JP7217487B2 - Inertial force applying device - Google Patents

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an inertial force imparting device that imparts variable inertial force to a fluid in order to reduce and/or eliminate bubbles in the fluid.

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, when a product or the like is manufactured using a fluid, it has sometimes been necessary to treat air bubbles contained in the fluid from the viewpoint of quality and appearance. For example, if air bubbles are present in the fluid when solidifying the fluid, cavities and dents are generated inside and on the surface of the solidified material, and the process to eliminate such voids and dents requires a great deal of time and effort and costs a great deal of money. rice field.

With respect to such problems, for example, Patent Document 1 discloses an air bubble reduction vibrator for concrete having a vibrating body that connects or incorporates an electric motor, a plow board, and a connecting portion that connects the vibrating body and the plow board. A method for reducing air bubbles in concrete by inserting the air bubble reduction vibrator near the formwork of unhardened concrete and vibrating it is described.

Further, in Patent Document 2, a formwork placing table on which a formwork for a concrete molded product is placed is constituted by a framework of shaped steel or the like, and a base is similarly constituted by a framework of shaped steel or the like. A formwork mounting table is attached with a cushioning member such as rubber interposed therebetween, a formwork fixing device is provided for mounting and fixing the concrete molding formwork on the formwork mounting table, and the formwork is separated from the formwork fixing device. A table vibrator for molding cement-concrete products is described in which a vibrating motor is mounted on the mounting table.

Further, Patent Document 3 discloses a defoaming device used for removing air bubbles contained in coating materials, inks, etc., which is used in various coating machines and printing machines, and includes a defoaming treatment tank and the A deaerator is described comprising an ultrasonic transducer connected to a deaeration tank.

JP-A-2006-16868 JP-A-5-318422 JP 2010-167386 A

However, in the vibrator described in Patent Document 1, the properties, shapes, sizes, and specific gravities of concrete viscosity, cement paste, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are various, and the vibration is scattered and damped due to irregular reflection. However, there is a problem that the vibration cannot be spread all over the body, and the vibration can be applied only locally. In addition, the operation of inserting the vibrator in the vicinity of the formwork requires excessive labor and cost. Furthermore, in the first place, there is a problem that the given vibration conditions do not meet the defoaming conditions for bubbles in the concrete and cannot be defoamed.

In addition, the table vibrator described in Patent Document 2 can only give a mere fixed and predetermined minute vibration that does not meet the defoaming conditions, and the air bubbles on the concrete surface and/or inside the concrete, that is, the so-called entrapped air However, there is a problem that it is not possible to make the particles finer or disappear, and it is impossible to make them finer to such an extent that they can disappear from the appearance. In other words, there is a problem that the given vibration conditions do not meet the defoaming conditions of concrete bubbles, and thus the foam cannot be defoamed.

Also, in the case of this method, the entire formwork is vibrated, but in the case of a remarkably large object such as a secondary concrete product, the formwork alone has a large mass of several tons. Furthermore, considering the mass of the concrete filled in the formwork, the formwork with a mass of several tens of tons must be vibrated. In the case of such a large capacity and mass, the energy required for excitation, including how to take the reaction force of vibration, becomes too large, and there is a risk of causing vibration pollution. I had a problem.

In addition, in the technique of defoaming using sound waves, particularly ultrasonic waves, described in Patent Document 3, the fluid is a viscous fluid or a plurality of objects having different specific gravities, hardnesses, sizes and shapes. In the case of a mixed fluid with a sufficiently large volume, it is possible to apply waves with preset conditions in the vicinity of the sound wave input source, but when the sound wave moves away from the sound wave input source, the sound wave is significantly attenuated, and an attenuated wave is generated. deviates from the set conditions, and is non-uniform and does not spread evenly throughout, resulting in the problem that defoaming cannot be completed to the allowable level.

The present invention has been achieved by the present inventor's intensive research in view of the above problems. An object of the present invention is to provide an inertial force imparting device capable of efficiently manufacturing large quality products at low cost.

An inertial force imparting device of the present invention is an inertial force imparting device that imparts a variable inertial force to a fluid, the inertial force imparting device having a plurality of fluctuating sections that fluctuate along a predetermined direction, and among the plurality of fluctuating sections, At least one has a receiving part capable of receiving the fluid, and the plurality of moving parts are set so that the position and/or the direction of movement of each part can regulate the movement of the position of the center of gravity of the device as a whole. characterized by being

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that the variable section other than the variable section having the receiving section is a counterweight.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that the motions of the varying portions have a phase difference with each other.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that a plurality of fluctuation units are arranged in series and/or in parallel with each other.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that the receiving portion is constructed in a form through which the fluid can pass.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized by having a guide portion that guides the fluid that has passed through the receiving portion to the receiving portion of another fluctuation portion.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that the receiving portion has a cylindrical shape with or without a bottom, or with an openable and closable bottom.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that a plurality of fluctuating sections fluctuate between two points in each fluctuating direction, and each two points of the fluctuating section are set respectively.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that one of the plurality of fluctuation sections functions as a counterweight for the other fluctuation sections.

Further, the inertial force imparting device is characterized in that all the variable parts have receiving parts.

According to the present invention, the air bubbles on the surface and inside of a fluid can be made finer with a simple structure, and a large-sized product with a good aesthetic appearance, uniformity from the surface to the inside, and high quality can be efficiently manufactured at a low cost. can be done.
can be configured to

It is a schematic diagram showing an inertial force applying device according to the present embodiment. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the direction in which a fluctuating inertial force is applied to a fluid; FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing the first mechanism of air bubble miniaturization; FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing a second mechanism of air bubble miniaturization; FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing the third mechanism of bubble miniaturization. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a variable part; FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of an opening shape of a variable portion; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of arrangement of four changing parts; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an arrangement example when a plurality of fluctuation sections are arranged in series; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an arrangement example in the case of arranging guide portions between fluctuating portions; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example in which part of one variable section is surrounded by the other variable section; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an inertial force applying device having a crank mechanism; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an inertial force imparting device having an electromagnetic mechanism; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration in which an inertial force imparting device is applied to pump-fed a fluid; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of an inertial force imparting device applied when pumping a fluid; It is a figure which shows an example of an inertial force application apparatus.

