JP6905875B2 - Ground improvement evaluation test equipment and method - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a ground improvement evaluation test device and a method, and more particularly to a test device and a test method for evaluating the ground improvement effect by an injection material.

For example, when constructing a structure such as a tunnel or a building, it is known that the ground is improved by injecting an injection material into a fragile ground or a loose ground by a pre-receiver.
Since the properties of the ground differ from construction site to construction site, it is necessary to select an injection material that matches the ground at the site. Therefore, the following evaluation tests are conducted.

First, prepare a test container such as a drum. Place the injection tube along the axis of the test vessel. The injection pipe corresponds to a pre-received steel pipe of the pre-received work, and a plurality of injection holes are formed in the pipe wall dispersed in the axial direction and the circumferential direction. The upper end of the injection tube should protrude above the test vessel.
Next, the inside of the test container is filled with a simulated ground that looks like a ground, and the injection pipe is buried in the simulated ground. As the simulated ground, for example, permeable silica sand equivalent to the ground at the application site is used.
Then, the injection material is supplied to the injection tube. As the injection material, for example, a urethane-based injection material, a cement-based injection material, or the like is used. The injection material is discharged from the injection hole and penetrates into the simulated ground.
After curing until the injection material hardens, break the test container and take out the simulated ground. Then, it is evaluated whether or not the desired improvement effect can be obtained from the size, shape, hardness, and other physical characteristics of the portion improved by the injection material.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 06-287557

In the conventional test apparatus, the injection material is discharged from the injection hole of the injection pipe into the simulated ground, and then permeates so as to extend and spread radially around the injection hole. Therefore, the permeation region is unevenly formed near the injection hole, and permeation unevenness is formed in the tube axial direction and the circumferential direction of the injection tube.
On the other hand, in the pre-received construction method at an actual tunnel construction site, the excavation bit usually has a slightly larger diameter than the pre-received steel pipe. Therefore, a drill hole having a diameter slightly larger than that of the pre-received steel pipe is formed. The injection material discharged from the injection hole of the pre-received steel pipe is once filled between the inner peripheral surface of the excavation hole and the outer peripheral surface of the pre-received steel pipe, and then penetrates into the ground. Therefore, uneven penetration is unlikely to occur.
Therefore, the permeation form produced by the test device is different from the permeation form at the time of actual construction.
In view of such circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to increase the reliability of the improvement evaluation by reducing the permeation unevenness and creating a permeation form as close as possible to the actual construction in the improvement evaluation test of the ground using the injection material. And.

In order to solve the above problems, the apparatus of the present invention is a test apparatus for evaluating the improvement effect of the ground by the injection material.
A test container that houses a simulated ground that imitates the ground,
An injection tube having an injection hole for discharging the injection material and arranged in the test container,
A tubular diffusion space defining member that surrounds the injection tube so as to define an annular diffusion space with the outer peripheral surface of the injection tube.
The diffusion space imaging member is characterized in that a large number of through holes that allow the permeation of the injection material and restrict the passage of the simulated ground are dispersedly formed.

As the simulated ground, it is preferable to use earth and sand having the same permeability and other physical properties or properties as the ground to be improved.
By accommodating the simulated ground in the test container, the injection pipe and the diffusion space defining member are buried in the simulated ground. By restricting the simulated ground from entering the diffusion space through the through hole, the diffusion space can be left behind.
The injection material spreads in the diffusion space after being discharged from the injection hole of the injection tube. After that, it penetrates through the through hole of the diffusion space imaging member and penetrates into the simulated ground. As a result, it is possible to prevent the injection material from infiltrating only in the simulated ground near the injection hole, and it is possible to reduce the uneven penetration. Therefore, it is possible to approach the infiltration form in the actual ground, and the reliability of the improvement evaluation can be enhanced.
By hardening the injection material that has soaked into the simulated ground, an improved body of the simulated ground can be obtained. From the size, shape, hardness, etc. of the improved body, it is confirmed whether or not the desired improving effect can be obtained by the injection material. This makes it possible to evaluate the suitability of the injection material for the target ground.

