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JP7699336B2 - Antiviral agent against flaviviruses derived from shell ginger - Google Patents
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JP7699336B2 - Antiviral agent against flaviviruses derived from shell ginger - Google Patents

Antiviral agent against flaviviruses derived from shell ginger Download PDF

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JP7699336B2
JP7699336B2 JP2021072738A JP2021072738A JP7699336B2 JP 7699336 B2 JP7699336 B2 JP 7699336B2 JP 2021072738 A JP2021072738 A JP 2021072738A JP 2021072738 A JP2021072738 A JP 2021072738A JP 7699336 B2 JP7699336 B2 JP 7699336B2
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virus
shell ginger
cells
ginger extract
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JP2022167147A (en
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美加 斉藤
健太郎 関根
義弘 鳴坂
真理 鳴坂
唯史 畑中
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University of the Ryukyus NUC
Okayama Prefectural Government
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description

本発明は、月桃抽出物を含むフラビウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤に関する。 The present invention relates to an antiviral agent against flaviviruses that contains shell ginger extract.

フラビウイルス科フラビウイルス属のウイルスは、デングウイルス(Dengue virus)、日本脳炎ウイルス(Japanese encephalitis virus)、西ナイルウイルス(West Nile virus)、黄熱ウイルス(Yellow fever virus)、ジカウイルス(Zika virus)、マレー渓谷脳炎ウイルス(Murray Valley encephalitis virus)、セントルイス脳炎ウイルス(St. Louis encephalitis virus)、ダニ媒介性脳炎ウイルス(Tick-borne encephalitis virus)などが知られている。 Viruses that belong to the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae include the Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Zika virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Tick-borne encephalitis virus.

この中でも、デングウイルスは、公衆衛生上重要な蚊媒介性感染症であるデング熱の病原体であるが、近年、デングウイルス感染症は、その範囲を急速に拡大しており、世界人口の約半数が感染リスクにあり、30年間で患者数は50倍になっている。
また、デングウイルスは、1型、2型、3型、4型が存在し、複数回感染することが起こり得るうえ、過去に感染したhetero-typeの抗体が増幅促進抗体(ADE)として働くことで、重症化のリスクを高めることが知られている。
Among these, the dengue virus is the pathogen that causes dengue fever, a mosquito-borne infectious disease of public health importance. In recent years, the range of dengue virus infection has rapidly expanded, with approximately half of the world's population at risk of infection and the number of patients increasing 50-fold in the past 30 years.
In addition, there are three types of dengue virus: types 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is possible to become infected multiple times. It is also known that antibodies from heterotypes from previous infections act as amplification-enhancing antibodies (ADE), increasing the risk of developing severe symptoms.

デングウイルスの複数の型が確認されている国は、30年前には7カ国であったが、現在では127カ国にまで増加しており、重症化デング(デング出血熱、デングショック症候群)の発生も増加している。
2014年に東京代々木公園を中心に流行したデング熱(患者数162名、重傷者0名、死亡0名)は記憶に新しいが、翌年2015年には、台湾で4万人以上の患者と約200名の死者を出している。
また、2020年8月時点で、シンガポールでは過去最悪の患者数25000人以上を記録しているなど、東南アジアを中心に大流行が報告されている。
屋内に生息する蚊(ネッタイシマカ)の吸血により感染することから、Covid-19パンデミック禍での巣篭もり行動様式との関連が示唆されている。
日本においても、デング熱は、グローバル化の影響を受けやすく、人と物の移動の促進が見込まれるCovid-19パンデミック収束後、最も警戒すべき感染症である。
Thirty years ago, the number of countries where multiple strains of the dengue virus have been confirmed was seven, but this has now increased to 127, and the incidence of severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome) is also increasing.
The dengue fever epidemic that occurred in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park in 2014 (162 patients, 0 serious injuries, 0 deaths) is still fresh in our memories, but the following year, in 2015, more than 40,000 patients and approximately 200 deaths occurred in Taiwan.
In addition, as of August 2020, major outbreaks have been reported mainly in Southeast Asia, with Singapore recording the worst number of patients to date, with over 25,000.
Since the virus is transmitted through blood-sucking by indoor-dwelling mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), it has been suggested that the disease may be related to the stay-at-home behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic.
In Japan, dengue fever is also susceptible to the effects of globalization and is an infectious disease that requires the most vigilance after the Covid-19 pandemic subsides, when the movement of people and goods is expected to increase.

また、日本脳炎ウイルスは、かつて、その死亡率と重篤な後遺症をもたらすことから、公衆衛生上、大きな問題であった。
現在、日本では、日本脳炎の患者数は年間10人以下で推移しているが、世界では、アジアを中心に年間3~4万人の患者報告があり、依然として公衆衛生上の問題であり続けている。
Furthermore, Japanese encephalitis virus was once a major public health problem due to its high mortality rate and severe after-effects.
Currently, the number of Japanese encephalitis patients in Japan remains below 10 people per year, but around the world, 30,000 to 40,000 patients are reported each year, mainly in Asia, and it remains a public health problem.

現在、デングウイルスには、承認された特異的治療薬またはワクチンがなく、その開発が求められている。
また、日本脳炎には、ワクチンがあるものの、特異的治療薬はない。
Currently, there are no approved specific therapeutic agents or vaccines for dengue virus, and their development is urgently needed.
Although there is a vaccine for Japanese encephalitis, there is no specific treatment.

昔から沖縄で抗菌防虫効果に優れたものとして珍重されてきた月桃(Alpinia zerumbet、ショウガ科ハナミョウガ属(アルピニア属))が、HIV(ヒト免疫不全ウイルス)や植物ウイルスに対して効果があることが知られており、その抗ウイルス作用が期待されている。 Shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet, Zingiberaceae, Alpinia genus), which has long been prized in Okinawa for its excellent antibacterial and insect repellent properties, is known to be effective against HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and plant viruses, and its antiviral properties are expected to play a role.