An inertial force imparting device of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. The inertial force applying device 1 has two fluctuating portions 2a and 2b and an inertial force applying mechanism 4 capable of reciprocating both the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b in the vertical direction (vertical direction). Fluctuating portion 2a has a receiving portion (not shown) that receives a fluid, which will be described later. The fluctuating portion 2b is a so-called weight and has a load corresponding to the load of the fluctuating portion 2a that receives the fluid. The fluctuating portion 2b has substantially the same mass as the fluctuating portion 2a whose receiving portion receives the fluid. The variable portion 2a and the variable portion 2b are symmetrical to each other, and are arranged side by side in the horizontal direction at the same distance from the center of gravity G of the inertial force applying device 1. As shown in FIG. That is, the distance d from the center of gravity G of the inertial force imparting device 1 to the variable portion 2a or the variable portion 2b is set equal to each other.

The inertial force applying mechanism 4 includes, for example, a drive section, a control section that controls the operation of the drive section, and link members that connect the drive section and the fluctuation section 2a and the fluctuation section 2b. The drive unit is not particularly limited, and may be an electromagnetic drive source, a motor, an engine, an actuator (hydraulic type, pneumatic type, hydraulic type, etc.), or a combination thereof. can be reciprocated. For example, in the case of an electromagnetic drive source, it is possible to easily control the fluctuation range in reciprocating motion, the number of fluctuations per unit time, the time of repeated fluctuation, or the number of fluctuations. The control unit may change these parameters appropriately according to the state of bubbles contained in the fluid and the elapsed time.

As for the driving operation of the variable part 2a for applying a variable inertial force to the fluid, the operation produced by the driving part may be transmitted to the variable part 2a as it is. Alternatively, the motion of the driving portion may be converted into a predetermined motion by a link member and transmitted to the variable portion 2a. For example, the link member may directly connect the drive section and the variable section 2a. If the drive unit outputs a rotational motion, the link member may include a conversion mechanism that converts rotary motion into linear motion and may be connected to the variable portion 2a. In addition, the inertial force applying mechanism 4 can change the operation of the driving section by control or can be mechanically changed by a link member, so that the fluctuation range of the reciprocating motion of both the fluctuating sections 2a and 2b can be changed. can be configured to

Inertial force imparting device 1 in this embodiment reciprocates both variable parts 2a and 2b in the vertical direction, and the reciprocating directions of both variable parts 2a and 2b are opposite to each other. Configure to cancel moments. Further, the movement ranges of both the variable parts 2a and 2b are set so as to reciprocate between two common points along the vertical direction. That is, the reciprocating movement range is set such that the upper position and the lower position in the vertical direction are aligned.

Therefore, when the variable portion 2a moves upward as shown in FIG. 1A, the variable portion 2b moves downward, and when the variable portion 2a moves downward as shown in FIG. , the variable portion 2b moves upward. Furthermore, both fluctuation sections 2a and 2b are staggered so that when one reaches the upper position, the other reaches the lower position. As a result, both of the variable parts 2a and 2b reciprocate so that the position of the center of gravity of the inertial force applying device 1 as a whole does not fluctuate (so that the fluctuation can be regulated). By reciprocating the two fluctuating sections 2a and 2b in opposite directions in this way, they maintain a state of having a phase difference with each other, and the other acts as a counterweight so as to cancel the vibration accompanying the movement of one.

Specifically, if only one fluctuation unit is operated, the inertial force imparting device 1 vibrates periodically so as to pulsate due to the reaction to the reciprocating motion. This vibration is determined by the mass of the fluctuating part, and in the case of a large concrete product formed by a formwork, for example, the mass may be close to 20 tons. If the mass of the variable part becomes large, vibrations are generated to the extent that the device itself is greatly moved. Therefore, a strong fixing means such as fixing the inertial force applying device 1 to the ground with an anchor or the like is required. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the variable portion 2b reciprocates with a phase difference with respect to the variable portion 2a, thereby functioning as a counterweight and suppressing or reducing the vibration generated along with the reciprocating motion of the variable portion 2a. Occurrence itself can be prevented.

Next, application of variable inertial force by the inertial force applying device 1 will be described. In order to remove air bubbles in the fluid, the inertial force applying device 1 reciprocates the fluctuating portion 2a in the vertical direction, and repeatedly applies inertial force to the entire received fluid. In other words, a variable inertial force is imparted to the fluid so as to spread almost uniformly over the entire fluid. In addition to reciprocating motion in the vertical direction, there is a method of vibrating the entire inertial force applying device 1 or the entire changing section 2a, for example, as a method of applying a uniformly fluctuating inertial force.

Application of variable inertial force by the inertial force applying device 1 is completely different from incident (irradiation) of (ultra)sonic waves by a conventional sound source device. Specifically, when a sound wave is incident, the fluid itself becomes a medium for propagating the wave motion, so the wave motion is attenuated by the properties such as the specific gravity and viscosity of the objects that make up the fluid, and the medium does not vibrate. As a result, a mechanism is created in which the fluid does not vibrate.

In addition, when a fluid is composed of a plurality of objects, there are objects that vibrate and objects that do not vibrate due to various conditions of sound waves due to differences in sizes, specific gravities, and masses among the objects. In that case, it is not possible to give motion so as to generate an inertial force uniformly over the entire fluid. As a result, the effect of collapsing bubbles cannot be applied to the entire fluid. In particular, when the fluid contains a plurality of solids with various shapes, masses, and specific gravities, the input sound wave is scattered and/or attenuated by viscous resistance on each surface and interface, and the volume of the fluid increases. Waves do not spread throughout.

In addition, the vibrator described in Patent Document 1 mentioned above can only apply vibration locally. Moreover, when the fluid is a viscous body, it is difficult to vibrate or rock the entire body, and the bubbles cannot be eliminated sufficiently. Therefore, it is preferable to uniformly apply vibrations and oscillations to the entire target fluid.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the direction in which the fluctuating inertial force is applied to the fluid. Here, the inertial force applying device 1 is set so as to apply a fluctuating inertia force to the fluid 11 in the fluctuating portion 2a in the vertical direction, that is, in the Z direction in FIG. Since gravity is applied in the vertical direction, by applying a fluctuating inertial force in the same direction as the gravity, the bubbles 12 in the fluid 11 can be efficiently made finer and eliminated. It is also possible to move the air bubble 12 upward in the vertical direction and expel it to the outside.

