JP6882164B2 - LED light source with improved color preference using LAG, nitride and PFS phosphor - Google Patents

Description

The present disclosure relates generally to providing a light source that emits light whose color spectrum properties have improved to the extent that a human observer perceives an increase in color preference.

Reveal® refers to a light source, such as a light bulb, that General Electric has improved lighting characteristics and improved whiteness with improved contrast between red and green compared to an unimproved incandescent or halogen light source. It is a trademark-registered term used for. Reveal® incandescent and halogen bulbs are certain types of glass (ie, glass impregnated with neodymium oxide (Nd)) prior to the light emitted by the filament to absorb some of the yellow light. Filter the light by placing. Glass impregnated with neodymium oxide provides "dents" in the yellow region of the color spectrum, which makes it easy to contrast objects seen under this light, especially those who are inside the house, such as an observer. The resulting red and green objects have increased color contrast. Also, by removing some of the yellow light through a filter, the position of the chromaticity on the 1931 Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) color map is slightly below the blackbody locus. Move to a point. It usually creates the impression of white light by most observers.

The importance of yellow light and how it affects color perception are illustrated in Figures 1a-1c. FIG. 1a provides a graph of three color matching functions known as XYZ tristimulus values representing a standard observer color response. The perceived color of an object is determined by the product of the spectrum of the illumination source, the reflection spectrum of the object, and the three color matching functions. These functions relate to the photoreceptor response of the human eye and are thought to be the perception of blue (102), green (104) and red (106) light. FIG. 1b shows a graph of the product of a standard incandescent spectrum and a color matching function for blue (132), green (134) and red (136) responses. As can be seen from the figure, the green (134) and red (136) components overlap considerably and the peaks are only 34 nm apart. FIG. 1c shows a graph of the product of the reveal® incandescent spectrum and the color matching functions for the blue (162), green (164) and red (166) responses. As can be seen from the figure, the green (164) and red (166) components are more clearly distinguishable and the peak separation is 53 nm as compared to the red and green components of FIG. 1b. This distinguishing feature makes it easier for the observer to distinguish between high contrast red and green, resulting in a more saturated appearance when yellow light is suppressed.

Spectral improved lighting products have been commercially successful for decades. Traditional tonal metrics or traditional metrics may not reward such improved lighting products, but consumers often prefer such products to similar products that have not changed. .. With the advent of solid-state lighting (SSL), especially with the customizable light emitting diode (LED) spectrum, it becomes clear that current metrics are not sufficient to evaluate and reflect the quality of LED products. I came. An SSL light source, such as an LED or an organic light emitting diode (OLED), can generate light directly from a semiconductor, such as a blue or red or other colored LED. Alternatively, the light may be produced by converting high energy light from the SSL, such as a blue or purple LED, with a downconverter such as a phosphor or quantum dot or other energy conversion material. The range of peak emission wavelengths of semiconductors and the range of peaks and widths of emission of down converters have been expanded by recent technological developments to cover almost continuous ranges over the entire visible wavelength (about 380 nm to about 750 nm). Allowed wide flexibility in adjusting the visible spectrum to improve the observer's color preference.

For almost half a century, color rendering index (CRI) has been the main method of transmitting the color tone of a light source. However, its effectiveness is inherently limited due to its computational method, especially when dealing with spectral power distributions (SPDs) that include steep slopes with respect to wavelengths, such as those often found in LEDs. The shortcomings of CRI are well documented and a wide variety of alternative metrics have been proposed. However, alternative tonal metrics struggle to accurately quantify consumer preferences for lighting products. Houser et al., "Review of measurements for light-source color renderings for a two-measure system system for color W. Houser, M. et al. Wei, A. David, M.M. R. Krames, and X. S. Shen provided a detailed overview and comparison of most of the various tonal metrics developed. In general, these metrics can be broken down into three broad categories related to their purpose and calculation method: fidelity, discriminativeness and palatability. The fidelity metric includes CRI and quantifies the absolute difference from the reference light, but the reference light may be perceived more favorably or inferiorly than the reference light. It does not consider whether it is actually preferable to most observers. Discriminating metrics quantify the total area of color space that can be displayed under a test illuminant, maximizing at extreme levels of saturation and hue distortion. Existing color preference metrics were developed to provide a quantitative unit of measure for a user's color preference, both of which are observer data along with target values to allow optimization of the light source. Does not provide sufficient correlation with. Therefore, there is no metric that can be used as a target parameter when optimizing the design.

In general, observers have found to prefer improved saturation levels that make colors more attractive. However, high levels of saturation or hue shift result in unnatural color and object color rendering. For example, the gamut area index (Gamut Area Index: GAI) and gamut area scale (Gamut Area Scale: Q _g) is both a least identification of the metrics, up to a limit of color saturation and observer preferences It provides a very good correlation, but it exceeds the GAI and Q _g continues to increase, while the viewer's preference decreases rapidly. Therefore, it seems that some adjustment is necessary for the color saturation measurement criteria such as _{GAI or Q g in} order to better match the taste of the observer. In addition, observers also tend to prefer light sources that appear whiter, which is determined by the chromaticity point of the illuminant with respect to the perfect radiator (blackbody) trajectory and is somewhat independent of color saturation. As is generally recognized in the lighting industry, color preference cannot be fully quantified by any existing color metric alone. In recent years, several attempts have been made to better express color preference by combining two or more color measurement criteria. However, anyone other than the applicants has proposed a color preference metric that defines color preference with sufficient quantitative rigor to optimize the color preference of the light source by adjusting the spectral values. I don't think it is. Even if the existing color preference metrics are quantitative, each has some limitations and can be used as an optimization parameter when designing a light source or spectrum that achieves the optimum color preference for a typical observer. Not eligible to use them.

Some of the well-known metrics in the color preference category are the Flattery Index (R _f ), the Color Preferences Index (CPI), and the Memory Color Rendering Index. : MCRI). All three of these metrics have an "ideal" configuration for the chromaticity coordinates of 8-10 test color samples, each quantifying deviations from these targets. The fluttering index was the first metric for preference and 10 color samples were used with unequal weighting. However, in order to maintain similarity to the color rendering index (CRI), the target chromaticity shift was reduced to one-fifth of its experimental value, significantly reducing its correlation with the observer's response to color preference. It was. The CPI maintained a favorable experimental value of chromaticity shift, resulting in a better representation of color preference. However, the CPI is very limited in its selection of test color samples that use the same eight unsaturated test colors as the CRI. Unsaturated (pastel) test colors may not be able to assess the effects of highly saturated light sources. MCRI uses the observer's memory to define the ideal chromaticity composition of familiar objects with only 10 colors. Moreover, none of the above metrics include the "whiteness" or chromaticity point of the test light source as a factor. In this regard, J.M. P. Freyssinier and M.D. S. Rea wrote the book "Class A color design for light source used in general illumination," General of Light and Visual Environment, volume 37, # 2 & 3, p. In 46-50 (2013), we recommended a set of criteria called "Class A lighting" with restrictions on CRI (> 80), GAI (80-100) and color rendering points (close to the "white" line). .. While these conditions define the recommended design space, they cannot be quantitatively optimized to define the spectrum or light source that maximizes color preference. This is because the optimum value has not been specified and the three recommended features have not been weighted.

Solid-state lighting technologies such as LEDs and LED-based devices often have superior performance when compared to incandescent lamps. This performance can be quantified by lamp lifetime, lamp efficiency (watts per lumen), color temperature and color fidelity and other parameters. It would be desirable to manufacture and use LED lighting devices that also provide improved color preference characteristics.

Commercial lamp types, including incandescent, halogen and LEDs, which use Nd-doped glass to absorb some of the yellow light from the spectrum emitted from the light source, are compared to similar lamps that do not absorb by Nd. It is possible to improve the degree of color preference. GE Lighting and several other manufacturers have products for each of these three types. GE Lighting products have the brand name reveal (registered trademark).

Some special formulations of fluorescent lamps for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), compact fluorescent lamps (LFLs) and LED lamps improve color preference compared to similar lamps that use standard fluorescent lamps. Is known. GE Lighting, also under the trade name of reveal®, has the first two types of each product. The third type of LED light source is known for use in grocery stores, for example, for enhancing the color of meat, vegetables and agricultural products (eg, fruits).

Each of these existing light sources has used either Nd-doped glass or a phosphor manufactured to reduce the amount of yellow light emitted by the light source to enhance color preference. However, none of these products have achieved higher levels of color preference than GE Lighting's reveal® incandescent lamps and other existing products. The Nd filters of these existing light sources may generally _{be constructed of Nd 2} O ₃ doped glass. In other embodiments, the yellow filter comprises some other compound of Nd or digymium (a mixture of elemental placeodimium and Nd) or other rare earths (various base materials such as glass, crystal) that preferentially absorb yellow light. Consists of one of several other compounds (embedded in a polymer or other material, etc.) or by some other dopant or glass coating that selectively absorbs the yellow range of wavelengths. It may be constructed or constructed by adding a yellow absorber to an optically active component of either the lamp or the lighting system, such as a reflector or diffuser or lens, which component. It may be glass or polymer or metal or any other material that accommodates the yellow absorber. The exact peak wavelength and width of yellow absorption may vary depending on the particular Nd or rare earth compound and base material, but many combinations of Nd, didymium and other rare earth compounds and base material are some other yellow. Similar to filters, it can be a suitable substitute for _{Nd 2} O _{3 doped glass combinations.} The Nd or other yellow filter may be in the shape of a dome surrounding the light source or any other geometric shape surrounding the light source so that most or all of the light in the yellow range of wavelengths passes through the filter. You can.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/167601

In one embodiment, the composite light source is one or more blue light sources with peak wavelengths in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, one or more LAG phosphors, and one or more narrowband red downconverters (ie, narrow). It includes a band red emission down converter), and the lighting preference index (LPI) of the synthetic light source is 120 or more.

In another embodiment, the composite light source comprises one or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, one or more LAG phosphors, and one or more narrowband red downconverters. The color appearance of the composite light source is expressed as follows.

式中、Ｄｕｖは合成光源の白色度の測定単位であり、Ｄｏｍ_LAGは１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体の主波長である。

In the formula, Duv is a unit for measuring the whiteness of a synthetic light source, and Dom _LAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors.

In yet another embodiment, the composite light source is one or more blue light sources with peak wavelengths in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, one or more LAG phosphors, and one or more broadband red downconverters (ie, one or more). A broadband red emission down converter) is included, and the illumination preference index (LPI) of the synthetic light source is 120 or more.

In another embodiment, the synthetic light source comprises one or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, one or more LAG phosphors, and one or more broadband red nitride phosphors. The color appearance of the composite light source is expressed as follows.

式中、Ｄｕｖは合成光源の白色度の測定単位であり、Ｐｅａｋ_Nitは、１以上の広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体のピーク波長であり、Ｄｏｍ_LAGは１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体の主波長である。

In the equation, Duv is the unit of measure for the whiteness of the synthetic light source, Peak _Nit is the peak wavelength of one or more broadband red nitride phosphors, and Dom _LAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors. ..

In yet another embodiment, the composite light source is one or more blue light sources with peak wavelengths in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, one or more LAG phosphors, one or more narrowband red downconverters, and one. It is equipped with a wideband red down converter of more than one species, and the illumination preference index (LPI) of the synthetic light source is 120 or more.

For the features and advantages of some embodiments, and how to achieve them, see the detailed description below along with the accompanying drawings illustrating the exemplary embodiments (not necessarily drawn to exact scale). By doing so, it will become clearer.

FIG. 5 shows a graph of three color matching functions, i.e. XYZ tristimulus values or standard observer color responses. It is a figure which shows the graph of the product of three color matching functions and the spectrum of a standard incandescent lamp. It is a figure which shows the graph of the product of three color matching functions, and the spectrum of a reveal (registered trademark) incandescent lamp. It is a figure which shows the chart which shows the ratio (%) of the observer who selected each LED system. It is a figure which shows the graph of the "white line" (sometimes referred to as "white body curve" or "white body locus") and the graph of a blackbody curve (or blackbody locus or BBL). It is a figure which shows 10 main categories of the hue in the a * -b * chromaticity plane defined in the Munsell classification system for a color. It is a figure which shows the radial component and the azimuth component of the a * -b * chromaticity plane including each color rendering vector (Color Rendering Vector). It is a figure which shows the color rendering vector (CRV) of the Munsell value 5 about the neodymium incandescent lamp. It is a figure which shows the incandescent or halogen light source. It is a figure which shows the graph of the relative light output (or spectral power distribution (SPD)) with respect to the wavelength of an incandescent light source and a blackbody light source of FIG. It is a figure which shows the graph which includes the plot of the SPD of an incandescent light source and the plot of the SPD of a reveal (registered trademark) type incandescent light source. It is a figure which shows the reveal (registered trademark) type LED light source which contains one or more LEDs. It is a figure which shows the exploded assembly drawing of the light source of FIG. 7a. It is a figure which shows the SPD plot of the bulb-colored LED lamp which contains a plurality of blue LEDs which excite a YAG phosphor and a red phosphor, respectively, and the SPD plot of the reveal (registered trademark) type LED light source of FIG. 7a. .. It is a figure which shows the level (registered trademark) type compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) light source. 9 is a graph showing a graph including a plot of the spectral power distribution (SPD) of a reveal® CFL light source and a plot of the SPD of a reveal® incandescent light source of FIG. FIG. 5 shows a graph of SPDs of known light sources with green and red phosphors having peak wavelengths far enough apart to form depressions in the yellow wavelength region. It is a figure which shows the graph of the SPD of the LED light source of the prior art. It is a figure which shows the graph of the SPD of the blue LED of the light source by some embodiments. FIG. 5 shows a graph of SPDs of four different green (G) or yellow-green (YG) LAG phosphors according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 shows a graph of SPDs of four different broadband red (BR) nitride phosphors according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the emission spectrum of the narrow band red (NR) phosphor by some embodiments. Color coordinates of the 1931CIE color system of CIE standard light D65, the chromaticity point of the G or YG phosphor LAG1 in FIG. 14, and the spectral locus of the main wavelength obtained by LAG1 according to some embodiments (circumferential length of the CIE color space). It is a figure which shows the upper point. It is a figure which shows the color coordinates of the 1931CIE color system of the blue LED of FIG. 13, the four G or YG LAG phosphors of FIG. 14, and the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the color coordinates of the 1931CIE color system of the blue LED of FIG. 13, the four G or YG LAG phosphors of FIG. 14, and the four different broadband red nitride phosphors of FIG. 15 according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the color coordinates of each of the four commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors of FIG. 14 and the modified 1931CIE color system of each of the four G or YG LAG phosphors. The peak wavelengths are moved by + 10 nm, + 5 nm, -5 nm and -10 nm to show a total of 20 SPDs representing a wide range of different G or YG LAG phosphors systematically parameterized according to some embodiments. FIG. 18a shows the color coordinates of the 1931CIE color system of the 20 systematically parameterized G or YG LAG phosphors, as well as the 14 commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors according to some embodiments. Is. It is a figure which shows the color coordinates of the 1931CIE color system of each modified type of the four wideband red nitride phosphors of FIG. 15, and further four wideband red nitride phosphors. The peak wavelengths are moved by + 10 nm, + 5 nm, -5 nm, and -10 nm to show a total of 20 SPDs representing a wide range of different broadband red nitride phosphors systematically parameterized according to some embodiments. The colors of the 1931CIE color system of the 20 systematically parameterized broadband red nitride phosphors of FIG. 19a, as well as the 14 currently commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the coordinates. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the peak wavelength and the principal wavelength of the 20 systematically parameterized G or YG LAG phosphors of FIG. 18a according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the peak wavelength and the principal wavelength of the 20 systematically parameterized broadband red nitride phosphors of FIG. 19a according to some embodiments. Illumination preference index (LPI) for the position of the chromaticity point of the light source in the CIE1960u-v color space with respect to the 2700K BBL, quantified by the principal wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and the Duv on the y-axis. It is a figure which shows the contour diagram of). The red illuminant is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 according to some embodiments. Shown is a contour diagram of the LPI with respect to the position of the chromaticity point of the light source in the CIE1960u-v color space with respect to the principal wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and the Duv on the y-axis. It is a figure. The red illuminant is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 according to some embodiments. It is a diagram showing separate implementations represented by the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor and by Duv, superimposed on the contour diagram of the LPI response of FIG. 22a. The red illuminant is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the SPD of a separate embodiment which has the maximum LPI value of the light source containing a blue LED, a G or YG LAG phosphor and an NR phosphor at 2700K by some embodiments. A diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 2700K in FIG. 22a, where the red emitter is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16, overlaid on the actual LPI contours according to some embodiments. Is. FIG. 6 shows a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIG. 22b, where the red emitter is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 overlaid on the actual LPI contours according to some embodiments. Is. For contour lines of LPI = 120 (FIG. 26a), 125 (FIG. 26b), 130 (FIG. 26c) and 135 (FIG. 26d) at 2700K, indicating a design space that provides more than 120, 125, 130, 135 LPI, respectively. It is a figure which shows the dark shaded area defined by the analytical approximation. The red illuminant is the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 27a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 27b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 27c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 27d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 27e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 27f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 27 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 27h) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 28a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 28b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 28c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 28d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 28e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 28f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 28 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 28h) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the SPD of a separate embodiment which has the maximum LPI value of the light source including a blue LED, a G or YG LAG phosphor and a broadband red nitride phosphor at 2700K by some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 30a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 30b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 30c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 30d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 30e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which superposed on the actual LPI contour line, and shows the family of each analytical approximation of the LPI contour line at 2700K of FIGS. 27c-h. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 30f) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red light emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 31a) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 31b) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 31c) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 31d) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 31e) according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a family of analytical approximations of each of the LPI contours at 3000K in FIGS. 28c-h, overlaid on the actual LPI contours. The red emitter is the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 31f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 32a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 32b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 32c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 32d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 32e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 32f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 32 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 32h) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 33a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 33b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 33c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 33d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 33e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 33f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 33 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 75% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 25% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 33h) according to some embodiments. Maximum LPI value of a light source including a blue LED at 2700K according to some embodiments, a G or YG LAG phosphor, and a red emitter consisting of 75% NR phosphor and 25% broadband red nitride phosphor. It is a figure which shows the SPD of the separate implementation having. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 35a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 35b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 35c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 35d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 35e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 35f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 35 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 2700K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 35h) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 36a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 36b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 36c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 36d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 36e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 36f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 36 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 50% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 50% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 36h) according to some embodiments. Maximum LPI value of a light source including a blue LED at 2700 K according to some embodiments, a G or YG LAG phosphor, and a red emitter consisting of 50% NR phosphor and 50% broadband red nitride phosphor. It is a figure which shows the SPD of the separate implementation having. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 38a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 38b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 38c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 38d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 38e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 38f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red light emitter comprises 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 38 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of the LPI at 2700K with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 38h) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIG. 39a) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 620 nm (FIG. 39b) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 630 nm (FIG. 39c) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 640 nm (FIG. 39d) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 650 nm (FIG. 39e) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 660 nm (FIG. 39f) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 670 nm (FIG. 39 g) according to some embodiments. It is a figure which shows the contour figure of 3000K of LPI with respect to the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor on the x-axis and Duv on the y-axis. The red emitter consists of 25% of the NR phosphor of FIG. 16 and 75% of the broadband red nitride phosphor of FIG. 15 having a peak wavelength of 680 nm (FIG. 39h) according to some embodiments. Maximum LPI value of a light source including a blue LED at 2700 K according to some embodiments, a G or YG LAG phosphor, and a red emitter consisting of a 25% NR phosphor and a 75% wideband red nitride phosphor. It is a figure which shows the SPD of the separate implementation having. _{Figure showing LPI achievable with Duv of about -0.010, Dom LAG of} about 552 nm and CCT at 2700 K as a function of the peak wavelength of BR nitride for different compositions of red illuminants according to some embodiments. Is.

