JP6645309B2 - Casting apparatus and method of manufacturing cast product - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a casting apparatus and a method for manufacturing a cast product.

  BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, a casting method in which a molten metal is poured into a cavity, which is a space formed inside a mold, to form a product shape has been used as a manufacturing method. As described in Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 2, and Patent Literature 3, a casting apparatus that cools a molten metal in a cavity using a mist that is a mixture of a liquid and a gas is known.

JP-A-6-210398 JP-A-11-188473 JP-A-2002-283035

  In order to prevent defects in the cast product, there is a method using directional solidification in which molten metal solidifies sequentially in a certain direction from the cooling unit side. When directional solidification is used, mist cooling may be used as a cooling method. Generally, it is known that mist cooling has a higher cooling capacity than air cooling or water alone cooling. As a method of controlling the mist cooling, the mist cooling is controlled using the temperature of the molten metal to be cooled as described in Patent Document 1, or the mist cooling is performed using the pressure of the cooling water as described in Patent Document 2. May be controlled.

  When controlling the mist cooling, the amount of heat transfer increases because of the heat of vaporization without depending on the temperature of the molten metal or the pressure of the air. For this reason, although the cooling capacity is increased, when cooling the molten metal filled in the cavity having a space in which the uneven portion in which the thin portion and the thick portion are mixed is formed, the thin portion and the thick portion are In the coagulation completion time tends to occur. Because of this difference in solidification completion time, directional solidification is difficult, and defects such as shrinkage cavities, which are holes generated by shrinkage during solidification, are likely to occur in cast products.

  In order to reduce the solidification completion time difference, there is a method of locally mist cooling a molten metal as described in Patent Document 3. When the molten metal is locally mist-cooled, it is necessary to provide a plurality of nozzles in the casting apparatus. In addition, a method in which a plurality of temperature sensors are provided in a casting apparatus to perform temperature control can be considered. When a plurality of nozzles and temperature sensors are provided, the size of the casting apparatus becomes large, and the cost of the casting apparatus increases.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and an object of the present invention is to improve a cooling capacity, suppress a defect of a cast product having an uneven thickness portion, and reduce the size of a casting device and a casting device thereof. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a cast product using the apparatus.

Casting apparatus of the present invention, the mold (10), condenser (121, 122) implant portion (30), comprising a mist ejection part (401, 402) and a cooling pipe pressure sensor (151, 152).
The mold has a cavity (11) that is a molding space.
The cavity includes a thin space (18) in which the thin part of the product (6) is molded or a thick space (19) in which the thick part of the product is molded.
The cooling pipe is provided in a mold and is formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom.
The injection unit injects the molten metal (5) into the cavity.

The mist injection unit is provided in the cooling pipe, and is capable of injecting a mist that is a mixture of a liquid and a gas toward the cavity to cool the molten metal in the cavity .
The cooling pipe pressure sensor can measure the pressure (P) in the cooling pipe .

The amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is defined as a pressure drop (dP / dt) defined by a negative value when the pressure drops. A preset negative set value of the amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is defined as a critical pressure drop (dP / dt_lim).
When the absolute value of the pressure drop is equal to or less than the absolute value of the limit pressure drop, the mist is injected by the mist injection unit. When the absolute value of the pressure drop is greater than the absolute value of the critical pressure drop, it indicates that the mold is cracked.

Since the casting apparatus of the present invention has the mist injection section, the cooling capacity is improved .

Further, the present invention is provided as a method for manufacturing a cast product using the above casting apparatus.
Method of manufacturing cast products include mist injection unit injects mist, a solidification and cooling step of cooling the molten metal (S204). Thereby, the same effects as those of the casting apparatus are obtained.

1 is a sectional view of a casting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. The II section enlarged view in FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining processing of an injection control unit of the casting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view when a molten metal is injected into a cavity of a casting device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Sectional drawing when the molten metal injected into the casting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention is solidified. FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram of a distance ratio ΔD / Dmax and a material density ρ of the casting apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. 5 is a flowchart for explaining a method of manufacturing a cast product using the casting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. Sectional drawing of the casting apparatus by other embodiments.