The direction in which the fluctuating inertial force is applied is not limited to the same direction as the gravity force, but may be the horizontal direction, that is, the X-axis direction or the Y-axis direction, or a direction combining the X-axis and the Y-axis. may be given an inertial force. Furthermore, a variable inertia force may be generated in the vertical direction and/or the horizontal direction, and a rotational motion may be imparted so as to rotate the entire fluid 11 in the vertical plane or in the horizontal plane. In this case, it is possible to reduce the separation of a plurality of components and substances that constitute the fluid 11 . In addition, the method of applying the inertial force to the fluid 11 is not limited to the variation of the acceleration along one axis direction, but also the variation by rotating the entire fluid 11 while restrictively or irregularly varying the rotation direction. It may be configured to apply a centrifugal force that

Here, the fluid refers to a liquid having such a degree of viscosity that air bubbles are retained therein, a solid exhibiting fluidity including powder, granules, or granular materials, or a mixture of a liquid and a solid. The fluid is, for example, sherbet-like, jelly-like, paste-like, gel-like, slurry-like, viscous fluid, mixture of a plurality of substances, mixture thereof, or the like. In the case of a mixture of a plurality of substances, the plurality of substances may be mixed in various forms in terms of properties, shapes, sizes, specific gravities, hardness, abundance ratios, etc., or may be symmetrically mixed. It may be taken.

The pasty fluid includes a so-called pendular shape in which a mixed system of liquid and gas is surrounded by solids such as powder, granules, or solids larger than granules, and/or A so-called fenicular form in which a solid in the form of powder or granules surrounds a liquid in which air bubbles are present, and/or a liquid containing no air bubbles is in the form of powder or granules. It may be in a mixed state or an irregular state containing so-called capillary-like elements surrounded by a solid. The fine defoaming device of the present embodiment is preferably applied to a highly viscous fluid in which air bubbles are retained inside, or to a fluid as a mixture.

Also, the fluid may solidify due to its own reaction. That is, if the fluid containing air bubbles is solidified, the air bubbles in the fluid remain as they are as cavities or depressions. Therefore, by applying the inertial force imparting device 1, the air bubbles in the fluid can be made finer to a size that does not pose a problem in terms of appearance and quality. , to suppress the presence of pits on the surface. The quality here means the required properties among the strength, rigidity, elasticity, mass distribution, density, homogeneity, etc. that define the properties of the fluid or solidified substance after the microbubbles are made finer or after defoaming. In particular, it is preferable that the air bubbles are made finer or defoamed so that the required properties satisfy the required level.

Next, the mechanism by which bubbles are made finer will be described below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5. FIG. 3 to 5, the direction of the inertial force coincides with the Z axis in FIG. 2, and the vertical direction also coincides with the vertical direction in FIG. Also, here, the description is given assuming that the fluid is subjected to a monotonous and reciprocating motion to which a fluctuating inertial force is applied, but the motion is not limited to a monotonous and reciprocating motion.

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing the first mechanism of bubble miniaturization. Bubbles 20 in the fluid are formed by the application of tension Fs (hereinafter referred to as interfacial tension) acting on the interface between the fluid and the bubbles. Therefore, it exerts a varying inertial force on the bubble and the fluid surrounding the bubble. As a result, when the direction of the fluctuating inertia force changes, the inertia force Fi acting in proportion to the mass of the elements constituting the fluid surrounding the bubble (particularly, the elements constituting the fluid existing around the interface The inertial force that acts in proportion to the mass of the bubble is called the interfacial inertial force). More specifically, the vertical motion of the fluid in accordance with the monotonous and reciprocating motion includes upward acceleration movement, upward deceleration movement, downward movement direction change, and downward acceleration movement. , downward deceleration movement, and upward movement direction change are repeatedly performed, and inertial force Fi acts on the bubble 20 during such repeated acceleration and deceleration movement (FIG. 3A). reference).

At this time, the bubble 20 is deformed by applying reciprocating motion so that the magnitude of the inertial force Fi is greater than the interfacial tension Fs or the collapse resistance force described later (see FIG. 3B). Ultimately, one air bubble 20 existing in the fluid is divided into a plurality of air bubbles 20A and 20B to be finer (see FIG. 3(C)). By repeating this miniaturization, the air bubbles in the fluid can be made finer to a size that does not pose a problem in terms of appearance and quality, and the air bubbles in the fluid can be made invisible to the naked eye and disappear.

In this way, by applying a fluctuating inertial force, the bubble collapses due to the difference in inertial force caused by the difference in mass between the bubble and the fluid, and further, secondary bubble breakup, tertiary bubble breakup, and so on. It promotes the breakup to high-order bubble breakup, and along with this, the bubbles are made finer and reach a desired level of size, thereby obtaining a disappearing effect. Therefore, for example, even if a bubble exceeds 30 mm in diameter, it can be reduced to a diameter of about several mm by fission, and a micro bubble of less than 1 mm or about 100 μm can be obtained by further fission.

At this time, the total volume of the bubbles does not change much before and after the high-order bubble fission, and the bubbles may be finely divided and remain in the fluid. Therefore, microbubbles generated as a result of progressing high-order bubble fission below a predetermined level can be converted into entrained air having a diameter of about 25 to 250 μm, for example.

FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing the second mechanism of bubble miniaturization. The second mechanism of bubble miniaturization mainly works when the fluid contains solids in the form of powders, granules, or the like. This is the case, for example, in the production of concrete, which involves cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates, and the like. Application of the fluctuating inertial force causes the fluid 30 to shift from an intermediate position between the peaks of the applied monotonic and reciprocating motion, specifically, from the upward movement of the fluid 30 to the downward movement direction. is changed to start downward acceleration, and at the position where the velocity coincides with the free-falling velocity of the fluid 30, the state is momentarily close to weightlessness.

