JP7501522B2 - Car lock, particularly an electrically actuable car lock - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a vehicle lock, in particular an electrically operable vehicle lock, which has a locking mechanism having a rotating catch and at least one claw portion, and a release lever, the rotating catch being latchable by the claw portion in at least one latched position, and the latched locking mechanism being unlockable by the release lever.

Car locks are used in motor vehicles where components that are pivotally, displaceably or in some other way movably arranged on the vehicle must be secured. Particularly for the side doors and rear doors, high standards are set in terms of ease of operation. Therefore, developers of car locks are constantly striving to increase the comfort of operating car locks.

Car locks, and in particular the locking mechanism arranged in a car lock, usually interact with a lock holder fixed to the body of the car during closing. The locking mechanism, consisting of a rotating catch and a claw, is moved by the lock holder into a latched position, which allows a pre-latch position and a main latch position and allows a secure positioning and retention of the movable component during use of the car. The latched position is achieved, for example, by the engagement of the claw on the latch surface of the rotating catch so that the locking mechanism can be moved to the main latch position. The interaction between the locking mechanism parts, i.e. the rotating catch and the claw, causes noise during opening and closing that significantly affects the comfort of the car lock.

In the car lock known from DE 10 2016 215 336 A1, for example ball-shaped locking elements are arranged in the engagement area between the rotating catch and the claw in order to achieve good haptic and acoustic effects of the car lock. To ensure that the ball is guided into the engagement area between the rotating catch and the claw, this document discloses a guide cage, which is arranged on the claw or on the catch.

From DE10 2007 003 948 A1, a locking unit with a locking mechanism is known, in which a first claw is present, which is held in engagement with a rotating catch by a blocking lever. The locking mechanism comprises a pre-latch and a main latch. To be able to achieve the pre-latch, a release lever is used, which can engage with a bolt on the rotating catch, so that the pre-latch position is achievable. In the main latch position, the first claw engages with the rotating catch such that the interaction of the rotating catch with the claw results in an opening moment, and a blocking lever is provided, with which the first claw counteracts the opening moment of the first claw. To open the locking mechanism, first the blocking lever is disengaged from the claw, and then the release lever can disengage the claw from the rotating catch.

The object of the present invention is to provide an improved automobile lock. The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its object is to provide an automobile lock which minimizes the opening noise of the lock mechanism and makes it easy to open the lock mechanism. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a lock mechanism which is particularly suitable for electrical unlocking. Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a structurally advantageous solution for quiet and easy opening.

This object is achieved by the features of independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims. It should be noted that the exemplary embodiments described below are not limiting, but rather any possible variants of the features described in the description and in the dependent claims are possible.

The object of the invention as set forth in claim 1 is achieved by providing a motor vehicle lock, in particular an electrically operable motor vehicle lock, having a locking mechanism with a rotating catch and at least one claw and a release lever, the rotating catch being latchable in at least one latched position by the claw, the latched locking mechanism being unlockable by the release lever, the rotating catch being movable, in particular to a raised position, in order to at least indirectly unlock the locking mechanism by the release lever. The configuration of the motor vehicle locking device according to the invention makes it possible to provide a motor vehicle lock that can be opened quietly and easily. In particular, the interaction of the release lever and the rotating catch during the opening process can cause the claw to be moved from the engagement area by the rotating catch, so that separation noises, i.e. the noise of the claw slipping off the rotating catch, can be prevented or at least minimized. When the release lever engages the rotating catch during the opening process and the claw moves the rotating catch at least to a releasable closed position from the rotating catch, the release lever can engage the claw simultaneously or at least temporarily offset, so that the claw can be easily and quietly moved from the engagement area with the rotating catch.

The locking mechanism is held in the latched position by the pawl. Unlatching or disengagement of the pawl and the rotating catch is also called unlocking. There are locking mechanisms with one or two latched positions, and a distinction is made between a pre-latch position, in which the locking mechanism is not yet fully closed, and a main latched position, in which the locking mechanism is in the closed position of the lock. For example, starting from the closed position, the release lever interacts with the rotating catch in such a way that the rotating catch moves to a raised position beyond the main detent position, so that the pawl is unloaded. The unloaded pawl can be easily moved out of the engagement area with the rotating catch. A load from the rotating catch, for example from the door seal pressure, is applied by the release lever to unlock the locking mechanism. In an advantageous embodiment, the release lever can raise the rotating catch, i.e. release the pawl from the load of the rotating catch.

