JP6809097B2 - Motor and electric power steering device - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a motor and an electric power steering device.

Conventionally, a motor having a housing provided with a mounted portion with another member is known. For example, the motor housing of Patent Document 1 is provided with a fastening screw hole for a fastening screw for fastening the motor and the speed reducer.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2014-187794

From the viewpoint of reducing the manufacturing cost, it is conceivable to manufacture the housing as described above by pressing the plate material. However, in this case, since the thickness of the housing is reduced, the length of the screw hole provided in the mounted portion of the housing is shortened. Therefore, there are cases where sufficient mounting strength cannot be secured when fixing the motor to other members.

In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a motor having a structure capable of ensuring mounting strength with other members while reducing the manufacturing cost, and an electric power steering device including such a motor. It is one of.

The motor according to one aspect of the present invention includes a rotor having a shaft arranged along a central axis extending in one direction, with one side in the axial direction as the output side and the other side in the axial direction as the counter-output side. A stator arranged on the radial outer side of the rotor, a housing for accommodating the rotor and the stator, and a female screw member fixed to the housing are provided, and the housing includes a first member and the first member. The first member has a second member which is separate from the member and to which the female screw member is fixed, and the first member has a first cylinder portion surrounding the stator and an axial output side of the first cylinder portion. The second member has a tubular shape and is fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the first tubular portion, and a shaft of the second tubular portion. The female screw member has a first flange portion extending radially outward from an end portion on the directional output side and a first through hole extending axially through the first flange portion, and the female screw member extends in the axial direction. It is a tubular member, has a female screw hole recessed from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side, and is fixed to the axial counter-output side surface of the first flange portion , and is the female screw hole. Is arranged at a position overlapping the first through hole when viewed along the axial direction, a gap is formed between the second tubular portion and the female screw member, and the first tubular portion and the second tubular portion are formed. The tubular portion and the female thread member overlap in the radial direction.

According to the present invention, there is provided a motor having a structure capable of ensuring mounting strength with other members while reducing manufacturing costs, and an electric power steering device including such a motor.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the motor of the present embodiment. FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the motor of the present embodiment. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of the motor of the present embodiment. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of a motor which is another example of the present embodiment. FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the electric power steering device of the present embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 1, the motor 10 of the present embodiment includes a rotor 30, a stator 40, a housing 20, a first bearing 51, a second bearing 52, a female screw member 90, a control device 80, and the like. To be equipped. The rotor 30 has a shaft 31 and a rotor core 32. The shaft 31 is arranged along a central axis J extending in one direction. In FIG. 1, one direction is the vertical direction. In the following description, the direction parallel to the central axis J is simply referred to as the "axial direction", the radial direction centered on the central axis J is simply referred to as the "diametric direction", and the circumferential direction centered on the central axis J is referred to as the circumferential direction. It is simply called "circumferential direction".

One side of the shaft 31 in the axial direction is the output side, and the other side in the axial direction is the non-output side. In FIG. 1, the lower side is one side in the axial direction, that is, the output side, and the upper side is the other side in the axial direction, that is, the counter-output side. In the present specification, the "output side" is the side from which the output of the motor 10 is taken out, and the side to which other members are attached to the shaft 31. In the present specification, the "anti-output side" is the side opposite to the output side. In the following description, the lower side in FIG. 1 is referred to as an "axial output side", and the upper side in FIG. 1 is referred to as an "axial counter-output side".

The rotor core 32 is directly or indirectly fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 31. In FIG. 1, the rotor core 32 is directly fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 31. The stator 40 is arranged on the outer side in the radial direction of the rotor 30. The stator 40 has an annular stator core 41, an insulator 42 mounted on the stator core 41, and a coil 43 mounted on the stator core 41 via the insulator 42.

The housing 20 houses the rotor 30 and the stator 40. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the housing 20 includes a housing main body 21, a motor fixing member 22, a lid member 23, and a connecting member 27. The housing body 21 has a bottomed cylindrical shape extending in the axial direction about the central axis J. The housing body 21 is manufactured, for example, by press working. The housing body 21 corresponds to the first member. As shown in FIG. 1, the housing main body 21 has a first tubular portion 21b and a bottom portion 21a. The first tubular portion 21b surrounds the stator 40. The outer peripheral surface of the stator 40 is fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the first tubular portion 21b. As a result, the housing body 21 holds the stator 40. The first tubular portion 21b is open on the opposite output side in the axial direction.