As used herein, the term "light source" covers any source of visible light, such as a semiconductor or LED or OLED, or a downconverter such as a phosphor or quantum dot, or a remote downconverter or reflector or refraction medium. A downconverter, or a multi-channel combination or composite light source consisting of several such light sources, or a system such as a lamp or luminaire or equipment that includes such a light source. May mean.

A new quantitative and verified measure of color preference, called the Lighting Preference Index (LPI), is presented here. The LPI is used to obtain design rules for maximizing the color preference characteristics of a light source and / or, along with other photometric, colorimetric and other design responses, for multiple responses of the spectrum, including color preference. It can be used as a quantitative metric for designing optimizations. The resulting spectrum, light source and lamp show unexpectedly high LPI values, which represent a much higher degree of color preference than existing reveal® light sources and / or similar conventional products.

Since the improvement in color preference can be due to a combination of improvement in color contrast and improvement in whiteness, the color metric of LPI is the quantitative optimization of color preference by adjusting the spectral power distribution of the light source. May be possible.

In one or more embodiments, the individual light sources may be commercially available or are readily manufactured blue LEDs, green or yellow-green garnet phosphors, broadband red nitride phosphors and narrow band red phosphors. Although it is a body, it may be combined in a novel way. This may be in contrast to the light sources described in US Patent Application No. 61/875403 and PCT International Application PCT / US2014 / 0544868, incorporated herein by reference. Light sources are described as a combination of green and red light sources in addition to current blue LEDs, each represented by a Gaussian distribution of wavelengths characterized by peak wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM). In the patent applications of US Patent Application No. 61/875403 and PCT International Application PCT / US2014 / 0544868, the Gaussian distribution is a hypothetical approximation of the actual phosphor and LED. Therefore, although none of the SPDs in these prior applications is necessarily equal to the actual LED and phosphor SPDs, embodiments of the present invention provide actual green or yellow-green and red phosphor SPDs. In one or more embodiments, the light source is a commercially available blue or purple LED, a green or yellow-green garnet phosphor, either a broadband red nitride phosphor or a narrowband red phosphor, or a broadband red phosphor. It can be a combination with a combination of narrow band red phosphors. Other suitable light sources may be used. The blue LED may _{include a nitride compound semiconductor represented by the formula: In i} Ga _j Al _k N (in the formula, i ≧ 0, j ≧ 0, k ≧ 0 and i + j + k = 1). In one or more embodiments, a well-known InGaN blue or purple LED is used, where k = 0, i is in the range of about 0.1 to about 0.4, and the peak emission wavelength is about 10 nm. It has a FWHM of ~ about 20 nm and is in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm. The green (G) or yellow-green (YG) phosphor consists of 1) one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Y, Lu, Sc, La, Gd, Tb and Sm and 2) Al, Ga and In. It may contain one or more elements selected from the group and may contain Ce-activated garnet fluorescent material. In one or more embodiments, the garnet phosphor may be further restricted to a Ce-doped lutetium aluminum garnet (LAG, Lu ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), ie LAG: Ce ^3+. A red phosphor can be defined in the present invention to have two ranges of FWHM: a narrow FWHM of less than about 60 nm and a wide FWHM of greater than about 60 nm. The BR nitride material of the present disclosure strongly absorbs UV and blue light, can efficiently emit light between about 600 nm and 670 nm, and has a FWHM of about 80 nm to about 120 nm, so that it is very deep red. It emits strong light, but the luminous efficiency (lumen per watt, LPW) is relatively low. Broadband red (BR) nitride phosphors are commonly _{represented by the general formula CaAlSiN 3} : Eu ²⁺ , but other compositions are also possible. The narrow-band red (NR) phosphors of the present disclosure strongly absorb blue light, can efficiently emit light between about 610 nm and 660 nm, and emit almost no deep red or near-infrared light. Several such NR phosphors are known, for example, ^{based on a composite fluoride material activated by Mn 4+} , such as in US Pat. No. 7,358,542, US Pat. No. 7,479,973 and US Pat. No. 7,648,649. Some are listed. The Mn ⁴⁺ doped phosphor has the formula A _x [MF _y ]: Mn ⁴⁺ , in which A (alkali) is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs or a combination thereof and M ( Metal) is Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, AI, Ga, In, Sc, Hf, Y, La, Nb, Ta, Bi, Gd or a combination thereof, and x is a [MF _y ] ion. Is the absolute value of the charge of, and y is 5, 6 or 7. Therefore, LPW may be maximized as compared to a red phosphor that emits significantly in deep red with poor visual sensitivity. Color saturation may also be enhanced in general, especially when the peak of the NR phosphor is below about 620 nm. In one or more embodiments, the NR phosphor is capable of producing a strong red emission line of about 631 nm with a FWHM of less than about 10 nm when excited by an InGaN blue emitter at about 400 nm to about 460 nm, K ₂ [SiF ₆ ]: ^May contain Mn 4+ (manganese-doped potassium fluoro-silicate, called "PFS").

The LPI disclosed herein describes both the preferred color appearance (saturation and hue distortion) and the preferred shift of chromaticity points away from the perfect radiator (blackbody) trajectory. LPI is a predictive measure that quantifies consumer preferences. Therefore, the LPI can be used as a design tool for optimizing the spectrum with respect to color preference. In particular, a strong correlation with LPI was found in preliminary observer tests, and the ability to optimize LPI as a highly accurate predictive preference metric is demonstrated by additional tests. In an observer survey of 86 participants, four individual LED systems were designed for different and improved LPI levels in the range 114-143. In this study, all observers ranged in age from 17 to 28 years, with a gender distribution of 40% male and 60% female, and a racial distribution of 57% Caucasian, 30% Asian, 8% Hispanic and African Americans accounted for 5%, with geographical distributions of 94% in North America, 5% in Asia and 1% in Europe. Each LED system illuminated a separate booth containing household items such as colorful fabrics, fruits, wood flooring and mirrors. We asked the observer to choose an overall favorable lighting environment. The results show that the LED system with the highest LPI value was most preferred by the observer, while the second, third, and fourth highest LPI values were preferred second, third, and fourth, respectively. Shown. FIG. 2 shows the percentage of observers who chose each LED system as a favorable environment. As shown, the highest percentage of observers (42%) preferred light source D with an LPI of 143, while the lowest percentage of observers (11%) preferred light source A with an LPI of 114.

Traditional or existing color and light measurements quantities or metrics are derived from the response of a relatively small population of observers, so any demographic population and any demographic population, even those representing the entire human population, and It does not represent a cultural group. However, such metrics have been used for decades since they were devised to design, evaluate and optimize lighting products. Light sources are still designed based on these metrics, such as lumens and color rendering index (CRI or Ra).

The LPI formulas described herein have an age range of 21-27 years, a gender distribution of 58% male and 42% female, and a racial distribution of 92% Caucasian and 8% Asian. Based on a set of observers whose geographical distribution is within North America. However, this does not diminish the effectiveness of the LPI currently defined herein, which quantifies and optimizes the level of color preference for any light source spectrum, but builds and tests that test light source. When the illuminant is observed by a population with similar color preferences to a particular test population, the test light source is preferred compared to other light sources that the test population gave a low rating on the LPI scale. In addition, spectra or light sources that are optimized for high LPI and have a higher LPI than conventional light sources are conventional among observers (having similar color preference trends to our dataset). Shows a higher degree of color preference than any light source. As an inference, a variation of the lumen different from the conventional bright lumen, for example, a dark lumen is defined, and the definition of the dark lumen improves or optimizes the luminous efficiency of dark vision. Even if it enables development, it does not invalidate the effectiveness of the discovery and development of light sources that have provided and will continue to provide improved or optimized bright-sighted lumens, which is bright-sighted. This is because lumens are strictly defined, even if they are not universally suitable for all lighting applications.

Whereas existing tonal metrics seek to accurately quantify consumer preferences for lighting products, LPI most closely correlates with a limited population of observers who have access to color preference data. Objectively define a metric for quantitative color preference. The LPI metric is a function of two parameters: the whiteness of the illumination source and the color appearance of the object illuminated by the illumination source. Specific LPI functions are defined below after a description of whiteness and color appearance.

In the present specification, the whiteness refers to the proximity of the chromaticity point to the "white line" on the chromaticity diagram, and the "white line" is defined in the following publications. "White Lighting", Color Research & Application, volume 38, # 2, pp. 82-92 (2013), authors M. et al. S. Rea & J. P. Freyssinier (hereinafter referred to as "Rea References"). Rea references are incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, a "white line" is defined by chromaticity points in Table 1 below, reported in CCX and CCY color coordinates for selected color temperatures from 2700K to 6500K.

図３に示され、表１に定義されるように、「白色ライン」３０４（時には「白体ライン」、「白体曲線」又は「白体軌跡」とも呼ばれる）は、高い色温度（例えば、４０００Ｋ超）で黒体曲線３０２よりもわずかに高く、低い色温度ではそれよりもはるかに下回る。研究により、「白色ライン」上の照明は、ヒト知覚の「白い」光に相当する可能性があることが示されている。「白色ライン」は広範囲の色温度に提案されるが、約２７００Ｋ〜約３０００Ｋの間の色温度（これらは、消費者が好むことの多い相関色温度（ＣＣＴ）値である）に関して、「白色ライン」は、黒体軌跡よりも約０．０１０Ｄｕｖ低く、このＤｕｖは、ｕ−ｖ色度空間での黒体軌跡からの距離を表す。

As shown in FIG. 3 and defined in Table 1, the "white line" 304 (sometimes also referred to as the "white body line", "white body curve" or "white body locus") has a high color temperature (eg, for example). It is slightly higher than the blackbody curve 302 at (> 4000K) and much lower at low color temperatures. Studies have shown that lighting on the "white line" can correspond to the "white" light of human perception. "White lines" are proposed for a wide range of color temperatures, but with respect to color temperatures between about 2700K and about 3000K, which are the correlated color temperature (CCT) values that consumers often prefer), "white". The "line" is about 0.010 Duv lower than the blackbody locus, and this Duv represents the distance from the blackbody locus in the uv chromaticity space.

The following equation is set to provide a measure of whiteness at any chromaticity point with a CCT between about 2700K and about 3000K. This whiteness metric is zero or virtually zero for any point on the complete radiator trajectory and 1 (substantially 1) for any point on the "white line".

式中、Ｄｕｖは、式（１）については、ｕ−ｖ空間での完全放射体軌跡からの色度点の距離である（注：黒体ラインよりも低い値は式（１）において負である）。例えば、黒体よりも低い０．０１０の点には、−０．０１０を式（１）に挿入することになる。（約２７００Ｋ〜約３０００Ｋの範囲外のＣＣＴを有する色度点には、白色度は、不要な実験をすることなく図３中の色度点の位置を詳しく調べることによって近似させることができる、例えば、照明源が「白色ライン」上の色度点を有する場合、それは同様に１の白色度値を有することになる）。下でさらに詳細に説明されるように、ＬＰＩは照明源の色度点が「白色ライン」に近づくにつれて増加し、それがいずれかの方向に離れるにつれて低下する。

In the equation, Duv is the distance of the chromaticity point from the complete radiator locus in the uv space for equation (1) (Note: values lower than the blackbody line are negative in equation (1). is there). For example, at the point of 0.010, which is lower than the blackbody, -0.010 is inserted into the equation (1). (For chromaticity points with CCTs outside the range of about 2700K to about 3000K, the whiteness can be approximated by examining the positions of the chromaticity points in FIG. 3 in detail without performing unnecessary experiments. For example, if the illumination source has a chromaticity point on the "white line", it will also have a whiteness value of 1). As described in more detail below, the LPI increases as the chromaticity point of the illumination source approaches the "white line" and decreases as it moves away in either direction.

As used herein, color appearance is a complex unit of measurement of color rendering, which is the Net Saturation Value (NSV) (eg, showing increased saturation but not oversaturation). Functions of NSV with relatively high LPI value) and hue distortion value (HDV), for example, HDV with minimal or zero hue distortion gives relatively high LPI value. Is. Both NSV and HDV are described in more detail below.

The Illumination Preference Index (LPI) metric was developed using an unbiased selection of test color samples by selecting color sequences using a complete database of 1600 corrected Munsell gloss spectral reflectances. These 1600 colors are especially M.I. W. Derhack & R. S. Considering Berns, "Analysis and Direction of the Joensuu Munsel Glossy Spectral Database", Color and Imaging Conference , 2012 (1), 191-194 (2012). By using this array of colors, a Munsell classification system consisting of hue, value and saturation can be used to cover a significant portion of the color space.

Also, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, each color in this array will have hue (10 categories and 4 subcategories each, for a total of 40 items), saturation (0-16). Range) and values (range 0-10) are defined by the Munsell system. The ten categories of hue are depicted and classified in FIG. 4a. All levels of saturation or saturation and hue are weighted equally, "Statistical approach to color quality of solid-state lamps", IEEE J. et al. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. , 15 (6), 1753 (2009), authors A. et al. Zukauskas, R.M. Vicekaskas, F.M. Ivanauskas, H.I. Vitakevicius, P. et al. Vitta, and M. et al. S. It is processed in a statistical counting approach according to a similar method as discussed in Suhr.

The chromaticity points of all 1600 color samples displayed at the same color temperature by the illumination source (ie, the test emitter) and the CIE reference light, the perfect radiator, are calculated. The CIE reference light has a spectrum obtained from the CCT of the illumination source using Planck's law of blackbody radiation. Planck's law is defined as follows, with the radiance (W / sr · m ³ ) of the light source B as a function of the wavelength λ (meter) and the absolute temperature T (K).

式中、ｈはプランク定数であり、ｋ_Bはボルツマン定数である。本明細書において、また当技術分野で公知のように、黒体は、理想的な吸収材である物体である、つまり、黒体は周波数又は入射角にかかわらず全ての入射電磁線を吸収する。また、それは理想的な発光体でもある、つまり、あらゆる周波数で、黒体は同じ温度の任意の他の物体と同程度−又はそれよりも多くの−エネルギーを発する。

In the equation, h is Planck's constant and k _B is Boltzmann's constant. As used herein and as is known in the art, a blackbody is an object that is an ideal absorber, i.e., a blackbody absorbs all incident electromagnetic rays regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. .. It is also an ideal illuminant, that is, at any frequency, a blackbody emits as much-or more-energy as any other object at the same temperature.

Next, all of these chromaticity points (also referred to as color coordinates) are converted into a CIE L * a * b * (CIELAB) color space to generate a color rendering vector (CRV). CRV represents the magnitude and direction of the color appearance shift with respect to the reference light. FIG. 4b shows the components contained in each CRV. The radial component 401 or ΔC _ab quantifies the shift in saturation or saturation, where a shift away from the origin means an increase in saturation and a shift closer to the origin means a decrease in saturation. Orientation component 403 or Delta] h _ab is to quantify the change in hue, can be represented by an angle of change (radian). A vector plot of CRV of a particular Munsell value can be generated as a visual representation of the color shift on the a * -b * chromaticity plane. FIG. 4c represents a CRV402 with a Munsell value of 5 for a neodymium incandescent lamp, which is a product generally preferred by consumers. As can be seen from the vector plot, neodymium lamps produce increased saturation, especially in the red and green components (right and left sides of the vector plot, respectively). Approximate vector directions corresponding to yellow Y, red R, purple P, blue B and green G are shown in inset 404.

Next, the radial 401 and azimuth 403 components of each CRV for all of the 1600 Munsell colors are determined and the saturation and hue shifts are quantified, respectively. For such large sample sizes, the magnitude and orientation of the CRV can be represented by statistical counts.

The Net Saturation Value (NSV) represents the percentage of the saturated test sample minus the percentage of the less saturated sample. Improvement of the saturation level is above the threshold of average perceived difference is shown by an increase in lower chroma than supersaturation limit (ΔC _ab> 0). Decrease in saturation level (ΔC _ab <0) is counted only when the saturation is reduced by more than the threshold of the same average perceptual difference. The average perceptual difference value found that the perceptible average radius was 2.3 in the CIELAB space: "Evolution of Uniform Color Spaces Deployed after the Application of CIELAB and CIELV", Col. 19, # 2, pp. 105-121 (1994), authors M. et al. Mahy, L. et al. Van Eycken, & A. Based on Osterlink. With respect to the supersaturation limit, _{the value of ΔC ab} = 15 is chosen based on the following publications. "Color Quality Design for Solid State Lighting", Presentation at LEDs 2012, Oct. 11-12, San Diego, CA (2012), ausor Y. et al. Ohno. In this study, an increase in preference for saturated colors was found up to a certain limit, and a preference response decreased for high levels of saturation. Around a value of about ΔC _ab = 15, the preference response was _{comparable to no saturation, ie ΔC ab} = 0, and the preference response increased between these two values.

The individual NSV values (NSV _i ) are calculated for the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and the total NSV is taken as the average of the 10 hues. In the present disclosure, NSV is defined by equations (2) and (3).

式中、ΔＣ_abはＣＲＶの半径方向成分であり、知覚された彩度又は飽和度のシフトを表し、ｉはマンセル系の１０の主な色相カテゴリの色相カテゴリを表す。領域−２．３＜ΔＣ_ab＜２．３に関して、飽和度の変化は、典型的な観察者に知覚されない可能性があるので、向上とも低下ともカウントされない。

In the equation, ΔC _ab is the radial component of CRV and represents the perceived saturation or saturation shift, and i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system. For region 2.3 <ΔC _ab <2.3, changes in saturation are not counted as improvement or decrease as they may not be perceived by a typical observer.

The Hue Distortion Value (HDV) represents the weighted percentage of the test sample in which the hue changes. Increases in saturation (to the limit) generally do not contribute to achieving relatively high LPI values, but changes in hue are generally undesirable (but changes in hue to a final LPI value that is relatively weaker than changes in saturation. It is a contributing factor of).

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the Munsell color system is generally divided into 40 hue subcategories (each of the 10 major hue categories has 4 subcategories). To calculate the HDV is (wherein, Δh _ab> π / 20 radians (or 1/40) of a circle) next to the hue subcategory percentage of test colors change, the angular separation between the sublevels of the hue ([pi / was adjusted by 20 radians), attached weighted by the average Delta] h _ab value. This additional weighting is used to describe a very large amount of hue distortion. Here, only the percentages approach the limit at very high percentages, as almost all test colors experience hue distortions that exceed the counted threshold. These calculations, the direction of the hue distortion is not critical, therefore, a Delta] h _ab> 0 for both the distortion of the clockwise and counterclockwise. For NSV, the individual HDV values (HDV _i ) are calculated for the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and the total HDV is taken as the average of the 10 hues. In the present disclosure, HDV is defined by equations (4) and (5).