At this time, large-diameter coarse aggregates 31a and small-diameter coarse aggregates 31b (coarse aggregates 31) constituting the fluid 30, fine aggregates 32 existing between the coarse aggregates 31, and these coarse aggregates 31 and the cement paste 33 interposed between the fine aggregates 32 becomes almost zero (see FIG. 4A). At the next moment, when the vibration reaches its peak (the position where the moving direction of the fluid 30 changes from downward to upward), these coarse aggregates 31, fine aggregates 32, and cement paste 33 A rearrangement is made as a contiguous distribution.

In this process, the frictional force acting between each other gradually changes toward the maximum value, so that in the middle, the frictional force is gentle, that is, the fluid state is not solid-phase, but liquid-phase. It flows down toward a stable state with a lower energy state (see FIG. 4(B)). This downflow occurs as a flow centered on the cement paste 33 and the fine aggregate 32 from the fluid 30 into the bubbles 34 around the bubbles 34. On the body 30 side, replacement with the gas in the bubble 34 occurs. If such a fluid/gas exchange flow occurs at one location for one bubble 34, the original bubble will collapse and the gas will be displaced more upwards, resulting in the bubble 34 It's like moving upwards. Also, when the fluid/gas exchange flow for one bubble 34 occurs at a plurality of locations, the originally one bubble 34 is displaced upward as if split into a plurality of smaller bubbles. By repeating the flow collapse in a chain like this, the bubbles are made finer, or reach the top and completely escape from the fluid 30 .

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing the third mechanism of bubble miniaturization. Bubbles 41 that are not eliminated by the first and second bubble miniaturization mechanisms may exist in the fluid 40 described above. However, bubbles 41 are almost non-existent in the case of mortar containing no coarse aggregate. Therefore, it is considered that the presence of the coarse aggregate 42 is the main cause of the generation of the bubbles 41 . That is, the air bubbles 41 can exist close to the coarse aggregates 42, and there are voids surrounded by several coarse aggregates 42, and air is trapped in the coarse aggregates 42. it is conceivable that.

The air bubbles 41 having such a structure are aggregated by using mortar (fine aggregate 43 and cement paste 44) having a density close to that of the coarse aggregate 42 as a binder material. constitutes From this, it is considered that the bubbles 41 do not collapse or are extremely difficult to collapse by the first mechanism and the second mechanism. As a mechanism for the disappearance of the bubbles 41, it is effective to apply resonance vibration having a natural frequency to the coarse aggregate 42 forming the bubbles 41. FIG.

In reality, bubbles can be made finer by combining the first mechanism, the second mechanism, and the third mechanism. explain. Note that the explanation will be made mainly with the first mechanism in mind, but the parts applicable to the second and third mechanisms may be replaced as appropriate.

In order to make the bubbles finer, a force larger than the force acting on the bubbles to maintain the state of the bubbles (hereinafter referred to as "bubble collapse resistance") is applied to the bubbles. That is, vibration, impact, and centrifugal force (however, even if inertial force such as stationary centrifugal force is applied, it is often not possible to collapse the bubbles. Therefore, by changing the angular velocity in an accelerating manner, A non-stationary state is preferable.) and the like must be given to the bubbles.

The collapse resistance of bubbles is the viscosity of the fluid, the specific gravity, the mass of the constituent elements, the size of the bubbles, the interfacial tension of the bubbles, the internal pressure of the bubbles, and the solid-liquid mixed fluid containing solids such as aggregates. In other words, the presence of gas trapped by the engagement between solids and the degree of enclosing the gas by solids are parameters. Therefore, it is possible to set or estimate as appropriate depending on the type of target fluid and/or the size, shape, form, etc. of bubbles.

A case of generating a fluctuating inertial force by simple harmonic motion will be described. It should be noted that here, as the fluctuating inertial force, vibration will be explained as an example, and the amplitude is set appropriately and is not particularly limited. It is preferable to set the range to be substantially the same as or less than. If the amplitude is smaller than this range, the inertial force acting on the fluid will be insufficient, and the bubbles will not collapse and cannot be made microscopic. On the other hand, if the amplitude exceeds the above range, excessive excitation energy is applied, which is energetically inefficient and unreasonable, such as the possibility of separating the constituent elements of the fluid. In addition, when the fluid is a mixture of a plurality of materials having different specific gravities, application of excessive vibration may cause the components to separate. By applying vibration, the bubbles are gradually split and become smaller, so the amplitude may be gradually reduced over time.

By the way, if the inertial force of the entire fluid with respect to the system is constant, the force per unit area acting everywhere in the system, that is, the surface pressure can be regarded as approximately constant. Therefore, a large-diameter bubble has a large surface area and receives a relatively large force as the entire surface of the bubble, while a small-diameter bubble has a small surface area and receives a relatively small force as the entire surface area of the bubble. That is, small-diameter bubbles are more difficult to collapse than large-diameter bubbles. In the process of applying inertial force to the fluid to subdivide the bubbles, it is preferable to increase the acceleration that is the source of the inertial force, thereby increasing the inertial force. At this time, the acceleration is increased by gradually decreasing the amplitude according to the size of the target bubble to be refined, while increasing the frequency.

Also, the vibration can be controlled by the number of vibrations (frequency). Although the frequency is not particularly limited, it is set to 10 to 90 Hz, for example. If the frequency is too high, when the fluid is composed of multiple components with different specific gravities, there is a risk that the components will separate. Also, since the bubbles gradually become smaller when vibration is applied, the vibration frequency may be set to gradually increase accordingly.

Also, the vibration may be controlled by the vibration time or the number of times of vibration. The vibration time is not particularly limited, but is, for example, in the range of ten seconds to ten minutes. When the fluid is solidified, it is necessary to set the vibration conditions so that the microbubbles are completed before the solidification reaction is completed. Also, depending on the conditions, air bubbles may remain even if the vibration is continued for more than a certain period of time, leading to loss of energy.