The bottom portion 21a is arranged at the end portion of the first cylinder portion 21b on the axial output side. The bottom portion 21a covers the axial output side of the stator 40. The bottom portion 21a has a fitting portion 24 recessed from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side, and a first bearing holding portion 25 for holding the first bearing 51. The fitting portion 24 is arranged at the center of the bottom portion 21a. The inner diameter of the fitting portion 24 decreases from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side. The fitting portion 24 is arranged on the axial output side of the rotor core 32. The first bearing holding portion 25 is arranged inside the fitting portion 24 in the radial direction. The first bearing holding portion 25 has a cylindrical shape centered on the central axis J and projects toward the output side in the axial direction. At the center of the first bearing holding portion 25, a hole portion 25a that penetrates the bottom portion 21a in the axial direction is provided.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the motor fixing member 22 is an annular member centered on the central axis J. The motor fixing member 22 is a separate member from the housing main body 21. The motor fixing member 22 is manufactured, for example, by press working. The motor fixing member 22 is fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the housing body 21. The motor fixing member 22 corresponds to the second member. The motor fixing member 22 has a second tubular portion 22a and a first flange portion 22b. The second tubular portion 22a has a cylindrical shape centered on the central axis J. The second tubular portion 22a is fitted and fixed to the end portion of the housing main body 21 on the axial output side.

The first flange portion 22b has a plate shape extending radially outward from the end portion of the second tubular portion 22a on the axial output side. The first flange portion 22b is arranged on the axial output side of the rotor core 32. As shown in FIG. 2, the first flange portion 22b has a flange portion 22c and a protruding plate portion 22d. The collar portion 22c has an annular plate shape centered on the central axis J. The protruding plate portion 22d has a plate shape that protrudes outward in the radial direction from the flange portion 22c. In this embodiment, two projecting plate portions 22d are provided. The two projecting plate portions 22d are arranged so as to sandwich the central axis J in the radial direction. The circumferential dimension of the projecting plate portion 22d decreases from the inside in the radial direction to the outside in the radial direction. The plan view shape of the radial outer edge of the projecting plate portion 22d is an arc shape that is convex outward in the radial direction.

As shown in FIG. 1, the lid member 23 is fixed to the end portion of the housing body 21 on the opposite output side in the axial direction. The lid member 23 covers the axially counter-output side of the stator 40. The lid member 23 has a second bearing holding portion 26. The second bearing holding portion 26 has a cylindrical shape that protrudes toward the output side in the axial direction with the central axis J as the center. The lid member 23 is manufactured by die casting, for example.

As shown in FIG. 2, the connecting member 27 is an annular member centered on the central axis J. The connecting member 27 is a separate member from the housing main body 21. The connecting member 27 is manufactured by die casting, for example. The connecting member 27 is fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the housing body 21. The connecting member 27 has a third tubular portion 27a and a second flange portion 27b. That is, the housing 20 has a second flange portion 27b. The third tubular portion 27a has a cylindrical shape centered on the central axis J. The third tubular portion 27a is fitted and fixed to the end portion of the housing body 21 on the opposite output side in the axial direction.

The second flange portion 27b projects radially outward from the third tubular portion 27a. The second flange portion 27b extends radially outward from the tubular portion 20a described later on the axially counter-output side of the plate-shaped portion 20b described later. The circumferential dimension of the second flange portion 27b decreases from the inside in the radial direction to the outside in the radial direction. The plan view shape of the radial outer edge of the second flange portion 27b is an arc shape that is convex outward in the radial direction. The second flange portion 27b has a second through hole 27c that penetrates the second flange portion 27b in the axial direction. The shape of the second through hole 27c is, for example, a circular shape. The second through hole 27c is, for example, a hole through which a screw for fixing the control device 80 to the housing 20 is passed.