式中、Δｈ_abは、ＣＲＶの方位成分であり、知覚された色相のシフトを表し、ｉは、マンセル系の１０の主な色相カテゴリの色相カテゴリを表し、Δｈ_ab,avg,iは、色相ｉ内の全ての色の平均Δｈ_ab値である。

In the equation, Δh _ab is the orientation component of CRV and represents the perceived hue shift, i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and Δh _{ab, avg, i} represent the hue. It is _{the average Δh ab} value of all the colors in i.

Next, NSV and HDV are integrated into the color appearance value according to the formula (6).

式（６）において、観察者の嗜好応答に最も適合するように、ＨＤＶは、ＮＳＶに対して重み付けられる（すなわち係数で除算される）ことに注意されたい。現実的に、通常達成されるカラーアピアランスの最大値は約１であるが、理論的にはそれはＮＳＶ＝１００及びＨＤＶ＝０で２の値に到達することが可能である。

Note that in equation (6), HDV is weighted (ie, divided by a factor) with respect to NSV so that it best fits the observer's preference response. In reality, the maximum value of color appearance normally achieved is about 1, but in theory it is possible to reach a value of 2 at NSV = 100 and HDV = 0.

Finally, the formula for LPI is defined by formula 7.

式中、白色度は式（１）で定義され、カラーアピアランスは式（６）で定義される。「１００」のパラメータは、その他の照明測定基準と同様に基準黒体発光体が１００のベースライン値を得るように選択される。「５０」のパラメータは、ＬＰＩ変化をＣＲＩと同様の大きさに調整するために選択される。例えば、典型的なネオジム白熱灯は、ＣＲＩ系で約２０ポイント減点され、基準のＣＲＩ＝１００に対してＣＲＩは約８０となりうるが、一方、ＬＰＩ系では同じネオジム白熱灯に約２０ポイントが与えられ、基準のＬＰＩ＝１００に対してＬＰＩは約１２０となりうる。３８％の白色度及び６２％のカラーアピアランスの重み付け係数は、観察者の嗜好データと最も一致するように選択されている。

In the formula, the whiteness is defined by the formula (1), and the color appearance is defined by the formula (6). A parameter of "100" is selected so that the reference blackbody illuminant obtains a baseline value of 100, as with other illumination metrics. The parameter "50" is selected to adjust the LPI change to the same magnitude as the CRI. For example, a typical neodymium incandescent lamp is deducted by about 20 points in the CRI system, and the CRI can be about 80 against the standard CRI = 100, while in the LPI system, about 20 points are given to the same neodymium incandescent lamp. The LPI can be about 120 with respect to the reference LPI = 100. The 38% whiteness and 62% color appearance weighting factors are selected to best match the observer preference data.

The alternative LPI "master" equation, which is simply a combination of equations (1), (6) and (7), is shown as equation (8).

上に例示されるマスター式という言葉でＬＰＩを言い換える目的は、当業者が不要な実験を行わずに本開示の手引きを用いて色科学において通常理解されるパラメータから導くことのできる値をこの新規な指標が提供することを示すことである。ＬＰＩはＮＳＶとともに増加するが、ＨＤＶが増加すると減少する。それとは別に、ＬＰＩはＤｕｖが「白色ライン」に近づくにつれて増加する。一部の実施形態では、達成できるＬＰＩの最大値は約１５０であり、白色度＝１及びカラーアピアランス＝１に相当する。一部の実施形態では、ＬＰＩの理論的最大値＝１８１であり、ここで白色度＝１であり、カラーアピアランス＝２である。

The purpose of paraphrasing LPI with the term master equation exemplified above is to derive values that can be derived from parameters commonly understood in color science using the guidance of the present disclosure without the need for skill in the art. To show that the indicators provide. LPI increases with NSV, but decreases as HDV increases. Apart from that, LPI increases as Duv approaches the "white line". In some embodiments, the maximum value of LPI that can be achieved is about 150, which corresponds to whiteness = 1 and color appearance = 1. In some embodiments, the theoretical maximum of LPI = 181 where whiteness = 1 and color appearance = 2.

In short, the LPI metric can be determined in the following steps (although not necessarily in the following order):
(A) A step of obtaining a spectrum of light emitted by a test illuminant as its spectral power distribution (SPD) with an accuracy of 1-2 nm or less.
(B) The stage of obtaining the chromaticity point (color temperature and Duv) from the SPD of the test illuminant,
(C) The step of calculating the whiteness component from Duv using the formula (1),
(D) Step of obtaining the reference spectrum from the color temperature of the test illuminant,
(E) At the stage of calculating the chromaticity points of all 1600 Munsell colors in the CIELAB color space for both the reference illuminant and the test illuminant.
(F) Step of calculating the color rendering vector of the test illuminant with respect to the reference spectrum,
(G) A step of calculating a net saturation value and a hue distortion value using equations (3) and (5), respectively.
(H) The step of calculating the color appearance component using the formula (6) and the step (i) the whiteness component of the step (c) and the color appearance component of the step (h) are integrated, and the formula (7) is used. The stage of obtaining LPI.

In particular, in one or more embodiments, the whiteness of step (c) is calculated in parallel with the calculation of color appearance in steps (d)-(h). The whiteness and color appearance are then used as inputs for the final step (i).

The LPI metric objectively defines a quantitative color preference metric that most closely correlates to a limited population of observers for whom color preference data is available, whereas color preference is the observer's. It can also be quantified using a novel combination of color preference data with existing color metrics that are somewhat weak but tolerably strongly correlated. As suggested by the LPI equation, existing color metrics that represent saturation and chromaticity points separately for BBL can approach the observer's color preference response within some limits of the color space. You can expect it. Those limits are incorporated into the definition of the LPI metric using the numerical penalties applied by the LPI algorithm if any of the limits are compromised as described in the LPI description above. The LPI can also combine the effects of saturation and chromaticity points with their optimal weighting to provide a single metric rather than multiple metric, the single metric being the goal. It has been confirmed to be useful as a single-parameter optimization response that enables the design of a spectrum that predictively derives the color preference response from the observer. None of the existing color metrics alone provide a correlation with the observer's color preference and LPI metrics, but the separation between the G or YG phosphor and the peak or principal wavelength of the red phosphor is the LPI. It provides an approximation to the color saturation portion of the metric, and the Duv measurement unit closely approximates the chromatic point portion (ie, whiteness) of the LPI metric. In some embodiments, only a single type of phosphor (limited to LAG phosphors having various peak wavelengths and principal wavelengths) is used to bring G or YG emission to the SPD of the light source, whereas Therefore, two types of phosphors (a narrow band having a single peak wavelength and a wide band having various peak wavelengths) can be used to bring red light emission to the SPD of the light source. In one or more embodiments, the separation between the peak or principal wavelength of the G or YG phosphor and the peak wavelength of the red phosphor fixes the peak wavelength of the red phosphor, while the G or YG phosphor. It is quantified by varying the main wavelength, thereby providing a direct measure of the separation between the G or YG fluorophore and the red fluorophore. Therefore, we have developed a blue LED, as a very similar alternative to the more accurate LPI metrics, by the Duv of the principal wavelength of the G or YG phosphor and the chromaticity point in the CIE1960u-v color space. Alternatively, it may be chosen to explain the color preference of a light source containing a G or YG LAG phosphor and an NR or BR phosphor having a given peak wavelength. For this, some practitioners calculate the principal wavelength and Duv response of the G or YG phosphor rather than calculating the LPI response, even if all the details necessary to calculate the LPI response are prepared. There is an advantage that it turns out to be easier.

Types of conventional lamps include incandescent, halogen and LEDs that use Nd-doped glass that absorbs part of the yellow light from the spectrum emitted by the light source, compared to similar lamps that do not absorb by Nd. Improve color preference. FIG. 5 shows an incandescent light source or halogen light source 500 containing one or more incandescent or halogen coils 502 inside the glass dome 504. In some embodiments, the glass dome 504 may be doped with _{neodymium oxide (Nd 2} O ₃ ), as provided for GE revolution® incandescent lamps and halogen lamps. The light emitted from one or more coils generally resembles blackbody spectrum light with a correlated color temperature (CCT) between about 2700K and about 3200K. This CCT range is sometimes referred to as bulb color. Since the Nd-doped glass dome 504 functions to filter and remove the light in the yellow portion of the color spectrum, the light transmitted through the glass dome 504 of the light source 500 is the light emitted from the same light source without the Nd glass filter. Has improved color preference or color saturation or color contrast, which is generally preferred by human observers as compared to.

FIG. 6a shows a plot 600 of the relative light output relative to the wavelength (or spectral power distribution (SPD)) of the incandescent light source 500 of FIG. 5 with CCT = 2695K and a plot 602 of the SPD of the same CCT = 2695K blackbody light source. A blackbody illuminant is generally regarded as a reference light source for a test light source with a CCT <5000K to be compared with the test light source when calculating color measurements of the test light source (CCT> 5000K has a daylight spectrum. Commonly used as a reference). A value of CRI = 100 is assigned to the blackbody illuminant as a reference light source. In order to maintain consistency, the blackbody is similarly assigned a reference value of 100 for the LPI metric. Since the incandescent SPD and the blackbody SPD are quite similar, the values of the 2695K incandescent light source are CRI = 99.8 and LPI = 99.8. In the case of CRI, the value of 99.8 is approximately equal to the maximum possible value of CRI = 100, so the incandescent light source has a nearly ideal color rendering (or color "fidelity") according to CRI metrics. For LPI, a value of 99.8 is considered a neutral value rather than a maximum value. In some embodiments, values of LPI well below 100 are possible, thereby predicting that typical observers do not like such light sources as much as incandescent light sources, but about LPI = Much higher values up to 150 are possible, so it is expected that typical observers will prefer such light sources to incandescent light sources. The CRI metric quantifies the extent to which a light source renders eight pastel test colors exactly the same as the blackbody reference, so it is a metric for color "fidelity" in a limited range of color spaces. is there.

FIG. 6b is a reproduction (registered) of CCT = 2755K, CRI of about 80, LPI of about 120, obtained by filtering the light of the SPD plot 600 and the incandescent light source 500 of the incandescent light source of CCT = 2695K with Nd-doped glass. The SPD plot 604 of the trademark) type incandescent light source is shown. The difference between these two SPDs is entirely due to the absorption of light by the Nd-doped glass, most of which occurs in the yellow range of about 570 nm to about 610 nm, with weaker absorption of green from about 510 nm to about 540 nm. Occurs in the range. In one or more embodiments, the color preference advantage resulting from the absorption of Nd is due to the absorption of yellow.

SPDs can be plotted on an absolute scale of light intensity, eg, in watt / nm or watt / nm / cm ² or other radiation intensity aspects, or in relative units, sometimes described herein. It is also possible to normalize to the peak intensity and plot it. Normalized SPDs have an illuminated object or space with illuminance within normal photopic vision (ie, greater than about 10-100 lux, up to about 10,000 lux (lux = lumens /). Assuming m ² )), it is sufficient to calculate the characteristics of all color measurements of the light source. Aggregating the SPD curve information enables precise calculation of all color measurements and light measurement responses of the light source.

The SPD plot 600 of the incandescent lamp shown in FIG. 6a shows that it is an exceptionally well-balanced light source, as there are no significant spikes or holes at any wavelength. Such a smooth curve closely matches the curve of a blackbody curve with the same CCT, demonstrating outstanding color fidelity abilities. The blackbody spectrum has perfect color rendering on the CRI scale, ie CRI = 100. The CRI of an incandescent lamp is generally about 99. The CRI of an Nd-incandescent lamp is generally about 80. Despite the low CRI, most observers prefer Nd-incandescent color rendering to incandescent lamps, especially for applications where organic matter, such as people, food, wood, textiles, etc., is irradiated.

Compared to some electrical sources, sunlight shows a lot of energy in the blue and green parts of the spectrum, which makes it a cool (ie high CCT) source with a high color temperature (about 5500K). .. Therefore, SPD charts are useful for understanding how the color compositions of the light outputs of different lamps differ.

Some conventional lamp types are Nd-doped glasses that absorb some of the yellow light from the spectrum emitted by the light source, which improves color preference compared to similar lamps that do not absorb yellow. Includes one or more LEDs using. FIG. 7a shows a relative (registered trademark) type LED light source 700 including one or more LEDs (FIG. 7b), and FIG. 7b is an exploded assembly view of the light source 700 of FIG. 7a. An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is an example of a solid-state illumination (SSL) component, such as an incandescent bulb that uses an electric filament, or a fluorescent tube or high-intensity discharge tube that uses plasma and / or gas. As an alternative illumination source to the conventional light source, a semiconductor LED, an organic LED or a polymer LED can be included.

Referring to FIG. 7b, the optical engine 712 with the LEDs 706 and 708 and the printed circuit board 710 with the LEDs mounted can be mounted in the housing 704, so that when assembled, the LEDs 706 and 708 are neodymium oxide (Nd ₂ O ₃ ). Is located inside the glass dome 702 impregnated with, so that most or all of the light emitted from the LEDs 706 and 708 passes through the dome 702. It is of course understood that FIGS. 7a and 7b only depict an example of an LED lamp utilizing one or more solid-state lighting components that provide lighting when powered on. Therefore, the specific parts depicted in FIGS. 7a and 7b are for explanatory purposes only, and those skilled in the art may depend on the intended use and / or other considerations of the various other parts. Understand that the shape and / or size of can be utilized. For example, the housing 704 may be of a different size and / or shape, and the solid-state lighting components 706 and 708 may be directly and / or indirectly connected to it during assembly.

FIG. 8 is a plot 800 of the known spectral power distribution (SPD) of a bulb-colored LED lamp containing a plurality of blue LEDs, each exciting a YG YAG phosphor and a broadband red nitride phosphor whose radiation strongly overlaps the YAG phosphor. The graph including (broken line) is shown. This results in a very strong emission in the yellow spectrum and the mixed light has CCT = 2766K, CRI = 91 and LPI = 97. FIG. 8 also shows a plot 810 (solid line) of the SPD of the relative® LED light source 700 of FIG. 7a with CCT = 2777K, CRI = 91 and LPI = 111. The light emitted from the LED is the light from the blue LED 802 having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 to about 460 nm (for example, Royal Blue InGaN) and the phosphor material (for example, YAG: Ce phosphor) due to the blue emission from the LED. ), Which has a peak emission in the range of about 500 to about 600 nm, and probably about 600 generated by excitation of another phosphor (eg, nitride or sulfide phosphor) by blue emission from the LED. It may be composed of a mixture with red light 806 having a peak light emission in the range of about 670 nm. The portion of blue light produced by the blue LED that is not absorbed by the phosphor material, combined with the light emitted by the phosphor material, provides light that appears nearly white to the human eye. The spectrum of the mixed light is similar to that of the blackbody spectrum, but may include dents in the wavelength range between the emission of the blue LED and the emission of the YG phosphor. In some embodiments, the light source may have a correlated color temperature (CCT) between about 2700K and about 3200K (bulb color) or the light source has a higher CCT, perhaps about 10,000K or so. It may be higher or lower CCT, perhaps around 1800K or lower. Since the Nd glass functions to filter out the light of the yellow portion 808 of the color spectrum which may be generated by the YG phosphor and the red phosphor, the light 810 emitted from the glass dome of the light source 700 (of the solid line plot). All) provides improved color preference or color saturation or color contrast or whiteness that is generally preferred by human observers compared to light 800 emitted from the same light source without an Nd glass filter. Have.

Special formulations of visible light emitting phosphors (ie fluorescent (FL) or small fluorescent (CFL) light sources) selected to reduce the amount of yellow light emitted by one or more low pressure mercury (Hg) discharge lamps and light sources. Some conventional lamp types, including, are also known to improve color preference as compared to typical FL or CFL light source lamps of the same type that do not contain special fluorophore formulations. FIG. 9 shows a reveal® CFL light source 900 containing a low pressure Hg discharge tube 902 coated with a customized mixture of phosphors 904 with relatively low emission in the yellow spectrum.

FIG. 10 shows a graph including plot 1000 of the known spectral power distribution (SPD) of the Reveal® CFL light source 900 of FIG. 9 with CCT = 2582K, CRI = 69 and LPI = 116. FIG. 10 also shows a plot 604 of the SPD of the reveal® incandescent light source of FIG. 5 with CCT = 2755K. The mixed light spectrum plot 1000 (from a CFL lamp) consists of many narrow emission bands and some wide emission bands designed to produce light that approximates the blackbody spectrum of CCT = 2582K. Compared to the Nd-incandescent SPD plot 604, the red and green enhancements and yellow suppression are similar, given the constraints of the red and green phosphors available in CFL products. The light source may also have a correlated color temperature (CCT) between about 2700K and about 3200K (bulb color). In some embodiments, the light source may have a higher CCT (eg, about 10,000 K or higher) or a lower CCT (eg, about 1800 K or lower). The mixed light spectrum plot 1000 of the light source 900, which emits relatively low light in the yellow part of the spectrum, is an improved color that is generally preferred by human observers compared to the light emitted from the same light source with a conventional phosphor mixture. May have palatability or color saturation or color contrast.

Some additional conventional lamp types include one or more LEDs with green and red phosphors having peak wavelengths far enough apart to generate depressions in the yellow wavelength region, such as meat, vegetables and. Used in grocery stores to emphasize the color of agricultural products (eg fruits). FIG. 11 shows an SPD of a known light source with green and red phosphors having peak wavelengths far enough apart to form a depression in the yellow wavelength region, with CCT = 2837K, CRI = 74 and LPI = 124. A graph including plot 1100 is shown. The light emitted from the LED is the light from the blue emission 1102 having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm generated by the emission from the blue LED, and the light generated by the excitation of the green phosphor by the blue emission from the LED. Green emission 1104 having a peak wavelength in the range of 500 nm to about 580 nm and FWHM1108 of about 80 nm, and peak emission and about 100 nm in the range of about 600 nm to about 670 nm generated by excitation of the red phosphor by blue emission from the LED. It may be composed of a mixture with red light emitting 1106 having FWHM1110. The portion of blue light produced by the blue LED that is not absorbed by the phosphor material, combined with the light emitted by the green and red phosphor materials, provides light that appears nearly white to the human eye. The spectrum of mixed light may have a dent in the wavelength range between the emission 1102 of the blue LED and the emission 1104 of the green phosphor, and the yellow color between the emission 1104 of the green phosphor and the emission 1106 of the red phosphor. The wavelength range may include a second depression. The light source may also have a CCT between about 2700K and about 6000K, or have a higher CCT (eg, about 10,000K or higher) or a lower CCT (eg, about 1800K or lower). Sometimes. The decrease in emission of the yellow part of the SPD plot 1100 due to the separation of the peak of emission 1104 of the green phosphor at 528 nm and the peak of emission 1106 of the red phosphor of 645 nm results in the light source spectrum plot 1100 and LPI. Is about 124. The relatively high LPI value of this known light source is due to the relatively narrow FWHM (about 80 nm) and the blue-shifted peak of the green phosphor (about 528 nm), which is the G or YG LAG fluorescence of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Not the same as the composition of the body. As shown in the 20 different LAG phosphor embodiments described in one or more embodiments below, the FWHM of a G or YG LAG phosphor generally has a slightly wider range of FWHM of about 100 to about 110 nm. And has a peak wavelength range of about 510 nm to about 560 nm.