The through holes are preferably formed so as to be distributed over the entire area of the diffusion space imaging member.
It is preferable that the diffusion space imaging member is composed of a net. As a result, uneven penetration can be reliably reduced. In addition, the material cost can be reduced.

It is preferable that a buffer layer having a higher diffusion resistance of the injection material than the simulated ground is provided below or above the simulated ground in the test container.
As a result, after the injection material diffuses to the lower end or the upper end of the simulated ground and comes into contact with the buffer layer, it is possible to prevent the injection material from rapidly diffusing along the interface between the simulated ground and the buffer layer. As a result, in combination with the effect of reducing permeation unevenness by the diffusion space imaging member, an improved body suitable for evaluation can be surely obtained.

The method of the present invention is a test method for evaluating the improvement effect of the ground by the injection material.
Prepare the above test equipment
A simulated ground is housed in the test container,
The injection material is supplied to the injection pipe, discharged from the injection hole, and penetrates into the simulated ground through the diffusion space imaging member.

According to the present invention, in an improvement evaluation test of a ground using an injection material, it is possible to reduce permeation unevenness and create a permeation form close to that at the time of actual construction on the ground, thereby increasing the reliability of the improvement evaluation. Can be done.

FIG. 1 is a front sectional view of an improved evaluation test apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged front view showing the circle portion II of FIG. FIG. 3 is a plan sectional view taken along the line III-III of FIG. FIG. 4 is a front sectional view showing the injection and foaming stages of the injection material in the improved evaluation test apparatus as virtual lines. FIG. 5 is an enlarged front view of the circle portion V of FIG. 4, showing the injection stage of the injection material. FIG. 6 is a plan sectional view taken along the line VI-VI of FIG. FIG. 7 is a front sectional view of the improved body obtained by the improved evaluation test apparatus. FIG. 8 is a photograph of the improved body obtained in Example 1.

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
The embodiment of the present invention is applied to, for example, selection of an injection material for a pre-receiver such as long steel pipe fore-piling or fore-polling in tunnel construction. In the pre-received work, a pre-received steel pipe such as a hollow bolt is driven into the ground in front of the tunnel, and the injection material is injected into the ground through the injection hole of the pre-received steel pipe to stabilize the ground. An improvement evaluation test will be conducted in advance to select an injection material suitable for the ground.

FIG. 1 shows the improved evaluation test apparatus 1 of the present embodiment. The improved evaluation test apparatus 1 includes a test container 10, an injection pipe 20, and a simulated ground 30.
The test container 10 is composed of, for example, a steel drum, and has a cylindrical peripheral wall 11, a bottom plate 12, and a lid plate 13. A plurality of ventilation holes 11d are formed in the peripheral wall 11. These ventilation holes 11d are arranged so as to be dispersed with each other in the circumferential direction and the axial direction (upper and lower) of the peripheral wall 11. The number of ventilation holes 11d is not particularly limited, and may be only one.

A filter 16 is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the peripheral wall 11. The vent hole 11d is covered by the filter 16. The filter 16 allows the permeation of gases and liquids and blocks the permeation of solids. As the filter 16, for example, a non-woven fabric is used. Adhesive tape or an adhesive is used as a means for attaching the filter 16 to the test container 10.

The injection tube 20 is inserted and arranged inside the test container 10. The injection pipe 20 is made of a steel pipe and extends vertically along the axis of the test container 10. Preferably, the injection pipe 20 is composed of the pre-received steel pipe itself of the pre-received work or a pipe having a structure equivalent thereto.
The upper end of the injection tube 20 extends above the test vessel 10. The lower end of the injection tube 20 reaches the bottom of the test container 10 and is closed.
A plurality of injection holes 20c are formed in the tube wall of the injection tube 20. Each injection hole 20c penetrates from the inner peripheral surface to the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe 20. The plurality of injection holes 20c are arranged so as to be dispersed with each other in the circumferential direction and the axial direction (upper and lower) of the injection pipe 20.

As shown in FIG. 4, the supply pipes 21A and 21B of the injection material 3 are connected to the upper end of the injection pipe 20. Here, a urethane-based injection material is used as the injection material 3. The raw material of the urethane-based injection material includes liquid A such as polyol and liquid B such as polyisocyanate. The supply source 3A of the liquid A is connected to the supply pipe 21A, and the supply source 3B of the liquid B is connected to the supply pipe 21B.