In this embodiment, two second flange portions 27b are provided. The two second flange portions 27b are arranged so as to sandwich the central axis J in the radial direction. The circumferential positions of the two second flange portions 27b are different from the circumferential positions of the two protruding plate portions 22d.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the present embodiment, the tubular portion 20a is composed of the first tubular portion 21b, the second tubular portion 22a, and the third tubular portion 27a. The plate-shaped portion 20b is formed by the bottom portion 21a and the first flange portion 22b. That is, the housing 20 has a tubular portion 20a surrounding the stator 40 and a plate-shaped portion 20b extending in the radial direction of the tubular portion 20a. Further, the plate-shaped portion 20b includes a first flange portion 22b extending radially outward from the tubular portion 20a.

The plate-shaped portion 20b has a first through hole 22e that penetrates the plate-shaped portion 20b in the axial direction. In the present embodiment, the first through hole 22e is arranged in the first flange portion 22b. More specifically, the first through hole 22e is arranged in each of the two protruding plate portions 22d. As a result, the first flange portion 22b has a plurality of first through holes 22e in the circumferential direction. The shape of the first through hole 22e is, for example, a circular shape.

As shown in FIG. 1, the first bearing 51 supports the shaft 31 on the axial output side of the rotor core 32. The second bearing 52 supports the shaft 31 on the axially counter-output side of the rotor core 32. The first bearing 51 and the second bearing 52 are, for example, ball bearings.

The female screw member 90 is a polygonal tubular member extending in the axial direction. The female screw member 90 is fixed to the housing 20. The female screw member 90 is fixed to the surface of the plate-shaped portion 20b on the opposite side of the axial direction. More specifically, the female screw member 90 is fixed to the surface of the projecting plate portion 22d on the opposite output side in the axial direction. That is, the female screw member 90 is fixed to the surface of the first flange portion 22b on the opposite output side in the axial direction. As shown in FIG. 3, the female screw member 90 has a female screw hole 93 recessed from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side. A female screw portion (thread) is provided on the inner surface of the female screw hole 93. The female screw portion may be provided on the entire inner surface of the female screw hole 93, or may be provided on a part thereof. The female screw hole 93 is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the first through hole 22e when viewed along the axial direction.

Therefore, the bolt B passed through the first through hole 22e can be tightened into the female screw hole 93. As a result, the motor 10 and other members can be fixed by the bolt B. Specifically, the assembler superimposes the mounted portion M of another member on the surface of the first flange portion 22b on the axial output side, and bolts from the axial output side to the bolt insertion hole Ma of the mounted portion M. Insert B. Then, the assembler tightens the bolt B into the female screw hole 93, sandwiches the first flange portion 22b between the female screw member 90 and the attached portion M, and thereby attaches the attached portion M and the first flange portion 22b. Fix it. As described above, since the female screw member 90 having the female screw hole 93 for tightening the bolt B for fixing the motor 10 and the other member is fixed to the housing 20, the thickness of the housing 20, that is, in the present embodiment, is the first. 1 Even when the thickness of the flange portion 22b is small, the length of the screw hole into which the bolt B is tightened can be secured. As a result, according to the motor 10 of the present embodiment, the first flange portion 22b can be manufactured by, for example, press working, the manufacturing cost can be reduced, and the mounting strength with other members can be secured.

In the present specification, "the female screw hole is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the first through hole when viewed along the axial direction" means that the bolt B passed through the first through hole is tightened into the female screw hole. It is sufficient that the center of the female screw hole and the center of the first through hole do not coincide with each other when viewed along the axial direction. In the present embodiment, the center of the female screw hole 93 and the center of the first through hole 22e coincide with each other when viewed along the axial direction.

According to the present embodiment, since the female screw member 90 is fixed to the first flange portion 22b extending radially outward from the tubular portion 20a, it is easy to fix the female screw member 90 to the housing 20. is there.

According to the present embodiment, the motor fixing member 22 to which the female screw member 90 is fixed is a separate member from the housing main body 21 that holds the stator 40. Therefore, by changing the configuration of the motor fixing member 22, the number and arrangement of the female screw members 90 can be easily changed. Further, for example, the female screw member 90 can be fixed to the motor fixing member 22 before fixing the motor fixing member 22 to the housing main body 21. In this case, the female screw member 90 can be easily fixed.