FIG. 12 includes a blue LED that peaks at around 450 nm, a Gaussian approximation to a YG phosphor that peaks at around 545 nm and has a FWHM of around 80 nm, and a red LED that peaks at around 635 nm and has a FWHM of around 20 nm. , CCT = 2700K and Duv = -0.010 and a spectrum to the Lighting Preference Index (LPI) metric showing a graph of the SPD of an ideal LED light source with a near maximum practical LPI value of about 145. A detailed experimental design (DoE) was performed using a spectral model to better understand and convey the effects of component selection. These experiments allowed the identification of optimal spectral features to maximize the LPI and typical observer color preference responses and guide the design of future lighting products. This DOE uses commercially available or readily manufactured green (G) or yellow-green (YG) garnet phosphors and either narrowband red (NR) or broadband red (BR) phosphors. It was designed to identify the composition of luminescent components, especially those for improving the LPI of the light source.

Each spectrum consists of three components (nominally blue, green and red) that are superimposed on one composite spectrum. As shown in FIG. 13, in some embodiments, the blue light emitting component 1302 is a component of a blue LED having a peak emission of about 450 nm and a FWHM1304 of about 15 nm. This wavelength was chosen to represent the typical blue LEDs currently used in most white light sources. For example, other suitable blue light emitting components having characteristics such as a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm and having FWHM <about 50 nm may be used. The LPI color metric is relatively less sensitive to blue light emission than green and red light emission. This can be understood from FIG. 1a. In the figure here, the retinal response of blue 102 is clearly distinguished from green 104 and red 106, but the green and red responses are not distinct from each other. Since LPI is relatively insensitive to blue features, this DOE result has a peak wavelength in the blue or purple range (eg, about 400 to about 460 nm) and any FWHM less than about 50 nm. It can be expected to represent the results obtained by the blue light source.

In one or more embodiments, the green component has four different G or YGs having peak wavelengths in the range of about 515 nm to about 545 nm, representing the normal range of commercially available or readily manufactured LAG phosphors. It can be modeled using a family of LAG fluorophore emission (FIG. 14). As shown in FIG. 14, the selection of this LAG fluorophore is based on a set of fluorophores commercially available from the Intematic Corporation. Other suitable LAG phosphors may be used. Furthermore, in order to find a tendency to allow further optimization of the LPI response, the emission spectrum of the green component is varied by + 5 nm, -5 nm, + 10 nm and -10 nm from the actual emission spectrum of each of the four commercially available phosphors. Let me. Therefore, as a whole, DoE contains 20 different green components (= 4 phosphors * (1 unshifted + 4 shifted spectra)) having a total peak wavelength range of about 505 nm to about 555 nm. included. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each of the shifted green components, eg 1404, is held constant and is equal to the corresponding unshifted commercially available phosphor, eg 1402 FWHM, in the range of about 103 nm to about 107 nm. is there. In the present specification, the G or YG LAG phosphor is composed of 1) one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Y, Lu, Sc, La, Gd, Tb and Sm, and 2) Al, Ga and In. A family of phosphors having a garnet fluorescent substance selected from the group and containing one or more elements activated by Ce may be included, the garnet phosphor being a Ce-doped lutetium aluminum garnet (LAG, Lu _3). Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), that is, LAG: Ce ³⁺ .

In one or more embodiments, the red component may be modeled using four different families of BR nitride phosphor emission (FIG. 15) and NR phosphors (FIG. 16). The BR nitride phosphor is generally represented by the general formula of _{CaAlSiN 3} : Eu ^2+. These BR nitride phosphor materials strongly absorb UV and blue light and can efficiently emit light between about 600 nm and 680 nm, for example, with FWHM (eg, 1504) at about 80 nm to about 120 nm. (For example, 1502), it gives a very strong luminescence to a deep red color. Many NR phosphors (FIG. 16) are known, some of which are Mn ⁴⁺ activated composite fluoride materials such as US Pat. No. 7,358,542, US Pat. No. 7,479,973 and US Pat. No. 7,648,649. Based on the ones described in. The Mn ⁴⁺ doped phosphor has the formula A _x [MF _y ]: Mn ⁴⁺ , in which A (alkali) is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs or a combination thereof and M ( Metal) is Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, AI, Ga, In, Sc, Hf, Y, La, Nb, Ta, Bi, Gd or a combination thereof, and x is a [MF _y ] ion. Is the absolute value of the charge of, and y is 5, 6 or 7. These materials strongly absorb blue light and emit efficiently between about 610 nm and 660 nm (eg 1602) with little deep red or near infrared emission, which has a FWHM of much lower than 30 nm. , 1606, which is generally about 5 nm. Even if this particular NR fluorophore is composed of several narrow peaks, the overall width including the major peaks is still well below 30 nm, generally about 20 nm as shown in 1604. In one or more embodiments, the NR phosphor of the present invention has a peak wavelength at about 631 nm and represents the commercially available PFS described in US Pat. No. 7,358,542, US Pat. No. 7,479,973 and US Pat. No. 7,648,649. .. Therefore, in one or more embodiments, in the implementation of DoE containing only the NR fluorophore without the BR fluorophore, the NR fluorophore consisted of only a single distinctive red component. In other embodiments, this particular NR fluorophore is in another NR fluorophore having a similar peak wavelength in order to benefit from a color preference that is very similar to the benefits provided by the NR fluorophore. May be replaced.

In one or more embodiments, the broadband red component has four peak wavelength ranges from about 620 nm to about 670 nm, representing the normal range of commercially available or readily manufactured broadband red nitride phosphors. It can be modeled using different families of BR nitride phosphor emission. Therefore, in one or more embodiments, in the embodiment containing only the BR nitride phosphor without the NR phosphor, the BR nitride phosphor contained four different red components. Furthermore, in order to find a tendency to allow further optimization of the LPI response, the emission spectra of the red component are +5 nm, -5 nm, +10 nm and-from the actual emission spectra of each of the four commercially available BR nitride phosphors. It is varied by 10 nm. Therefore, in one or more embodiments, 20 different BR components (= 4 phosphors * (1 unshifted + 4 shifted spectra)) having a total peak wavelength range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm are used. I moved it. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each of the shifted BR components is kept constant and is equal to the corresponding unshifted commercial phosphor FWHM, in the range of about 86 nm to about 93 nm. FIG. 15 shows the SPDs of four unshifted red components of the 20 red components used.

In one or more embodiments, the DoEs were divided into three groups distinguished by a red fluorophore. Group 1 contains only NR PFS phosphors (LAG + PFS), Group 2 contains each of the 20 BR nitride phosphors separately (LAG + Nit), and represents commercially available red nitride phosphors. It consists of three ratios of BR power to NR power in 25% increments (total emission power over the entire wavelength range of red emission as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16), and thus a single NR fluorescence. For each of the 20 BR nitride phosphors (LAG + PFS + Nit) combined with the body, (BR power) / (BR power + NR power) ≡ BR / R ≡ n = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75. .. We refer to these three subsets of Group 3 DoE as Group 3a (n = 0.25), Group 3b (n = 0.50) and Group 3c (n = 0.75). Note that the limited examples of n = 0 and 1 correspond to the DoEs of group 1 (LAG + PFS) and group 2 (LAG + Nit), respectively. Dividing the DoE into three groups is a matter of convenience for communicating the results. In fact, the ratio BR / R = n can have a continuous range of 0.0 to 1.0, and limited examples of n = 0 and n = 1 are DoE group 1 (LAG + PFS) and It corresponds to each group 2 (LAG + Nit) part. Group 3 is represented as having three distinct levels of n = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, but with the transfer function of LPI in a contiguous range of 0.0 <n <1.0. By actually providing and combining the results of groups 1 and 2, the transfer function of LPI is provided in a continuous range of 0.0 ≦ n ≦ 1.0. The mixture of red nitride and PFS illuminant may be used in one or more embodiments due to the trade-off between color measurement and light measurement ability of the illuminator having the NR illuminant vs. BR illuminant. NR illuminants can improve efficiency by reducing the amount of radiation at wavelengths in the far tail of the photopic vision response curve, while BR illuminants improve color rendering or color preference at the expense of efficiency. be able to.

By adjusting the ratio of the emission powers of the blue, green and red illuminants, two required degrees of freedom were obtained, the chromaticity points in the 1931CIE color space were uniquely defined, and the SPD was also uniquely defined. DoE has 10 distinct chromaticity points, i.e. each of 2 CCTs (2700K and 3000K) and 5 Duv values: 0.000 (on the blackbody locus), -0.005, -0.010 (white body). Near the line), -0.015 and -0.020 respectively.

Each of the 10 chromaticity points in each of the three groups produced all combinations of blue, green and red components, and each of the 10 chromaticity points of Group 1 DoE had 20 peculiarities. Combinations (1 blue x 20 green x 1 red), 400 unique combinations for each of the 10 chromaticity points of Group 2 DoE (1 blue x 20 green x 20 red) and Group 3 DoE 10 For each of the 10 chromaticity points, 1200 unique combinations (1 blue x 20 green x 20 red x 3 red ratio) were obtained, for a total of 1620 unique combinations in each of the 3 groups of 10 chromaticity points. Combinations A total of 16,200 unique combinations (SPDs) were obtained over the entire 10 chromaticity points. We often refer to the entire set of 16,200 combinations as DoE. The Illumination Preference Index (LPI) value is then calculated for each spectrum of DoE and is now commercially available, comprising a blue LED, a G or YG LAG phosphor, and either a BR nitride phosphor or an NR phosphor. We analyzed the trends and trade-offs of LPI that can be realized from the LED light sources that have been used.

The remarkable and unexpected result of DoE above is any predetermined DoE by analytical approximation of the closed form using two independent variables of DoE: the principal wavelength of the LAG phosphor (ie Dom _{LAG) and Duv.} The LPI (and therefore the observer's color preference) can be predicted sufficiently well for the red illuminant of. To represent the DoE results in terms of principal wavelength, FIGS. 17-21 help define each of the 20 G or YG of DoE and each of the 20 BR phosphors by their principal wavelength. The peak wavelength of the light source is the wavelength at which the emission intensity is maximum, while the main wavelength is the wavelength of pure monochromatic light that most closely matches the hue (perceived color) of the light source. As depicted in FIG. 17a, the main wavelength of the light source is formally defined as a point 1704 on the spectral locus 1702 (circumferential length of the 1931CIE color space 1700) (Wyszecki and Stills, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitide). Formule, Willey-Interscience; see 2 edition (August 8,2000)), where the vector starts at the colorless D65 chromatic point 1706, passes through the chromatic point 1708 of the test source, and intersects the spectral trajectory 1702. Wavelengths, such as 1712 at 580 nm along the spectral locus 1702, are classified in increments of 10 nm and above. In FIG. 17b, the chromaticity points of commercially available illuminants used in DoE are shown in the 1931CIE color space 1700. Blue LED 1722 with a peak wavelength of about 450 nm (as shown in FIG. 13), four G or YG LAG phosphors 1724 (as shown in FIG. 14) and a single NR phosphor 1726 with a peak wavelength of about 631 nm (FIG. 16). Street). FIG. 17c is the same as FIG. 17b, but shows four commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors 1728 (as in FIG. 15) used in DoE instead of a single NR phosphor.

In FIG. 18a, the chromaticity points 1834 of the 20 G or YG phosphors used in DoE, i.e. modified versions of each of the four commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors and the four commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors. The chromaticity point of is shown in enlarged view 1800 of the 1931CIE color space. The emission spectra are moved by + 10 nm, + 5 nm, -5 nm and -10 nm to represent a wide range of different G or YG LAG phosphors that are systematically parameterized. In FIG. 18b, the chromaticity points 1844 of 14 commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors, which basically represent the entire range of currently commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors, are 20 of FIG. 18a used in DoE. Along with the G or YG phosphors 1834, it is shown in enlarged view 1800 of the 1931CIE color space. Comparing the chromaticity points of the group of 20 systematically parameterized G or YG phosphors used in DoE with 14 commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors, the currently commercially available G or YG LAG It is clear that the range of phosphors is fully represented by DoE.

In FIG. 19a, the chromaticity points 1938 of the 20 BR phosphors used in DoE, that is, the modified chromaticity of each of the four commercially available wideband red nitride phosphors and the four commercially available wideband red nitride phosphors. The points are shown in enlarged view 1900 of the 1931CIE color space. The emission spectrum is moved by + 10 nm, + 5 nm, -5 nm and -10 nm to represent a wide range of different BR phosphors that are systematically parameterized. In FIG. 19b, the chromaticity points 1948 of 14 commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors, which basically represent the entire range of the currently commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors, are used in DoE in FIG. 19a. Included with 20 BR phosphors 1938. Comparing the chromaticity points of the group of 20 systematically parameterized BR phosphors used in DoE with 14 commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors, the currently commercially available broadband red nitride phosphors It is clear that the range of is completely represented by DoE.

Considering that the peak wavelength of the light source is the wavelength at which the emission intensity is maximum, while the main wavelength is the wavelength of pure monochromatic light that most closely matches the hue (perceived color) of the light source, the phosphor It is useful to compare these two wavelength metrics that partially describe the color of. FIG. 20 shows the relationship between the main wavelength and the peak wavelength of the 20 G or YG phosphors used in DoE. As shown herein, the principal wavelength is usually longer than the peak wavelength for each of the YG phosphors. This is mainly due to the asymmetric fluorescence of the phosphor. As can be seen in FIG. 14, since each long wavelength tail of the emission spectrum is wider than the short wavelength tail, the perceived hue of each spectrum is longer than the peak wavelength of each G or YG phosphor. It is predicted that it is best represented by a monochromatic illuminant having. FIG. 21 shows the relationship between the main wavelength and the peak wavelength of the 20 BR phosphors used in DoE. As shown herein, the principal wavelength is usually shorter than the peak wavelength for each of the BR phosphors. This is mainly due to the extremely long wavelength of phosphor emission to the right of each peak wavelength, as can be seen in FIG. Since the long wavelength tail extends well beyond the response wavelength of the eye (Fig. 1a), the left half of the emission spectrum has a stronger effect on the perceived hue than the right half of the spectrum. Therefore, it can be predicted that each spectrum is best represented by a monochromatic illuminant having a wavelength shorter than the peak wavelength of each BR phosphor.

Each of the embodiments herein may be described as having one blue light source, one green or yellow-green garnet phosphor, one narrow red downconverter and / or one wide red downconverter. However, one or more blue light sources may be used, one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors may be used, one or more narrow red downconverters may be used and / or one or more broadband. Note that a red downconverter may be used.

Group 1 DoE (LAG + PFS) includes all combinations of 1 blue LED, 20 G or YG LAG phosphors and 1 NR PFS phosphor, resulting in 20 unique light emitter combinations (1). Bx20 G or YGx1 NR) are obtained, whereby the ratio of blue: green: red emission power for each of the 20 unique light emitter combinations is 10 chromaticity points (2700K and It varies to achieve each of 3000K; Duv = 0.000, -0.005, -0.010, -0.015, -0.020), resulting in 200 unique SPDs. In one or more embodiments, each normalized SPD has an illuminated object or space with an illuminance within normal photopic vision (ie, greater than about 10-100 lux, about 1). Assuming from 000 to 10,000 lux (lux = lumen / m ² )), it is sufficient to calculate the characteristics of all color measurements of the light source. The desired color measurement response, LPI, is _{plotted against Dom LAG} (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis) of the chromaticity points at 2700K in FIG. 22a. _{The LPI is plotted against Dom LAG} and Duv at 3000K chromaticity points in FIG. 22b. In one or more embodiments, the main wavelength of the yellow-green garnet phosphor (LAG in this example) can be in the range of 548 nm to about 566 nm. _{In FIG. 23, the Dom LAGs} and Duv values of the 200 unique SPDs used in Group 1 DoE are superimposed on a background of shades of LPI contour lines for 20 different Dom _LAGs of each of the 5 different Duves. Shown as a group. Other suitable Duv levels may be used. Similar contour diagrams can be presented for a Duv level continuum within the Duv range represented herein, and similar trends are realized. The smooth curve of the LPI shown in FIGS. 22a, 22b is obtained by applying a statistically optimized ANOVA regression to the data, where LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG ). It contains a polynomial comparable to the quadratic equation and all the resulting variable interactions, resulting in a transfer function with an ^{AVASTED R 2> 0.99.} Those skilled in the art will assume that the LPI transfer function includes a function having a higher-order expression than the quaternary expression in the contour line of the LPI having an LPI value of 120 or more (even if a higher-order term similar to the quaternary expression is included in the transfer function of the LPI. You will also understand that there is a relative shortage and a smooth transition between the contours shown, so the transfer function of the LPI facilitates the implementation of the underlying 200 individual DoEs. It is reasonable to predict that it will be expressed continuously. The solution representing all 200 combinations of SPD consisting of blue LED, G or YG LAG phosphor and NR phosphor is very much by the _{transfer function LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom LAG) represented by the LPI contour diagram.} Those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is explained quantitatively with a low error (R ^{2> 0.99).} Therefore, the transfer function LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG ) represented by the LPI contour diagram is considered to be effective for _{all CCT, Duv and Dom LAG} within the bounded range by the separate implementation of DoE. Be done.

A specific SPD2400 of Group 1 DoE (LAG + PFS) with a maximum LPI value of about 141 ( _{corresponding to a Dom LAG} of about 552 nm) and a Duv of about -0.010 is shown in FIG. 24 at CCT = 2700K and is about. The peak wavelength 2402 of the blue LED at 450 nm, the peak wavelength 2404 of the G or YG LAG phosphor at about 526 nm, and the peak wavelength 2406 of the NR PFS phosphor at about 631 nm are shown. In addition, SPD604 of a rough® incandescent lamp and SPD602 of a blackbody illuminant, each having a similar CCT, are compared.

_{22a and 22b show all Doms except for Dom LAG of} about 557 nm and CCT of 3000K when the chromaticity point of the light source is on the blackbody locus at both 2700K and 3000K (Duv = 0.000). _{Demonstrate with LAG} (ie for any commercially available G or YG LAG phosphor) that LPI <120 (nearly upper limit of LPI found in the prior art). As Duv decreases, LPI usually _{increases in all Dom LAGs} , and formula (1) causes Duv to reach a maximum value of about -0.010 (this Duv value maximizes the whiteness component of LPI). A considerable degree of vertical symmetry of the LPI contours is obtained for the horizon of Duv = -0.010. When Duv moves from Duv = 0.000 to Duv = −0.010, the whiteness component of the LPI equation increases from 0 to 1, and the LPI increases by 19 points based on equation (7). Similarly, when Duv moves from Duv = -0.010 to Duv = -0.20, the whiteness component drops from 1 to 0 and the LPI drops by 19 points.