In this manner, vibration is performed under one or more conditions selected from amplitude (fluctuation width), frequency (fluctuation number), and vibration time (fluctuation time) depending on the type of fluid and/or the size of bubbles. (fluctuating inertial force). When a bubble splits due to vibration and becomes smaller than a certain size, it may not be possible to further reduce the size of the bubble with the amplitude and frequency up to that point. Therefore, the amplitude and the frequency of vibration may be simultaneously controlled according to the elapse of the vibration time so that even small-sized bubbles are subjected to acceleration sufficiently exceeding the collapse resistance force of the bubbles.

Here, FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the variation section 2a. The variable portion 2a has a receiving portion 60 that receives the fluid. The receiving portion 60 is a bottomed cylindrical body having a rectangular side wall and a bottom portion integrally formed connecting to the side wall, and has a supply port 62 to which the fluid is supplied and a fluid discharge port 62. It has an outlet 64 for The supply port 62 is an opening formed at the upper end of the receiving portion 60 . The discharge port 64 is a through hole formed in the central portion of the bottom.

Fluid is supplied to the receiving portion 60 through the supply port 62 , passes through the receiving space 63 between the supply port 62 and the discharge port 64 , and is discharged from the discharge port 64 . At this time, the fluctuating portion 2 a repeatedly reciprocates, and the inertia force applying mechanism 4 applies a fluctuating inertia force to the fluid for a certain period of time while the fluid passes through the receiving space 63 .

Note that the shape of the side wall of the receiving portion 60 is not limited to a rectangular tubular shape. C) may be a cylindrical shape such as an elliptical shape shown in FIG. 7(D), or a convex polygonal shape other than a rectangle such as a triangular shape shown in FIG. 7(D) or a pentagonal shape shown in FIG. 7(E). may be in the form of Of course, the shape of the side wall of the receiving portion 60 may be a concave polygonal cylindrical shape such as the star shape shown in FIG. There may be.

Further, the receiving portion 60 is not limited to a bottomed cylindrical body, and may be a bottomless cylindrical body or a cylindrical body having an openable and closable bottom. Alternatively, the inertial force imparting device 1 may store the fluid in advance like a reservoir, and the fluctuating portion 2a may have the receiving portion 60 and the discharging portion 64. FIG. Of course, the fluctuating section 2a may have the receiving section 60 without the discharge section 64. In that case, the fluctuating section 2a may correspond to the formwork for the secondary concrete product, and the inertial force is applied to the production of the secondary concrete product. A force applying device 1 can be applied.

Although the fluctuating portion 2b is symmetrical with the fluctuating portion 2a, it may of course have the same outer shape. Also, if the variable portion 2b functions as a counterweight to generate a moment in the opposite direction that balances the moment about the center of gravity G shown in FIG. etc. can be set as appropriate.
Also, the case where the fluctuation sections 2a and 2b are arranged in parallel has been described as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this, and they may be arranged in the vertical direction, that is, in series.

Also, the number of variable sections provided is not limited to two, and may be three or more. For example, when four variable sections 2a to 2d are arranged, two of them may be arranged side by side in the front-rear direction (Y direction) and left-right direction (X direction) as shown in FIG. 8(A). Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 8B, they may be arranged in a row in the front-rear direction or in the left-right direction. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 8C, two fluctuating sections 2a and 2b may be arranged in parallel in the horizontal direction, and the fluctuating section 2c or the fluctuating section 2d may be connected in series with the fluctuating section 2a or the fluctuating section 2b. That is, the variable section 2c may be arranged vertically above the variable section 2a, and the variable section 2d may be arranged vertically above the variable section 2b.

Further, in FIG. 1, the movement range is set so that both the variable parts 2a and 2b can reciprocate between the upper position and the lower position in common between two predetermined points. The lower position may be set differently for each variable portion.

Further, the variable portion 2b may be configured to have the receiving portion 6 to receive the fluid, similar to the variable portion 2a. If each fluctuating section 2a, 2b has a receiving section 6 so that the fluid can be discharged, the fluctuating sections 2a, 2b may be arranged vertically, ie, in series. Note that series is not necessarily an arrangement limited to the vertical direction. For example, in the movement of a fluid using a pressure feed pipe, which will be described later, the flow (movement) direction of the fluid may be in a direction other than the vertical direction, such as the horizontal direction. be. In other words, "in series" indicates a relationship in which they are arranged substantially parallel to the flow direction of the fluid. On the other hand, "parallel" indicates a relationship in which they are arranged in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an arrangement example when a plurality of fluctuation sections are arranged in series. When two fluctuating sections 2a and 2b are arranged in series, when one fluctuating section 2a rises as shown in FIG. Regulates the movement of the center of gravity of Also, when the three variable parts 2a, 2b, and 2c are arranged in series, the mass of each variable part 2a, 2b, and 2c is made different as shown in FIG. Fluctuation units 2a, 2b, and 2c are arranged. Furthermore, when the highest fluctuating portion 2a and the intermediate fluctuating portion 2b rise, the lowest fluctuating portion 2c descends, for example, to shift the reciprocating direction.

In this way, when the fluctuating sections are arranged in series, the fluid supplied to the highest fluctuating section 2a is discharged from the discharge section 62 of the fluctuating section 2a and fluctuates via the supply section 60 of the fluctuating section 2b. It is supplied to the portion 2b and received by the receiving portion 6 of the variable portion 2b. The fluid is discharged from the discharge section 62 of the fluctuation section 2b, supplied to the fluctuation section 2c via the supply section 60 of the fluctuation section 2c, and received by the receiving section 6 of the fluctuation section 2c. Therefore, the fluctuating portions 2a to 2c apply a fluctuating inertial force to the fluid, and the air bubbles contained therein are reduced to micronized or eliminated as described above.

When a plurality of variable parts are arranged in series, the mass of each part, the volume that can accommodate the fluid, and the displacement of the reciprocating motion ( degree of phase difference) can be set as appropriate. Therefore, the receiving portions 6 of the respective fluctuating portions 2a, 2b, and 2c may be formed to have approximately the same capacity for receiving the fluid and different cross-sectional areas along the horizontal plane. In that case, as shown in FIG. 9C, the variable portions 2a, 2b, and 2c are arranged in ascending order of horizontal cross-sectional area from the upstream side to the downstream side. Of course, the arrangement of the variable portions is not limited to this. 2a may be used.