When the other member is fixed to the first flange portion 22b, for example, the other member is fitted to the fitting portion 24. As a result, other members are positioned with respect to the motor 10. As described above, in the present embodiment, the fitting portion 24 and the first flange portion 22b correspond to the mounted portions of the motor 10.

In the present embodiment, the female screw hole 93 is a hole that penetrates the female screw member 90 in the axial direction. The inner diameter of the female screw hole 93 is smaller than the inner diameter of the first through hole 22e. In the present embodiment, the female screw member 90 has a main body portion 91 and a press-fitting portion 92. The main body portion 91 is arranged on the axially counter-output side with respect to the first flange portion 22b. The main body 91 is in contact with the axially counter-output side surface of the first flange 22b.

The press-fitting portion 92 has a cylindrical shape concentric with the main body portion 91. The press-fitting portion 92 is connected to an end portion of the main body portion 91 on the axial output side. The outer diameter of the press-fitting portion 92 is smaller than the outer diameter of the main body portion 91. The press-fitting portion 92 is press-fitted into the first through hole 22e from the axially counter-output side and fixed to the first flange portion 22b. The surface of the press-fitting portion 92 on the axial output side is arranged at the same position or substantially the same position in the axial direction as the surface of the first flange portion 22b on the axial output side. The female screw member 90 is, for example, a press-fit nut.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of female screw members 90 are arranged in the circumferential direction in the present embodiment. In FIG. 2, two female screw members 90 are provided and fixed to each of the protruding plate portions 22d. The two female screw members 90 are arranged so as to sandwich the central axis J in the radial direction. The female screw holes 93 of the plurality of female screw members 90 are arranged at positions overlapping with each of the plurality of first through holes 22e when viewed along the axial direction. Therefore, by tightening the plurality of bolts B into each of the female screw holes 93, the mounted portion M of another member can be fixed to the housing 20. As a result, the mounting strength between the motor 10 and other members can be improved.

The female screw member 90 is arranged at a position different from that of the second flange portion 27b in the circumferential direction. That is, the second through hole 27c is arranged at a position different from that of the female screw member 90 in the circumferential direction. Therefore, the female screw member 90 is less likely to get in the way when tightening the screw passed through the second through hole 27c from the axial output side. As a result, the member to be fixed to the second flange portion 27b, that is, for example, the control device 80 can be easily fixed to the housing 20.

As shown in FIG. 1, the control device 80 is arranged on the axially counter-output side of the stator 40. The control device 80 controls the current supplied to the stator 40. Therefore, the rotation speed of the motor 10 can be controlled. The control device 80 has a bus bar 70 that is electrically connected to the stator 40. That is, the motor 10 includes a bus bar 70. A lead wire 43a extending from the stator 40 to the opposite output side in the axial direction is connected to the bus bar 70. The lead wire 43a may be, for example, an end portion of the coil 43, or may be a member separate from the coil 43. The bus bar 70 is electrically connected to, for example, an external power source (not shown). By providing the bus bar 70, a current can be supplied to the stator 40 via the bus bar 70. Although not shown, the control device 80 is fixed to the housing 20 via the connecting member 27 in the present embodiment.

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and other configurations may be adopted. In the following description, the same configurations as those described above may be omitted by appropriately assigning the same reference numerals or the like.

The place where the female screw member 90 is fixed is not particularly limited as long as it is the plate-shaped portion 20b. For example, the female screw member 90 may be fixed to the bottom portion 21a. In this case, the first through hole 22e is provided in the bottom portion 21a. Further, the method of fixing the female screw member 90 is not particularly limited. Further, the number of female screw members 90 may be one or three or more. The shape of the female screw member 90 is not particularly limited. Further, the female screw hole 93 may be a bottomed hole as long as it is recessed from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side.

The manufacturing method of the housing 20 is not particularly limited. At least one of the housing body 21 and the motor fixing member 22 may be manufactured by die casting. At least one of the lid member 23 and the connecting member 27 may be manufactured by press working. Further, the housing 20 may be a single member.