  Hereinafter, a casting apparatus 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The casting apparatus according to one embodiment is used, for example, in a low-pressure casting method, which is one of casting methods for molding a product. In the casting apparatus of one embodiment, a mold clamping apparatus will be omitted.

(One embodiment)
As shown in FIG. 1, the casting apparatus 1 includes a mold 10, an injection unit 30, mist injection units 401 and 402, and an injection control unit 60.
The mold 10 can be opened and closed, and includes a cavity 11, cooling pipes 121 and 122, cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142, cooling pipe pressure sensors 151 and 152, a mold temperature sensor 16, atmosphere temperature sensors 171, 172, and a mold. It has a heater 29.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the cavity 11 is a molding space and includes an uneven thickness space 20 in which a thin space 18 and a thick space 19 are mixed. The thin space 18 is a space where the thin portion of the cast product 6 is formed, and the thick space 19 is a space where the thick portion of the cast product 6 is formed. The flow path of the thin space 18 is formed to be narrower than the flow path of the thick space 19. The surface of the mold 10 that defines the cavity 11 is defined as one end surface 27, and the surface facing the one end surface 27 is defined as an opposing surface 28. The distance from one end surface 27 to opposing surface 28 is defined as cavity distance D.

  The minimum value of the cavity distance D is defined as a minimum distance Dmin, and the maximum value of the cavity distance D is defined as a maximum distance Dmax. In one embodiment, the cavity distance D in the thin space 18 is the minimum distance Dmin, and the cavity distance D in the thick space 19 is the maximum distance Dmax. The difference between the maximum distance Dmax and the minimum distance Dmin is defined as a distance difference ΔD. The mold 10 is formed such that the ratio of the distance difference ΔD to the maximum distance Dmax is equal to or greater than 20% and equal to or less than 40%.

  Returning to FIG. 1, the cooling pipes 121 and 122 are formed in a bottomed cylindrical shape, and are provided inside the mold 10. The cooling pipe 121 extends downward, and the cooling pipe 122 extends leftward. With respect to the paper surface in the figure, the upward direction is “up” and the downward direction is “down”. In addition, the left direction is “left” and the right direction is “right” with respect to the paper surface in the figure.

The cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142 are formed in a rod shape, and are provided near the outer surfaces of the cooling pipes 121 and 122.
The cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142 can measure the cooling pipe temperature Tc that is the temperature of the cooling pipes 121 and 122. The cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142 are thermocouples in which the tips of two types of metal wires come into contact with each other to form a circuit, and measure the temperature difference through the thermoelectromotive force generated at the junction. As the cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142, for example, a K thermocouple which is a JIS standard thermocouple is used.

  The cooling pipe pressure sensors 151 and 152 are provided inside the cooling pipes 121 and 122, and can measure the cooling pipe pressure P that is the pressure in the cooling pipes 121 and 122. The cooling pipe pressure sensors 151 and 152 use, for example, a change in electric resistance of a metal or a semiconductor due to a change in pressure, and use silicon having a diaphragm that is deformed by pressure.

  The mold temperature sensor 16 is formed in a rod shape, and is provided near the cavity 11. The mold temperature sensor 16 can measure the mold temperature Td, which is the temperature of the mold 10. As the mold temperature sensor 16, a K thermocouple is used similarly to the cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142.

  The ambient temperature sensors 171 and 172 are formed in a rod shape, and are provided near the bottom surfaces 211 and 212 of the cooling pipes 121 and 122. The ambient temperature sensors 171 and 172 can measure the ambient temperature Tw in the cooling pipes 121 and 122. As the ambient temperature sensors 171 and 172, a K thermocouple is used similarly to the cooling pipe temperature sensors 141 and 142 and the mold temperature sensor 16. The ambient temperature Tw is the temperature of air, water, a mixture of air and water, or condensed water in the cooling pipes 121 and 122. Condensed water is water generated by condensing water that has once evaporated.