References to car locks within the meaning of the present invention include car locks used, for example, on side doors, sliding doors, flaps, hoods and/or covers, where a pivotable or displaceable component is located within the car. It is also conceivable to place the car lock on the seat back.

The motor vehicle lock has a locking mechanism with a rotating catch and at least one claw. Preferably, in particular, the at least one claw is arranged in a plane with the rotating catch and is capable of locking the rotating catch in one position in cooperation with the latch element and the lock holder. When the locking mechanism is open, the entrance mouth of the rotating catch faces the lock holder and the rotating catch pivots as a result of the relative movement between the lock holder and the rotating catch. The claw is normally pretensioned in the direction of the rotating catch and, when the latched position is reached, the claw, in particular the latch element, engages with the rotating catch. Here, a pre-latch position and a main latch position of the locking mechanism can be envisaged.

Furthermore, the locking system or vehicle lock can have a lock housing, in which the locking mechanism, the locking unit, the actuation unit, the electric drive and/or the gear parts can be arranged. This list is of course not exhaustive but merely describes the components of a vehicle lock that can be used depending on the scope of application and function. The lock housing is preferably designed as a plastic injection molded part and can consist of at least one lock housing cover and a lock housing shell. The lock housing primarily serves to protect the functional components, for example against penetrating moisture and/or dirt. The lock housing components are hermetically connected to one another.

The locking case can be designed as a pressed bent part and surrounds the housing at least in certain areas and/or on both sides. The locking case can surround the entrance mouth of the lock holder, which serves to further stabilize the lock. The car lock is preferably connected and screwed directly to the car body via the locking case or a lock plate as a flat locking case.

The locking plate is provided with means for mounting, e.g. a mounting opening, preferably as a screw.

The release lever can be manually and/or electrically actuated. In particular, in the case of a locking system in which the release lever can be electrically actuated, reference is made to an electrical locking system. Here, in various embodiments of the vehicle, it is possible to completely eliminate the mechanical redundancy, for example by an external actuation lever. However, hybrid embodiments are also possible, allowing an electrical and mechanical unlocking of the locking mechanism. The release lever is arranged in the vehicle such that the claw is disengaged from the claw by the release lever. Also, according to the invention, the release lever can actuate the rotating catch by moving the claw from the engagement area with the rotating catch, moving it directly into the raised position.

This raised position unloads the pawl, which makes unlocking easier and therefore quieter. Of course, there is also the option of using a locking pawl together with a blocking lever, in which case a two-pawl locking mechanism is also used and the release lever can actuate both pawls and the rotating catch. In the present invention, it is important that the release lever unloads the pawl that is directly engaged with the rotating catch. In this way, the noise due to the relative movement between the rotating catch and the pawl can be reduced and/or eliminated. This allows for a quieter opening of the locking mechanism.

In a variant of one embodiment of the invention, the release lever can be engaged with a contour of the rotating catch, in particular with a cylindrical pin or bolt. As a result of the direct engagement with the contour of the rotating catch, the release lever, in particular the interaction between the release lever and the rotating catch, can be interpreted in terms of low noise generation. In particular, the interaction between the release lever and the rotating catch allows an engagement ratio that is favorable for the release lever to roll over the rotating catch. It is conceivable that a contour in the form of a cylindrical pin or bolt is arranged on the rotating catch so that the release lever is stationary relative to the radius.

For example, rolling can occur if the end of the release lever that engages with the bolt is also provided with a radius. The rolling function allows a gentle disengagement of the release lever and the rotating catch. Of course, in addition to the cylindrical pin and bolt arrangement, shapes that can bring the release lever into engagement can also be integrated directly into the rotating catch. The rotating catch is preferably made of a steel part with a plastic casing. Likewise, preferably, a metal area of the release lever interacts with a metal area of the rotating catch, which on the one hand allows a permanently stable force transmission and on the other hand ensures a good engagement state over time.

