JP7485702B2 - Protective helmet - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a protective helmet. In particular, although not exclusively, the present invention relates to a protective helmet suitable for use in motor sports such as motocross.

As is well known in the art, helmets used during sporting activities generally utilize a construction based on three main components: an outer shell, an impact absorbing liner, and a comfort liner.

The outer shell, made of a rigid material such as a thermoplastic polymer such as polycarbonate or fiber-reinforced polymer, serves to protect the helmet wearer's head from impact with the ground or other objects.

The outer shell is also suitable to at least partially distribute, in the event of an accident, the impact forces acting on the helmet by spreading and transmitting them to the second component of the helmet, the impact absorbing liner.

The impact absorbing liner is positioned adjacent to the inside of the outer shell and is dome-shaped to accommodate the shape of the wearer's head.

The function of the impact absorbing liner is to absorb the impact forces generated during an accident, thereby protecting the wearer's head.

Typically, impact absorbing liners are made from a relatively rigid material such as polystyrene foam.

The third component is the comfort liner, which is the surface of the impact absorbing liner that faces the wearer's head.

Comfort liners are typically made from a combination of soft foam and fabric materials and serve to make the helmet more comfortable by preventing the wearer's head from coming into direct contact with the relatively rigid impact absorbing liner.

Nowadays, modern protective helmets must be effective at absorbing both radial and oblique impacts.

A radial impact only results in linear acceleration, an oblique impact results in linear and rotational acceleration.

Linear acceleration can cause skull fractures, epidural hematomas, and translational acceleration of the brain, while rotational acceleration can cause the brain to rotate within the skull. Brain rotation may produce injuries such as concussion, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), subdural hematomas, contusions, and intracerebral hematomas.

In order to reduce rotational energy transmitted to the brain in the event of an oblique impact, various parts of the helmet may be configured to slide relative to one another. A helmet of this kind is disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 5,399,433, in which a protective helmet has an outer shell displaceable relative to the inner shell by at least one sliding layer arranged between the outer shell and the inner shell. In the edge regions of the helmet, the outer shell and the inner shell are interconnected by connecting members in order to absorb energy when a displacement of the outer shell on the inner shell occurs. In this way, impact energy from an oblique impact on the helmet may be absorbed during the displacement between the outer shell and the inner shell.

At the same time, the various parts of the helmet need to remain connected to each other during normal use.

A connector suitable for enabling mutual sliding between a first part and a second part of a helmet and ensuring a stable connection between the first part and the second part of the helmet during normal use is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 2.

The connector comprises: a sliding plate; an anchor point on one side of the plate, the anchor point configured to be connected to the first portion; and a deformable material configured to at least partially cover the side of the plate on which the anchor point is located; a peripheral region of the deformable material configured to be connected to the second portion, and an inner region of the deformable material connected to at least one of the plate and the anchor point. The connector further comprises a layer of material disposed on an opposite side of the plate from the anchor point; a low friction interface is provided between the opposing surface of the plate and the layer of material.

This solution has several drawbacks:

Firstly, this solution makes the helmet more complicated to manufacture and therefore more costly.

The step of applying the connector to the helmet liner is time consuming.

In addition, the connectors fixed to the impact absorbing liner can slide relative to the helmet liner and may therefore be subject to some displacement relative to the outer shell during normal use as well as in the event of an impact. This may affect the comfort and stability of the helmet on the wearer's head.

Finally, the connector disclosed in the '693 patent may be effective if it could slide freely against a low-friction interface located underneath the plate.

However, in normal use, the connector is compressed between the deformable material covering the upper portion of the plate and the low friction interface covering the lower portion of the plate, reducing the connector's freedom of movement, thereby affecting whether the helmet liner can slide relative to adjacent portions of the helmet in the event of an impact.

The object of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet that at least partially overcomes the problems and shortcomings mentioned above.

International Publication No. 2001/045526 International Publication No. 2017157765

In particular, the object of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet having a comfort liner that is securely attached to the outer shell or impact absorbing liner of the helmet during normal use and that is adapted to displace relative to the outer shell or impact absorbing liner upon impact to reduce rotational acceleration acting on the wearer's head.

Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a protective helmet having a comfort liner that can be easily attached and detached from the outer shell or impact absorbing liner without affecting its functionality.

Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a protective helmet that can provide improved protection against radial and oblique impacts.

Finally, a goal of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet that can be manufactured at a competitive cost.

These and other objects and aims are achieved by the protective helmet of claim 1.

The advantages and characteristic features of the present invention will appear more clearly from the following description of a preferred, but not exclusive, embodiment of a protective helmet with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a side view of a protective helmet according to the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the protective helmet of FIG. 1 with the visor removed for clarity. FIG. 3 shows a bottom view of the comfort liner of the protective helmet of FIG. FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the comfort liner of FIG. FIG. 5 is a rear perspective view of the comfort liner of FIG. FIG. 6 shows diagrammatically how the front of the comfort liner of FIG. 3 may be attached to the impact absorbing liner of the protective helmet of FIG. FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of detail A of FIG. FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of detail B of FIG. FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 2, illustrating diagrammatically rearward rotation of the protective helmet relative to the user's head. FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of detail A1 of FIG. FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of detail B1 of FIG. FIG. 12 shows a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line XII-XII in FIG. FIG. 13 is a view similar to FIG. 12, illustrating diagrammatically lateral rotation of the protective helmet relative to the user's head. FIG. 14 is an enlarged view of detail E of FIG. FIG. 15 is an enlarged view of detail D of FIG. FIG. 16 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view taken along line XVI-XVI in FIG. FIG. 17 is a view similar to FIG. 16, illustrating diagrammatically lateral rotation of the protective helmet relative to the user's head.

With reference to the accompanying drawings, an example of a protective helmet according to the invention is generally indicated with the reference number 10. Said protective helmet 10 is suitable for use by motorcyclists, in particular motocross riders. Nevertheless, as will be more clearly shown from the following description, the protective helmet 10 can also be used to advantage by cyclists, skiers and hockey, football, polo or other sports players in whom effective protection of the user's head must be obtained.

As shown in FIG. 1, the protective helmet 10 includes an outer shell 12, preferably made of a rigid material, e.g., a thermoplastic polymer such as polycarbonate or a fiber-reinforced polymer. The outer shell 12 is dome-shaped to fit the user's head. The helmet may also include a visor 14, preferably made of a rigid material, which is generally designed to be removably coupled to the outer shell 12. The visor 14 may be coupled to the outer shell 12 so as to protrude above a front opening 16 of the outer shell 12.

In FIG. 1, a protective helmet 10 is shown with a chin guard 18. However, the teachings of the present invention may also be advantageously applied to so-called "jet helmets".

As shown in FIG. 2, the protective helmet 10 also includes an impact absorbing liner 20 and a comfort liner 22, both of which are positioned inside the outer shell 12.

The impact absorbing liner 20 is positioned adjacent to the outer shell 12 and is shaped to accommodate the shape of the wearer's head. The impact absorbing liner 20 is designed to absorb the energy of an impact and can be made of a foam material, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) or expanded polypropylene (EPP).

The comfort liner 22 is positioned on the inner surface of the impact absorbing liner 20 so as to contact the wearer's head while the helmet 10 is in use.

The comfort liner 22 can be made of synthetic foam, such as polyurethane foam padding covered with a skin-friendly fabric.

The comfort liner 22 is attached to the outer shell 12 and/or the impact absorbing liner 20 by at least one connection means 24.

Preferably, the comfort liner 22 is removably attached to the outer shell 12 and/or the shock absorbing liner 20 for cleaning or replacement as needed.

According to the embodiment of FIG. 2, the comfort liner 22 is removably attached to the shock absorbing liner 20. However, in a different embodiment, not shown in the accompanying figures, the comfort liner may be attached to the outer shell 12, or to both the outer shell 12 and the shock absorbing liner 20. For example, a first portion of the comfort liner 22 may be attached to the outer shell 12 and a second portion of the comfort liner 22 may be attached to the shock absorbing liner 20.

Unless otherwise specified, the following refers to the embodiment of FIG. 2, in which the comfort liner 22 is removably attached to the impact absorbing liner 20. However, similar considerations apply to the other embodiments described above.