As shown in FIG. 1, a diffusion space imaging member 22 is provided on the outer periphery of a portion of the injection pipe 20 in the test container 10. The diffusion space defining member 22 has a long tubular shape surrounding the injection pipe 20. As shown in FIG. 3, an annular diffusion space 25 is formed between the diffusion space imaging member 22 and the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe 20.
The diameter of the diffusion space defining member 22 is preferably about 1 to 5 times the diameter of the injection pipe 20.

As shown in FIG. 1, the upper end portion of the diffusion space imaging member 22 is arranged in the upper portion in the test container 10. The lower end of the diffusion space imaging member 22 reaches the vicinity of the lower end of the injection pipe 20, and eventually reaches the bottom of the test container 10.

As shown in FIG. 2, the diffusion space imaging member 22 has liquid permeability. Specifically, the diffusion space imaging member 22 is composed of a perforated member having a large number (plurality) of through holes. Preferably, the diffusion space defining member 22 is composed of a net. A large number (plurality) of meshes 22c (through holes) are formed dispersed in the entire axial direction (upper and lower) and circumferential direction of the diffusion space imaging member 22. Through the mesh 22c, the diffusion space 25 communicates with the outside of the diffusion space imaging member 22. The mesh 22c allows the liquid injection material 3 to permeate, while restricting the passage of the simulated ground 30.

The net wire member 22a constituting the diffusion space imaging member 22 may be a metal or a resin. Preferably, the diffusion space imaging member 22 has a strength that can secure the diffusion space 25 even under the earth pressure of the simulated ground 30.
The thickness (diameter) of the net wire rod 22a is preferably about 0.05 mm to 2 mm.
The size of the mesh 22c is preferably about 10 to 90% in terms of porosity. Here, the porosity refers to the ratio of the mesh 22c, that is, the total area of the space portion to the apparent area of the diffusion space imaging member 22.
The diffusion space imaging member 22 may have a structure in which one net is wound around the injection pipe 20 a plurality of times. The diffusion space imaging member 22 may include a plurality of tubular nets and have a structure in which these tubular nets are stacked in a nested manner. By doing so, the mesh 22c can be made finer.

The mesh 22c does not necessarily have to be smaller than the silica sand particle size of the simulated ground 30, and as long as the passage of the simulated ground 30 can be restricted to some extent, the size of the mesh 22c may be slightly larger than the silica sand particle size of the simulated ground 30. good. Even if the grain size of the silica sand of the simulated ground 30 is smaller than that of the mesh 22c, it is restricted from passing through the mesh 22c due to friction with each other.
As described above, the diffusion space imaging member 22 may have a network winding structure or a nested structure so that the mesh 22c is substantially smaller than the silica sand particle size of the simulated ground 30.

As shown in FIG. 1, an annular seal member 23 is provided between the upper end portion of the diffusion space imaging member 22 and the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe 20. The material of the seal member 23 is, for example, foamed resin, but the material is not limited to this, and rubber or non-foamed resin may be used. The upper end of the diffusion space 25 is liquidtightly sealed by the sealing member 23.

Inside the test container 10, the buffer layer 31, the simulated ground 30, the buffer layer 32, and the push lid layer 33 are laminated in this order from the bottom.
The simulated ground 30 imitates the ground, and preferably earth and sand having similar physical properties and properties to the ground at the construction site are used. More preferably, as the simulated ground 30, silica sand having water permeability equivalent to that of the ground at the construction site is used. The thickness of the simulated ground 30 is sufficiently larger than the thickness of the other layers 31, 32, 33. Most of the test container 10 is occupied by the simulated ground 30.
The injection pipe 20 and the diffusion space defining member 22 penetrate the central portion of the simulated ground 30 up and down. Further, the diffusion space 25 is formed so as to vertically penetrate the simulated ground 30.

