JP6984844B2 - Falling rain gauge - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an overturning rain gauge that alternately collects a predetermined amount of rainwater dripping from a water filter and measures the amount of rainfall in a pair of overturning rain gauges.

Conventionally, as this type of overturning rain gauge, for example, there is a rain and snow gauge disclosed in Patent Document 1. The standard for this type of overturning rain gauge is defined in Non-Patent Document 1.

An overturning rain gauge generally consists of a water receiver that receives rainwater and protects the measuring unit, and a measuring unit that measures the amount of rainwater dripping from the water receiver. As shown in FIG. 1, the measuring unit has a water filter 1, a tipping over 2, a balance weight 3, a drainage basin 4, and the like as main components. The water filter 1 receives rainwater received by a water receiver (not shown), and drops the received rainwater from the lower rainwater dropping portion 1a onto one of the two 2a and 2b that falls over. When the amount of rainwater received by one of the 2a and 2b reaches a predetermined amount, the overturning 2 swings around the bearing 5 provided below the overturning 2. At this time, the weight of the counterweight 3 provided below the bearing 5 urges the swing of the overturning 2, and the overturning 2 quickly swings to make the other 2b, 2a the water filter 1 Move below. Further, one of the 2a and 2b tilted by this rocking causes the stored predetermined amount of rainwater to flow into the drainage cylinder 4. The overturning rain gauge measures the amount of rainwater that has flowed into the drainage basin 4, that is, received by the water receiver, by counting the number of times the overturning 2 swings with a reed switch (not shown).

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-53147

Japanese Industrial Standards JIS B 7309 "Tumble-down rain gauge"

In recent years, disasters and damages caused by local heavy rains and torrential rains have become serious, and it is becoming more important to call attention to disasters caused by heavy rains and to correctly capture climate change data. However, in the above-mentioned conventional overturning rain gauge, when it rains more than 80 mm in one hour, a predetermined amount of rainwater is accumulated and quantified from one 2a, 2b to the empty 2b, 2a. When switching the storage destination of rainwater, the dripping rainwater does not enter the empty 2b, 2a, but continues to enter the quantitative 2a, 2b. For this reason, it was not possible to accurately measure the amount of rainfall with the above-mentioned conventional overturning rain gauge. According to recent data from the Japan Meteorological Agency, due to the increase in guerrilla rainstorms, the number of areas where rainfall reaches 150 mm per hour is increasing. Therefore, it is difficult for the above-mentioned conventional overturning rain gauge to accurately call attention to disasters caused by heavy rains and to accurately capture climate change data.

The present invention has been made to solve such a problem.
A pair of water filter that receives rainwater received by the water receiver and a pair of swords that alternately store a predetermined amount of rainwater dripping from the water filter, but if they fall symmetrically around the center of the swing, they will fall. In a fall-type rain gauge equipped with a support part that supports the swing center freely and a weight that urges the swing of the fall.
The support is made up of a U-shaped support that surrounds the sides of the base that is fixed to the base and both ends fall, penetrating the sides of the fall and falling by a shaft that is fixed to the support at both ends. Supports swingable around its swing center,
Fall Masuno swing center is provided in the upper side from the bottom surface of the tipping,
Weight is above the drainage device side than the fall Masuno swing center is disposed on the side of the tipping bucket in above the fall Masuno swing center, the width in the axial direction of the shaft Masu overturning It is provided in a rectangular parallelepiped shape that extends in a length that does not protrude from the length in the longitudinal direction of falling in the direction of a pair of mats, with a size that a part of it penetrates between both ends of the support base when swinging.
Although Masu fall, during the non fall, the upper end of the partition wall falls Masuno swing center is provided in the wall with being erected on the bottom surface dividing the pair of masses just below the rainwater dropping of the drainage device It is provided so as to be located on the side of the weight , and the distance from the center of the rainwater dripping part of the drainer to the upper end of the partition wall at the time of maximum fall, and from the center of gravity of the weight to the swing center of the fall. It is characterized in that the distance is set to a predetermined distance that suppresses the distance that the upper end of the partition wall moves when the bulkhead swings.