Another embodiment of the invention is obtained if the release lever is mounted on a common pivot with the claw. By arranging the release lever at the bearing point of the claw, a compact design of the vehicle lock can be achieved. Furthermore, by pivotally mounting the release lever, a circular path through the end of the release lever engaged with the rotating catch can be achieved. This allows a positive support of the rotation of the release lever on the rotating catch. Meanwhile, the bearing point of the release lever preferably forms a fixing means for mounting the release lever, since the claw and the rotating catch are mounted in the lock case and/or by a reinforcing plate in the vehicle lock.

Since this stable mounting can be used for the release lever, the release lever can also be provided with a sufficiently stable mounting. In particular, a suitable lever ratio of the release lever can facilitate lifting from the rotating catch or lifting the rotating catch from the claw portion. With a suitable lever ratio, the release lever can also reliably move the rotating catch into the raised position by means of an electric drive.

In addition to the joint mounting of the release lever and the pawl on one axis, it is also conceivable to provide a separate mounting. The pivot shaft or, in the case of separate mounting, the two pivot shafts are preferably mounted on a metal lock case. They can also be mounted, for example, on a reinforcing plate. A similarly suitable metal reinforcing plate can be received on the lock case to provide a bearing cage for the pivot shaft or for the two pivot shafts.

It is also advantageous if the contour of the rotating catch itself is arranged so that it can swivel or rotate on the rotating catch. By arranging the contour so that it can swivel or rotate, rolling between the rotating catches can be achieved.

In a further advantageous embodiment variant of the invention, this is obtained if a means for achieving a rotational movement is arranged in the engagement area between the rotating catch and the release lever. The means for achieving a rolling movement, i.e. the rolling means, on the one hand, provide the possibility of being able to achieve a further translational movement between the release lever and the contour on the rotating catch, and on the other hand, the possibility of designing and/or optimizing the engagement conditions between the release lever and the rotating catch. In particular, the rolling movement of the rolling means can prevent the release lever from slipping off the contour on the rotating catch. This allows a silent unlocking of the locking mechanism to be achieved.

In this exemplary embodiment, it should be pointed out that the movement of the rotating catch according to the invention by the release lever can also be advantageously used to lock the locking mechanism, if unlocking of the locking mechanism is preferred. To move the release lever to the closed position of the locking mechanism, the release lever is moved into the engagement area with the rotating catch, bringing the rotating catch into a raised position. In this raised position, the claw portion can drop reliably into the engagement area with the rotating catch. This allows the locking mechanism to be reliably locked by the interaction of the release lever and the rotating catch.

The rolling means is advantageously a cylindrical body, in particular a rolling body, which provides a further embodiment variant of the invention. The cylindrical body, in particular the rolling body, offers the advantage of a favorable engagement state between the rotating catch profile and the release lever. Also, preferably, the rotating catch profile has a radius so that the cylindrical body can perform a rolling movement relative to the rotating catch profile. The rotating catch profile is preferably a bolt or a cylindrical pin. As an example, the diameter of the rolling means is, for example, 5 to 15 mm, preferably 8 to 12 mm, more preferably 10 mm. If the cylindrical body or the rolling body can roll on the rotating catch, the end of the release lever that engages with the rolling body can also be provided with a surface suitable for rolling.

Here, it is also conceivable to form radii or flat surfaces. The rolling body can then be rolled between the release lever and the rotating catch profile. In the car lock, it is conceivable that the rolling body can be guided by the release lever and/or the rotating catch and/or the lock housing and/or the reinforcing plate. The guide is designed to ensure the rolling of the rolling body to such an extent that the claw can be disengaged from the rotating catch, to allow a reliable rolling of the rolling body and to allow the release lever to be easily and quietly disengaged from the engagement area with the rolling body or the rotating catch.

In a variant of another embodiment of the invention, the rolling means is a bearing, in particular a deep groove ball bearing. The use of standard components such as commercially available deep groove ball bearings can provide a structurally favorable solution for operating the rotating catch. Furthermore, series or commercially available components offer the advantage of ensuring reliable operation over a long period of time.