When the fluid passes through the receiving portions 6 of the variable portions 2a and 2b, a tube for guiding the movement of the fluid between the variable portions 2a and 2b is used as shown in FIG. A shaped guide 70 may be provided. The guide part 70 may be constructed of a flexible member having an extendable structure. By forming the guide part 70 from a stretchable material and/or a material having flexibility in this way, it expands and contracts following the reciprocating motion of the variable parts 2a and 2b and guides the movement of the fluid. The effect of facilitating induction of discharge can be obtained.

Further, when the guide portion 70 is provided, it is not limited to arranging the variable portions 2a and 2b in series. It may be arranged by Note that the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b may be arranged such that their axial centers are tilted from the vertical direction, as shown in FIG. 10(C). Further, as shown in FIG. 10(D), the guide portion 70 may have a crank shape in which narrow right-angled curves are alternately connected, and the end portion may have a shape that can be expanded and contracted such as a bellows shape. Needless to say, the shape of the crank is not limited to that bent at a right angle, and may be appropriately set such as an S-shaped curve.

When the guide portion 70 is not provided between the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b, the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b can be placed close to each other in order to prevent leakage of the fluid between the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b. For example, as shown in FIG. 11, it is configured such that a portion of one fluctuation section 2a can be surrounded by the other fluctuation section 2b. That is, the receiving portion 6 of the variable portion 2b is configured to surround the variable portion 2a. It should be noted that the surrounding of a part of the fluctuating part 2a by the fluctuating part 2b may be done when the fluctuating parts 2a and 2b approach each other, but part of the fluctuating part 2a is always inside the receiving part 6 of the fluctuating part 2b. may be made by locating at

Next, a case where the inertial force imparting device 1 is applied when pouring ready-mixed concrete (fluid) into a mold for a secondary concrete product will be described. FIG. 12 shows an inertial force applying device 1 having a crank mechanism. Here, the inertial force imparting device 1 is arranged between the bucket 100 and the formwork 102 having a shape corresponding to the secondary concrete product.

The bucket 100 includes a storage portion defining a storage space for storing ready-mixed concrete (not shown) and a hopper whose lower end can be opened and closed. The inertial force applying device 1 also has four fluctuating portions 2a to 2d, and these fluctuating portions 2a to 2d are vertically reciprocated by two inertial force applying mechanisms 4. As shown in FIG. Specifically, one inertial force applying mechanism 4 reciprocates the variable portions 2a and 2b, and the other inertial force applying mechanism 4 reciprocates the variable portions 2c and 2d. At this time, the fluctuating portion 2a and the fluctuating portion 2d reciprocate with their vertical positions substantially aligned with each other, and the fluctuating portions 2b and 2c reciprocate with their vertical positions substantially aligned with each other. .

The inertia force applying mechanism 4 is a crank mechanism and has a crank arm 70 , a crank pin 72 and a link 74 . The crank arm 70 is pivotally supported by a rotating shaft 70a so as to be rotatable in the vertical direction. One end of the crank pin 72 is rotatably supported by the crank arm 70 . The crank pin 72 is arranged such that the axial center thereof is spaced from the rotating shaft 70a by a predetermined distance. The link 74 connects to the variable part in the middle. One end of the link 74 is connected to the support base 76 so as to be rotatable in the vertical direction, and the other end is connected to the other end of the crank pin 72 . Therefore, the link 74 can rotate vertically with one end as a fulcrum.

The link 74 is rotatably and slidably connected to the crankpin 72 . Similarly, the crankpin 72 is also rotatably and slidably connected to the link 74 .
Therefore, when the crank arm 70 rotates, the crank pin 72 slides horizontally with respect to the link 74, so that the rotation of the crank arm 70 and the vertical rotation of the link 74 are not hindered. Therefore, the variable portion connected to the link 74 reciprocates in the vertical direction.

When the ready-mixed concrete in the bucket 100 is introduced into the mold 102, the hopper of the bucket 100 is first opened to discharge the ready-mixed concrete accommodated inside to the outside. Ready-mixed concrete falls into the inertial force imparting device 1 arranged below. Here, the inertial force imparting device 1 reciprocates the respective fluctuating sections 2a to 2d as described above to impart fluctuating inertial force to the fresh concrete received by the fluctuating sections 2a to 2d. Air bubbles are made fine and/or defoamed. Therefore, the ready-mixed concrete discharged from the fluctuating sections 2a to 2d has fine air bubbles inside, and as a result, it is possible to efficiently manufacture high-quality products with good appearance.

Further, the vibration accompanying the reciprocating motion of the variable portion 2a is canceled or suppressed by the vibration accompanying the reciprocating motion of the variable portion 2b. Further, the vibration accompanying the reciprocating motion of the changing portion 2c is canceled or suppressed by the vibration accompanying the reciprocating motion of the changing portion 2d. As a result, fluctuations in the position of the center of gravity of the inertial force applying device 1 as a whole are restricted, and vibration acting on the device is suppressed.

Depending on the distance between the inertial force imparting device 1 and the mold 102, when the fresh concrete discharged from the moving parts 2a to 2d falls on the mold 102, entrapped air may be mixed therein. Therefore, ready-mixed concrete is discharged while introducing the inertial force imparting device 1 into the mold 102 . That is, the ready-mixed concrete is discharged by locating the outlets of the fluctuating portions 2a to 2d near the bottom surface inside the formwork 102. As shown in FIG. In this case, the inertial force applying device 1 and/or the formwork 102 are provided with a lifting mechanism, and the inertial force applying device 1 is raised and/or the formwork 102 is lowered according to the liquid level height of the ready-mixed concrete in the formwork 102. may

Note that the inertial force imparting mechanism may have an electromagnetic mechanism (electromagnetic actuator). In that case, as shown in FIG. 13, a plurality of electromagnetic actuators 110 are arranged at the upper end and/or the lower end of each variable portion, and the variable portion is vertically reciprocated by expansion and contraction of the plunger when the power is turned on and off. good too. Here, the electromagnetic actuators 110 are preferably arranged at approximately equal intervals along the end surface of the variable section in order to suppress the bias of the external force that raises and lowers the variable section. Of course, the number of electromagnetic actuators 110 is not limited to two as shown in FIG. 13, and may be three or more.