The mold heater 29 is formed in a rod shape and is housed inside the mold 10. The mold heater 29 is a ceramic heater that can heat the mold 10 and has a heating element built in ceramics such as alumina or silicon nitride. As the mold heater 29, a thin tube sheath type micro heater having a sheath outer diameter of 1.0 to 6.4 mm may be used. Alternatively, a ceramic fiber heater in which heating elements are embedded in a fixed arrangement in ceramic fibers, which are artificial inorganic fibers containing high-purity alumina (Al ₂ O ₃ ) and silica (SiO ₂ ) as a main component, is used as the mold heater 29. May be used. The mold heater 29 heats the mold 10 so that the mold temperature Td is from several hundred degrees Celsius to 1,000 and several hundred degrees Celsius.

The injection unit 30 pressurizes the molten metal 5 and injects it into the cavity 11. The injection unit 30 includes a material input unit 31, a molten metal holding furnace 32, a pressure control unit 33, and a pipe.
The material inputting section 31 inputs the material to be melted. The material is heated and melted by the charging unit heater 36 provided in the material charging unit 31, and the molten metal 5 can be generated. As a material to be melted, for example, aluminum (Al) is used.

  The molten metal holding furnace 32 has a U-shaped cross section, is connected to the material charging section 31, and stores the molten metal 5 generated by the material charging section 31. The molten metal holding furnace 32 has a built-in heater (not shown), has a temperature at which the molten metal 5 does not solidify, and holds the molten metal 5. In the figure, in order to clarify the location of the molten metal 5, it is described in a dot pattern.

The pressurization control unit 33 pressurizes the molten metal 5 held in the molten metal holding furnace 32 using air pressure, and supplies the molten metal 5 to the pipe 34.
The pipe 34 connects the molten metal holding furnace 32 and the mold 10. The molten metal 5 pressurized through the pipe 34 is injected into the cavity 11.

  The mist sprayers 401 and 402 each have a nozzle formed therein, and are provided in openings of the cooling pipes 121 and 122 on the side opposite to the bottom surfaces 211 and 212. The injection ports 431 and 432 of the nozzle face the cavity 11, and the mist injection units 401 and 402 can jet the mist 42 that is a mixture of liquid and gas toward the cavity 11. In one embodiment, water is used as the mist liquid. In one embodiment, air is used as the mist gas. The mist injection units 401 and 402 can cool the molten metal 5 in the cavity 11 by injecting the mist 42. In the figure, the mist 42 is indicated by a two-dot chain line.

The injection control unit 60 can control the injection amount M of the mist 42 injected by the mist injection units 401 and 402 and the injection time X of the mist 42.
The amount of change of the cooling pipe pressure P with respect to time t is referred to as a pressure drop dP / dt, and the preset negative set value of the amount of change of the cooling pipe pressure P with respect to time t is referred to as a limit pressure drop dP / dt_lim. The limit pressure drop dP / dt_lim is determined by a material or the like used for the mold 10 and can be calculated by an experiment or a simulation.

  The injection control unit 60 is mainly configured by a microcomputer. The process of the injection control unit 60 may be a software process by executing a program stored in a substantial memory device such as a ROM in advance by a CPU, or a hardware process by a dedicated electronic circuit. Good.

  The injection control unit 60 can control the injection amount M and the injection time X based on the cavity distance D, the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, the mold temperature Td, the ambient temperature Tw, and the pressure drop dP / dt. It is. As indicated by the dashed arrows, the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, the mold temperature Td, and the ambient temperature Tw are input to the injection control unit 60 from various sensors. The pressure drop dP / dt is calculated using the cooling pipe pressure P input by the injection control unit 60.

The injection amount M is the volume or mass of the mist 42 injected per unit time. Further, the injection amount M may be a value obtained by converting the mist 42 into moles.
The injection time X is the time from the start of injection to the completion of injection by the mist injection units 401 and 402. The injection control unit 60 performs control to increase the injection amount M and increase the injection time X, for example, as the cavity distance D increases.