Buffer layers 31 and 32 are provided on the lower side and the upper side of the simulated ground 30, respectively.
As the material of the buffer layers 31 and 32, earth and sand having a diffusion resistance of the injection material 3 higher than that of the simulated ground 30 are used, and preferably ultra-low permeability earth and sand having a sufficiently low permeability of the injection material 3 are used. Has been done. More preferably, the buffer layers 31 and 32 are made of silica sand or clay having a particle size smaller than that of the simulated ground 30.
The lower buffer layer 31 is interposed between the bottom plate 12 (bottom) of the test container 10 and the simulated ground 30. The upper surface of the lower buffer layer 31 is in contact with the lower end of the simulated ground 30. At the boundary between the simulated ground 30 and the lower buffer layer 31, the silica sand forming the lower end of the simulated ground 30 and the fine silica sand or clay forming the lower buffer layer 31 may be mixed. The interface between the simulated ground 30 and the lower buffer layer 31 may be uneven or three-dimensionally intricate.
The lower end of the injection tube 20 is buried in the lower buffer layer 31. The lower end of the diffusion space 25 is closed by the lower buffer layer 31.

As shown in FIG. 1, the lower surface of the upper buffer layer 32 is in contact with the upper end of the simulated ground 30. At the boundary between the simulated ground 30 and the upper buffer layer 32, the silica sand forming the upper end of the simulated ground 30 and the fine silica sand or clay forming the upper buffer layer 32 may be mixed. The interface between the simulated ground 30 and the upper buffer layer 32 may be uneven or three-dimensionally intricate.

Above the simulated ground 30, a push lid layer 33 made of mortar is provided via a buffer layer 32. The lid plate 13 of the test container 10 covers the upper side of the push lid layer 33.

The injection pipe 20 penetrates the lid plate 13, the push lid layer 33, and the buffer layer 32, and is buried inside the simulated ground 30 .
The seal member 23 straddles the push lid layer 33 with the buffer layer 32 sandwiched from the simulated ground 30.

The improvement evaluation test is conducted as follows.
<Manufacturing process of improved evaluation test device 1>
As shown in FIG. 4, a ventilation hole 11d is formed in the test container 10, and a filter 16 is attached to close the ventilation hole 11d.
The injection tube 20 is arranged along the axis of the test container 10. A diffusion space defining member 22 is provided around the injection pipe 20.
A buffer layer 31 is provided at the bottom of the test container 10.
A simulated ground 30 is laminated on the upper side of the buffer layer 31. As a result, the injection pipe 20 and the diffusion space imaging member 22 are embedded in the simulated ground 30. The simulated ground 30 is restricted from passing through the mesh 22c. Therefore, the diffusion space 25 is left as a space without being filled with the simulated ground 30.
Since the actual ground usually contains water, it is preferable to infiltrate the simulated ground 30 with water to bring it closer to the state of the actual ground.
A buffer layer 32 is laminated on the upper side of the simulated ground 30.
Further, the push lid layer 33 is laminated on the upper side of the buffer layer 32.
Further, the lid plate 13 is installed.

<Injection process of injection material 3>
As shown in FIG. 4, the urethane raw materials A and B are supplied from the supply pipes 21A and 21B to the injection pipe 20, respectively.
The liquids A and B are mixed to form a urethane-based injection material 3, which is discharged from each injection hole 20c.
As shown by the thick arrow in FIGS. 5 and 6, the injection material 3 spreads over the entire diffusion space 25 along the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe 20. Further, the sealing member 23 (FIG. 4) can prevent the injection material 3 from leaking from the upper end portion of the diffusion space 25.
After that, the injection material 3 infiltrates the inside of the simulated ground 30 from the entire area of the diffusion space 25 through the mesh 22c. As a result, the injection material 3 can be evenly and evenly infiltrated in the vertical direction and the circumferential direction of the simulated ground 30. That is, it is possible to prevent the injection material 3 from infiltrating only into the simulated ground 30 near the injection hole 20c, and it is possible to prevent uneven penetration. Therefore, it is possible to approach the form of penetration into the ground at the actual tunnel construction site.

The urethane-based injection material 3 is in a liquid state for a while after being discharged from the injection hole 20c. As shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 4, the liquid (unfoamed) injection material 3'diffuses downward in the simulated ground 30. A part of it reaches the lower end of the simulated ground 30 and may come into contact with the lower buffer layer 31. The liquid injection material 3'can infiltrate the lower buffer layer 31 to a small extent. In addition, the boundary between the simulated ground 30 and the lower buffer layer 31 is not a little intricate. As a result, the diffusion resistance of the liquid injection material 3'on the lower end surface of the simulated ground 30 increases, and it is possible to suppress the rapid diffusion of the injection material 3'along the lower end surface of the simulated ground 30.