In a conventional fall-type rain gauge, the weight is located below the swing center, so the moment of the force applied to the weight with respect to the swing center reduces the tilt of the fall and makes the fall horizontal. Work in the direction. For this reason, by increasing the inclination of the fall when receiving more and more rainwater and increasing the length of the arm related to the center of gravity swing due to the weight of the stormwater, the force related to the center of gravity swing due to the weight of the stormwater is increased. I increased the moment and kept the inclination of falling. However, according to this configuration, since the weight is provided above the swing center of the fall, the moment of the force applied to the weight with respect to the swing center of gravity acts to increase the inclination of the fall. For this reason, it is possible to set the inclination of the fall to the minimum when receiving more and more rainwater.

Also, it falls Masuno swinging center, that is provided from below the conventional tipping above side than the bottom surface of the tipping, the distance from the swing center, to the upper end of the partition wall for partitioning between a pair of masu, i.e. rocking The radius of gyration is shorter than before. Therefore, when switching the storage destination of rainwater dripping from the water filter from one quantified mass to the other empty mass, the length of the arc drawn by the upper end of the partition wall around the swing center is Coupled with the fact that the tilt of the fall can be made smaller as described above, it will be shorter than before. In other words, the distance that the upper end of the partition wall moves when switching is shorter than before, and switching can be done in a shorter time than before.

As a result, if you fall, you will be able to switch between the storage destinations of rainwater dripping from the water purifier more quickly than before. Therefore, even if it rains more than 80 mm per hour, it can be surely stored in the empty space without continuing to collect the rainwater from the water purifier in a fixed amount as in the past. It becomes possible to measure rainwater accurately. Therefore, it will be possible to accurately call attention to disasters caused by heavy rains and to accurately capture climate change data.

According to this configuration, the distance until the rainwater dripping from the water filter reaches is shortened, and the rainwater dripping from the water filter is collected in a shorter time by either one. For this reason, it becomes possible to quickly and reliably switch between the storage destinations of rainwater dripping from the water filter.

According to this configuration, the weight can be attached to the side of the fall, and the place where the weight is installed can be secured. In addition, the installation height of the weight is suppressed, and the distance between the weight and the water filter can be set short if it falls. In addition, it is not necessary to secure a space for installing the weight under the fall as in the conventional case. Therefore, the height of the measuring unit can be suppressed, and the height of the overturning rain gauge can be lowered to reduce the size of the overturning rain gauge.

According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an overturning rain gauge that can accurately measure rainwater, accurately call attention to disasters caused by heavy rain, and can accurately capture climate change data.

It is a side view which shows the measuring part in the conventional overturning type rain gauge. (A) is a plan view of a measuring unit in a tipping rain gauge according to an embodiment of the present invention, and (b) is a front view. (A) is a side view of a measuring part in a tipping rain gauge according to one embodiment, and (b) is a partially broken cross-sectional view. (A) is a plan view of a measuring unit in a tipping rain gauge according to a modified example of one embodiment, and (b) is a front view. (A) is a side view of a measuring part in a tipping rain gauge according to a modified example of one embodiment, and (b) is a partially broken cross-sectional view. (A) is a graph showing the comparison of the measurement results between the overturning rain gauge according to one embodiment and the commercially available overturning rain gauge, and (b) is the error of each measured value in the graph shown in (a). It is a graph which shows by comparison. (A) is a graph showing the measured value by a commercially available overturning rain gauge in comparison with the theoretical value, and (b) is a graph showing the error rate of the measured value by a commercially available overturning rain gauge.

Next, a mode for carrying out the overturning rain gauge according to the present invention will be described.

2 (a) is a plan view of the measuring unit 11 of the overturning rain gauge according to the embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 (b) is a front view, and FIG. 3 (a) is a side view. Further, FIG. 3 (b) is a view taken along the line IIIb-IIIb in FIG. 3 (a).

The illustrated measuring unit 11 is an experimental operation model configured to grasp its performance. The measuring unit 11 has a water filter 12, an overturning 13 and a weight 14 as main components.