Another embodiment of the invention is obtained when the radial end of the release lever engages with the rolling means. The targeted design of the engagement surface of the release lever can advantageously influence the force transmission between the release lever and the rolling means. In particular, it is possible to introduce large forces and moments into the rolling means by the release lever. With a small translation in the rolling means, a large force is also available to move the rotating catch to the raised position, since a large lever arm on the release lever can generate a favorable force ratio. In the main latch position, for example, the rotating catch is in a position where the entire sealing pressure of the door is absorbed by the locking mechanism. The movement of the rotating catch from the main latch position to the raised position therefore requires a large force or moment, which can be achieved by an advantageous design of the lever ratio and the point of application of the force, for example at the radial end of the release lever.

A variant of another embodiment of the invention is obtained if the radial end of the release lever moves on a circular path. The circular path of the release lever provides the possibility of rolling on the release lever. The abutment or contact surface on the release lever is designed in such a way that the rolling path of the rolling means is provided, so that a reliable movement of the rotating catch into the raised position and at the same time disengagement of the claw from the engagement area with the rotating catch can be ensured. In an advantageous manner, the rolling movement between the rolling body or rolling means and the rotating catch can be achieved by a rolling body. Here, the rolling means or rolling body can be understood as synonyms, the rolling body serving as a coupling means between the release lever and the rotating catch profile. In addition to the embodiment of a cylinder as the abutment profile on the rotating catch, it is also conceivable that the rolling body faces an arc-shaped, convex or elliptical surface. The interaction of the circular segment-shaped movement of the end of the release lever and the rolling movement of the rolling body with the engagement profile on the rotating catch allows the rotating catch to be lifted off the claw. This allows the locking mechanism to be unlocked or locked simply and silently.

In another embodiment variant, an opening force can be applied to the rolling body, in particular the release lever, in at least some areas during the opening operation of the locking mechanism. The interaction of the release lever and/or the rolling body with the rotating catch profile can be designed such that when the locking mechanism is fully locked, i.e. in the main latch position, the release lever and/or the rolling body move to a position that can hold the release lever and/or the rolling body in the closed position. When the locking mechanism is opened, the release lever is then moved and moves against the rolling body or the rotating catch profile. In this case, a force or moment is applied to the rotating catch, lifting it from the claw. After the claw has been moved to an area outside the engagement with the rotating catch, an opening moment or force can be applied by the rotating catch that moves the release lever to the open position. The rotating catch thus assists in the opening of the locking mechanism or the vehicle lock. This allows the rotating catch or a force acting on the rotating catch to assist the opening operation of the lock.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for unlocking a vehicle easily and quietly.

This object is achieved by a method for unlocking a locking mechanism of a motor vehicle lock having a rotating catch and at least one claw, in which the rotating catch is locked in a main latch position by the claw and is first moved by the release lever before the opening movement is brought about by the release lever on the claw. The method according to the invention makes it possible to unload the claw before the opening movement, which prevents noise generated during the relative movement between the claw and the rotating catch and in particular prevents shocks during the opening movement, i.e. disturbance of the engagement between the claw and the rotating catch.

In an advantageous manner, a method can also be provided that allows a reliable closure of the locking mechanism. For this purpose, the rotating catch is moved to a raised position by the release lever and/or the rolling body before the claw engages, thereby allowing the claw to be dropped reliably. The rotating catch is held in a forced position that ensures a reliable engagement of the claw. In a further advantageous method step, the rotating catch is moved in particular to a raised position by the release lever and via a rolling body arranged in the engagement area between the rotating catch and the release lever. The use of a rolling body has the advantage that a transmission step can be provided and that a reliable rolling body is obtained in the course of opening and closing the locking mechanism. In any case, the configuration of the motor vehicle lock according to the invention allows the locking mechanism to be reliably closed and easily and quietly opened for unlocking.

The present invention will now be described in more detail on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments and force-time curves with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the principle applies that the exemplary embodiments do not limit the invention, but merely represent embodiments. The features shown can be implemented individually or in combination with further features of the description and claims.

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a basic representation of a motor vehicle lock according to the invention, in particular a detailed view of the locking mechanism with the release lever, rolling elements and cylindrical abutment feature on the rotating catch in the main latch position. FIG. 2 shows the locking mechanism according to the invention according to FIG. 1 in a position in which the release lever has moved the pivot catch into a raised position. FIG. 3 shows the locking mechanism of the invention according to FIG. 1 with the release lever in a position to move the pivot catch out of engagement with the pawl and at the same time disengage the pawl from the pivot catch. FIG. 4 shows a force-time diagram for the forces acting on the release lever during the unlocking process.