In general, LPI increases with a given Duv as the Dom _{LAG decreases.} This primarily creates indentations in the yellow part of the spectrum that generally reduce the large emission of yellow or enhance the perceived saturation of the opposite colors of red-green and blue-yellow (eg, about 570-). Approximately 600 nm), possible due to separation between the wavelengths of the G or YG emitter and the narrowband red emitter. However, at the chromaticity point close to the blackbody (Duv is about 0.000), the LPI is _{maximized at a Dom LAG} value of about 557 nm, while at the chromaticity point close to the whitebody line (Duv is about −0. 010), LPI is maximized with a Dom _LAG value of about 551 nm. For the two main trends in FIGS. 22a and 22b, i.e., for this set of commercially available illuminants (blue LED, G or YG LAG fluorophore and NR fluorophore), the LPI is maximal at a Duv of about -0.010. Due to the tendency to be and the LPI _{tends to be maximal at shorter Dom LAGs} , the LPI contours contain only _{the Duv and Dom LAG} terms as an alternative to color appearance to define whiteness. It is suggested that it can be approximated in the closed form analytical formula. In general, because there are no higher-order irregularities in LPI contours with values greater than 120, such analytical approximations to those high LPI contours are for most or all of the DoE-generated LPI contours. It is suggested that there is a relatively simple form that applies to. In one or more embodiments, the visual appearance of the high LPI contours suggests that the ellipse may provide the best fit for the high LPI contours. The general form of Eq. (9) below provided a match between the exact LPI contours and the elliptical approximation of all LPI contours in FIGS. 22a and 22b with 120 or more LPIs.

ＣＣＴに対するＬＰＩの傾向は、式（９）の単純な線形項によって正確に記載することができる。式（９）の係数、ａ及びｂ及びオフセットパラメータ、ｘ₀及びｙ₀の値は、下の表２に図２２ａ、ｂの１２０以上の各々のＬＰＩ値に関して記載される。

The tendency of LPI to CCT can be accurately described by the simple linear term of equation (9). The coefficients, a and b and offset parameters of equation (9) _{and the values of x 0} and y ₀ are listed in Table 2 below for each of the 120 or more LPI values of FIGS. 22a and 22b.

表２のＬＰＩ＝１２０の列からのａ、ｂ、ｘ₀及びｙ₀の値を式（９）に代入することにより、ＬＰＩ＝１２０の正確な等高線への楕円近似のための明示公式は、下の式（９ａ）となる。

_{By substituting the values of a, b, x 0} and y ₀ from the column of LPI = 120 in Table 2 into equation (9), the explicit formula for elliptical approximation to the exact contour line of LPI = 120 is The formula (9a) below is obtained.

式（９ａ〜ｅ）により、ＣＣＴ＝２７００について図２５ａに示され、ＣＣＴ＝３０００Ｋについて図２５ｂに示される破線の楕円が得られる。図２５ａ、ｂを見て分かるように、設計空間の非常に小さい部分を表す、約−０．０１５未満のＤｕｖの値及びＤｏｍ_LAG＜５５４ｎｍに関連する色度点を有する図２５ａ、ｂの領域において、破線の楕円近似は、１３５以上の値を有する任意のＬＰＩ等高線上の任意の位置でＬＰＩが約２ポイントを超えない量、１３０以上の値を有する任意のＬＰＩ等高線上の任意の位置でＬＰＩが約５ポイントを超えない量、１２０及び１２５のＬＰＩ等高線上の位置だけＬＰＩが約５ポイントを超えてせいぜい８ポイントまでの量、それぞれの正確なＬＰＩ等高線から逸脱する。さらに、各々の楕円の破線の曲線は、逸脱がＬＰＩにおいて１又は２ポイントよりも大きい任意の領域でのそのそれぞれの実線の曲線の内側にあるように選択されているので、各々の破線の曲線は、そのそれぞれの実線の曲線の控えめな表現である。約５ポイント未満、特に約２ポイント未満のＣＲＩ値の違いは、通常、大部分の観察者には知覚されないことが知られている。また、ＬＰＩを扱う研究において、約５ポイント未満、特に約２ポイント未満のＬＰＩ値は通常大部分の観察者には知覚されないことも観察されている。ＣＲＩで得られるものと同程度の定量的区別をＬＰＩで得るためにＬＰＩスケールは意図的にＣＲＩスケールに対して比例しているように作られているので、これは予測される。そのため、破線の楕円は、ＬＰＩ＝１２０及び１２５の等高線の小さい部分を除いて、実際の実線のＬＰＩ等高線に対して許容できる近似値をもたらす。逸脱がＬＰＩにおいて約１又は２ポイントを超えるところでは、破線の近似値は、実際の実線のＬＰＩ曲線よりも控えめであることがある。

Equations (9a-e) give the dashed ellipse shown in FIG. 25a for CCT = 2700 and in FIG. 25b for CCT = 3000K. As can be seen in FIGS. 25a, 25a, a region of FIGS. 25a, b having a Duv _{value of less than about −0.015 and a chromaticity point associated with Dom LAG} <554 nm, representing a very small portion of the design space. In, the dashed elliptical approximation is such that the LPI does not exceed about 2 points at any position on any LPI contour with a value of 135 or greater, and at any position on any LPI contour with a value of 130 or greater. The amount of LPI not exceeding about 5 points, the amount of LPI exceeding about 5 points and up to 8 points only at positions on the 120 and 125 LPI contour lines deviates from their respective exact LPI contour lines. Furthermore, the dashed curve of each ellipse is chosen so that the deviation is inside its respective solid curve at any region where the deviation is greater than 1 or 2 points in the LPI, so that the dashed curve of each Is a conservative representation of each solid curve. It is known that differences in CRI values of less than about 5 points, especially less than about 2 points, are usually not perceived by most observers. It has also been observed in studies dealing with LPI that LPI values of less than about 5 points, especially less than about 2 points, are usually not perceived by most observers. This is expected because the LPI scale is deliberately made to be proportional to the CRI scale in order to obtain a quantitative distinction in the LPI similar to that obtained by the CRI. Therefore, the dashed ellipse provides an acceptable approximation to the actual solid LPI contours, except for the small parts of the contours of LPI = 120 and 125. Where the deviation exceeds about 1 or 2 points in LPI, the dashed line approximation may be more conservative than the actual solid LPI curve.

In FIG. 26a, the region described by Equation 9a for the LPI = 120 contour lines of CCT = 2700 in Group 1DoE (LAG + PFS) is shown in black shade. Similarly, in FIGS. 26b-d, the regions described by equations 9b-d for the contour lines of LPI = 125, 130 and 135 are shown in black shade.

Group 2 DoE (LAG + Nit) includes all combinations of 1 blue LED, 20 G or YG LAG phosphors and 20 BR nitride phosphors, resulting in 400 unique light emitter combinations ( One B x 20 G or YG x 20 BR) is obtained, whereby the ratio of blue: green: red emission power for each of the 400 unique phosphor combinations is 10 colors. Changed to achieve each of the degrees (2700K and 3000K; Duv = 0.000, -0.005, -0.010, -0.015, -0.020), resulting in 4000 unique Brings SPD. In each normalized SPD, the illuminance of the illuminated object or space is within normal photopic vision (ie, greater than about 10-100 lux, about 1,000-about 10,000). Assuming up to lux (lux = lumen / m ² )), it is sufficient to calculate the characteristics of all color measurements of the light source. In the example of a BR phosphor having a peak wavelength of 610 nm (Peek _Nit ), the desired color measurement response, LPI, is relative to the Dom _LAG (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis) of the chromaticity points at 2700 K in FIG. 27a. Is plotted. _{The range of Peak Nit} used in Group 2 DoE is shown in FIG. 21 to be from about 610 nm to about 680 nm, which contains 20 different BR fluorophores.

Shown in FIG. 23, 200 unique combinations of Dom _{LAG and Duv values consisting of 20 different Dom LAG} values for each of the 5 different Duv values used in Group 1 DoE are 20 different BR fluorescence. The same 200 unique combinations of _{Dom LAG} and Duv used in Group 2 DoE in combination with each of the bodies. _{The fine spacing between the Dom LAG} values on the x-axis and the Duv values on the y-axis of the 200 unique SPDs used in Group 1 DoE can result in smooth interpolation between the individual SPDs actually used in DoE. Found. Five Duv levels were selected to explain the effect of chromaticity points or Duv on LPI. Other suitable Duv levels may be used. In one or more embodiments, similar contour diagrams may be presented for a Duv level continuum within the Duv range represented herein, and similar tendencies are realized. The smooth curve of the LPI shown in FIG. 27a is obtained by applying a statistically optimized ANOVA regression to the data, where LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG , Peak _Nit ). , Containing polynomials comparable to quadratic equations and all the resulting variable interactions, yielding a transfer function with ^{AJUSTED R 2> 0.99.} Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the contour lines of LPIs with LPI values greater than or equal to 120 lack the ability to include higher-order equations than quartic equations and that there is a smooth transition between the contours shown. Let's do it. Furthermore, the solution representing all 4000 combinations of SPDs consisting of blue LED, G or YG LAG phosphors and BR phosphors is the transfer function LPI represented by the LPI contour diagram of FIG. 27a when _{Peak Nit = 610 nm.} You will understand that = f (CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG , Peak _Nit ) is quantitatively explained with very low error (R ^{2> 0.99).} _{Similarly, the transfer function LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom LAG} , Peak _Nit ) _{solved at Peek Nit} = 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670 and 680 nm at CCT = 2700 K in increments of 10 nm It is represented by the LPI contour diagram of FIGS. 27a to 27h, and is represented by the LPI contour diagram of FIGS. 28a to 28h at 3000K.

The SPD with the largest LPI (about 143) of the 2000 SPDs at 2700 K in Group 2 DoE is shown in FIG. A specific SPD2900 of Group 2 DoE (LAG + Nit) with a maximum LPI value of about 143 ( _{corresponding to Dom LAG} of about 555 nm) and a Duv of about -0.010 is shown in FIG. 29 at CCT = 2700K and is about. A peak wavelength of 2902 for a 450 nm blue LED, a peak wavelength of 2904 for a G or YG LAG phosphor of about 531 nm, and a peak wavelength of 2906 for a BR nitride phosphor of about 670 nm are shown. In addition, SPD604 of a rough® incandescent lamp and SPD602 of a blackbody illuminant, each having a similar CCT, are compared.

_{27a-h and 28a-h show all Dom LAGs} (ie, any commercially available G or) at both 2700K and 3000K, where the chromaticity point of the light source is on the blackbody locus (Duv = 0.000). Even with the YG LAG phosphor), it demonstrates that it is difficult to achieve LPI> 120. Only long wavelength nitrides ( _{Peek Nit} > 660 nm) allow LPI> 120 on the blackbody. As Duv decreases, LPI usually _{increases in all Dom LAGs} , and formula (1) causes Duv to reach a maximum value of about -0.010 (this Duv value maximizes the whiteness component of LPI). A considerable degree of vertical symmetry of the LPI contours is obtained for the horizon of Duv = -0.010. When Duv moves from Duv = 0.000 to Duv = −0.010, the whiteness component of the LPI equation increases from 0 to 1, and the LPI increases by 19 points based on equation (7). Similarly, when Duv moves from Duv = -0.010 to Duv = -0.020, the whiteness component drops from 1 to 0 and the LPI drops by 19 points.

In general, LPI _{increases as Dom LAG} decreases and Peak _Nit increases at a given Duv. This primarily creates indentations in the yellow part of the spectrum that generally reduce the large emission of yellow or enhance the perceived saturation of the opposite colors of red-green and blue-yellow (eg, about 570-). Approximately 600 nm), possible due to separation between the wavelengths of the G or YG emitter and the BR emitter. However, at near-blackbody chromaticity points (Duv is about 0.000) and long wavelength nitrides (Peek _{Nit > 660 nm), LPI is maximized at Dom LAG} values in the range of about 554 nm to about 563 nm. There are times. Similarly, at chromaticity points close to the white body line (Duv is about -0.010) and long wavelength nitrides (Peek _Nit > 660 nm), the LPI is at a Dom _LAG value in the range of about 551 nm to about 560 nm. May be maximized. With respect to the three main trends in FIGS. 27a-h and 28a-h, that is, this set of commercially available illuminants (blue LED, G or YG LAG phosphors and BR nitride phosphors), the LPI is about −0. The LPI contours tend to be maximal at 010 Duvs, LPIs tend to be maximal at shorter Dom _LAGs , and LPIs tend to be maximal at longer Peak _Nit . It is suggested that it can be approximated in a closed form assay that includes only _{the Dom LAG} and Peak _Nit terms as an alternative to Duv and color appearance to define whiteness.

Similar to Eq. (9) in Group 1 DoE, which is a general form of elliptical approximation to the LPI curve of Group 2 DoE, Eq. (10) below is an example of a long wavelength nitride with a _{Peak Nit of about 660 nm or more.} Except for, it results in a match of no more than 1 or 2 points in LPI between the exact LPI contour line and the elliptical approximation of any LPI contour line in FIGS. 30a-f and 31a-f having 120 or more LPI. For examples where the Peak _Nit is 660 nm or 670 nm, at any position on any LPI contour that is within 1 or 2 points in LPI and has a value greater than or equal to 130 between the exact LPI contour and the elliptical approximation. Matches that do not exceed about 5 points in LPI, and matches that exceed about 5 points and up to 8 points in LPI only at positions on the 120 and 125 LPI contours represent a very small part of the design space, about-. Obtained in the regions of FIGS. 30a-f and 31a-f with a Duv value of less than 0.015 and _{a chromaticity point associated with Dom LAG <554 nm.} In addition, the dashed curve of each ellipse is chosen to be inside its respective solid curve in any region where the deviation is greater than 1 or 2 points in the LPI for _{all Peak Nit values.} So each dashed curve is a conservative representation of its respective solid curve. Equation (10) is inevitably more complex than Equation (9) because the transfer function of Group 2's LPI has an additional variable, Peak _{Nit, as compared to Group 1.} Therefore, the dashed ellipse is an acceptable approximation to the actual solid LPI contours, except for the small parts of the LPI = 120 and 125 contours for the _{long wavelength nitride example (Peek Nit of about 660 nm or more).} Bring. Where the deviation exceeds about 1 or 2 points in LPI, the dashed line approximation may be more conservative than the actual solid LPI curve.

式（１０）は、例えば、２７００Ｋ及びＰｅａｋ_Nit＝６３０ｎｍの例の図３０ａにおいて、破線で表示した１２０をプロットするために使用することができる。下の表３の１２０の列の係数、ａ_i及びｂ_i（ｉ＝１、２、３）、オフセットパラメータｘ_0,1、ｘ_0,2及びｙ₀及びλ₀＝６２７（そのためＰｅａｋ_Nit−λ₀＝３）の値は、ＣＣＴ＝２７００とともに式（１０）に挿入すると、下の式（１０ａ）となる。

Equation (10) can be used, for example, to plot 120 represented by a broken line in FIG. 30a of _{the example at 2700 K and Peak Nit = 630 nm.} Coefficient of 120 columns of Table 3 below, a _i and b _{i (i} = 1,2,3), the offset parameter x _0,1, x _0,2, and y ₀ and λ ₀ = 627 (therefore Peak _Nit - The value of λ ₀ = 3) becomes the following equation (10a) when inserted into the equation (10) together with CCT = 2700.

同様に、表３の係数、ａ_i及びｂ_i（ｉ＝１、２、３）、オフセットパラメータｘ_0,1、ｘ_0,2及びｙ₀及びλ₀の値は、式（１０）に代入すると、ＣＣＴ＝２７００Ｋの図３０ａ〜ｆ及びＣＣＴ＝３０００Ｋの図３１ａ〜ｆ中の破線曲線の各々を生じ、図２７ｃ〜ｈ及び図２８ｃ〜ｈからの１２０以上の各々のＬＰＩ値に対応する。図２７ａ〜ｂ及び２８ａ〜ｂから明らかであるように、１２０以上のＬＰＩの値はＰｅａｋ_Nit＝６１０及び６２０ｎｍの場合にはないので、図３０ａ〜ｆ及び３１ａ〜ｆは、Ｐｅａｋ_Nit＝６３０、６４０、６５０、６６０、６７０及び６８０ｎｍの値に対応する。

Similarly assignment, the coefficients in Table 3, a _i and b _i (i = 1, 2, 3), the value of the offset parameter x _{0, 1,} x _{0, 2} and y ₀ and lambda ₀ is the equation (10) Then, each of the broken line curves in FIGS. 30a-f of CCT = 2700K and FIGS. 31a-f of CCT = 3000K is generated, and corresponds to each of 120 or more LPI values from FIGS. 27c-h and 28c-h. As is clear from FIGS. 27a-b and 28a-b, the values of LPI of 120 or more _{are not in the case of Peak Nit} = 610 and 620 nm, so FIGS. 30a-f and 31a-f show Peak _Nit = 630, Corresponds to values at 640, 650, 660, 670 and 680 nm.

Group 3DoE (LAG + PFS + Nit) includes all combinations of one blue LED, 20 G or YG LAG phosphors and 20 BR nitride phosphors described above, resulting in a 25% incremental BR power pair. Each light emitter (one Bx20 G or YGx1) with three different ratios of NR power (the sum of the entire wavelength range of red emission as provided in FIGS. 15 and 16). A unique combination of 400 NRx20 BRs) was obtained. Therefore, (Nit power) / (Nit power + PFS power) ≡n = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and (PFS power) / (Nit power + PFS power) ≡p = 0.75, 0.50, It is 0.25, where n + p = 1 for each of the 20 BR nitride phosphors. As used herein, these three subsets of group 3DoE may be referred to as group 3a (n = 0.25), group 3b (n = 0.50) and group 3c (n = 0.75). .. In one or more embodiments, the limited examples of n = 0 and n = 1 correspond to the DoEs of group 1 (LAG + PFS) and group 2 (LAG + Nit), respectively. In one or more embodiments, for each of the three different ratios of BR power to NR power, the ratio of blue: green: red emission power for each of the 400 unique illuminant combinations is 10 chromaticity points. (2700K and 3000K; Duv = 0.000, -0.005, -0.010, -0.015, -0.020) were modified to achieve each, resulting in 12000 unique SPDs. can get. In one or more embodiments, each normalized SPD has an illuminated object or space with an illuminance within normal photopic vision (ie, greater than about 10-100 lux, about 1). Assuming from 000 to 10,000 lux (lux = lumen / m ² )), it is sufficient to calculate the characteristics of all color measurements of the light source. _{The range of Peak Nit} used in Group 3 DoE, shown in FIG. 21, ranges from about 610 nm to about 680 nm, which includes 20 different BR phosphors.

The desired color measurement response, LPI, has an NR phosphor having a peak wavelength of 631 nm in FIGS. 32a-h and a peak wavelength (Peek _Nit ) of 610 nm (FIG. 32a) to 680 nm (FIG. 32h) in increments of 10 nm. _{Dom LAG} (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis) of chromaticity points at 2700K for an example of the ratio of Nit power to PFS power given BR phosphor and n = 0.25 and therefore p = 0.75. Is plotted against.

The desired color measurement response, LPI, has an NR phosphor having a peak wavelength of 631 nm in FIGS. 33a-h and a peak wavelength (Peek _Nit ) of 610 nm (FIG. 33a) to 680 nm (FIG. 33h) in increments of 10 nm. For an example of the ratio of Nit power to PFS power given BR phosphor and n = 0.25 and therefore p = 0.75, Dom _LAG (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis) of chromaticity points at 3000K. Is plotted against.