According to the present invention, the comfort liner 22 is provided with at least one elastic joint 26 arranged adjacent to the connection means 24 for joining said at least one connection means 24 to the comfort liner 22.

As used herein, the term "elastic" is intended to refer to a material that has the property of returning to its original shape after deformation. In particular, an elastic joint is a joint that can be at least partially stretched upon application of an elongation force to a biased length that is greater than its original unbiased length, and can return to its original length upon release of the elongation force.

At the same time, an elastic joint may be a joint that can contract, at least in part, upon application of a compressive force to a compressed length less than its original unbiased length, and return to its original length upon release of the compressive force.

As will be explained in detail below, the provision of the elastic joint 26 significantly improves the absorption of rotational acceleration acting on the helmet 10 during an oblique impact, reducing the risk of potential injury to the wearer. As a matter of fact, the placement of the elastic joint 26 between the outer shell 12 or the impact absorbing liner 20 and the comfort liner 22 allows for mutual displacement between the outer shell 12 and the comfort liner 22 in the event of an oblique impact. Since the comfort liner 22 in use is substantially integral with the wearer's head, the rotational energy transmitted to the brain by an oblique impact is reduced. At the same time, the joint 26, being elastic, can also reduce such rotational energy.

Furthermore, the elastic joint 26 does not affect the fastening of the comfort liner 22 to the outer shell 12 or to the impact absorbing liner 20, allowing the helmet 10 to fit properly to the user's head during normal use. In this way, accidental movement of the helmet 10 on the wearer's head is avoided.

As a result, the provision of the elastic joint 26 allows the comfort liner 22 to remain in place during normal use, while being able to displace relative to the outer shell 12 or the impact absorbing liner 20 in the event of an oblique impact.

The elastic joint 26 can be a woven or non-woven fabric. Several different materials can be used for the elastic joint 26, for example polyamide, polyurethane, or a blend of polyamide and polyurethane.

Alternatively, the elastic joint 26 can be a spring made of a metal or polymeric material.

The elastic joint 26 can also be made of elastic rubber tape. Moreover, the elastic joint 26 can also be manufactured by a technique well known in the field of motorcyclist clothing, namely by superimposing and joining a layer of thin elastic fabric to a layer of leather. Once the layer of elastic fabric is fully tensioned, a series of closely spaced transverse stitches are performed, as a result of which multiple folds are created when the suit is at rest. The inserts so obtained are identified in the technical terminology as "accordion leather stretch inserts".

The elastic joint 26 can be made from a layer of elastic material having a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm, although other thickness values can be used depending on the material selected.

As shown in Figures 3-5, the comfort liner 22 is dome-shaped to conform to the user's head. The comfort liner 22 may include a crown pad 23 designed to embrace the sides of the user's head and a top pad 25 designed to be placed on top of the user's head.

The crown pad 23 and the top pad 25 may be made in a single piece, or they may consist of several components connected by cable ties. Suitable openings 39 may be provided in the crown pad 23 and/or the top pad 25 to allow good ventilation of the user's head.

According to the embodiment shown in the accompanying figures, the elastic joint 26 may be located at the bottom of the comfort liner 22.

In particular, the elastic joint may be located at the bottom of the crown pad 23. According to the embodiment of Figures 3-5, the elastic joint 26 may be located at the front bottom and/or the rear bottom of the crown pad 23. The front portion of the crown pad 23 is the portion of the crown pad 23 that is closer to the front of the user, and the rear portion of the crown pad 23 is the portion of the crown pad 23 that is closer to the neck of the user.

As shown in the accompanying figures, the elastic joint 26 may be a strip of elastic material that runs along the bottom of the comfort liner 22 to form an appendage.

In different embodiments, the elastic joint 26 may consist of one or more elastic bands extending from the bottom end of the comfort liner 22.

However, different embodiments are possible since to be effective, it is only required that the elastic joint 26 be inserted between the connection means 24 and the peripheral portion of the comfort liner 22.

The connection means 24 may be directly or indirectly connected to the elastic joint 26.

In a first case, not shown in the attached figures, the connection means 24 may be applied directly to the elastic joint 26.