The urethane-based injection material 3 starts foaming shortly after being discharged.
As shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 4, the foaming injection material 3 ”diffuses upward in the simulated ground 30. A part of the injection material reaches the upper end of the simulated ground 30. , The injection material 3 "during foaming can penetrate the upper buffer layer 32, albeit slightly. In addition, the boundary between the simulated ground 30 and the upper buffer layer 32 is not a little intricate. As a result, the diffusion resistance of the injection material 3 "on the upper end surface of the simulated ground 30 is increased, and it is possible to suppress the rapid diffusion of the injection material 3" along the upper end surface of the simulated ground 30.
As a result, it is possible to prevent the injection pressure of the injection material 3 from escaping at the lower end portion and the upper end portion of the simulated ground 30, and the injection material 3 can be sufficiently permeated into the intermediate portion of the simulated ground 30.

With the injection of the injection material 3, the air in the test container 10 passes through the filter 16 and is discharged from the ventilation hole 11d. Further, the excess water in the simulated ground 30 can also be passed through the filter 16 and pushed out from the ventilation hole 11d. As a result, the injection material 3 can be smoothly injected.
On the other hand, the silica sand of the simulated ground 30 is blocked by the filter 16 and can be prevented from leaking from the ventilation hole 11d.

<Curing process>
After the injection step, the injection material 3 is cured until it hardens. As a result, the permeated portion of the injection material 3 in the simulated ground 30 is hardened to become an improved body 30X (FIG. 7). By sufficiently infiltrating the injection material 3 into the middle portion of the simulated ground 30, an improved body 30X suitable for evaluation can be obtained.
<Removal process>
Then, as shown in FIG. 7, the test container 10 is disassembled and the improved body 30X is taken out.
The effect of reducing permeation unevenness by the diffusion space imaging member 22 and the effect of suppressing diffusion by the buffer layers 31 and 32 are combined, and an improved body 30X in a clean state suitable for evaluation can be obtained.

<Evaluation process>
Then, it is evaluated whether or not the desired improving effect can be obtained by the injection material 3 from the size, shape, hardness, and other physical properties of the improved body 30X. That is, the suitability of the injection material 3 with respect to the ground to be applied is evaluated.
According to the improved evaluation test apparatus 1, since the improved body 30X suitable for the evaluation can be obtained, the evaluation can be easily performed. In particular, since the permeation form of the injection material 3 can be brought close to the permeation form in the actual field, the reliability of the improvement evaluation can be enhanced.
By preparing a plurality of improved evaluation test devices 1, injecting the injection materials 3 having different compositions from each other, and evaluating each improved body 30X, the injection material 3 suitable for the target ground can be selected.

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
For example, the diffusion space imaging member 22 is not limited to the net, and may be formed of a tubular perforated plate or the like.
The injection material is not limited to the urethane-based injection material, and a silica resin-based injection material, a cement-based injection material, or the like may be used. The silica resin-based injection material is a modified polyurethane made from special sodium silicate (liquid A) and modified polyisocyanate (liquid B).
The composition and composition (particle size of silica sand, etc.) of the lower buffer layer 31 and the upper buffer layer 32 may be different from each other.
Since the cement-based injection material is mainly diffused downward in the simulated ground 30, it is preferable to provide a buffer layer 31 at least below the simulated ground 30. The upper buffer layer 32 may be omitted.
When the foamable injection material such as the urethane-based injection material or the silica resin-based injection material is immediately foamed and diffused upward after being discharged from the injection pipe 20, only the upper buffer layer 32 is provided and the lower part is provided. The side buffer layer 31 may be omitted. The buffer layers 31 and 32 on both sides may be omitted.
In the present invention, in addition to the selection of the injection material of the long tip receiving method in which the long tip receiving steel pipe is driven forward from the outer circumference of the upper half arch of the face, the injection material of the mirror bolt method in which the mirror bolt is placed in the face mirror portion. It can also be applied to selection.
The present invention is not limited to the selection of the injection material into the ground when constructing a tunnel, but also the selection of the injection material as a ground improvement material when constructing other underground structures or building structures such as buildings. Applicable.