The SPD with the largest LPI (about 142) of the 2000 SPDs at 2700 K in group 3aDoE is shown in FIG. A specific SPD3400 of group 3aDoE (LAG + PFS + Nit, where n = 0.25) with a maximum LPI value of about 142 ( _{corresponding to Dom LAG of about 552 nm) and a Duv of about -0.010 has a CCT = 2700K.} As shown in FIG. 34, the peak wavelength of a blue LED of about 450 nm is 3402, the peak wavelength of a G or YG LAG phosphor of about 526 nm is 3404, the peak wavelength of an NR PFS phosphor of about 631 nm is 3406, and the BR nitride fluorescence of about 680 nm. The peak wavelength of the body 3408 is shown. In addition, SPD604 of a rough® incandescent lamp and SPD602 of a blackbody illuminant, each having a similar CCT, are compared.

The desired color measurement response, LPI, is shown in FIGS. 35a-h, an NR phosphor having a peak wavelength of 631 nm and a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIGS. 35a and 36a) to 680 nm (FIGS. 35h and 36h) in increments of 10 nm. For an example of the ratio of Nit power to PFS power given ( _{Peek Nit} ) and n = 0.5, and thus p = 0.5, at 2700K and at 3000K in FIGS. 36a-h. The chromaticity points _{are plotted against Dom LAG} (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis).

The SPD with the largest LPI (about 142) of the 2000 SPDs at 2700 K in group 3bDoE is shown in FIG. 37. A specific SPD3700 in group 3bDoE (LAG + PFS + Nit, where n = 0.50) with a maximum LPI value of about 142 ( _{corresponding to Dom LAG of about 552 nm) and a Duv of about -0.010 has a CCT = 2700K.} As shown in FIG. 37, the peak wavelength of a blue LED of about 450 nm is 3702, the peak wavelength of a G or YG LAG phosphor of about 526 nm is 3704, the peak wavelength of an NR PFS phosphor of about 631 nm is 3706, and the BR nitride fluorescence of about 680 nm. The peak wavelength of the body 3708 is shown. In addition, SPD604 of a rough® incandescent lamp and SPD602 of a blackbody illuminant, each having a similar CCT, are compared.

The desired color measurement response, LPI, is shown in FIGS. 38a-h, an NR phosphor having a peak wavelength of 631 nm and a peak wavelength of 610 nm (FIGS. 38a and 39a) to 680 nm (FIGS. 38h and 39h) in increments of 10 nm. For an example of the ratio of Nit power to PFS power given ( _{Peek Nit} ) and n = 0.75, thus p = 0.25, at 2700K and at 3000K in FIGS. 39a-h. The chromaticity points _{are plotted against Dom LAG} (x-axis) and Duv (y-axis).

The SPD with the largest LPI (about 143) of the 2000 SPDs at 2700 K in group 3cDoE is shown in FIG. A specific SPD4000 in group 3cDoE (LAG + PFS + Nit, where n = 0.75) with a maximum LPI value of about 143 ( _{corresponding to Dom LAG of about 555 nm) and a Duv of about -0.010 has a CCT = 2700K.} As shown in FIG. 40, the peak wavelength of a blue LED of about 450 nm is 4002, the peak wavelength of a G or YG LAG phosphor of about 531 nm is 4004, the peak wavelength of an NR PFS phosphor of about 631 nm is 4006, and the BR nitride fluorescence of about 680 nm. The peak wavelength of the body 4008 is shown. In addition, SPD604 of a rough® incandescent lamp and SPD602 of a blackbody illuminant, each having a similar CCT, are compared.

As shown in FIG. 23, there are 20 unique combinations of Dom _LAG and Duv values _{consisting of 20 different Dom LAG} values for each of the 5 different Duv values used in Group 1 DoE and Group 2 DoE. The same 200 unique combinations of _{Dom LAG} and Duv used in Group 3 DoE in combination with each of the different BR phosphors. _{The fine spacing between the Dom LAG} values on the x-axis and the Duv values on the y-axis of the 200 unique SPDs used in Group 3 DoE can result in smooth interpolation between the individual SPDs actually used in DoE. Found. Although five Duv levels have been used herein to describe the effect of chromaticity points or Duv on LPI, other suitable Duv levels may be used. For example, similar contour diagrams may be presented for a Duv level continuum within the Duv range represented herein, and similar tendencies are realized. The smooth curves of the LPI shown in FIGS. 32, 33, 35, 36, 38 and 39 are obtained by applying statistically optimized ANOVA regression to the data, where LPI = f (CCT, CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG , Peak _Nit , n), including polynomials comparable to quaternary equations and all resulting variable interactions, resulting in a transfer function with ^{Adjusted R 2> 0.98.} Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the contour lines of LPIs with LPI values greater than or equal to 120 lack the ability to include equations higher than the quartic equation and that there is a smooth transition between the contours shown. Let's do it. Further, the solution representing all 12000 combinations of SPD consisting of blue LED, G or YG LAG phosphor, NR PFS phosphor and BR phosphor is the ratio of red power, n, in FIGS. 32, 33, 35, Quantitatively explained with very low error (R ² > 0.98) by the transfer function LPI = f (CCT, Duv, Dom _LAG , Peak _{Nit, n) represented by the LPI contour diagrams of 36, 38 and 39.} You will understand that it will be done.

_{Figures 32, 33, 35, 36, 38 and 39 show all Dom LAGs} (ie whatever) at both 2700K and 3000K when the chromaticity point of the light source is on the blackbody locus (Duv = 0.000). It demonstrates that it is difficult to achieve LPI> 120 (even with commercially available G or YG LAG phosphors). Only long wavelength nitrides ( _{Peek Nit} > about 650 nm) allow LPI> 120 on the blackbody. As Duv decreases, LPI usually _{increases in all Dom LAGs} , and formula (1) causes Duv to reach a maximum value of about -0.010 (this Duv value maximizes the whiteness component of LPI). A considerable degree of vertical symmetry of the LPI contours is obtained for the horizon of Duv = -0.010. When Duv moves from Duv = 0.000 to Duv = −0.010, the whiteness component of the LPI equation increases from 0 to 1, and the LPI increases by 19 points based on equation (7). Similarly, when Duv moves from Duv = -0.010 to Duv = -0.020, the whiteness component drops from 1 to 0 and the LPI drops by 19 points.

In general, LPI increases with given Duv and n as Dom _LAG decreases and Peak _{Nit increases.} This primarily creates indentations in the yellow part of the spectrum that generally reduce the large emission of yellow or enhance the perceived saturation of the opposite colors of red-green and blue-yellow (eg, about 570-). Approximately 600 nm), possible due to separation between the wavelengths of the G or YG emitter and the BR emitter. However, at near-blackbody chromaticity points (Duv is about 0.000) and long wavelength nitrides (Peek _{Nit > about 650 nm), LPI is maximized at Dom LAG} values in the range of about 554 nm to about 563 nm. May be done. Similarly, at chromaticity points close to the white body line (Duv is about -0.010) and long wavelength nitrides (Peek _{Nit > about 650 nm), the LPI is a Dom LAG} value in the range of about 548 nm to about 560 nm. May be maximized at.

The ratio of wideband red emission to total red emission or the effect of "n" can be seen by comparing different sets of contour diagrams (ie, FIGS. 32, 33 vs. 35, 36 vs. FIG. 38, 39). When n increases from n = 0.25 to n = 0.50 to n = 0.75 with respect _{to the short Peak Nit} value ( _{Peek Nit} <660 nm) corresponding to the contour diagrams a to e in the above figure. The LPI values that can be achieved with a given Duv and Peak _{Nit are reduced.} For example, in FIG. 32a (n = 0.25), the LPI of Duv = −0.010 and Dom _LAG of about 552) is about LPI = 135, while in FIG. 35a (n = 0.50) and In FIG. 38a (n = 0.75), the LPIs of the same Duv and Dom _LAG are about LPI = 124 and about LPI = 118, respectively. When n increases from n = 0.25 to n = 0.50 to n = 0.75 with respect _{to the long Peak Nit} value ( _{Peek Nit} > 660 nm) corresponding to the contour diagrams g and h in the above figure. The LPI values that can be achieved with a given Duv and Peak _{Nit are relatively constant.} This relationship is summarized in FIG. This figure is a plot of the LPI values of all combinations of red illuminants including Group 1 and Group 2 with Duv = −0.010 at 2700 K and Dom _{LAG of about 552 nm.}

Similar to the group 1DoE equation (9) and the group 2DoE equation (10), a general form of elliptical approximation to the LPI curve of group 3DoE can be generated. However, due to the higher order terms in some of the LPI curves, those equations have accurate LPI contours for all values above LPI = 120 and FIGS. 32, 33, 35, 36, 38 and It may not be possible to provide a match within 1 or 2 points in the LPI with any of the 39 elliptical approximations of the LPI contours, so those equations are accurate enough to serve as a substitute for the exact contours. , It may not be possible to provide an accurate approximation to the LPI contours. Therefore, in Group 3DoE, color preference is quantified by referring to the area inside the given LPI contours of FIGS. 32, 33, 35, 36, 38 and 39.

In a first exemplary embodiment of the light source, the LED light source may include one or more LED groups, which are one or more blue LEDs coated with a G or YG LAG phosphor and an NR phosphor, respectively. May consist of. This is called a "LAG + PFS" composite light source. In one or more embodiments, the portion of blue light produced by the blue LED that is not absorbed by the phosphor material is combined with the light emitted by the phosphor material to provide light that appears nearly white to the human eye. can do. As shown in FIG. 24, the spectrum of the LAG + PFS light source with improved color preference has a blue LED peak emission in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, and about 505 nm generated by excitation of the LAG phosphor by blue emission from the LED. It may consist of a G or YG peak emission within a range of about 555 nm and a red peak emission of about 631 nm caused by excitation of the NR phosphor by blue emission from the LED. The spectrum may include indentations in the wavelength range between the emission of the blue LED and the emission of the G or YG phosphor, and indentations in the yellow wavelength region between the G or YG phosphor and the NR phosphor. It may differ from the blackbody spectrum in that it may differ. The light source can have a CCT between about 2700K and about 3200K in this first exemplary embodiment. In one or more embodiments, the light source may have a higher CCT (eg, about 10,000 K or higher) or a lower CCT (eg, about 1800 K or lower). The decrease in emission in the yellow part of the color spectrum may result from the distant peaks of the G or YG and NR phosphors due to the relatively narrow and long peak wavelengths of the NR PFS phosphors. May be generated. The reduction in luminescence can be further enhanced in the yellow part of the color spectrum by the relatively short peak wavelengths of the G or YG phosphor compared to the typical G or YG LAG phosphor. Indentations in the yellow spectrum (if deep enough) and enhanced red and green luminescence compared to black illuminants are typical of blue and G or YG that do not produce sufficiently deep indentations in the yellow. It is possible to provide a light source having improved color preference or color saturation or color contrast, which is generally preferred by human observers, as compared to light emitted from the same light source using a combination of red phosphors.

FIG. 24 shows the SPD plot 2400 of the LAG + PFS type LED light source discussed immediately before, which has CCT = 2700K, the blackbody SPD plot 602, which has CCT = 2700K, and the reveal, which has CCT = 2755K, for comparison. A graph including an SPD plot 604 of a registered trademark) type incandescent light source is shown. Curve 2400 is a special SPD that resulted in a maximum LPI of 141 out of 200 combinations of SPDs in Group 1 (LAG + PFS) of DoE. The blue LED peak wavelength 2402 occurs at about 450 nm, the G or YG phosphor peak wavelength and main wavelength 2404 occur at about 526 nm and 552 nm, respectively, and the NR phosphor peak wavelength 2406 occurs at about 631 _{nm, Dom LAG} about 552 nm. And corresponds to position 2210 in FIG. 22a (for CCT = 2700K) or 2212 in FIG. 22b (for CCT = 3000K) at about -0.010 Duv. SPD plot 2400 represents a light source having CCT = 2700K, CRI = 61 and LPI = 141. The corresponding SPDs at 3000K appear to be very similar, with similar CRI and LPI values.

In this first embodiment, about 141 LPIs are obtained, so that a human observer, when utilizing the LAG + PFS spectrum 2400, is generally more than possible by using a light source having an LPI of 120 or less. Saturated colors, improved whiteness and much more favorable color appearance can be perceived.

In the second embodiment of the light source in which the color preference (LPI) of the LAG + PFS light source is slightly lower than that of the first embodiment, the peak wavelength and the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor 2404 in FIG. 24 are , Is slightly shifted relative to the optimum peak wavelengths and principal wavelengths of 526 nm and 552 nm of the first embodiment. In this second embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range of about 548 nm to about 563 nm, while the chromaticity point Duv is -0.010 (about -0.007 to about -0.013). Staying close to), the CCT is from about 2700K to about 3000K, and _{the combination of Dom LAG} and Duv satisfies Equation 9d, which illustrates the contour lines of LPI = 135 in FIGS. 25a, 25a.

この第２の実施形態では、約１３５以上のＬＰＩが得られる、そのため人間の観察者は、ＬＡＧ＋ＰＦＳスペクトル２４００を利用した場合に、一般に１２０以下のＬＰＩを有する光源を使用することによって可能であるよりも飽和した色、向上した白色度及びはるかにより好ましいカラーアピアランスを知覚することができ、約１４１のＬＰＩを有する第１の実施形態よりも非常にわずかに低い飽和色、白色度及びカラーアピアランスを知覚することができる。

In this second embodiment, an LPI of about 135 or more is obtained, so that a human observer would generally be able to use a light source with an LPI of 120 or less when using the LAG + PFS spectrum 2400. Can also perceive saturated color, improved whiteness and much more favorable color appearance, and perceives much slightly lower saturated color, whiteness and color appearance than the first embodiment having an LPI of about 141. can do.

The color preference (LPI) of the LAG + PFS light source was further reduced as compared with the first and second embodiments, but in the third example embodiment of the light source which still surpasses the prior art, the G or YG LAG fluorescence of FIG. 24 The peak wavelength and main wavelength of the body 2404 are further shifted with respect to the optimum peak wavelength and main wavelength of 526 nm and 552 nm of the first embodiment. In this third embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, while the chromaticity point Duv is between about -0.002 to about -0.018 and the CCT. Is from about 2700K to about 3000K, and _{the combination of Dom LAG} and Duv satisfies Equation 9a, which illustrates the contour lines of LPI = 120 in FIGS. 25a, 25a.

この第３の実施形態では、約１２０以上のＬＰＩが得られる、そのため人間の観察者は、ＬＡＧ＋ＰＦＳスペクトル２４００を利用した場合に、一般に１２０以下のＬＰＩを有する光源を使用することによって可能であるよりも飽和した色、向上した白色度及びより好ましいカラーアピアランスを知覚することができるが、約１４１のＬＰＩを有する第１の実施形態よりも著しく低い飽和色、白色度及びカラーアピアランスを知覚することができる。

In this third embodiment, an LPI of about 120 or more is obtained, so that a human observer would generally be able to use a light source with an LPI of 120 or less when using the LAG + PFS spectrum 2400. Can also perceive saturated color, improved whiteness and more preferred color appearance, but can perceive significantly lower saturated color, whiteness and color appearance than the first embodiment having an LPI of about 141. it can.

In a fourth exemplary embodiment of a light source that provides the LAG + Nit light source with maximum color preference (LPI), the LED light source is coated with a G or YG LAG phosphor and a BR nitride phosphor (LAG + Nit), respectively. A group of one or more LEDs, which may consist of one or more blue LEDs, may be included, wherein the blue light produced by the blue LED, which is not absorbed by the phosphor material, combined with the light emitted by the phosphor material. The part provides light that looks almost white to the human eye. As shown in FIG. 29, the spectrum of the LAG + Nit light source with improved color preference has a blue LED peak emission in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm, and about 505 nm to be generated by excitation of the LAG phosphor by blue emission from the LED. It may consist of G or YG peak light sources in the range of about 555 nm and red peak light sources in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm caused by excitation of the BR nitride phosphor by blue light emission from the LED. The spectrum may include a depression in the wavelength range between the emission of the blue LED and the emission of the G or YG phosphor, which is a depression in the yellow wavelength region between the G or YG phosphor and the BR phosphor. May differ from the blackbody spectrum in that it may contain. The light source can have a CCT between about 2700K and about 3200K. In one or more embodiments, the light source may have a higher CCT (eg, about 10,000 K or higher) or a lower CCT (eg, about 1800 K or lower). The decrease in emission of the yellow part of the color spectrum may be caused by the separation of the peaks of the G or YG phosphor and the BR phosphor, which may be mainly caused by the relatively long peak wavelength of the BR nitride phosphor. There is. The reduction in emission of the yellow part of the color spectrum can be further enhanced by a G or YG fluorophore with a relatively short peak wavelength compared to a typical G or YG LAG fluorophore. Indentations in the yellow spectrum (if deep enough) and enhanced red and green luminescence compared to black illuminants are typical blue and or YG and red phosphors that do not produce sufficiently deep indentations in yellow. It is possible to provide a light source having improved color preference or color saturation or color contrast, which may be preferred by a human observer as compared to light emitted from the same light source using the combination of.

FIG. 29 shows a graph including a plot 2900 of SPDs of a LAG + Nit type LED light source with CCT = 2700K and a plot 602 of blackbody SPDs with CCT = 2700K for comparison. FIG. 29 also shows SPD plot 604 of a relative® incandescent light source with CCT = 2755K. Plot 2900 is a special SPD that resulted in a maximum LPI of 143 out of 4000 combinations of SPDs in Group 2 (LAG + Nit) of DoE. The blue LED peak wavelength 2902 occurs at about 450 nm, the G or YG phosphor peak wavelength and main wavelength 2904 occur at about 531 nm and 555 nm, respectively, and the BR phosphor peak wavelength 2906 occurs at about 670 nm, Dom _LAG about 555 nm. And corresponds to position 2710 in FIG. 27g (for CCT = 2700K) or 2810 in FIG. 28g (for CCT = 3000K) at about -0.010 Duv. SPD plot 2900 represents a light source having CCT = 2700K, CRI = 58 and LPI = 143. The corresponding SPDs at 3000K appear to be very similar, with similar CRI and LPI values. A light source with an LPI score of 143 is very high (in one or more embodiments, the maximum possible LPI can be about 150) and generally has an LPI of 120 or less when a human observer utilizes the LAG + PFS spectrum 2900. Means that it is possible to perceive a more saturated color, improved whiteness and a much more favorable color appearance than is possible by using.

In this fourth embodiment, about 143 LPIs are obtained, so that a human observer would generally be able to use a light source with an LPI of 120 or less when using the LAG + Nit spectrum 2900. Saturated colors, improved whiteness and much more favorable color appearance can be perceived.

In the fifth embodiment of the light source, in which the color preference (LPI) of the LAG + Nit light source is slightly lower than that of the fourth embodiment, the peak wavelength and the main wavelength of the G or YG LAG phosphor in FIG. 29 2904 moves with respect to the optimum peak wavelengths and main wavelengths of 531 nm and 555 nm of the fourth embodiment, and the peak wavelength of the nitride red phosphor 2906 in FIG. 29 is the optimum of 670 nm of the fourth embodiment. It is moving with respect to the peak wavelength. In a fifth embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range of _{about 548 nm to about 566 nm, the Peak Nit} may be in the range of about 650 to about 680 nm, while the Duv of the chromaticity point is-. Staying close to 0.010 (between about -0.006 and about -0.014), the CCT is about 2700K to about 3000K, and _{the combination of Dom LAG} and Duv is in the column LPI = 135 in Table 3. Equation 10 is satisfied using the coefficients.