In the second case, the comfort liner 22 may be provided with support flaps 28, 29 connected to the elastic joints 26, on which the connection means 24 are provided. Advantageously, the support flaps 28, 29 may be made of a rigid or semi-rigid material. For example, the support flaps 28, 29 may be made of a thermoplastic polymer material, such as, for example, polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polyamide (PA).

As shown in Figures 3-5, the comfort liner 22 may include a front support flap 28 and a rear support flap 29 provided with front connection means 24A and rear connection means 24B, respectively.

Preferably, the front support flap 28 is formed to fit the shape of the bottom front end of the impact absorbing liner 20. Similarly, the rear support flap 29 is formed to fit the shape of the lower rear portion of the impact absorbing liner 22, i.e., the portion of the impact absorbing liner 20 that faces the nape of the wearer's neck.

With reference to Figures 6 and 8, the front support flap 28 may be designed to be inserted inside a slit 30 provided at the bottom end of the impact absorbing liner 20. In Figure 6, it is shown diagrammatically how the front support flap 28 can be inserted inside the slit 30. The insertion direction is indicated by the arrow I.

The front connection means 24A is preferably provided on a surface of the front support flap 28 designed to face the bottom end of the shock absorbing liner 20.

The front connection means 24A may be comprised of a protrusion 31 formed to engage with a corresponding cavity 32 provided on the slit 30, such that a bond between the comfort liner 22 and the shock absorbing liner 20 is obtained by a form fit between the protrusion 31 of the front connection means 24A and the cavity 32 of the slit 30.

The protrusions 31 and cavities 32 may be designed to achieve a snap-fit connection.

The provision of the front support flap 28 allows the front portion of the comfort liner to be easily attached to the impact absorbing liner since all of the front connection means 24A can be simultaneously coupled to the bottom end of the impact absorbing liner in a single action.

At the same time, the front support flap 28, which is designed to fit the bottom end of the impact absorbing liner, allows the front part of the comfort liner to fit closely to the impact absorbing liner, ensuring high comfort for the user and improved stability of the helmet on the user's head.

The rear support flap 29, in turn, is designed to be adjacent to the rear lower portion of the impact absorbing liner 22. The rear connection means 24B may be provided on the surface of the rear support flap 29 facing the impact absorbing liner 20. The opposite surface of the rear support flap 29, i.e., the surface facing the nape of the user, may be covered by a cushion pad 22A (see Figures 3 to 5 and 7).

The rear connection means 24B may consist of a pin 33 designed to be inserted inside a corresponding seat 34 provided in the impact absorbing liner 20.

Alternatively, the rear connection means 24B may consist of a sheet designed to be engaged by a corresponding protrusion provided on the shock absorbing liner 20.

The provision of the rear support flap 29 allows the rear portion of the comfort liner to be easily attached to the impact absorbing liner.

At the same time, the rear support flap 29, designed to fit the rear part of the impact absorbing liner, allows the rear part of the comfort liner to fit closely to the impact absorbing liner, ensuring high comfort for the user and improved stability of the helmet on the user's head.

Below, the behavior of the protective helmet 10 when it receives an impact will be explained, with particular reference to Figures 9 to 17.

These figures refer to an embodiment of a comfort liner 22 with two elastic joints 26 provided at the front part of the comfort liner and at the rear part of the comfort liner, respectively. The elastic joints 26 are in the form of strips connecting the front support flap 28 and the rear support flap 29 to the comfort liner 22. Front connection means 24A and rear connection means 24B are provided on the front support flap 28 and the rear support flap 29.

However, similar comments are valid for the other embodiments disclosed above.

In the event of an impact on the front of the protective helmet (see arrow P- in FIG. 9), the elastic joint 26 allows a mutual rotation of the outer shell 12 with respect to the user's head. Such a mutual rotation is about the Z axis in FIG. 9 and essentially consists of a backward rotation of the helmet on the user's head (backward rotation is indicated by arrow K).

As shown diagrammatically in Figures 10 and 11, the mutual rotation K between the impact absorbing liner 20, which is integral with the outer shell 12, and the comfort liner 22, which contacts the user's head, causes the rear elastic joint 26 to stretch and assume a length L1 that is greater than the original length L of the joint when in the neutral position (see Figure 7).