The processing performed by the injection control unit 60 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG. Hereinafter, in the flowchart, the symbol “S” means a step.
In step 101, the cavity distance D is input to the injection control unit 60.
In step 102, the mist injection units 401 and 402 introduce air into the cooling pipes 121 and 122, and the injection control unit 60 measures the pressure drop dP / dt.

In step 103, the injection control unit 60 ends when the absolute value | dP / dt | of the pressure drop exceeds the absolute value | dP / dt_lim | of the limit pressure drop.
On the other hand, in step 103, when the pressure drop dP / dt becomes equal to or less than the limit pressure drop dP / dt_lim, the injection control unit 60 proceeds to step 104. “=” In the figure includes a common-sense error range. Hereinafter, “=”, “equal”, and “equal” shall be similarly expanded.

In step 104, various sensors measure the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, the mold temperature Td, and the ambient temperature Tw.
In step 105, the injection control unit 60 determines the injection amount M and the injection time X based on the cavity distance D, the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, the mold temperature Td, and the ambient temperature Tw, and ends. .

(Action)
The operation of the casting device 1 will be described.
In the initial state, the injection unit 30 has not injected the molten metal 5 into the cavity 11, and the cavity 11 is not filled with the molten metal 5.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the injection unit 30 injects the molten metal 5, and the cavity 11 is filled with the molten metal 5. After the molten metal 5 is filled, the mist injection units 401 and 402 controlled by the injection control unit 60 inject the mist 42 toward the bottom surfaces 211 and 212 to cool the molten metal 5.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the molten metal 5 is solidified from the mist injection parts 401 and 402 toward the pipe 34 while the injection unit 30 continues to pressurize the molten metal 5, and the cast product 6 is completed. The cast product 6 is, for example, a pump housing that is a protection member of a pump used in a diesel engine. In the figure, the cast product 6 is shown by oblique hatching to distinguish it from the molten metal 5.

  As described above, defects in the cast product 6 are prevented by using the directional solidification in which the molten metal 5 solidifies in a certain direction from the mist spraying parts 401 and 402 toward the pipe 34. When directional solidification is used, mist cooling may be used to increase cooling efficiency.

  Generally, it is known that mist cooling has a higher cooling capacity than air cooling or water alone cooling. As a method of controlling the mist cooling, there are a case where the mist cooling is controlled using the temperature of the molten metal and a case where the mist cooling is controlled using the pressure of the cooling water.

  When controlling the mist cooling, the heat transfer amount increases due to the heat of vaporization without depending on the temperature of the molten metal or the pressure of the air. For this reason, although the cooling capacity is increased, when cooling the molten metal filled in the cavity having a space in which the uneven portion in which the thin portion and the thick portion are mixed is formed, the thin portion and the thick portion are In the coagulation completion time tends to occur. Because of this difference in solidification completion time, directional solidification is difficult, and defects such as shrinkage cavities, which are holes generated by shrinkage during solidification, are likely to occur in cast products.

  In order to reduce the solidification completion time difference, there is a method of locally mist cooling the molten metal. When the molten metal is locally mist-cooled, it is necessary to provide a plurality of nozzles in the casting apparatus. In addition, a method is conceivable in which a plurality of temperature sensors are locally provided in a casting apparatus to perform temperature control. When a plurality of nozzles and temperature sensors are provided, the size of the casting apparatus becomes large, and the cost of the casting apparatus increases.

  Therefore, in the casting apparatus 1 according to one embodiment, the cooling capacity is improved, the defects of the cast product having the uneven thickness portion are suppressed, and the size can be reduced. The casting apparatus 1 has mist injection units 401 and 402 and an injection control unit 60. Further, the injection control unit 60 determines the injection amount M and the injection time X based on the cavity distance D, the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, the mold temperature Td, the ambient temperature Tw, and the pressure drop dP / dt. It can be controlled.