この式を、図３０ｄ〜ｆ及び３１ｄ〜ｆのＬＰＩ＝１３５の等高線を説明する表３のＬＰＩ＝１３５の列の係数で評価する。

This equation is evaluated by the coefficients in the column LPI = 135 in Table 3 which explains the contour lines of LPI = 135 in FIGS. 30d-f and 31d-f.

この第５の実施形態では、約１３５以上のＬＰＩが得られる、そのため人間の観察者は、ＬＡＧ＋Ｎｉｔスペクトル２９００を利用した場合に、一般に１２０以下のＬＰＩを有する光源を使用することによって可能であるよりも飽和した色、向上した白色度及びはるかにより好ましいカラーアピアランスを知覚することができ、約１４３のＬＰＩを有する第４の実施形態よりも非常にわずかに低い飽和色、白色度及びカラーアピアランスを知覚することができる。

In this fifth embodiment, an LPI of about 135 or more is obtained, so that a human observer would generally be able to use a light source with an LPI of 120 or less when using the LAG + Nit spectrum 2900. Can also perceive saturated color, improved whiteness and much more favorable color appearance, and perceives much slightly lower saturated color, whiteness and color appearance than the fourth embodiment with an LPI of about 143. can do.

In the sixth example embodiment of the light source, which has a lower color preference (LPI) of the LAG + Nit light source than the fourth or fifth embodiment, but still surpasses the prior art, G or YG in FIG. The peak wavelength and main wavelength 2904 of the LAG phosphor shift with respect to the optimum peak wavelength and main wavelength of 531 nm and 555 nm of the fourth embodiment, and the peak wavelength of the nitride red phosphor 2906 in FIG. 29 is It shifts even more with respect to the optimum peak wavelength of 670 nm in the fourth embodiment. In a sixth embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range of _{about 548 nm to about 566 nm, the Peak Nit} may be in the range of about 630 to about 680 nm, while the Duv of the chromaticity point is ideal. It is close to -0.010, but can be anywhere in the range of about 0.000 to about -0.020, the CCT is about 2700K to about 3000K, and the combination of _{Dom LAG and Duv is} Equation 10 is satisfied using the coefficients in the column LPI = 120 in Table 3.

この式を、図３０ａ〜ｆ及び３１ａ〜ｆのＬＰＩ＝１２０の等高線を説明する表３のＬＰＩ＝１２０の列の係数で評価する。

This equation is evaluated by the coefficients in the column LPI = 120 in Table 3 which explains the contour lines of LPI = 120 in FIGS. 30a-f and 31a-f.

この第６の実施形態では、約１２０のＬＰＩが得られる、それは人間の観察者が、ＬＡＧ＋Ｎｉｔスペクトル２９００を利用した場合に、一般に１２０以下のＬＰＩを有する光源を使用することによって可能であるよりも飽和した色、向上した白色度及びより好ましいカラーアピアランスを知覚することを意味する。

In this sixth embodiment, about 120 LPI is obtained, which is more than possible by a human observer when utilizing the LAG + Nit spectrum 2900, generally by using a light source having an LPI of 120 or less. It means perceiving saturated colors, improved whiteness and a more favorable color appearance.

In a seventh example embodiment of a light source that provides the maximum color preference (LPI) for a LAG + PFS + Nit light source, the LED light sources include G or YG LAG light sources and NR PFS and BR nitride phosphors, respectively. A group of one or more LEDs, which may consist of one or more blue LEDs coated with a combination (LAG + PFS + Nit), may include one or more LEDs, which are not absorbed by the phosphor material and are not absorbed by the light emitted by the phosphor material. The portion of blue light produced by the LED can provide light that appears almost white to the human eye. The spectrum of the LAG + PFS + Nit light source with improved color preference is obtained by excitation of the LAG phosphor by blue LED peak emission in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm and blue emission from the LED, as depicted in FIGS. 34, 37 and 40. G or YG peak emission in the range of about 505 nm to about 555 nm, red peak emission of about 631 nm generated by excitation of NR PFS phosphor by blue emission from blue LED, and BR nitride phosphor by blue emission from blue LED It may consist of additional red LEDs with peaks in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm produced by the excitation of. The spectrum shown in FIGS. 34, 37 and 40 may include a depression in the wavelength range between the emission of the blue LED and the emission of the G or YG phosphor, which is the G or YG phosphor and the red phosphor. It may differ from the blackbody spectrum in that it may contain dents in the yellow wavelength region between and. The light source of this seventh embodiment can have a CCT between about 2700K and about 3200K. In one or more embodiments, the light source may have a higher CCT (eg, about 10,000 K or higher) or a lower CCT (eg, about 1800 K or lower). The decrease in emission of the color spectrum in the yellow part (indicated by the depression in the yellow wavelength region between the G or YG phosphor and the red phosphor) is due to the relatively narrow and relatively long peak wavelength of the NR PFS phosphor and BR. It may be due to the separation of the peaks of the G or YG and red phosphors, which can be caused by the relatively long peak wavelengths of the nitride phosphors. The reduction in luminescence in the yellow portion can be further enhanced by a G or YG fluorophore with a relatively short peak wavelength compared to a typical G or YG LAG fluorophore. Intensification of luminescence in the red and green areas compared to the spectral depressions in the yellow area (if deep enough) and the black body illuminants is typical of blue and or YG and red fluorescence that do not produce sufficiently deep depressions in yellow. To provide a light source with improved color preference or color saturation or color contrast that may be generally preferred by human observers as compared to light emitted from the same light source using a body combination. Can be done.

Dividing the DoE into three groups is a matter of convenience for communicating the results. In fact, the ratio BR / R = n can have a continuous range of 0.0 to 1.0, and limited examples of n = 0 and n = 1 are first to third and fourth. It corresponds to the group 1 (LAG + PFS) and group 2 (LAG + Nit) portions of DoE, respectively, represented by the sixth embodiment. Group 3DoE is represented herein as having three separate levels of n = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, but when the responses of groups 1 and 2 are combined with group 3, 0. It provides a transfer function of LPI in all contiguous ranges of 0 ≦ n ≦ 1.0. Seventh to ninth embodiments, some of which are described below, are all contiguous ranges of 0.0 ≦ n ≦ 1.0 other than n = 0 or n = 1, ie 0.0. At <n <1.0, any combination of Nit and PFS red phosphors described herein can be represented. The maximum LPI in the first embodiment (n = 0.0) is _{141 corresponding to Dom LAG} = 552 nm, and in the fourth embodiment (n = 1.0) Dom _LAG = 555 nm and Peak _Nit. = 143 corresponding to 670 nm. As described herein, the maximum LPI using any combination of PFS and Nit (0.0 <n <1.0) is found to occur _{from DoE at Dom LAG} = 555 nm and Peak _{Nit = 680 nm.} Emitted, near n = 1 (ie, mostly Nit, containing a small amount of PFS), can occur at about 143 LPI. In one or more embodiments, the maximum LPI at any value of 0 <n <1 per DoE occurs at Dom _{LAG in the range of about 551 nm to about 560 nm and Peak Nit} in the range of about 670 nm to about 680 nm. Sometimes. We have this because the maximum separation of the red nitride peak from the G or YG LAG peak outweighs the separation between the PFS red peak and the G or YG LAG peak, and therefore the red nitride at 670 or 680 nm. It is particularly noted that phosphor emission can potentially result in greater color contrast and higher color preference than PFS phosphor emission, but with severe penalties in terms of efficiency.

34, 37 and 40 include SPD curves 3400, 3700 and 4000 of the SPD of a LAG + PFS + Nit type LED light source having "n" of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, respectively and having a CCT = 2700K. For comparison, FIGS. 34, 37 and 40 also include a blackbody SPD plot 602 with CCT = 2700K and a reveal® incandescent light source SPD plot 604 with CCT = 2755K. Curves 3400, 3700 and 4000 are referred to as 142, 142 and 143 for n = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, from 4000 combinations of SPDs in groups 3a, b and c of DoE, respectively. A special SPD that resulted in maximum LPI. The peak wavelengths 3402, 3702 and 4002 of the blue LED occur at about 450 nm, the peak wavelength of the G or YG phosphor and the calculated main wavelengths 3404 and 3704 occur at about 526 nm and 552 nm, respectively, and the peak wavelength of the G or YG phosphor. And the calculated main wavelengths 4004 occur at about 531 nm and 555 nm, respectively, the peak wavelengths of NR phosphors 3406, 3706 and 4006 occur at about 631 nm, and the peak wavelengths of BR phosphors 3408, 3708 and 4008 occur at about 680 nm. Positions 3210, 3510 and 3810 of −0.010 Duv, respectively, in FIGS. 32h, 35h and 38h (for CCT = 2700K) or 3310, 3610 and 3910 (CCT = 3000K) in FIGS. 33h, 36h and 39h, respectively. If) corresponds. SPD3400, 3700 and 4000 represent light sources having CRI = 60, 58, 60 and LPI = 142, 142 and 143 for CCT = 2700K, n = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, respectively. In one or more embodiments, the corresponding SPDs at 3000K may be very similar with similar CRI and LPI values. For n = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, the LPI scores of 142, 142 and 143 are high (in one or more embodiments, the maximum possible LPI can be about 150), so a human observer. Perceives more saturated colors, improved whiteness and a much more favorable color appearance than is generally possible by using a light source with an LPI of 120 or less when utilizing the LAG + PFS spectra 3400, 3700 and 4000. Can be possible.

In this embodiment, about 140-143 LPIs are obtained, so human observers are generally possible by using a light source with 120 LPIs when utilizing the LAG + PFS + Nit spectra 3400, 3700 and 4000. More saturated colors, improved whiteness and much more favorable color appearance can be perceived.

In the eighth embodiment of the light source, where the color preference (LPI) of the LAG + Nit light source was slightly lower than in the seventh embodiment, the peak of the G or YG LAG phosphor in FIGS. 34, 37 and 40. Wavelengths and main wavelengths 3404, 3704 and 4004 move relative to the optimum peak wavelength and main wavelength of the seventh embodiment, and the peaks of the nitride red phosphors 3408, 3708 and 4008 in FIGS. 34, 37 and 40. The wavelength has moved to a wavelength shorter than the optimum peak wavelength of 680 nm in the seventh embodiment. In the eighth embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range _{of about 548 nm to about 566 nm and the Peak Nit} may be in the range of about 650 nm to about 680 nm, while the Duv of the chromaticity point is −0. It stays close to 010 (between about -0.006 and about -0.014) and has a CCT of about 2700K to about 3000K. In this embodiment, an LPI of about 135 or more is obtained, so a human observer is generally possible by using a light source having an LPI of 120 or less when utilizing the LAG + PFS + Nit spectra 3400, 3700 and 4000. A more saturated color, improved whiteness and a much more favorable color appearance can be perceived, with a much slightly lower saturated color, whiteness and color appearance than the seventh embodiment having an LPI of about 143. Can be perceived.

In the ninth embodiment of the light source, the color preference (LPI) of the LAG + PFS + Nit light source is further reduced than in the seventh embodiment, but still generally exceeds the light source having an LPI of 120 or more, FIGS. 34, 37. The peak wavelengths of the G or YG LAG phosphors in and 40 and the calculated main wavelengths 3404, 3704 and 4004 move relative to the optimum peak wavelengths and main wavelengths of the seventh embodiment, FIGS. 34, 37 and 40. The peak wavelengths of the nitride red phosphors 3408, 3708 and 4008 in are moved to wavelengths shorter than the optimum peak wavelength of 680 nm in the seventh embodiment. In a ninth embodiment, the Dom _LAG may be in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 _{nm and the Peak Nit} may be as short as about 610 nm, while the Duv of the chromaticity point is ideally -0.010. It may be near, but anywhere in the range of about 0.000 to about -0.020, with a CCT of about 2700K to about 3000K. In this embodiment, an LPI of about 120 or more is obtained, so a human observer is generally possible by using a light source having an LPI of 120 or less when utilizing the LAG + PFS + Nit spectra 3400, 3700 and 4000. More saturated colors, improved whiteness and more favorable color appearance can be perceived.

Further, in some embodiments, a filter that absorbs yellow, such as neodymium (Nd) glass or an Nd compound or equivalent yellow filter, can be incorporated into the light source, such as a neodymium (Nd) glass dome in an LED light engine. May be placed above, the Nd glass dome can serve to suppress yellow light and further enhance the perception of red and green vividness. The above embodiment demonstrates the ability to achieve a high LPI without the use of a yellow filter, but such use is otherwise unable to achieve a high LPI value without the use of absorption by Nd. Allows selection of available phosphor materials. Thereby, for example, the peak wavelength of the red phosphor can be moved to a shorter wavelength or the FWHM of the red phosphor can be increased. Alternatively, the inclusion of a yellow filter can result in a higher degree of color preference (higher LPI) by further strengthening the yellow depression.

The above description and / or accompanying drawings do not imply a fixed order or sequence of steps of any of the processes referred to herein, but rather carry out any of the processes in any order in which they can be performed. It is of course understood that this may include, but is not limited to, simultaneous implementation of stages indicated as continuous.

The present invention has been described with respect to specific exemplary embodiments, but without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention set forth in the appended claims, making various changes, replacements and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art. It is of course understood that the disclosed embodiments may be followed.
[Phase 1]
It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
A composite light source that includes one or more narrowband red down converters and the composite light source has a lighting preference index of 120 or more.
[Embodiment 2]
The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, which has an LPI of 125 or more.
[Embodiment 3]
The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, which has an LPI of 130 or more.
[Embodiment 4]
The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, which has an LPI of 135 or more.
[Embodiment 5]
The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, which has an LPI of 140 or more.
[Embodiment 6]
The composite light source according to embodiment 1, wherein one or more narrowband red downconverter light sources have a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 660 nm.
[Embodiment 7]
The composite light source according to embodiment 1, wherein one or more blue light sources include a solid light source.
[Embodiment 8]
The composite light source according to embodiment 7, wherein the one or more blue light sources include at least one of a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) light source, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source, and a polymer light emitting diode light source.
[Embodiment 9]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 1, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor.
[Embodiment 10]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 1, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
[Embodiment 11]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 1, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm.
[Embodiment 12]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 1, wherein one or more narrowband red down converters include at least one of a phosphor down converter and a quantum dot down converter.
[Embodiment 13]
12. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 12, wherein the narrowband red down converter is PFS.
[Phase 14]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 13, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm and a Duv is in the range of about −0.002 to −0.018.
[Embodiment 15]
13. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 13, wherein the LAG phosphor has a principal wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 563 nm and a Duv is in the range of about -0.007 to about -0.013.
[Embodiment 16]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 13, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength of about 552 nm and a Duv of about −0.010.
[Embodiment 17]
The composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a narrowband red downconverter. The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, wherein the color spectrum includes a dent in the yellow wavelength region portion as compared with the black body spectrum, and the dent in the yellow wavelength region portion is about 570 nm to 600 nm.
[Embodiment 18]
The composite light source according to embodiment 1, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.
[Embodiment 19]
A neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors and one or more narrowband red downconverters, most or all of the light emitted from the synthetic light source passes through the filter. The synthetic light source according to the first embodiment, further comprising the above.
[Embodiment 20]
It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
Including one or more narrowband red down converters
The color appearance of the composite light source is expressed as follows.

式中、Ｄｕｖは合成光源の白色度の測定単位であり、Ｄｏｍ_LAGは１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体の主波長である。
［実施態様２１］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。

In the formula, Duv is a unit for measuring the whiteness of a synthetic light source, and Dom _LAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors.
[Embodiment 21]
The composite light source according to embodiment 20, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様２２］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 22]
The composite light source according to embodiment 20, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様２３］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 23]
The composite light source according to embodiment 20, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様２４］
１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ光源が、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６６０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様２５］
１種以上の青色光源が固体光源を含む、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様２６］
１種以上の青色光源が、半導体発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）光源、有機発光ダイオード（ＯＬＥＤ）光源及び高分子発光ダイオード光源の少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様２５に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様２７］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体とは異なる１種以上の緑色又は黄緑色ガーネット蛍光体をさらに含む、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様２８］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有する、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様２９］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約１００ｎｍ〜約１１０ｎｍの範囲内の半値全幅（ＦＷＨＭ）を有する、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３０］
１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、蛍光体ダウンコンバータ及び量子ドットダウンコンバータの少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３１］
狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータがＰＦＳである、実施態様３０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３２］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが、約−０．００２〜−０．０１８の範囲内である、実施態様３１に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３３］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６３ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが、約−０．００７〜約−０．０１３の範囲内である、実施態様３１に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３４］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５５２ｎｍの主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．０１０である、実施態様３１に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３５］
合成光源が、青色光源によって放射される青色波長域部分、ＬＡＧ蛍光体によって放射される緑色又は黄色波長域部分及び狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータによって放射される赤色波長域部分を含む色スペクトルを放射し、色スペクトルが、黒体スペクトルと比較して黄色波長域部分にくぼみを含み、黄色波長域部分のくぼみが約５７０ｎｍ〜６００ｎｍである、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３６］
合成光源が、約２５００Ｋ〜約３２００Ｋの範囲内の相関色温度（ＣＣＴ）を有する、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３７］
１種以上の青色光源の上に重ねたネオジムフィルタ、１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体及び１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータを、合成光源から放射される光の大部分又は全てがフィルタを通過するようにさらに含む、実施態様２０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様３８］
合成光源であって、
約４００ｎｍ〜約４６０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する１種以上の青色光源と、
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体と、
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータとを含み、
合成光源が１２０以上の照明嗜好指数（ＬＰＩ）を有する、合成光源。
［実施態様３９］
ＬＰＩが１２５以上である、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４０］
ＬＰＩが１３０以上である、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４１］
ＬＰＩが１３５以上である、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４２］
ＬＰＩが１４０以上である、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４３］
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ光源が、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４４］
１種以上の青色光源が固体光源を含む、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４５］
１種以上の青色光源が、半導体発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）光源、有機発光ダイオード（ＯＬＥＤ）光源及び高分子発光ダイオード光源の少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様４４に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４６］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体とは異なる１種以上の緑色又は黄緑色ガーネット蛍光体をさらに含む、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４７］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有する、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４８］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約１００ｎｍ〜約１１０ｎｍの範囲内の半値全幅（ＦＷＨＭ）を有する、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様４９］
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、蛍光体ダウンコンバータ及び量子ドットダウンコンバータの少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５０］
広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体である、実施態様４９に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５１］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が、一般式ＣａＡｌＳｉＮ₃：Ｅｕ²⁺で表される、実施態様５０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５２］
広帯域赤色窒化物が約６３０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約０．０００〜−０．０２０の範囲内である、実施態様５０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５３］
広帯域赤色窒化物が約６５０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．００６〜約−０．０１４の範囲内である、実施態様５０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５４］
広帯域赤色窒化物が約６７０ｎｍのピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５５５ｎｍの主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．０１０である、実施態様５０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５５］
合成光源が、青色光源によって放射される青色波長域部分、ＬＡＧ蛍光体によって放射される緑色又は黄色波長域部分及び広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータによって放射される赤色波長域部分を含む色スペクトルを放射し、色スペクトルが、黒体スペクトルと比較して黄色波長域部分にくぼみを含み、黄色波長域部分のくぼみが約５７０ｎｍ〜６００ｎｍである、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５６］
合成光源が、約２５００Ｋ〜約３２００Ｋの範囲内の相関色温度（ＣＣＴ）を有する、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５７］
１種以上の青色光源の上に重ねたネオジムフィルタ、１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体及び１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータを、合成光源から放射される光の大部分又は全てがフィルタを通過するようにさらに含む、実施態様３８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様５８］
合成光源であって、
約４００ｎｍ〜約４６０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する１種以上の青色光源と、
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体と、
１以上の広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体と
を含み、合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、合成光源。