The water filter 12 has a funnel shape and is attached to the substrate 16 by a fixture 15. The substrate 16 has a rectangular plate shape and is erected on a disk-shaped base 17. Three legs 21a, 21b, 21c are provided on the bottom surface of the base 17. The water filter 12 receives rainwater received by a water receiver (not shown), and drops the received rainwater from the rainwater dropping portion 12a formed at the lower end. The overturning 13 is configured such that a pair of masu 13a and 13b are provided symmetrically with respect to the swing center O. A predetermined amount of rainwater dripping from the water filter 12 is alternately stored in the pair of masu 13a and 13b. In the present embodiment, 15.7 cc is set as a predetermined amount, and when 15.7 cc of rainwater accumulates in one of the 13a and 13b and becomes a fixed amount, the falling 13 swings around the swing center O. That is, in the overturning rain gauge of the present embodiment, the diameter of the water receiving port of the water receiver is set to 200 mm, and when there is a rainfall of 0.5 mm, 15.7 cc is applied to either 13a or 13b. Rainwater collects.

The swing center O is provided so as to penetrate the side surface of the shaft 18 on which the shaft 18 falls. Both ends of the shaft 18 are supported by a U-shaped support base 19 fixed to the base 17. In the present embodiment, the swing center O of the overturning 13 is provided on the side surface above the bottom surface of the overturning 13. The shaft 18 and the support base 19 form a support portion that swingably supports the swing center O of the overturning 13. The swing of the overturning 13 is urged by the weight 14. In the present embodiment, the weight 14 has a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and is provided on the side of the overturning 13 on the water filter 12 side above the swing center O of the overturning 13. The number of swings of the overturning 13 is counted by the number of pulses emitted by a reed switch (not shown).

A pair of stoppers 20a and 20b composed of bolts and nuts are provided on the base 17 below each of the 13a and 13b. The swing of the overturning 13 is stopped by the lower surfaces of the respective stoppers 20a and 20b being received by the pair of stoppers 20a and 20b. Further, in the center of the overturning 13, a partition wall 13c for partitioning between the pair of masu 13a and 13b is formed as shown in FIG. 3 (b). The overturning 13 is provided so that the upper end of the partition wall 13c is located directly below the rainwater dropping portion 12a of the water filter 12 in the horizontal state when the partition is not overturned.

The measuring unit 11 configured as described above is housed in a cylindrical body with a funnel constituting a water receiver provided above. The base 17 constitutes the bottom surface of this fuselage. A pair of notches 17a and 17b are formed in the base 17 below both ends of the overturning 13. In the operation model of the present embodiment, the rainwater collected in the pair of 13a and 13b is drained to the outside of the body through the pair of notches 17a and 17b. In the product model, the drainage cylinder 4 (see FIG. 1) is provided in the forming portion of the pair of notches 17a and 17b.

In such a configuration, the water filter 12 receives the rainwater received by the water receiver and drops the received rainwater from the rainwater dropping portion 12a onto one of the 13a and 13b of the falling 13. When the amount of rainwater received by one of the 13a and 13b reaches a predetermined amount, the overturning 13 swings around the axis 18 due to the gravity W1. At this time, the weight of the weight 14 urges the swing of the overturning 13, and the overturning 13 quickly swings to move the other 13b and 13a below the rainwater dropping portion 12a. Further, one of the 13a and 13b tilted by this rocking causes a predetermined amount of accumulated rainwater to flow through the cutouts 17a and 17b. After that, the overturning rain gauge repeats the same operation and measures the amount of rainwater received by the water receiver by counting the number of swings of the overturning 13 with a reed switch.

According to the overturning rain gauge of the present embodiment, the weight 14 is provided above the oscillating center O of the overturning 13, so that the force of the gravity U1 applied to the weight 14 with respect to the oscillating center O is applied. As shown in FIG. 3B, the moment m1 is represented by the product r1 and U1 of the arm length r1 and the gravity U1, where r1 is the arm length with respect to the swing center O of the gravity U1. , Tumbles 13 works in a direction to increase the tilt. The moment M1 of the force with respect to the swing center O of the gravity W1 due to the weights of 13a and 13b is the product R1 of the arm length R1 and the gravity W1 assuming that the arm length with respect to the swing center O of the gravity W1 is R1. -Represented by W1. Therefore, the tipping 13 is tilted by the action of the sum moment (= m1 + M1) of the moment m1 of the gravity w1 applied to the weight 14 and the moment M1 of the gravity W1 due to the weights of the weights 13a and 13b, and the stoppers 20a and 20b are tilted. Support this.