The structure of the motor may be the same as that of the motor 110 shown in FIG. In the motor 110, the female screw member 190 is a cylindrical member extending in the axial direction. The female screw member 190 has a main body portion 191 and a mounting cylinder portion 192. The main body portion 191 is arranged on the axially counter-output side with respect to the first flange portion 22b. The mounting cylinder portion 192 is connected to the end portion of the main body portion 191 on the axial output side. The mounting cylinder portion 192 is passed through the first through hole 22e. The inner diameter of the mounting cylinder portion 192 is larger than the inner diameter of the main body portion 191. Of the inner surface of the female screw hole 193 of the female screw member 190, the female screw portion is provided on the inner surface of the main body portion 191 and the female screw portion is not provided on the inner surface of the mounting cylinder portion 192.

The mounting cylinder portion 192 has an insertion portion 192a, a fixing portion 192b, and a hooking portion 192c. That is, the motor 110 includes a fixing portion 192b. The insertion portion 192a has a cylindrical shape inserted into the first through hole 22e. The fixing portion 192b is connected to the end portion of the insertion portion 192a on the opposite output side in the axial direction. The fixing portion 192b is connected to the end portion of the main body portion 191 on the axial output side. The fixing portion 192b protrudes radially outward of the mounting cylinder portion 192 from the insertion portion 192a. Although not shown, the fixed portion 192b has an annular shape.

The outer diameter of the fixed portion 192b is larger than the inner diameter of the first through hole 22e. The fixed portion 192b is arranged on the axially counter-output side with respect to the first flange portion 22b. The surface of the fixed portion 192b on the axial output side comes into contact with the surface of the first flange portion 22b on the axially opposite output side. The fixed portion 192b is a portion formed by buckling a part of the mounting cylinder portion 192 radially outward.

The hook portion 192c protrudes outward in the radial direction of the mounting cylinder portion 192 from the end portion of the insertion portion 192a on the axial output side. Although not shown, the hooking portion 192c has an annular shape. The outer diameter of the hooking portion 192c is larger than the inner diameter of the first through hole 22e and smaller than the outer diameter of the fixing portion 192b. The hook portion 192c is arranged on the axial output side of the first flange portion 22b, and is hooked on the axial output side surface of the first flange portion 22b.

The female thread member 190 is a blind nut. The mounting cylinder portion 192 of the female screw member 190 does not have the fixing portion 192b in the state before being fixed to the housing 20. After the female screw member 190 is inserted into the first through hole 22e from the axial output side, the portion of the mounting cylinder portion 192 located on the axial opposite output side of the first flange portion 22b is caulked by buckling. .. As a result, the fixed portion 192b is formed. That is, the fixed portion 192b is a caulking portion. By forming the fixing portion 192b, the first flange portion 22b is axially sandwiched between the fixing portion 192b and the hooking portion 192c, and the female screw member 190 is fixed to the first flange portion 22b. As a result, the fixing portion 192b fixes the plate-shaped portion 20b and the female screw member 190. As described above, since the female screw member 190 can be fixed to the plate-shaped portion 20b by the fixing portion 192b which is the caulking portion, the female screw member 190 can be easily and firmly fixed to the housing 20.

The fixing portion for fixing the plate-shaped portion 20b and the female screw member may be a welded portion. According to this configuration, the female screw member can be easily and firmly fixed to the housing 20 by welding. In this case, for example, welding is performed from the axial output side to the portion of the boundary portion between the female screw member and the plate-shaped portion 20b that faces the axial output side. As a result, even when the radial gap between the female screw member and the tubular portion 20a is small, the boundary portion between the female screw member and the plate-shaped portion 20b can be welded and fixed all around.

Next, an embodiment of an apparatus equipped with the motor 10 of the present embodiment will be described. In this embodiment, an example in which the motor 10 is mounted on the electric power steering device will be described. The electric power steering device 2 shown in FIG. 5 is mounted on the steering mechanism of the wheels of an automobile. The electric power steering device 2 is a device that reduces the steering force by flood control. The electric power steering device 2 includes a motor 10, a steering shaft 214, an oil pump 216, and a control valve 217.