[Phase 24]
The composite light source according to embodiment 20, wherein one or more narrowband red downconverter light sources have a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 660 nm.
[Embodiment 25]
20. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, wherein one or more blue light sources include a solid light source.
[Embodiment 26]
25. The composite light source according to embodiment 25, wherein the one or more blue light sources include at least one of a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) light source, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source, and a polymer light emitting diode light source.
[Embodiment 27]
20. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor.
[Embodiment 28]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
[Embodiment 29]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm.
[Embodiment 30]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, wherein one or more narrowband red down converters include at least one of a phosphor down converter and a quantum dot down converter.
[Embodiment 31]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 30, wherein the narrowband red down converter is PFS.
[Embodiment 32]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 31, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm and the Duv is in the range of about −0.002 to −0.018.
[Embodiment 33]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 31, wherein the LAG phosphor has a principal wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 563 nm and the Duv is in the range of about -0.007 to about -0.013.
[Phase 34]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 31, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength of about 552 nm and a Duv of about −0.010.
[Embodiment 35]
The composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a narrowband red downconverter. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, wherein the color spectrum includes a dent in the yellow wavelength region portion as compared with the black body spectrum, and the dent in the yellow wavelength region portion is about 570 nm to 600 nm.
[Phase 36]
The composite light source according to embodiment 20, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.
[Embodiment 37]
A neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors and one or more narrowband red downconverters, most or all of the light emitted from the synthetic light source passes through the filter. 20. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 20, further comprising.
[Embodiment 38]
It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
Including one or more wideband red down converters
A composite light source in which the composite light source has a lighting preference index (LPI) of 120 or more.
[Embodiment 39]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, which has an LPI of 125 or more.
[Phase 40]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, which has an LPI of 130 or more.
[Embodiment 41]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, which has an LPI of 135 or more.
[Phase 42]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, which has an LPI of 140 or more.
[Embodiment 43]
The composite light source according to embodiment 38, wherein one or more wideband red downconverter light sources have peak wavelengths in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm.
[Phase 44]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, wherein one or more blue light sources include a solid light source.
[Embodiment 45]
The composite light source according to embodiment 44, wherein the one or more blue light sources include at least one of a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) light source, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source, and a polymer light emitting diode light source.
[Phase 46]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor.
[Phase 47]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
[Embodiment 48]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm.
[Embodiment 49]
38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, wherein the one or more broadband red down converters include at least one of a phosphor down converter and a quantum dot down converter.
[Embodiment 50]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 49, wherein the broadband red downconverter is a broadband red nitride phosphor.
[Embodiment 51]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 50, wherein the broadband red nitride phosphor is _{represented by the general formula CaAlSiN 3} : Eu ^2+.
[Embodiment 52]
Broadband red nitride has a peak wavelength in the range of about 630 nm to about 680 nm, LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and Duv is about 0.000 to -0.020. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 50, which is within the range of.
[Embodiment 53]
Broadband red nitride has a peak wavelength in the range of about 650 nm to about 680 nm, LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and Duv has a Duv of about -0.006 to about -0. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 50, which is within the range of .014.
[Embodiment 54]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 50, wherein the broadband red nitride has a peak wavelength of about 670 nm, the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength of about 555 nm, and the Duv is about −0.010.
[Embodiment 55]
A composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a broadband red downconverter. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38, wherein the spectrum includes a depression in the yellow wavelength region as compared with the black body spectrum, and the depression in the yellow wavelength region is about 570 nm to 600 nm.
[Embodiment 56]
The composite light source according to embodiment 38, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.
[Embodiment 57]
A neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors and one or more broadband red downconverters so that most or all of the light emitted from the synthetic light source passes through the filter. 38. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 38.
[Embodiment 58]
It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
A composite light source that includes one or more broadband red nitride phosphors and whose color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

式中、Ｄｕｖは合成光源の白色度の測定単位であり、Ｐｅａｋ_Nitは、１以上の広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体のピーク波長であり、Ｄｏｍ_LAGは１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体の主波長である。
［実施態様５９］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。

In the equation, Duv is the unit of measure for the whiteness of the synthetic light source, Peak _Nit is the peak wavelength of one or more broadband red nitride phosphors, and Dom _LAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors. ..
[Embodiment 59]
The composite light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様６０］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 60]
The composite light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様６１］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 61]
The composite light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様６２］
合成光源のカラーアピアランスは以下の通り表される、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 62]
The composite light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows.

［実施態様６３］
１以上の広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６４］
１種以上の青色光源が固体光源を含む、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６５］
１種以上の青色光源が、半導体発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）光源、有機発光ダイオード（ＯＬＥＤ）光源及び高分子発光ダイオード光源の少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様６４に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６６］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体とは異なる１種以上の緑色又は黄緑色ガーネット蛍光体をさらに含む、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６７］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有する、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６８］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約１００ｎｍ〜約１１０ｎｍの範囲内の半値全幅（ＦＷＨＭ）を有する、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様６９］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が、一般式ＣａＡｌＳｉＮ₃：Ｅｕ²⁺で表される、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７０］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が約６３０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約０．０００〜−０．０２０の範囲内である、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７１］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が約６５０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．００６〜約−０．０１４の範囲内である、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７２］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が約６７０ｎｍのピーク波長を有し、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５５５ｎｍの主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．０１０である、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７３］
合成光源が、青色光源によって放射される青色波長域部分、ＬＡＧ蛍光体によって放射される緑色又は黄色波長域部分及び広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体によって放射される赤色波長域部分を含む色スペクトルを放射し、色スペクトルが、黒体スペクトルと比較して黄色波長域部分にくぼみを含み、黄色波長域部分のくぼみが約５７０ｎｍ〜６００ｎｍである、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７４］
合成光源が、約２５００Ｋ〜約３２００Ｋの範囲内の相関色温度（ＣＣＴ）を有する、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７５］
１種以上の青色光源の上に重ねたネオジムフィルタ、１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体及び１以上の広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体を、合成光源から放射される光の大部分又は全てがフィルタを通過するようにさらに含む、実施態様５８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７６］
合成光源であって、
約４００ｎｍ〜約４６０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する１種以上の青色光源と、
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体と、
１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータと、
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータと
を含み、合成光源が１２０以上の照明嗜好指数（ＬＰＩ）を有する、合成光源。
［実施態様７７］
ＬＰＩが１２５以上である、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７８］
ＬＰＩが１３０以上である、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様７９］
ＬＰＩが１３５以上である、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８０］
ＬＰＩが１４０以上である、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８１］
１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ光源が、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６６０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８２］
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ光源が、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８３］
１種以上の青色光源が固体光源を含む、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８４］
１種以上の青色光源が、半導体発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）光源、有機発光ダイオード（ＯＬＥＤ）光源及び高分子発光ダイオード光源の少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様８３に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８５］
ＬＡＧ蛍光体とは異なる１種以上の緑色又は黄緑色ガーネット蛍光体をさらに含む、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８６］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有する、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８７］
１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体が、約１００ｎｍ〜約１１０ｎｍの範囲内の半値全幅（ＦＷＨＭ）を有する、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８８］
１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、蛍光体ダウンコンバータ及び量子ドットダウンコンバータの少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様８９］
狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータがＰＦＳである、実施態様８８に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９０］
１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、蛍光体ダウンコンバータ及び量子ドットダウンコンバータの少なくとも１つを含む、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９１］
広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体である、実施態様９０に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９２］
広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体が、一般式ＣａＡｌＳｉＮ₃：Ｅｕ²⁺で表される、実施態様９１に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９３］
広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、約６１０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体であり、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約０．０００〜−０．０２０の範囲内である、実施態様８９に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９４］
広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、約６５０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体であり、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５４８ｎｍ〜約５６６ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．００６〜約−０．０１４の範囲内である、実施態様８９に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９５］
広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータが、約６７０ｎｍ〜約６８０ｎｍの範囲内にピーク波長を有する広帯域赤色窒化物蛍光体であり、ＬＡＧ蛍光体が約５５１ｎｍ〜約５６０ｎｍの範囲内の主波長を有し、Ｄｕｖが約−０．０１０である、実施態様８９に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９６］
合成光源が、青色光源によって放射される青色波長域部分、ＬＡＧ蛍光体によって放射される緑色又は黄色波長域部分及び狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ及び広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータによって放射される赤色波長域部分を含む色スペクトルを放射し、色スペクトルが、黒体スペクトルと比較して黄色波長域部分にくぼみを含み、黄色波長域部分のくぼみが約５７０ｎｍ〜６００ｎｍである、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９７］
合成光源が、約２５００Ｋ〜約３２００Ｋの範囲内の相関色温度（ＣＣＴ）を有する、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。
［実施態様９８］
１種以上の青色光源の上に重ねたネオジムフィルタ、１種以上のＬＡＧ蛍光体、１種以上の狭帯域赤色ダウンコンバータ及び１種以上の広帯域赤色ダウンコンバータを、合成光源から放射される光の大部分又は全てがフィルタを通過するようにさらに含む、実施態様７６に記載の合成光源。

[Embodiment 63]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein one or more broadband red nitride phosphors have a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm.
[Embodiment 64]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the one or more blue light sources include a solid light source.
[Embodiment 65]
The composite light source according to embodiment 64, wherein the one or more blue light sources include at least one of a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) light source, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source, and a polymer light emitting diode light source.
[Phase 66]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor.
[Phase 67]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
[Embodiment 68]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm.
[Phase 69]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the broadband red nitride phosphor is _{represented by the general formula CaAlSiN 3} : Eu ^2+.
[Embodiment 70]
Broadband red nitride phosphors have a peak wavelength in the range of about 630 nm to about 680 nm, LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and Duv is about 0.000-0. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, which is within the range of .020.
[Embodiment 71]
Broadband red nitride phosphors have a peak wavelength in the range of about 650 nm to about 680 nm, LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and Duv has a Duv of about -0.006 to about. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, which is in the range of −0.014.
[Embodiment 72]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the broadband red nitride phosphor has a peak wavelength of about 670 nm, the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength of about 555 nm, and the Duv is about −0.010.
[Embodiment 73]
The composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a broadband red nitride phosphor. The synthetic light source according to the 58th embodiment, wherein the color spectrum includes a dent in the yellow wavelength region portion as compared with the black body spectrum, and the dent in the yellow wavelength region portion is about 570 nm to 600 nm.
[Embodiment 74]
The composite light source according to embodiment 58, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.
[Embodiment 75]
A neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors and one or more broadband red nitride phosphors, with most or all of the light emitted from the synthetic light source passing through the filter. 58. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 58.
[Embodiment 76]
It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
One or more narrowband red down converters,
A composite light source that includes one or more broadband red down converters and the composite light source has a lighting preference index (LPI) of 120 or more.
[Embodiment 77]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, which has an LPI of 125 or more.
[Embodiment 78]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, which has an LPI of 130 or more.
[Embodiment 79]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, which has an LPI of 135 or more.
[Embodiment 80]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, which has an LPI of 140 or more.
[Embodiment 81]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more narrowband red downconverter light sources have a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 660 nm.
[Embodiment 82]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more wideband red downconverter light sources have peak wavelengths in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm.
[Embodiment 83]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more blue light sources include a solid light source.
[Embodiment 84]
The composite light source according to embodiment 83, wherein the one or more blue light sources include at least one of a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) light source, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source, and a polymer light emitting diode light source.
[Embodiment 85]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor.
[Embodiment 86]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
[Embodiment 87]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm.
[Embodiment 88]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein the one or more narrowband red down converters include at least one of a phosphor down converter and a quantum dot down converter.
[Embodiment 89]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 88, wherein the narrowband red down converter is PFS.
[Embodiment 90]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein one or more broadband red down converters include at least one of a fluorescent down converter and a quantum dot down converter.
[Embodiment 91]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 90, wherein the broadband red downconverter is a broadband red nitride phosphor.
[Embodiment 92]
The synthetic light source according to embodiment 91, wherein the broadband red nitride phosphor is _{represented by the general formula CaAlSiN 3} : Eu ^2+.
[Embodiment 93]
The broadband red downconverter is a wideband red nitride phosphor having a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 680 nm, a LAG phosphor having a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and a Duv of about. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 89, which is in the range of 0.000 to −0.020.
[Embodiment 94]
The broadband red downconverter is a wideband red nitride phosphor having a peak wavelength in the range of about 650 nm to about 680 nm, a LAG phosphor having a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm, and a Duv of about. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 89, which is in the range of −0.006 to about −0.014.
[Embodiment 95]
The broadband red downconverter is a wideband red nitride phosphor having a peak wavelength in the range of about 670 nm to about 680 nm, the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 551 nm to about 560 nm, and the Duv is about. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 89, which is −0.010.
[Embodiment 96]
A color in which the composite light source includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a narrow band red down converter and a broadband red down converter. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, wherein the spectrum is emitted, the color spectrum contains a depression in the yellow wavelength region as compared with the black spectrum, and the depression in the yellow wavelength region is about 570 nm to 600 nm.
[Embodiment 97]
The composite light source according to embodiment 76, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.
[Embodiment 98]
A neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors, one or more narrowband red downconverters and one or more wideband red downconverters of light emitted from a synthetic light source. The synthetic light source according to embodiment 76, further comprising most or all so that it passes through a filter.

Claims (29)

It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
One or more narrowband red down converters,
Including
It has a lighting preference index (LPI) of 130 or more, and the LPI is expressed by the following equation.

Here, Duv is a distance of chromaticity point from the Planckian locus in the u-v space, NSV is the net saturation value of the illumination source, HDV is shows the hue distortion value,
NSV is defined by the following equations (2) and (3).

In the equation, ΔC _ab is a radial component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived saturation or saturation shift, and i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system.
HDV is defined by the following equations (4) and (5).

In the equation, Δh _ab is the orientation component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived hue shift, i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and Δh _{ab, avg, i is the average Δh ab} value of all colors in hue i,
Synthetic light source. The composite light source according to claim 1, wherein one or more narrow-band red down converter light sources have a peak wavelength in the range of about 610 nm to about 660 nm. The synthetic light source according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the narrow-band red down converter is a PFS phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 5, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm and the Duv is in the range of about -0.002 to -0.018. The composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a narrowband red downconverter. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the color spectrum contains a dent in the yellow wavelength region as compared with the black spectrum, and the dent in the yellow wavelength region is about 570 nm to 600 nm. The composite light source according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K. It further includes a neodymium filter overlaid on one or more blue light sources, one or more LAG phosphors and one or more narrowband red downconverters, and most or all of the light emitted from the synthetic light source filters the filter. The composite light source according to any one of claims 1 to 8, which passes through. It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
One or more narrowband red down converters,
Including
The color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows:

In the equation, Duv is the unit of measure for the whiteness of the synthetic light source, and DomLAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors.
Synthetic light source. The synthetic light source according to claim 10, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the narrowband red down converter is a PFS phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 12, wherein the LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm and the Duv is in the range of about −0.002 to −0.018. The composite light source emits a color spectrum that includes a blue wavelength region emitted by a blue light source, a green or yellow wavelength region emitted by a LAG phosphor, and a red wavelength region emitted by a narrowband red downconverter. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein the color spectrum includes a dent in the yellow wavelength region portion as compared with the black body spectrum, and the dent in the yellow wavelength region portion is about 570 nm to 600 nm. It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
One or more wideband red down converters,
Including
It has a lighting preference index (LPI) of 130 or more, and the LPI is expressed by the following equation.

Here, Duv is a distance of chromaticity point from the Planckian locus in the u-v space, NSV is the net saturation value of the illumination source, HDV is shows the hue distortion value,
NSV is defined by the following equations (2) and (3).

In the equation, ΔC _ab is a radial component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived saturation or saturation shift, and i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system.
HDV is defined by the following equations (4) and (5).

In the equation, Δh _ab is the orientation component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived hue shift, i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and Δh _{ab, avg, i is the average Δh ab} value of all colors in hue i,
Synthetic light source. The synthetic light source according to claim 15, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 15 or 16, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the range of about 100 nm to about 110 nm. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the broadband red down converter is a broadband red nitride phosphor. Broadband red nitride has a peak wavelength in the range of about 630 nm to about 680 nm.
The LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
Duv is in the range of about 0.000 to -0.020,
The composite light source according to claim 18. It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
With one or more broadband red nitride phosphors,
Including
The color appearance of the composite light source is represented as follows:

In the equation, Duv is the unit of measure for the whiteness of the synthetic light source, PeakNit is the peak wavelength of one or more broadband red nitride phosphors, and DomLAG is the main wavelength of one or more LAG phosphors.
Synthetic light source. The synthetic light source according to claim 20, further comprising one or more green or yellow-green garnet phosphors different from the LAG phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 20 or 21, wherein one or more LAG phosphors have a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm. The broadband red nitride phosphor has a peak wavelength in the range of about 630 nm to about 680 nm.
The LAG phosphor has a main wavelength in the range of about 548 nm to about 566 nm.
Duv is in the range of about 0.000 to -0.020,
The composite light source according to any one of claims 20 to 22. It is a synthetic light source
One or more blue light sources having a peak wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 460 nm,
With one or more LAG phosphors
One or more narrowband red down converters,
Including one or more wideband red down converters,
It has a lighting preference index (LPI) of 130 or more, and the LPI is expressed by the following equation.

Here, Duv is a distance of chromaticity point from the Planckian locus in the u-v space, NSV is the net saturation value of the illumination source, HDV is shows the hue distortion value,
NSV is defined by the following equations (2) and (3).

In the equation, ΔC _ab is a radial component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived saturation or saturation shift, and i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system.
HDV is defined by the following equations (4) and (5).

In the equation, Δh _ab is the orientation component of CRV (color rendering vector) and represents the perceived hue shift, i represents the hue category of the 10 main hue categories of the Munsell system, and Δh _{ab, avg, i is the average Δh ab} value of all colors in hue i,
Synthetic light source. The composite light source according to claim 24, which has an LPI of 140 or more. The synthetic light source according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the narrowband red downconverter is a PFS phosphor. The synthetic light source according to any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the broadband red down converter is a broadband red nitride phosphor. The synthetic light source according to claim 27, wherein the broadband red nitride phosphor is represented by the general formula CaAlSiN3: Eu2 +. The composite light source according to any one of claims 24 to 28, wherein the composite light source has a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of about 2500 K to about 3200 K.

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