An embodiment will be described. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
An improved evaluation test apparatus 1 substantially equivalent to that in FIG. 1 was manufactured.
A drum can was used as the test container 10. The height of the test container 10 was 850 mm, and the inner diameter was 570 mm.
As the injection tube 20, a hollow bolt having a diameter of 27.2 mm was used.
The diffusion space imaging member 22 was formed by winding one wire mesh around the injection pipe 20 several times. The diameter of the diffusion space imaging member 22 was about 30 to 35 mm.
The diameter of the net wire rod 22a was about 0.2 mm.
The size of the mesh 22c was about 1.2 mm with a mesh opening of about 18 mesh.
As simulated natural ground 30, with a No. 2 Silica sand (particle size 2-4 mm, permeability ^{10 0 ~10 1 cm / s)} . The height (thickness) of the simulated ground 30 was 650 mm.
No. 8 silica sand (clay) was used as the lower buffer layer 31. The thickness of the lower buffer layer 31 was 30 mm.
No. 8 silica sand (clay) was used as the upper buffer layer 32. The thickness of the upper buffer layer 32 was 30 mm.
The push lid layer 33 was a mortar, and its thickness was 140 mm.
As the injection material 3, a urethane-based injection material manufactured by Asahi Organic Materials Co., Ltd. was used. The injection amount of the injection material 3 was 6.6 kg, the injection pressure was 1 to 2 kg / min, and the assumed foaming ratio was 3.6 times.

The degree of curing of the injection material 3 and the test container 10 were disassembled, and the improved product 30X was taken out. A photograph of the improved body 30X is shown in FIG.
The improved length (height of the improved body 30X) was about 600 mm. The improved width (diameter of the improved body 30X) was 334.5 mm on average.

The present invention can be applied to, for example, selection of a ground improvement material for a tunnel ground.

1 Improved evaluation test equipment 3 Injection material 3A A Liquid supply source 3B B Liquid supply source 10 Test container 11 Peripheral wall 11d Ventilation hole 12 Bottom plate 13 Lid plate 16 Filter 20 Injection pipe 20c Injection hole 21A Supply pipe 21B Supply pipe 22 Diffusion space imaging Member 22a Net wire 22c Mesh (through hole)
23 Seal member 25 Diffusion space 30 Simulated ground 30X Improved body 31 Buffer layer 32 Buffer layer 33 Push lid layer

Claims (5)

It is a test device that evaluates the improvement effect of the ground by the injection material.
A test container that houses a simulated ground that imitates the ground,
An injection pipe placed in the test container and embedded in the simulated ground so as to penetrate the simulated ground,
A tubular diffusion space defining member that continuously surrounds the buried portion of the injection pipe in the simulated ground,
With
Injection holes for discharging the injection material are dispersedly formed on the tube wall of the injection pipe.
The diffusion space defining member is larger than the outer diameter of the injection pipe and defines an annular diffusion space with the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe.
A large number of through holes that allow the injectable material to permeate and restrict the passage of the simulated ground are dispersedly formed in the diffusion space defining member.
An improved evaluation test apparatus characterized in that an annular seal member is interposed between the upper end portion of the diffusion space imaging member and the outer peripheral surface of the injection pipe. The improvement evaluation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the injection pipe is composed of an actual pre-received steel pipe used for ground improvement in tunnel construction or a pipe having a structure equivalent thereto. The improved evaluation test apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the diffusion space imaging member is composed of a net. Any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a buffer layer having a diffusion resistance of the injection material higher than that of the simulated ground is provided below or above the simulated ground in the test container. The improved evaluation test apparatus described in. It is a test method to evaluate the improvement effect of the ground by the injection material.
The test apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4 is prepared.
A simulated ground is housed in the test container,
An improved evaluation test method, characterized in that the injection material is supplied to the injection pipe, discharged from the injection hole, passed through the diffusion space imaging member, and infiltrated into the simulated ground.

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