JP7546641B2 - Method for producing feed for ruminant livestock - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a method for producing feed for ruminant livestock. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for producing feed for ruminant livestock that has a high rumen bypass rate for proteins and the like and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs, such as the fourth stomach and small intestine.

For ruminant livestock such as cows, sheep, and goats, whose products include milk and meat, increasing milk production, improving milk composition, and weight gain in the animals they raise are constant challenges for dairy farmers and livestock farmers.

In order to increase milk production, improve milk composition, and increase weight in ruminant livestock, maintaining and cleaning the rearing environment is an important factor, but in many cases, an increase in the amount of feed consumed is required. However, if ruminant livestock are given too much concentrated feed, which is high in starch and protein and preferred by ruminant livestock, instead of roughage mainly composed of fiber such as grass, concentrated feed is highly susceptible to fermentation, and abnormal fermentation is likely to occur in the rumen (first stomach), acidifying the environment inside the rumen and causing a decrease in the efficiency of fermentation by microorganisms. It also produces large amounts of methane gas, reducing the appetite of the ruminant livestock.

As such, since much of the protein and amino acids in feed are consumed by microorganisms in the rumen, simply increasing feed intake is not desirable. To increase productivity such as growth and lactation in ruminant livestock, it is necessary to feed them feed that contains rumen bypass proteins (rumen non-degradable proteins) that are absorbed mainly in the lower digestive tract (such as the fourth stomach and small intestine) to supplement the lack of metabolic protein (MP) and increase energy efficiency.

At present, there are known feeds that have rumen bypass properties and can promote milk production in lactating cows by releasing high concentrations of acidic or neutral amino acids in the small intestine of ruminants (Patent Document 1), and feed compositions that have improved rumen bypass properties and are highly digestible and absorbable in the fourth stomach (Patent Document 2). However, the industry continues to desire the development of simple and efficient methods for producing feeds for ruminant livestock that have a high rumen bypass rate of proteins and the like and that are highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs such as the fourth stomach and small intestine.

JP 2011-125217 A JP 2008-136447 A

The present invention aims to provide a method for producing feed for ruminant livestock that has a high rumen bypass rate for proteins and other substances and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs, such as the fourth stomach and small intestine.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the inventors have conducted intensive research and have discovered that when producing feed for ruminant livestock, a feed for ruminant livestock having a high rumen bypass rate of protein components and high digestibility and absorbability in the lower digestive tract can be obtained by producing feed by a method in which pellet-shaped and/or granular high-protein feed raw material is pressure-steamed in a pressure steam treatment apparatus under conditions of a temperature of 120 to 140°C in ^a pressure can, a steam pressure of 0.8 to 2.5 kgf/cm2, and a residence time of 5 to 40 minutes, thereby completing the present invention.

That is, the embodiments of the present invention are as follows.
(1) A method for producing feed for ruminant livestock, which has a high rumen bypass rate of protein components (proteins, peptides, amino acids) and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs (fourth stomach, small intestine, ^etc. ), and is characterized by undergoing a process of pressure steaming treatment of pellet-shaped and/or granular high-protein feed raw materials in a pressure steaming treatment device under conditions of a temperature of 120 to 140°C in a pressure can, a steam pressure of 0.8 to 2.5 kgf/cm2, and a residence time of 5 to 40 minutes.
(2) The method according to (1), characterized in that the process includes a step of pressure steaming treatment under conditions of a temperature in a pressure can of 125 to 135° C., a steam pressure of 1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm ² and a residence time of 10 to 25 minutes.
(3) A method according to (1) or (2), characterized in that the high-protein feed material is subjected to a step of adding sugars and/or browning agents and then pressure-steaming.
(4) The method according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the high-protein feed ingredient is one or more selected from defatted soybeans, whole soybeans, guamiel korma, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal.
(5) The method according to any one of (1) to (4), which is a method for producing cattle feed.
(6) A method for improving the rumen bypass rate and digestibility in the lower digestive tract ⁽ fourth stomach, small intestine, etc.) of protein components (proteins, peptides, amino acids) in feed for ruminant livestock, comprising subjecting pellet-shaped and/or granular high-protein feed material to pressure steam treatment under conditions of a temperature of 120 to 140°C in a pressure can, a steam pressure of 0.8 to 2.5 kgf/cm2, and a residence time of 5 to 40 minutes in a pressure steam treatment apparatus.
(7) The method according to (6), characterized in that the pressure steaming treatment is carried out under conditions of a temperature in a pressure can of 125 to 135° C., a steam pressure of 1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm ² and a residence time of 10 to 25 minutes.
(8) The method according to (6) or (7), characterized in that sugars and/or browning agents are added to the high-protein feed material and the material is subjected to pressure steaming treatment.
(9) The method according to any one of (6) to (8), wherein the high-protein feed raw material is one or more selected from defatted soybeans, whole soybeans, guamill korma, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal.
(10) The method according to any one of (6) to (9), which is a method for improving the rumen bypass rate and the digestibility and absorbability in the lower digestive tract of feed for cattle.