When the ready-mixed concrete is introduced into the mold by pumping, that is, as shown in FIG. An inertial force imparting device may be applied when pouring into the mold 126 by pressing. For example, the fluctuating parts 2a and 2b are arranged along the direction of pumping the fluid (pumping direction) at the tip of the pumping pipe 124, and the fluctuating parts 2a and 2b are reciprocated in the pumping direction.

A substantially cylindrical connecting portion 128 is provided between the variable portions 2a and 2b. The connecting portion 128 has a bellows-like outer shape that can be expanded and contracted, for example. The shape of the connecting portion 128 is not limited to this, but has a double pipe structure having an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder coaxially, and the inner cylinder expands and contracts by moving relative to the outer cylinder in the axial direction. It may be a configuration. Therefore, even if the variable portions 2a and 2b reciprocate in opposite directions, the connecting portion 128 expands and contracts to follow the respective reciprocating motions, and maintains a state in which it communicates with the receiving portions of the variable portions 2a and 2b. be done.

Further, the variable parts 2a and 2b are connected to the drive source 130 and configured to mechanically reciprocate. Alternatively, the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b may be made of a ferrous magnetic material and may be reciprocated using electromagnetic force. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 15, a first coil 132 that generates a magnetic flux is wound around the outer circumference of the fluctuation portion 2a, and the current is supplied from the power supply means 136 to the first coil while periodically changing the direction alternately. It feeds the coil 132 . Similarly, in the fluctuation section 2b, a second coil 134 that generates a magnetic flux is wound around the outer circumference, and a current is supplied to the second coil 134 from the power supply means 136 while periodically changing the direction alternately. The first coil 132 may be wound in the opposite direction to the second coil 134, so that the current phases or the magnetic poles generated between the first coil 132 and the second coil 134 are reversed. make it

Therefore, the magnetic flux generated in each coil 132, 134 by the current supplied from the power supply means 136 is always opposite to the other. As a result, the fluctuating portions 2a and 2b reciprocate by alternately receiving forces that repel each other and forces that attract each other.

The current supplied to both coils 132 and 134 may be direct current. The winding directions of both the coils 132 and 134 are set so that the variable portions 2a and 2b can move in the direction against the elasticity of the respective elastic members. Further, DC current is intermittently supplied in order to reciprocate the fluctuation portions 2a and 2b. It goes without saying that the power supply means 136 can be appropriately set to a battery, an external power source, or the like.
Needless to say, the means for displacing this kind of cylindrical variable portions 2a and 2b is not limited to those using electromagnets, and may be those using mechanical link mechanisms, actuators, or the like. .

Further, in the inertial force applying device 1 that rotates the variable portions 2a and 2b, the two variable portions 2a and 2b may be rotated in opposite directions by utilizing the reaction received by the motor as the drive source. Specifically, the motor 140 shown in FIG. 16 is a DC motor having a motor main body 142 and a rotary shaft 144 extending from the motor main body 142. The rotary shaft 144 is rotated through a rotation transmission member such as an endless belt. The motor main body 142 is drivingly connected to the variable portion 2a and the variable portion 2b via a rotation transmission member such as an endless belt. Also, the motor 140 is installed so that it can be rotated by reaction to the rotation of the rotating shaft 144 . In other words, the motor 140 is rotatably supported by a frame or the like (not shown) so as to be aligned with the rotating shaft 144 .

As a result, when the motor 140 rotates the rotary shaft 144 while periodically switching the direction of rotation, the moment applied to the rotary shaft 144 is transmitted to the fluctuation unit 2a, and the reaction from the rotary shaft 144 causes the motor main body 142 to move. is transmitted to the fluctuation portion 2b, and the fluctuation portions 2a and 2b can be rotated simultaneously.

In addition, since the rotating shaft 144 and the motor main body 142 rotate in opposite directions, the rotating directions of the variable portions 2a and 2b can also be set in opposite directions. Therefore, even if the variable sections 2a and 2b are rotated while switching the rotation direction by the motor 140, the variable section 2b (or the variable section 2a with respect to the variable section 2b) reciprocates with a phase difference to counter the variable section 2a. Functioning as a weight, it is possible to suppress or prevent the vibration generated by the reciprocating motion of the variable portion 2a and the variable portion 2b.
In constructing this type of variable parts 2a and 2b that are reversed to each other, the use of endless belts is not the only option, and other means such as a mechanical type using bevel gears or the like may be used.

Concrete as a fluid includes not only concrete that can be hardened by adding water, fillers (fillers), or ordinary aggregates to cement, but also concrete such as Roman concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, and polymer concrete. include. It also includes mortar that uses only fine aggregate and cement paste that does not use aggregate. As the aggregate, any material commonly used in concrete or any conventionally known material may be used, and sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed glass, rubble, artificial material, waste, and the like can be used. Furthermore, the cement is not particularly limited, and Portland cement, Roman cement, resin cement, etc. can be used, for example.

Further, the inertial force imparting device 1 can be suitably used for so-called concrete secondary products. For example, piles, pipes, flat plates, top plates, retaining walls, floor slabs, floor plates, balustrades, concrete blocks, box culverts, arch alberts, culverts, Hume pipes (reinforced curtain walls, curtain walls), outer walls, inner walls, columns, Beams, concrete bridges, bridge girders, tunnel segments (shield tunnels), water pipes, drainage pipes, storage tanks, water tanks, drainage basins, street culverts, radioactive waste containers, nuclear shelters, utility poles, pavements (roads), gutters, Gutter covers, manholes, assembly manholes, manhole covers, box manholes, boundary blocks, curbs, car blocks, foot protection blocks, interlocking blocks, vegetation blocks, protective fences, sheet piles, soundproofing materials, wave-dissipating blocks, revetment blocks, sleepers, Applicable to objects (images). In addition to the above examples, the present invention can be suitably applied to various products such as products (precast products) that are molded using a mold. For example, artificial stone, artificial marble, tiles, pottery, porcelain, gutter members, lids, toilet bowls, tombstones, torii gates, bronze statues, Buddha statues, gypsum statues, gypsum products, glass products, and various metals such as iron, aluminum, and copper. It can be applied to all kinds of products such as castings, die-cast products, etc., which are manufactured by solidifying and molding a fluid.