At the same time, the mutual rotation K causes the front elastic joint 26 to compress, taking on a length H1 that is shorter than its original length H (see Figure 8).

The expansion and compression of the elastic joints 26 at the rear and front of the comfort liner, respectively, allows for controlled displacement of the user's head relative to the outer shell to reduce rotational acceleration acting on the user's head and indirectly on the user's brain.

In the event of an impact on the left side of the protective helmet (see arrow R- in FIG. 13), the elastic joint 26 also allows a mutual rotation of the outer shell 12 with respect to the user's head. Such a mutual rotation is about the X axis in FIG. 13 and essentially consists of a lateral rotation of the helmet on the user's head (the lateral rotation is indicated by the arrow S).

As shown diagrammatically in Figures 12 and 13, the mutual rotation S between the impact absorbing liner 20, which is integral with the outer shell 12, and the comfort liner 22, which is in contact with the user's head, causes the part of the rear elastic joint 26 adjacent to the right side of the helmet to be stretched. Said part of the elastic joint 26 assumes a length L1 that is greater than its original length L (see Figures 12, 13 and 14). In this case, the stretching of this part of the elastic joint 26 is not uniform. In fact, the stretching of this part of the rear elastic joint 26 decreases as the distance from the right side of the outer shell increases.

At the same time, the mutual rotation S causes a compression of the portion of the rear elastic joint 26 adjacent the left side of the helmet. This portion of the elastic joint 26 assumes a length L2 that is shorter than its original length L (see FIG. 15).

Also, in this case, the compression of this portion of the rear elastic joint 26 is not uniform. In fact, the compression of this portion of the rear elastic joint 26 decreases as the distance from the outer shell increases.

The front elastic joint 26 behaves in a side impact in a similar manner to the rear elastic joint disclosed above.

Thus, again in this case, the elastic joint 26 is effective in allowing controlled displacement of the user's head relative to the outer shell so as to reduce rotational acceleration acting on the user's head, and indirectly on the user's brain.

16 and 17, the elastic joint 26 is also active in the case of an impact R+ acting on the right side of the helmet, causing a mutual rotation of the outer shell 12 with respect to the user's head about the Y axis in FIG. 17. Such rotation is indicated by the arrow T in FIG. 17.

In this case, the mutual rotation T between the impact absorbing liner 20, which is integral with the outer shell 12, and the comfort liner 22, which is in contact with the user's head, causes compression in the portion of the rear elastic joint 26 adjacent the right side of the helmet. Such compression is not uniform, since it decreases with increasing distance from the right side of the outer shell.

At the same time, the mutual rotation T causes elongation of the portion of the front elastic joint 26 adjacent the left side of the helmet. Such elongation is not uniform since it decreases with increasing distance from the right side of the outer shell.

The rear elastic joint 26 in the case of mutual rotation T between the outer shell and the comfort liner has a similar behavior to the front elastic joint disclosed above.

Again, in this manner, the expansion and compression of the elastic joint 26 allows the user's head to rotate in a controlled manner relative to the outer shell, reducing the rotational acceleration acting on the user's head, and indirectly, on the user's brain.

Below is provided a comparison table reporting the peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational acceleration (PRA) values measured at different impact points for a helmet made of a comfort liner without the elastic joints 26 disclosed above (hereafter referred to as a rigid configuration) and a helmet made of a comfort liner with front and rear elastic joints 26 (hereafter referred to as an elastic configuration).

The materials used are elastam (specifically Lycra (registered trademark)) for the stretchy ones and regular fabric for the stiff ones.

To clarify the properties of the above materials, tensile tests were conducted in accordance with ISO 13594-1.

The tensile modulus of elastam is approximately 0.12 N/mm, while the tensile modulus of typical fabric is approximately 7.5 N/mm.

In the table above, the designations P+, R+, P- identify different impact points on the helmet, in particular:
- P+ identifies impacts to the rear of the helmet;
- R+ identifies an impact on the right side of the helmet;
- P- identifies an impact to the front of the helmet.