According to the present invention, it is possible to simply and efficiently produce feed for ruminant livestock which has a high rumen bypass rate for proteins, peptides, amino acids, etc. and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs such as the fourth stomach and small intestine, and by feeding this feed to ruminant livestock, it is possible to improve milk productivity, improve milk components (milk quality), and promote the growth of the individual animals. For example, since about 70-80% of the feed bypasses the rumen and is absorbed in the intestine (small intestinal digestibility: about 90-96%), the protein fed to the dairy cow can be highly converted.
Furthermore, because less protein is not absorbed and is wasted, the amount of manure and urine can be reduced, which reduces the burden on the stomach and intestines of dairy cows and, overall, reduces stress on dairy cows.

1 is a graph showing the undigested protein (UIP) rate of defatted soybeans subjected to pressure steaming in Example 1. The graph on the left shows the UIP rate (relative value) of the soybeans not subjected to pressure steaming at the left end (untreated) and the other soybeans treated with the steam pressure in the pressure can fixed at 1.5 kgf/ ^cm2 , the residence time in the pressure can fixed at 20 minutes, and the temperature in the pressure can shown on the horizontal axis, while the graph on the right shows the UIP rate (relative value) of the soybeans not subjected to pressure steaming at the left end (untreated) and the other soybeans treated with the steam pressure in the pressure can fixed at 1.5 kgf/ ^cm2 , the temperature in the pressure can fixed at 125°C, and the residence time in the pressure can shown on the horizontal axis. 1 shows the results (UIP rate) of an in vitro digestion test using protease for various ruminant feeds produced in Example 2 and commercially available feeds. 1 shows the results of measuring the rumen bypass rate of various ruminant feeds produced in Example 2 and commercially available feeds using a fistula cow and a nylon bag.

The present invention is described in detail below.

In the present invention, feed for ruminant livestock is produced that has a high rumen bypass rate of protein components and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive tract. As the raw material, a high-protein feed ingredient that contains a large amount of protein components (for example, crude protein (CP) 15% or more, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more) is used, and suitable examples include defatted soybeans (soybean meal), whole soybeans, guamiel korma, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal.

Then, one or more of these high protein feed ingredients are mixed and formed into pellets and/or granules. The shape processing can be performed by a standard method such as extrusion molding, and is not particularly limited. Since whole soybeans are granular, they may be used as they are. In addition, considering the processing characteristics during molding, granular feed ingredients such as corn and barley may be used in combination with the high protein feed ingredients.
For example, in the case of a round rod-shaped pellet, the diameter can be 4 to 12 mm and the length can be 5 to 40 mm, but the pellets are not limited to these, and the shape and size can be determined according to the standard method for producing pelleted feed.

Next, the pellet-shaped and/or granular high protein feed material is subjected to pressure steaming treatment using a high pressure steaming equipment (High Pressure Steaming Equipment). The conditions are as follows: temperature in the pressure can is 120 to 140°C, preferably 125 to 135°C, steam pressure is 0.8 to 2.5 kgf/ ^cm2 , preferably 1.0 to 2.0 kgf/ ^cm2 , residence time is 5 to 40 minutes, preferably 10 to 25 minutes, and the treatment can be performed either continuously or batchwise.

This pressure steaming process is generally intended to gelatinize starch, but the present invention is characterized by its efficient promotion of the Maillard reaction between protein and sugar in the feed (denaturing the protein), thereby suppressing the digestibility by microorganisms and proteolytic enzymes in the rumen and improving digestibility and absorption in the lower digestive tract.

In order to promote the Maillard reaction, when high-protein feed ingredients are placed in a pressurized can, sugars (e.g., glucose) or browning agents (e.g., Mayrose) can be mixed in powder form or dissolved in a proportion of a few percent (less than 10%). This allows the residence time in the pressurized can to be shortened or processing at a lower temperature within the above-mentioned specified range.

Pressure cooking equipment is usually designed to handle granular raw materials, so it is generally difficult to stabilize the application of heat when processing powdered raw materials such as defatted soybeans as is. In the present invention, the raw materials are molded into pellets or granules before pressure cooking, which increases the fluidity during pressure cooking, stabilizes the application of heat, and increases production capacity. Another advantage is that pellets or granules are easier to feed to ruminant livestock.

After pressure cooking, the feed can be used as is as ruminant feed after cooling, but if necessary, it can be further processed (flattened) into flakes. For example, in the case of granular raw materials such as whole soybeans, they can be rolled into flakes after pressure cooking.