The steering shaft 214 transmits the input from the steering 211 to the axle 213 having the wheels 212. The oil pump 216 generates hydraulic pressure in the power cylinder 215 that transmits the driving force by hydraulic pressure to the axle 213. The control valve 217 controls the oil in the oil pump 216. In the electric power steering device 2, the motor 10 is mounted as a drive source for the oil pump 216.

Since the electric power steering device 2 of the present embodiment includes the motor 10 of the present embodiment, it is possible to secure the mounting strength of the motor 10 while reducing the manufacturing cost of the motor 10. As a result, according to the present embodiment, the electric power steering device 2 at low cost and excellent in reliability can be obtained. In the electric power steering device 2, the motor 110 may be mounted instead of the motor 10.

The motor of the above-described embodiment is not limited to the electric power steering device, and may be mounted on any device.

The above configurations can be appropriately combined within a range that does not contradict each other.

2 ... Electric power steering device, 10,110 ... Motor, 20 ... Housing, 20a ... Cylindrical part, 20b ... Plate-shaped part, 22 ... Motor fixing member (second member), 22b ... First flange part, 22e ... First 1 through hole, 27b ... second flange portion, 27c ... second through hole, 30 ... rotor, 31 ... shaft, 40 ... stator, 70 ... bus bar, 80 ... control device, 90, 190 ... female screw member, 93, 193 ... Female screw hole, 192b ... Fixed part, J ... Central axis

Claims (9)

A rotor arranged along a central axis extending in one direction, having a shaft having one side in the axial direction as the output side and the other side in the axial direction as the non-output side.
With the stator arranged on the radial outer side of the rotor,
A housing that houses the rotor and the stator,
The female screw member fixed to the housing and
With
The housing is
With the first member
A second member that is separate from the first member and to which the female screw member is fixed,
Have,
The first member has a first cylinder portion that surrounds the stator, and has.
The second member is
The second tubular portion, which has a tubular shape and is fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the first tubular portion,
A first flange portion extending radially outward from the axial output side end of the second cylinder portion,
A first through hole that penetrates the first flange portion in the axial direction,
Have,
The female screw member is
It is a tubular member that extends in the axial direction.
It has a female screw hole that is recessed from the axial output side to the axial counter-output side, and is fixed to the axial counter-output side surface of the first flange portion .
The female screw hole is arranged at a position overlapping the first through hole when viewed along the axial direction .
A gap is formed between the second cylinder portion and the female screw member.
The first cylinder portion, the second cylinder portion, and the female screw member overlap in the radial direction.
motor. A plurality of the female screw members are arranged in the circumferential direction.
The first flange portion has a plurality of the first through holes in the circumferential direction.
The motor according to claim 1 , wherein the female screw holes of the plurality of female screw members are arranged at positions overlapping with each of the plurality of first through holes when viewed along the axial direction. A fixing portion for fixing the first flange portion and the female screw member is further provided.
The motor according to any one of claims 1 or 2 , wherein the fixed portion is a welded portion or a crimped portion. The inner diameter of the female screw hole is smaller than the inner diameter of the first through hole.
The motor according to any one of claims 1 to 3. The housing has a second flange portion extending radially outward from said first tubular portion in the axial reaction output side than the first flange portion,
The second flange portion has a second through hole that penetrates the second flange portion in the axial direction.
The second through hole is arranged at a position different from that of the female screw member in the circumferential direction.
The motor according to any one of claims 1 to 4. It further has an annular connecting member, which is a separate member from the housing.
The connecting member
A third tubular portion that is tubular and is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the first tubular portion on the axially opposite output side, and
A second flange portion protruding radially outward from the third cylinder portion,
Have,
The second flange portion has a second through hole that penetrates the second flange portion in the axial direction.
The second through hole is arranged at a position different from that of the female screw member in the circumferential direction.
The motor according to any one of claims 1 to 4. The motor according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a bus bar electrically connected to the stator. The motor according to claim 7, further comprising a control device for controlling the current supplied to the stator. An electric power steering device including the motor according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

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