On the other hand, the moment m2 of the force applied to the conventional weight 3 with respect to the swing center O of the gravity U2 is the length of the arm, where r2 is the length of the arm with respect to the swing center O of the gravity U2, as shown in FIG. It is represented by the product r2 and U2 of r2 and gravity U2, but since the weight 3 is located below the swing center O, it works to reduce the inclination of the overturning 2 and make the overturning 2 horizontal. Further, the moment M2 of the force with respect to the swing center O of the gravity W2 due to the weight of 2b is the product R2 of the arm length R2 and the gravity W2, where R2 is the arm length with respect to the swing center O of the gravity W2. -Represented by W2. Therefore, in the fall 2, the moment (= m2 + M2) of the sum of the moment m2 of the gravity U2 applied to the weight 3 and the moment M2 of the gravity W2 due to the weights of 2a and 2b acts to try to reach the horizontal state. .. For this reason, in the conventional overturning rain gauge, the inclination of the overturning 2 when receiving rainwater on 2a and 2b is increased, and the length of the arm with respect to the swing center O of the gravity W2 due to the weight of the inclining 2a. By lengthening R3, the moment M3 (= R3 · W2) of the force with respect to the swing center O of gravity W2 due to the weight of tilting 2a was increased, and the tilt of falling 2 was maintained.

However, in the overturning rain gauge of the present embodiment, as described above, the moment m1 of the force with respect to the swing center O of the gravity U1 applied to the weight 14 acts in the direction of increasing the inclination of the overturning 13 and therefore rainwater. It is possible to set the inclination of the fall 13 to the minimum when receiving the 13a and 13b.

Further, the swing center O of the tipping 13 is provided on the side surface above the bottom surface of the conventional tipping 2 from below, so that the distance from the swing center O to the upper end of the partition wall 13c, that is, The swing radius is shorter than before. Therefore, when switching the storage destination of rainwater dripping from the water filter 12 from the quantified one 13a, 13b to the empty 13b, 13a, the partition wall 13c is centered on the swing center O. The length of the arc drawn by the upper end is extremely shorter than before, coupled with the fact that the inclination of the overturning 13 can be reduced as described above. The horizontal distance L1 (see FIG. 1) from the center of the rainwater dropping part 1a of the water filter 1 to the top of the falling 2 in the conventional measuring part was 24 mm, but the filter in the measuring part 11 of the present embodiment. The horizontal distance L2 (see FIG. 2B) from the center of the rainwater dripping portion 12a of the water purifier 12 to the top of the overturning 13 was 3 mm, which was 1/8. Further, the distance L3 (see FIG. 1) from the center of gravity of the weight 3 in the conventional weighing unit to the swing center O of the falling 2 was about 20 mm, but from the center of gravity of the weight 14 in the measuring unit 11 of the present embodiment. The distance L4 (see FIG. 2B) to the swing center O of the overturning 13 was 14 mm, which was 7/10. That is, the distance that the upper end of the partition wall 13c moves when switching between 13a and 13b is extremely shorter than before, and switching between 13a and 13b can be performed in a shorter time than before.

As a result, the overturning 13 can switch between 13a and 13b, which are storage destinations for rainwater dripping from the water filter 12, more quickly than before. Therefore, even if it rains more than 80 mm per hour, the rainwater from the filter 1 does not continue to be accumulated in the quantitative 2a and 2b as in the past, and it is surely emptied 13a, It will be possible to store in 13b, and rainwater can be measured accurately. Therefore, it will be possible to accurately call attention to disasters caused by heavy rains and to accurately capture climate change data.

Further, in the overturning rain gauge of the present embodiment, the overturning rain gauge 13 is provided so that the upper end of the partition wall 13c is located directly under the rainwater dropping portion 12a of the water purifier 12 in the horizontal state when it is not overturned. .. Therefore, the distance until the rainwater dripping from the water filter 12 reaches 13a and 13b becomes shorter, and the rainwater dripping from the water filter 12 is collected in a short time by either one of the 13a and 13b. Therefore, switching between 13a and 13b, which are storage destinations for rainwater dripping from the water filter 12, can be performed more quickly and reliably.