The animals that are the subject of the present invention are ruminant livestock whose milk, meat, etc. are commercial products. Examples of more suitable subject animals include dairy cows (particularly Holstein and Jersey breeds), beef cattle (Japanese beef cattle, etc.), sheep, and goats.

In the present invention, "protein components" refer to proteins (including modified proteins such as glycoproteins), peptides (including protein hydrolysates), and amino acids. In addition, the "lower digestive tract" of ruminant livestock refers to the fourth stomach, duodenum, small intestine, etc.

Below, we will discuss examples of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to these examples, and various modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention.

First, the feed for ruminant livestock according to the present invention was produced by the following method.

Defatted soybeans were used as samples, and pressure-steamed in an experimental autoclave (high-pressure steam sterilizer) at a steam pressure of 1.5 kgf/ ^cm2 in the pressure can, a residence time in the pressure can fixed at 20 minutes, and temperatures of 105°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, and 135°C, and at a temperature of 125°C in the pressure can fixed at residence times of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, and 30 minutes. After that, the samples were dried and cooled to obtain various bypass proteinaceous ruminant livestock feeds. Separately, samples not subjected to pressure-steaming (untreated) were used as controls.

The undegraded intake protein (UIP) rate of these feeds was measured by in vitro enzyme treatment using the following method.

First, each sample was crushed to 1 mm using a grinder, and 0.3 to 1.0 g was weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask, to which 40 mL of borate phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) was added, and the mixture was pre-incubated at 39°C for 1 hour with shaking (130 rpm). Then, 10 mL of proteolytic enzyme solution adjusted to 0.33 units/mL with borate phosphate buffer was added, and the mixture was shaken at 39°C for 18 hours. Then, a filtration unit combining a glass crucible (product of Foss Japan Co., Ltd.) and rayon paper (product of Sanshin Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was dried and weighed in advance, and the entire enzyme treatment solution was filtered using this and a Cold Extraction Unit 1021 (product of Foss Japan Co., Ltd.). After washing the residue thoroughly with distilled water, the filtration unit was dried and weighed. After weighing, the crude protein of the dried residue remaining on the rayon paper was measured using a combustion-type protein measuring device (Gerhardt Japan Co., Ltd.), and the UIP rate was calculated using the following formula.

A: Weight of glass crucible + rayon paper (g)
B: Weight of the weighed sample (g)
C: Weight (g) of the glass crucible containing the sample after enzyme treatment and filtration + rayon paper
D: Crude protein content of the sample (%)
E: Crude protein content (%) of sample after enzyme treatment and filtration
(UIP rate calculation formula)
((C-A) x E) ÷ (B x D) x 100 = Percentage of non-degradable protein in total protein

The results are shown in Figure 1. These results demonstrate that the UIP rate of the feed reaches almost its upper limit when defatted soybean pellets are pressure-steamed at 125°C for 20 minutes or more.

First, the feed for ruminant livestock according to the present invention was produced by the following method.

The pelletized defatted soybeans were subjected to pressure steaming treatment in a pressure can at a steam pressure of 1.5 kgf/ ^cm2 , a temperature of 130°C, and a residence time of 20 minutes in a pressure steaming treatment device. After that, the pellets were dried and cooled to obtain various bypass protein (BP) defatted soybeans.

These feeds and the commercially available bypass defatted soybean products X, Y, and Z were subjected to measurement of undegradable protein (UIP) by in vitro enzyme treatment and measurement of effective protein degradation rate (ED) in situ in the rumen. Measurements were performed on multiple samples if possible, and the UIP rate was measured using the same method as in Example 1, and ED measurement was performed using the following method.

Approximately 5 g of each sample (ground with a 2 mm screen) was placed in a nylon bag (10 cm x 20 cm, 53 μm mesh sample bag BG1020/manufactured by Sanshin Kogyo Co., Ltd.), sealed, and then the nylon bag was placed in the rumen of four Holstein steers fitted with ruminal cannulas. Each nylon bag was collected after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, washed thoroughly with running water, and dried at 60°C for 48 hours. The dry matter weight of the residue was measured and the dry matter digestibility was calculated. A portion of the residue was subjected to crude protein analysis, and the crude protein digestibility at each time was calculated. In addition, the decomposition parameters in the rumen were calculated from the crude protein digestibility of each individual at each time. The following model equation (asymptote) was used to calculate the decomposition parameters.