Detailed Description of the Invention

Figure 1 shows a top view of a motor vehicle lock 1, in particular a locking mechanism including a rotating catch 3 and a claw 4. The locking mechanism 2 is arranged in the main latch position, and the lock holder 5 is held by the motor vehicle lock 1 in a closed position, for example in a side door. The lock holder 5 exerts a force F on the rotating catch, which generates a moment M in a clockwise direction about the axis 6 of the rotating catch 3. The axis 6 of the rotating catch is pivotally received in the lock plate 7. Another axis 8 is also held in the lock plate 7, which at the same time serves as a bearing axis 8 for a release lever 9. In the engagement area 10 between the claw 4 and the rotating catch 3, the bare metal areas of the claw 4 and the rotating catch 3 are preferably in contact with each other. In the main latch position shown in Figure 1, the claw 4 rests on the rotating catch 3 in the engagement area and in some areas on a plastic casing 11 of the rotating catch 3. Such a plastic casing 11 is advantageously used to support the rotating catch quietly in the axis and to form a damping means 12 on the rotating catch 3.

In this exemplary embodiment, the bolt 13 is formed on the rotating catch 3 and protrudes from the plane of the rotating catch 3, so that the bolt 13 is arranged in a plane parallel to the rotating catch 3 and in the plane of the release lever 9. The rolling element 14 is arranged between the release lever 9 and the bolt 13 and is guided in the main latch position and is spaced apart from the bolt 13 in this embodiment. The guidance of the rolling element 14 can be formed, for example, by the release lever 9, for example in the form of a guide cage, by a lock housing and/or a reinforcing plate between the axis 6, 8 of the rotating catch 3 and the claw 4. Figure 1 shows the basic interaction of the release lever 9, the rolling element 14 and the bolt 13 to explain the functional principle of the invention. The guide cage of the rolling element 14 is not shown for the sake of clarity of the drawing.

Now considering FIG. 1, the metal areas of the rotating catch 3 and the claw 4 face each other in the engagement area 10 between the rotating catch 3 and the claw 4. As is known from the prior art, when the release lever 9 moves the claw 4 out of the engagement area of the rotating catch 3 by means of the drive profile 15, friction occurs between the lock mechanism parts 3, 4 in the engagement area 10, which generates noise and prevents easy opening. Due to the configuration of the car lock according to the invention, the release lever allows the friction to be reduced or completely eliminated. Thus, a quiet and easy opening of the lock mechanism is guaranteed.

In FIG. 2, the locking mechanism according to the invention according to FIG. 1 is shown in the position where the pawl 4 is released by the release lever 9, the rolling element 14 and the bolt 13. As can be seen by comparing FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the rectangle 16 has been pivoted and is shown merely to show the pivoting or rotational movement of the rolling element 14. In FIG. 2, the clockwise movement of the release lever 9 in the direction of the arrow P1 has caused the rotation catch to move from the main detent position HR to a raised position. This means that the rotation catch has moved further in the closing direction. At this time, the release lever 5 is engaged with the drive profile 15, so that the pawl 4 can be easily and silently released from the rotation catch 3. The release of the locking mechanism parts 3, 4 is therefore performed without torque or only with a small torque due to the torque M of the rotation catch, allowing a noiseless release of the pawl 4 from the rotation catch 3.

In FIG. 3, the position of the rotating catch is shown again in the raised position. As is evident from the rectangle 16 in the rolling element 14, the rolling element 14 rolls on the bolt 13, which is due to the initiated movement or rotation of the end 17 of the release lever 9 on the circular path R. The pawl 4 is moved by the release lever 9 from the engagement area with the rotating catch 3 via the drive profile 15, and the lock mechanism 2 can be opened with little or no noise. The sliding of the rolling element 14 and the opening of the car lock 1 are also achieved by the rolling element 14 rolling on the bolt 13 of the rotating catch 3. This allows the lock mechanism 2 to be opened easily and quietly.