Further, in the overturning rain gauge of the present embodiment, the weight 14 is provided on the side of the overturning 13 on the water filter 12 side above the swing center O of the overturning 13. Therefore, the weight 14 can be attached to the side of the overturning 13, and the installation location of the weight 14 can be secured. In addition, the installation height of the weight 14 is suppressed, and the distance between the overturning 13 and the water filter 12 can be set short. In addition, it is not necessary to secure the installation space of the weight 14 under the fall 13 as in the conventional case. Therefore, the height of the measuring unit 11 can be suppressed, the height of the overturning rain gauge can be lowered, and the overturning rain gauge can be miniaturized.

In the above embodiment, the bottom surfaces of the 13a and 13b in the fall 13 are formed low on the central partition wall 13c side and are slanted as shown in FIG. 3B. However, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the overturning 23 in which the bottom surfaces of the 23a and 23b are formed flat in a straight line may be used. 4 (a) is a plan view of a measuring unit 31 in a tipping rain gauge according to a modified example of one embodiment, FIG. 4 (b) is a front view, and FIG. 5 (a) is a side view. Further, FIG. 5 (b) is a view taken along the line Vb-Vb in FIG. 5 (a). In FIGS. 4 and 5, the same or corresponding parts as those in FIGS. 2 and 3 are designated by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will be omitted.

The measuring unit 31 configured by using such an overturning 23 can make the inclination of the bottom surface of each of the 23a and 23b larger than the overturning 13 when draining the rainwater accumulated in the 23a and 23b. Therefore, the rainwater accumulated in 23a and 23b can be drained quickly, and the switching between 23a and 23b can be performed more efficiently than the overturning 13.

FIG. 6A shows the measurement results of the measured values according to the rainfall of the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment and the commercially available overturning rain gauge having the structure shown in FIG. It is a graph A showing. The horizontal axis of the graph A represents the amount of rainfall per hour as a reference value [mm], and the vertical axis is a measured value [mm].

A rain gauge of model OW-34-BP manufactured by Daejeon Keiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd. was used as a commercially available fall-type rain gauge. This rain gauge has the same specifications as the overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment, and has a specification that the water receiver has a diameter of 200 mm and the weight of water with a precipitation of 0.5 mm causes the rain gauge to overturn 2. Rainfall in the measurement is simulated by injecting water directly into the water purifiers 1 and 12 of each overturning rain gauge with a pump, and the reference value [mm] shown on the horizontal axis of Graph A is 50 per hour. The amount of rainfall equivalent to ~ 200 mm was reproduced. For this pump, an electromagnetic metering pump of model EHN-B21VC1R manufactured by Iwaki Co., Ltd. was used. Rainfall is measured by measuring the time it takes for 2,13 to fall down by injecting water into the water purifiers 1 and 12 for a total of 6 turns on the left and right, and convert the measurement time into rainfall per hour. Then, the measured value [mm] was calculated.

The characteristic line 41a in which the measured value in the graph A is shown by a plot of a white triangle is the characteristic line showing the measurement result of the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment by the plot of a circle whose measured value is painted black. 42a represents the measurement result of a commercially available overturning rain gauge.

FIG. 6B is a graph B showing the error of each measured value shown in FIG. 6A with respect to the reference value as a percentage. The horizontal axis of the graph B is the same reference value [mm] as that of the graph A, and the vertical axis is the error [%]. The error calculation formula is indicated by {(measured value-reference value) / reference value} × 100. In the same graph B as well, the characteristic line 41b shown by the plot of the white triangle is the error characteristic of the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment, and the characteristic line 42b shown by the plot of the black circle is commercially available. Represents the error characteristics of the overturning rain gauge.

As can be understood from the graph B shown in the figure (b), the error of the commercially available overturning rain gauge is the new overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment as the rainfall per hour increases. It will be larger than the total.