From the table it can be seen that the elastic joints do not substantially affect the linear absorption (PLA).

At the same time, the peak rotational acceleration value of the helmet with the elastic configuration is significantly reduced relative to the rotational acceleration value of the helmet with the rigid configuration.

Obviously, elastam is just one of a variety of elastic materials that can be used for the elastic joint 26.

At this point, it is clear how the predefined objectives are achieved with the protective helmet 10 according to the present invention.

Indeed, the insertion of the elastic joint 26 makes it possible to reduce the rotational acceleration caused by an oblique impact.

At the same time, the elastic joint 26 does not affect the connection of the impact absorbing liner to the comfort liner during normal use of the helmet.

Furthermore, the provision of the elastic joint 26 does not make the comfort liner bulky and does not interfere with the connection of the comfort liner to the shock absorbing liner.

With respect to the embodiments of protective helmet 10 described above, those skilled in the art may make modifications to the described elements and/or substitute equivalent elements to meet their particular requirements without thereby departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (14)

A protective helmet (10) comprising:
- outer shell (12);
- a shock absorbing liner (20) placed inside said outer shell (12) and shaped to accommodate the shape of the wearer's head;
- a comfort liner (22) arranged on the inner surface of the shock absorbing liner (20) so as to be in contact with the wearer's head; the comfort liner (22) being attached to said outer shell (12) and/or to the shock absorbing liner (20) by at least one connection means (24);
the comfort liner (22) is provided with at least one elastic joint (26) arranged adjacent to the at least one connection means (24) for joining the connection means (24) to the comfort liner (22) ;
1. A protective helmet (10) comprising: at least one connection means (24) indirectly connected to the at least one elastic joint (26); the comfort liner (22) comprises rigid or semi-rigid support flaps (28, 29) connected to the at least one elastic joint (26); and the connection means (24) is provided on the support flaps (28, 29) . Protective helmet (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one elastic joint (26) is inserted between the at least one connection means (24) and a peripheral portion of the comfort liner (22). The protective helmet (10) of claim 1, characterized in that the at least one elastic joint (26) is located in a bottom portion of the comfort liner (22). 2. The protective helmet (10) of claim 1, wherein the comfort liner ( 22 ) comprises a crown pad (23) designed to embrace the sides of the wearer's head and a top pad (25) designed to be placed on top of the wearer's head. 5. The protective helmet (10) according to claim 4, characterized in that the at least one elastic joint (26) is arranged at the bottom of the crown pad (23); the at least one elastic joint ( 26 ) is arranged at the front bottom part or the rear bottom part of the crown pad (23). 2. The protective helmet (10) of claim 1, characterized in that the comfort liner (22) comprises a front support flap (28) and a rear support flap (29); a front connection means (24A) is provided on the front support flap (28) and a rear connection means (24B) is provided on the rear support flap (29). 7. The protective helmet (10) of claim 6 , wherein said front support flap (28) is shaped to match the shape of the front bottom end of said impact absorbing liner (20). 7. Protective helmet (10) according to claim 6 , characterized in that the front support flap (28) is designed to be inserted inside a slit (30) provided in the bottom end of the impact absorbing liner (20). 9. Protective helmet (10) according to claim 8 , characterized in that said front connection means (24A) consist of protrusions (31) formed to engage with corresponding cavities (32) provided in said slits (30). 7. Protective helmet (10) according to claim 6 , characterized in that the rear support flap (29) is shaped to match the shape of the rear lower part of the impact absorbing liner ( 20 ). 11. Protective helmet (10) according to claim 10 , characterized in that the rear connection means (24B) are provided on the surface of the rear support flap (29) facing the impact absorbing liner (20). 12. Protective helmet (10) according to claim 11, characterized in that the rear connection means (24B) comprise at least one pin (33) designed to be inserted inside a corresponding seat (34) provided in the impact absorbing liner ( 20 ). Protective helmet (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one elastic joint (26) is made of polyamide, polyurethane, woven and non-woven fabrics. 2. The protective helmet (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one elastic joint (26) is a strip of elastic material running along a bottom portion of said comfort liner (22) so as to form an appendage.

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