Note that the inertial force imparting device 1 can be applied to applications other than the production of concrete. That is, the application range is not limited at all by the type of fluid, blending ratio, production amount, and the like. It is also possible to add a configuration that can give an appropriately varying inertial force to the device or instrument used according to the type of fluid.

In addition, for example, it is applied to the production of two-liquid mixed resins such as epoxy resins, silicones, rubbers, cosmetics such as lipsticks and mascara, paints such as soaps, colored pencils, and paints, and chemical products such as sealants, lubricants, and conductive agents. It is possible. That is, it is not necessarily limited to products that solidify, but can be applied to the production of products having such a degree of viscosity that air bubbles are retained inside.

Furthermore, it can be applied in the manufacturing process of foods. For example, as in the case of producing tofu by adding bittern to soymilk, it may be applied to the production of foodstuffs in which ingredients are mixed and solidified. In addition to tofu, such foods include pastes such as kamaboko, konjac, candy, honey, and the like. In such a food manufacturing process, removing air bubbles not only improves the appearance of the product, but also improves the uniformity of volume and mass distribution, and prevents oxidative deterioration caused by air bubbles. It is possible to produce high-quality food products such as prevention.

As described above, according to the inertial force imparting device 1, the air bubbles contained in the fluid supplied to the fluctuating section are finely divided and/or defoamed, so that a beautiful and high-quality product can be manufactured. can do. In addition, by reciprocating a plurality of variable parts, each variable part acts as a counterweight against the reciprocating motion of any other variable part. 1 can be suppressed from vibrating. As a result, a variable inertial force can be applied to a fluid having a large volume and mass, so that it is possible to efficiently manufacture large products such as large secondary concrete products. In addition, it is possible to effectively apply a varying inertial force even in a zero-gravity space such as outer space.

Information acquisition means may be installed in each part of the inertial force applying device 1 (fluctuating part, inertial force applying mechanism, etc.) to detect physical phenomena occurring in each part or occurring in the surroundings and acquire the information. Information acquisition means include, for example, acceleration sensor, mechanical sensor (strain gauge, pressure sensor), temperature sensor, odor sensor, specific particle sensor, radiation sensor, image sensor (camera), wetness sensor, microphone, position sensor (GPS ), gyro sensor, motion sensor, dielectric (capacitance) sensor, infrared sensor, and the like. If the information acquisition means is used, for example, the amount and state (temperature, viscosity, etc.) of the fluid existing in the varying portion, the supply amount of the fluid supplied to the varying portion, and the discharge amount of the fluid discharged from the varying portion , the state of bubbles in the fluid (state of fragmentation, etc.), the operation of the fluctuation unit, and various other information can be acquired. By using such information (for example, feedback to each part), conditions effective for miniaturization and / or defoaming are appropriately extracted from conditions such as the fluctuation width, the number of fluctuations, the fluctuation time, the operating time, etc. by the fluctuation part, can be set. Alternatively, the fatigue of each part may be estimated by the control part, etc., the device itself may determine the replacement time or repair time, etc. of each part, and may be notified to the outside or remote location using wired and/or wireless communication. good.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1... Inertia force application apparatus 2a, 2b... Fluctuation part 4... Inertia force application mechanism 11, 30... Fluid 12, 20, 34, 41... Air bubble 31, 42... Coarse aggregate 32, 43... Fine aggregate 33, 44 Cement paste 60 Receiving part 62 Supply port 63 Receiving space 64 Discharge port 70 Crank arm 72 Crank pin 100 Bucket 102 Formwork DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 110... Electromagnetic actuator, 120... Storage part, 122..., 124... Pumping pipe, 126... Formwork, 128... Connection part, 130... Drive source, 132... First coil, 134... Second coil, 136... Power supply means 140 Motor 142 Motor main body 144 Rotary shaft.

Claims (12)

An inertial force imparting device that imparts a variable inertial force to a fluid,
Having a plurality of variable parts whose positions change,
the plurality of fluctuation sections include at least a pair of fluctuation sections whose positions fluctuate with a phase difference from each other;
the pair of variable parts has a receiving part capable of receiving a fluid,
An inertial force imparting device characterized in that the positions and/or the directions in which each of the plurality of varying units is varied are set so as to regulate the variation of the position of the center of gravity of the device as a whole. the pair of variable parts are set so that their mutual positions and/or the directions in which they move can regulate the positional variation of the center of gravity of the apparatus as a whole;
2. The inertial force applying device according to claim 1, wherein the variable section other than the variable section having the receiving section is a counterweight. 3. The inertial force imparting device according to claim 1, wherein the motions of said varying units have a phase difference with each other. 4. The inertial force applying device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a plurality of said varying units are arranged in series and/or in parallel with each other. The receiving part has a supply port to which the fluid is supplied, a discharge port from which the fluid can be discharged, and a receiving space for receiving and storing the fluid between the supply port and the discharge port,
5. The inertial force imparting device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the discharge port has an inner dimension smaller than that of the supply port. 6. The inertial force imparting device according to claim 5, further comprising a guide section that guides the fluid that has passed through the receiving section to the receiving section of another variable section. The inertial force applying device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the receiving part has a cylindrical shape with a bottom, bottomless, or openable and closable bottom. The plurality of fluctuation parts fluctuate between two points in each fluctuation direction,
8. The inertial force applying device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein each two points of the variable portion are set individually. 9. The inertial force applying device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that one of said plurality of fluctuation sections functions as a counterweight for the other fluctuation sections. 10. The inertial force imparting device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein all of the variable parts have the receiving part. 11. Any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the pair of moving parts reciprocate in directions opposite to each other so as to cancel each other's displacement of the center of gravity accompanying movement and the resulting moment. An inertial force imparting device as described. 11. The inertial force applying device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that said pair of said fluctuating sections fluctuate while maintaining a state having a phase difference of half a phase.

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