(effect)
[1] Since the casting apparatus 1 has the mist injection sections 401 and 402, the cooling capacity is improved. Further, since the injection control unit 60 determines the injection amount M and the injection time X based on the cooling pipe temperature Tc, the cooling pipe pressure P, and the mold temperature Td, the controllability of the mist injection units 401 and 402 is improved. Further, since the injection amount M and the injection time X are determined based on the cavity distance D, the difference in the solidification completion time is reduced in consideration of the uneven thickness portion in which the thin portion and the thick portion are mixed.

  Since the solidification completion time difference becomes small, the molten metal 5 in the thin space 18 solidifies relatively slowly, and the molten metal 5 in the thick space 19 can solidify relatively quickly. For this reason, directional solidification becomes easy, and the defect of the cast product 6 can be suppressed. In addition, since it is not necessary to locally provide a plurality of nozzles or sensors to cool the uneven thickness portion, the size of the casting apparatus 1 can be reduced.

  [2] FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a relationship between the distance ratio ΔD / Dmax and the material density ρ of the cast product 6. An increase in the distance ratio ΔD / Dmax indicates that the variation in the cavity distance D between the thin space 18 and the thick space 19 increases. The material density ρ is the mass per unit volume of the completed cast product 6. Further, as a comparative example, a reference characteristic using a casting apparatus in a case where the injection control unit corresponding to the injection control unit 60 is not provided is indicated by a broken line.

In the comparative example, when the distance ratio ΔD / Dmax exceeds 20%, the material density ρ decreases. This is because the difference in the solidification completion time of the molten metal 5 in the cavity became large, and defects such as shrinkage cavities occurred in the cast product.
On the other hand, in one embodiment, when the distance ratio ΔD / Dmax exceeds 20%, the material density ρ does not change. Because the injection amount M and the injection time X are determined based on the cavity distance D, the solidification completion time difference of the uneven thickness portion of the molten metal 5 to be cooled is small in consideration of the uneven thickness space 20. This is because defects of the cast product 6 are suppressed. Examining based on the characteristics of the material density ρ of the cast product 6 used in one embodiment, the material density ρ becomes an allowable value or more by setting the distance ratio ΔD / Dmax to 40% or less.

  [3] The injection control unit 60 determines the injection amount M and the injection time X based on the ambient temperature Tw. Since the ambient temperature Tw can measure the temperature of the condensed water in the cooling pipes 121 and 122, the state of the mist 42 in the cooling pipes 121 and 122 can be estimated. Sex is further enhanced.

[4] injection control unit 60, the absolute value of the pressure drop rate | dP / dt | is a limit pressure drop of the absolute value | dP / dt_lim below | when made, to control the mist spraying unit 401 and 402. When the absolute value | dP / dt | of the pressure drop increases, it indicates that the mold 10 is cracked and the mold 10 is broken. Therefore, the failure of the casting device 1 can be detected by measuring the pressure drop dP / dt.

(Production method)
A method of manufacturing a cast product using the casting apparatus 1 will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 7 and FIGS. 1, 4, and 5.
The method for manufacturing the cast product 6 includes a mold heating step, a material melting step, a molten metal injection step, and a solidification cooling step.

In the mold heating step of step 201, the mold heater 29 heats the mold 10 and adjusts the mold temperature Td to a desired temperature within a range of several hundred degrees Celsius or more to one thousand and several hundred degrees Celsius or less.
In the material melting step of step 202, the material is charged into the material charging section 31, and the material is heated and melted by the charging section heater 36 provided in the material charging section 31 to generate the molten metal 5. The generated molten metal 5 is pressurized by the pressure control unit 33, and the molten metal 5 is supplied to the pipe 34 by the pressure control unit 33.

  In the molten metal injection step of step 203, as shown in FIG. 4, the pressure control unit 33 further pressurizes the molten metal 5 and injects the molten metal 5 into the cavity 11. After the injection of the molten metal 5, the cavity 11 is filled with the molten metal 5.

  In the solidification cooling step of step 204, the mist injection units 401 and 402 move toward the cavity 11 with the injection amount M and the injection time X calculated by the injection control unit 60 while the pressure control unit 33 pressurizes the molten metal 5. Mist 42 is injected. As shown in FIG. 5, after the molten metal 5 is cooled and solidification of the molten metal 5 is completed, a cast product 6 is completed. When the casting device 1 is used, the cooling efficiency is improved, and defects of the cast product having the uneven thickness portion are suppressed.