In FIG. 4, various force curves on the release lever are shown over time during the opening process of the locking mechanism. Curve 18 shows the force that must be exerted by the release lever 9 on the locking mechanism to open a conventional locking mechanism with a friction coefficient between the claw 4 and the rotating catch 3 of about 0.3. At time t1, the release lever 9 moves and must overcome the friction force between the rotating catch 3 and the claw 4 until time t2. Then the force drops sharply as only the claw 4 must be moved by the release lever 9.

The force profile according to line 19 shows the opening process of a conventional locking mechanism with a friction coefficient of 0.5. Such a high friction coefficient occurs, for example, in very old and dirty locks, where dust can get between the rotating catch 3 and the claw 4, so that the engagement area 10 is very dirty and high friction has to be overcome to open the locking mechanism.

In contrast, the force profile 20 shows a completely different force profile. At time t0, the rotating catch 3 is moved to the raised position, generating a peak load on the release lever 9. This is followed by a continuous decrease in force corresponding to the rolling movement of the rolling element 14 on the bolt 13. At time t3, the rotating catch 3 exerts a force F on the release lever 9, which assists in the opening of the lock mechanism 2. As is clear from FIG. 4, the opening or unlocking process is significantly different from the usual force profiles 18, 19 of known lock mechanisms. The structure of the vehicle lock 1 according to the present invention allows the lock mechanism to be opened easily and quietly, and also assists in the opening operation.

Explanation of symbols

1...car lock, 2...locking mechanism, 3...rotary latch, 4...claw, 5...lock holder, 6, 8...shaft, 7...lock plate, 9...release lever, 10...engagement area, 11...plastic casing, 12...damping means, 13...bolt, cylinder, 14...rolling body, 15...drive profile, 16...rectangle, 17...end of release lever, 18, 19, 20...force profile, F...force, M...moment, P1...arrow, MR...main latch, H...raised position, R...circular path, t0, t1, t3, t3...time.

Claims (9)

In a car lock (1),
The locking mechanism (2) has a rotating catch (3) and at least one claw portion (4), and a release lever (9), the rotating catch (3) can be latched into at least one latched position (HR) by the claw portion (4), and the latched locking mechanism (2) can be unlocked by the release lever (9),
A lock (1) for a motor vehicle, wherein the release lever (9) displaces the pawl (4) from the engagement area (10) of the rotating catch (3) by means of a drive profile (15),
The release lever (9) is mounted on a common pivot shaft (8) with the claw portion (4),
The present invention further comprises a rolling means for engaging with the outer periphery of the rotating catch (3) at the outer periphery of the rotating catch (3) and the radial end (17) of the release lever (9) in order to gently disengage the rotating catch (3) from the release lever (9);
the rotating catch (3) is pivoted to a position (UH) different from the at least one latched position (HR) in order to unlock the locking mechanism (2) by the release lever (9);
The opening of the motor vehicle lock (1) is performed by rolling the rolling means on the contour of the rotating catch (3), during which there is a continuous reduction in force corresponding to the rolling movement of the rolling means on the contour. 2. The car lock (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer part of the rotating catch (3) is a cylindrical pin or bolt (13) protruding from the rotating catch (3) . 3. Lock (1) for a motor vehicle according to claim 2 , characterized in that said rolling means are arranged in said engagement area (10). 4. The lock (1) for a motor vehicle according to claim 3 , characterized in that the rolling means are rolling bodies (14). 5. Lock (1) for a motor vehicle according to claim 4 , characterized in that the rolling elements (14) are deep groove ball bearings. The vehicle lock (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that the radial end (17) of the release lever (9) moves on a circular path (R) around the pivot axis (8) of the pawl portion (4). The lock (1) for a motor vehicle according to any one of claims 1 to 6 , characterized in that during an opening operation of the locking mechanism (2), an opening force (F, M) is exerted on the rolling means at least in some areas. A method for unlocking a locking mechanism (2) of a motor vehicle lock (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising:
The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotating catch (3) is locked in the main latch position (HR) by the claw portion (4) and that the rotating catch (3) is first moved by the release lever (9) before an opening movement is brought to the claw portion (4) by the release lever (9). 9. Method according to claim 8 , characterized in that the rotating catch (3) is moved into a raised position (UH) by the release lever (9) and via a rolling body (14).

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