Graph C shown in FIG. 7A shows the measured value of a commercially available overturning rain gauge in comparison with the theoretical value (= reference value). The horizontal axis and the vertical axis of the graph C are the same as the graph A shown in FIG. 6 (a). In addition, the characteristic line 42c in which the measured value in the graph C is shown by the plot of the black-painted circle represents the measurement result of the commercially available overturning rain gauge, and the theoretical value is shown as the characteristic line 43 in the plot of the black-painted quadrangle. Will be done. Further, the graph D shown in FIG. 7B shows the error rate between these measured values and the theoretical values. The horizontal axis of the graph D is the same reference value [mm] as that of the graph A, and the vertical axis is the error rate [%]. The formula for calculating the error rate is {(theoretical value-measured value) / theoretical value} × 100. Further, the plot of the black circle in the graph D shows the error rate, and the characteristic line 44 shows the average value of these error rates.

The characteristic line 44 of this graph D becomes an exponential curve, and it is understood from the characteristic line 44 that the error rate increases exponentially as the rainfall per hour increases in the commercially available overturning rain gauge. Will be done. This is a water filter when switching the storage destination of rainwater from one 2a, 2b, which is quantified by storing a predetermined amount of rainwater, to the other 2b, 2a, which is empty, in a commercially available overturning rain gauge. It is considered that the rainwater dripping from 1 does not enter the empty 2b and 2a, but continues to enter the quantitative 2a and 2b.

On the other hand, in the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment, as shown in the characteristic line 41b of FIG. 6B, the increase in error is suppressed even if the rainfall per hour increases. Is understood. This is because, as described above, in the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment, switching between 13a and 13b, which are the storage destinations of rainwater dripping from the water filter 12, can be performed more quickly and reliably. It is believed that there is. By this measurement, the new type of overturning rain gauge according to the above embodiment can measure rainwater more accurately than the commercially available overturning type rain gauge even if a guerrilla rainstorm that reaches 150 mm per hour occurs. It was confirmed that.

In the above embodiment, a tipping rain gauge having a water receiver having a diameter of 200 mm and a structure that emits a pulse signal for every 0.5 mm of rainfall has been described. However, the present invention can be similarly applied to a type of overturning rain gauge that emits a pulse signal every 0.1 mm or 1 mm, and the same effect as that of the above embodiment is exhibited.

11, 31 ... Measuring part, 12 ... Water filter, 12a ... Rainwater dropping part, 13, 23 ... Falling, 13a, 13b, 23a, 23b ... Masu, 13c ... Bulkhead, 14 ... Weight, 15 ... Mounting tool, 16 ... Substrate, 17 ... Base, 17a, 17b ... Notch, 18 ... Shaft, 19 ... Support, 20a, 20b ... Stopper, 21a, 21b, 21c ... Leg, O ... Swing center

Claims (1)

A pair of water purifiers that receive rainwater received by the water receiver and a pair of swords that alternately store a predetermined amount of rainwater dripping from the water purifier. In a tipping rain gauge equipped with a support part that swingably supports the swing center of the sword and a weight that urges the swinging of the tipping.
The support portion is composed of a U-shaped support base that is fixed to a base and both ends surround the side surface of the fall, and both ends are fixed to the support base through the side surface of the fall. The shaft supports the overturning around its swing center so that it swings freely.
The fall Masuno swing center is provided in the upper side from the bottom surface of the tipping,
The weight, the above said drainage-side than the fall Masuno swing center is disposed on the side of the tipping bucket in above said overturning Masuno swing center, an axial direction of the shaft The width of the tumbling is such that a part of the sill penetrates between both ends of the support base when the tumbling swings, and extends in the direction extending between the pair of stiles so as not to extend beyond the longitudinal length of the tumbling. It is provided in a rectangular parallelepiped shape and is
In the case of non-falling, the upper end of the partition wall is erected on the bottom surface to partition the pair of mats and the swing center of the falling is provided in the wall. It is provided so as to be located directly below the lower part and to the side of the weight , and from the distance from the center of the rainwater dripping portion of the drainer to the upper end of the partition wall and the center of gravity of the weight at the time of maximum fall. A fall-type rain gauge characterized in that the distance to the swing center of the fall is set to a predetermined distance that suppresses the distance that the upper end of the partition wall moves during the swing of the fall.

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