(1) P=a+b×(1-e- ^ct )
(2) P=A+B×(1-e ^-c(t-t0) )
(3) t0=(1÷c)×log[b÷(a+b-A)]
Here, P is the degradation rate at t time of retention in the rumen, a or A is the soluble fraction, b or B is the substantially degradable fraction, c is the degradation rate constant of b(B), and t0 is the lag time (b (B) indicates the time until decomposition begins. A indicates the loss due to washing with running water (weight loss after washing a nylon bag that is not put into the lumen). When A≦a, the measured data Calculate a, b, and c by applying formula (1). However, if A>a, calculate the lag time (t0) using formula (3), and then calculate a and b using formula (2). , c is calculated.
The effective decomposition rate (ED) of each feed can be calculated from the above decomposition parameters and the ruminal passage rate constant (k) of the feed using the following formula (4).

(4) ED (%) = a+b×c÷(c+k)
The effective decomposition rate was calculated using k, which is a constant of 0.08/hour for high-producing dairy cows.
The rumen bypass rate of the feed is calculated by the following formula (5).

(5) Lumen bypass rate (%) = 100 - ED

These results are shown in Figures 2 and 3. From these results, it became clear that the UIP rate and rumen bypass rate were as follows, in descending order: commercial product X, the product of the present invention (BP defatted soybeans), commercial product Z, commercial product Y, and untreated defatted soybeans.

These results show that the ruminant feed of the present invention has a high UIP rate and rumen bypass rate.

The digestibility in the lower digestive tract was measured as follows.
About 5 g of each feed (2 mm screen crushed) was placed in two nylon bags (10 cm x 20 cm, 53 μm mesh sample bag BG1020/manufactured by Sanshin Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and sealed. The nylon bags were then placed in the rumen of a Holstein steer fitted with a ruminal cannula. Two nylon bags containing each feed were collected after 16 hours, washed thoroughly with running water, and one of the bags was dried at 60°C for 48 hours. The dry matter weight of the residue was measured and the dry matter digestibility was calculated. A portion of the residue was also subjected to crude protein analysis to calculate the crude protein digestibility in the first stomach.

The remaining nylon bag was washed with running water, drained thoroughly, and transferred to a 500 mL test tube, to which 300 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution (pH 1.9) containing 1 g/L of pepsin (Sigma P-7000) was added, and the mixture was incubated at 39°C for 1 hour. This allowed for digestion to take place in a manner that mimicked the abomasum of ruminant livestock.

After 1 hour of incubation, the nylon bag was removed, thoroughly washed with running water, drained, and transferred to a new test tube. 300 mL of 0.25 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.8) containing 1.5 g/L pancreatin (Sigma P-7545) was added, and the mixture was incubated at 39°C for 24 hours. This simulated digestion in the duodenum of ruminant livestock. After 24 hours, the nylon bag was collected, and the dry matter weight and crude protein content of the residue were measured.

The protein digestibility in the lower digestive tract, i.e., the abomasum and duodenum, was calculated as follows: (amount of undigested protein in the rumen) - (amount of protein in the final residue in the digestion test) / (amount of undigested protein in the rumen) x 100. The proportion of protein that was not broken down in the rumen and was digested in the lower digestive tract was calculated as follows: (undigested rate of protein in the rumen) x (protein digestibility in the lower digestive tract) / 100.
The results are shown in Table 1 (commercially available products X, Y, and Z are the same as those in FIGS. 2 and 3).

(Table 1)

As shown in Table 1, the product of the present invention has a high rumen bypass rate and can increase the amount of protein digested in the lower digestive tract.

The present invention can be summarized as follows:

In other words, the present invention aims to provide a method for producing feed for ruminant livestock that has a high rumen bypass rate for proteins and other substances and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive organs, such as the fourth stomach and small intestine.

Then, by producing feed by a method in which pellet-shaped and/or granular high-protein feed raw material is subjected to pressure steam treatment in a pressure steam treatment device under conditions of a temperature of 120 to 140°C in a pressure can, a steam pressure of 0.8 to 2.5 kgf/ ^cm2 , and a residence time of 5 to 40 minutes, it is possible to obtain feed for ruminant livestock which has a high rumen bypass rate of protein components and is highly digestible and absorbable in the lower digestive tract.

Claims (3)

The present invention relates to a method for producing cattle feed having a high rumen bypass rate of protein components and high digestibility and absorbability in the lower digestive tract, the method being characterized by subjecting a high-protein feed material having a pellet shape and/or granular crude protein content of 30 % or more to pressure steam treatment in a pressure steam treatment device under conditions of a temperature of 125 to 135°C in a pressure can, a steam pressure of 1.0 to 2.0 kgf ^/cm2 , and a residence time of 10 to 25 minutes. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the high-protein feed material is subjected to a process of adding sugars and/or a browning agent and then steaming under pressure. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 2 , wherein the high protein feed material is one or more selected from the group consisting of defatted soybeans, whole soybeans, guamiel korma, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal.

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