(Other embodiments)
(I) In one embodiment of the present invention, the number of mist injection units is not limited to two, but may be one, as shown in FIG. An effect similar to that of the embodiment is obtained.
(Ii) In one embodiment of the present invention, the injection control unit is not limited to controlling the injection amount M and the injection time X, but may control the number of injections.

(Iii) The casting used in one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the low pressure casting method, but may be a die casting method in which molten metal is injected into a cavity at a high pressure, or a centrifugal casting method in which molten metal is injected by centrifugal force. Good. Further, a gravity casting method in which molten metal is injected into the cavity by gravity (atmospheric pressure) may be used.
(Iv) A band heater, which is a heater in which a heat-resistant nickel chrome ribbon wire is wired on a heating element, insulated with a mica plate, and then compressed with a metal armor plate, may be used for the mold heater.

(V) The liquid used for the mist is not limited to water, and oil may be used as the liquid. Further, the gas used for the mist is not limited to air, and an inert gas such as nitrogen, helium, or argon may be used as the gas.
As described above, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment, and can be implemented in various forms without departing from the spirit of the invention.

5 ... molten metal,
6 ... products (cast products),
10 ... mold,
11 ... cavity,
121, 122 ... cooling pipe,
141, 142 ... cooling pipe temperature sensor
151, 152 ... cooling pipe pressure sensor
16 ··· Mold temperature sensor
27 ... one end face,
28 ... facing surface,
30... Injection part
401, 402 ... mist injection unit,
60 ... an injection control unit.

Claims (2)

Product mold having a cavity (11) is a molding space including the thin space (18) and the thick space thick portion of the product is formed (19) the thin portion is formed of (6) (10) When,
A cooling pipe (121, 122) provided in the mold and formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom;
An injection part (30) for injecting the molten metal (5) into the cavity;
A mist injection unit (401, 402) provided in the cooling pipe and injecting a mist (42) as a mixture of a liquid and a gas toward the cavity, and capable of cooling the molten metal in the cavity ;
Cooling pipe pressure sensors (151, 152) capable of measuring the pressure (P) in the cooling pipe ;
Equipped with a,
The amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is defined as a pressure drop (dP / dt) defined by a negative value when the pressure drops.
When a preset negative set value in the amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is defined as a critical pressure drop (dP / dt_lim),
When the absolute value of the pressure drop is less than or equal to the absolute value of the critical pressure drop, mist is injected by the mist injection unit,
When the absolute value of the pressure drop is larger than the absolute value of the critical pressure drop, it is indicated that the mold is broken . Product mold having a cavity (11) is a molding space including the thin space (18) and the thick space thick portion of the product is formed (19) the thin portion is formed of (6) (10) When,
A cooling pipe (121, 122) provided in the mold and formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom;
An injection part (30) for injecting the molten metal (5) into the cavity;
A mist injection unit (401, 402) provided in the cooling pipe and injecting a mist (42) as a mixture of a liquid and a gas toward the cavity, and capable of cooling the molten metal in the cavity ;
Cooling pipe pressure sensors (151, 152) capable of measuring the pressure (P) in the cooling pipe ;
Equipped with a,
The amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is defined as a pressure drop (dP / dt) defined by a negative value when the pressure drops.
Assuming that a preset negative set value in the amount of change in the pressure in the cooling pipe with respect to time is a limit pressure drop (dP / dt_lim),
When the absolute value of the pressure drop is less than or equal to the absolute value of the critical pressure drop, mist is injected by the mist injection unit,
When the absolute value of the pressure drop is greater than the absolute value of the critical pressure drop, a method of manufacturing a cast product using a casting device that indicates that the mold is cracked ,
And the previous SL mist spraying unit to inject the mist, the manufacturing method of a cast product comprising a solidification and cooling step (S204) for cooling the molten metal.

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