is, A is the best, and when the light source is turned on, the contrast is preferably low, that is, D is the best. is there.

[Evaluation of visibility of patterned electrode layer]
About each produced display apparatus, sensory evaluation was performed by visually observing from the front of a light-guide plate whether the light radiate | emitted from the light source was reflected by the transparent electrode pattern in the state (ON) which turned on the light source.
"Evaluation criteria"
A: The electrode layer pattern is not visible at all B: The electrode layer pattern is slightly visible but almost invisible C: The electrode layer pattern is visible, but there is no practical problem D: The electrode layer pattern is visible and practical There is an upper obstacle E: The pattern of the electrode layer is clearly visible

[Evaluation of reflection of reflected light under external light]
Regarding Examples 6 and 7 among the manufactured display devices, light from a light source (halogen lamp) that is regarded as external light is incident at an angle of 30 ° with respect to the normal line of the light guide plate, and from the front of the light guide plate. By visual observation, sensory evaluation of reflection of reflected light under external light was performed.
"Evaluation criteria"
A: There is almost no reflection B: There is reflection, but there is no practical problem C: There is reflection and there is practical problem

The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.

As shown in Table 2 above, according to the display devices (Examples 1 to 7) of the present invention, when the light source is not turned on, both the front and the 45 ° direction display a high contrast and a wide viewing angle. However, when the light source is turned on, the visibility from 45 ° is lowered, and display with a narrow viewing angle is performed.
However, although Example 6 which has a bonding layer has the effect of narrowing a viewing angle a little compared with the other examples, reflection of reflected light under external light is greatly reduced. That is, this example can be suitably used when switching between wide viewing angle display and narrow viewing angle display and high-quality image display are compatible.
Further, Example 7 having an antireflection layer is highly effective in narrowing the viewing angle, and further, reflection of reflected light under external light is greatly reduced. That is, this example can be used more suitably when it is desired to achieve both high-quality image display and switching between wide-angle display and narrow-angle display.
Further, in Example 1 that does not have the refractive index matching layer around the electrode layer, the pattern of the electrode layer is slightly visible, whereas Examples 2 to 7 that have the refractive index matching layer around the electrode layer. Makes the pattern of the electrode layer almost invisible.

  Next, luminance was measured every 10 degrees from a polar angle of 0 degrees (front) to a polar angle of 80 degrees without displaying an image of the display element. At this time, the polar angle was inclined to the opposite side to the light source, and only one direction was carried out, and the measurement was performed with the above-described luminance meter. The sum of luminance values at polar angles of 30 ° or more was 80% or more of the sum of luminance values at polar angles from 0 ° to 80 °.

In contrast to Examples 1 to 7, Comparative Example 1 having no light guide plate is a normal LCD, and therefore cannot switch between wide viewing angle display and narrow viewing angle display.
From the above, the effects of the present invention are clear.

  The present invention can be suitably used as a display device such as a tablet PC, a notebook PC, or a smartphone.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Transparent substrate 2 Electrode layer 3 Refractive index matching layer 4 Bonding layer 5 Transparent substrate 10, 28, 36, 42, 50 Display device 12 Display element 14, 30, 52, 72 Light guide plate 14a, 30a, 52a, 72a Back surface 14b , 30b, 52b, 72b Viewing surface 16 Light source 20 Groove 32 Convex 38 Cover layer 46, 62 Laminating layer 54 Support layer 58 Binder layer 60 Particles a, b, Z Light B 45 ° line N Normal line

Claims (17)

A display element, and an optical switching element disposed opposite to the image display surface side of the display element,
The optical switching element includes a light guide plate, and a light source that makes light incident on an end face of the light guide plate,
The light guide plate includes a transparent substrate in which a patterned electrode layer is laminated on at least one main surface, and a laminate integrally formed with the transparent substrate, and when the light source is turned on, the display element of the light guide plate And a light deflection layer having a concavo-convex shape for emitting 80% or more of the light emitted from the main surface opposite to the main surface of the light guide plate to an area having an angle of 30 ° or more with respect to the normal line of the light guide plate. A display device. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the electrode layer is covered with a refractive index matching layer having a refractive index difference of 0.2 or less from the electrode layer. The display device according to claim 2 , wherein the uneven shape is formed directly on the refractive index matching layer. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the concavo-convex shape is formed by a groove on a surface on which the concavo-convex shape is formed. The display device according to claim 4 , wherein a cross section of the groove has a triangular shape. The display device according to claim 5 , wherein an angle of an apex angle of the triangular groove is 100 to 150 °. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the concavo-convex shape is formed by a convex portion included in a surface on which the concavo-convex shape is formed. The display device according to claim 7 , wherein the convex portion has a spherical shape. The convex portion is a display device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein formed in the liquid crystal compound. The convex portion is a display device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein is formed by particles. A support layer laminated integrally with the transparent substrate, and a binder layer laminated on the support layer,
The display device according to claim 10 , wherein the particles are held by the binder layer in a state where some of the particles protrude from the binder layer. Having a binder layer laminated integrally with the transparent substrate;
The display device according to claim 10 , wherein the particles are held by the binder layer in a state where some of the particles protrude from the binder layer. The main surface of the light deflection layer on which the concavo-convex shape is formed is covered with a coating layer having a refractive index difference of 0.05 or more with respect to the light deflection layer. Display device. The main surface of the light deflection layer on which the concavo-convex shape is formed and the display element are adhered by a bonding layer having a refractive index difference of 0.05 or more with respect to the light deflection layer. The display device according to any one of the above. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising an air layer between the light guide plate and the display element. The display device according to claim 1, wherein an antireflection layer is laminated on a main surface of the light deflection layer on which the uneven shape is formed. The display device according to claim 1, wherein an antireflection layer is laminated on the image display surface of the display element.