例えば、特許文献1には、月桃からの特定の抽出画分が、植物ウイルス病等によって引き起こされる様々な植物病害に対して、優れた防除効果を有することが開示されている。
しかしながら、月桃抽出物が、デングウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルスなどのフラビウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を有することは、明らかにされていない。
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses that a specific extract fraction from shell ginger has excellent control effects against various plant diseases caused by plant viral diseases and the like.
However, it has not been clarified that shell ginger extract has an antiviral effect against flaviviruses such as dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus.

特開2020-002016Patent Publication 2020-002016

そこで、本発明は、未だ抗ウイルス作用がほとんど報告されていないデングウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルスを含むフラビウイルスに対する安全な治療薬、予防薬、消毒薬を提供するため、月桃抽出物を含むフラビウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤を提供することを課題とする。 The present invention therefore aims to provide an antiviral agent against flaviviruses that contains shell ginger extract, in order to provide a safe therapeutic, preventive, and disinfectant agent against flaviviruses, including dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, for which little antiviral activity has been reported to date.

本発明は、月桃抽出物を含むフラビウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤である。
特に、デングウイルス及び日本脳炎ウイルスに対して抗ウイルス効果を有する医薬である。
月桃抽出物とは、月桃から得られる絞り汁、煮汁、蒸留水であり、本発明にかかる抗ウイルス剤は、これらの月桃抽出物を含むことを特徴とする。
The present invention relates to an antiviral agent against flaviviruses, which contains an extract of Shell Ginger.
In particular, the drug has an antiviral effect against dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus.
Shell ginger extract refers to the juice, broth, or distilled water obtained from Shell ginger, and the antiviral agent of the present invention is characterized by containing these Shell ginger extracts.

月桃抽出物を含む、デングウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルスなどのフラビウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤は、直接ウイルスに対して作用(殺ウイルス作用)する機序と、吸着後の段階に作用する機序の両方で、1~4型のデングウイルスと、日本脳炎ウイルスに対して、抗ウイルス効果を得られた。 Antiviral agents against flaviviruses such as dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, including shell ginger extract, have been shown to have antiviral effects against dengue virus types 1 to 4 and Japanese encephalitis virus, both through a mechanism that acts directly on the virus (viricidal action) and a mechanism that acts at the post-adsorption stage.

免疫染色法(immunostaining method)の原理を説明するイメージ図An illustration explaining the principle of the immunostaining method フォーカス法による実験手順の概要を示す図Diagram showing an outline of the experimental procedure using the focus method ウイルス混合液を細胞に接種したプレートを免疫染色後に撮影した顕微鏡写真(左:月桃抽出物無添加、右:月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈))添加)Micrographs of plates inoculated with cells using a virus mixture taken after immunostaining (left: no shell ginger extract added, right: shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution) added)) デング1型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract against dengue type 1 virus デング2型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract against dengue type 2 virus デング3型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract against dengue type 3 virus デング4型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract against dengue type 4 virus 日本脳炎ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract against Japanese encephalitis virus デング2型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物(1000倍希釈絞り汁)の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (1000-fold diluted juice) against dengue type 2 virus デング2型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物(100倍希釈煮汁)の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (100-fold diluted boiling liquid) against dengue type 2 virus デング2型ウイルスに対する月桃抽出物(100倍希釈蒸留水)の抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (100-fold diluted distilled water) against dengue type 2 virus 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(x10))をウイルスが細胞に感染する前に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect against dengue type 2 virus when shell ginger extract (juice (x10)) was added before the virus infected cells. 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(x10))をウイルスが細胞に吸着した時に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect against dengue type 2 virus when shell ginger extract (juice (x10)) is added when the virus is adsorbed to cells. 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(x10))をウイルスが細胞に感染した後に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (juice (x10)) against dengue type 2 virus when added after the virus has infected cells. 月桃抽出物(煮汁))をウイルスが細胞に感染する前に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect against dengue type 2 virus when shell ginger extract (cooking liquid) was added before the virus infected cells. 月桃抽出物(煮汁)をウイルスが細胞に吸着した時に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect against dengue type 2 virus when shell ginger extract (broth) is added when the virus is adsorbed to cells. 月桃抽出物(煮汁)をウイルスが細胞に感染した後に添加したときのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (broth) against dengue type 2 virus when added after the virus has infected cells. 5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)、7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)のデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing the antiviral effects of 5,6-Dehydrokawain (DK) and 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) against dengue type 2 virus プロアントシアニジンのデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフGraph showing antiviral effect of proanthocyanidins against dengue type 2 virus 月桃抽出物(煮汁)の限外濾過分画物(高分子画分(1倍希釈)と低分子画分(1倍希釈))のデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect of ultrafiltration fractions (high molecular weight fraction (1-fold dilution) and low molecular weight fraction (1-fold dilution)) of shell ginger extract (broth) against dengue type 2 virus. 月桃抽出物(煮汁)の限外濾過分画物(高分子画分(100倍希釈)と低分子画分(100倍希釈))のデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect of ultrafiltration fractions (high molecular weight fraction (100-fold dilution) and low molecular weight fraction (100-fold dilution)) of shell ginger extract (broth) against dengue type 2 virus. 月桃抽出物(煮汁)の限外濾過分画物(高分子画分(1倍希釈)と高分子画分(100倍希釈))のデング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示すグラフA graph showing the antiviral effect of ultrafiltration fractions (high molecular weight fraction (1x dilution) and high molecular weight fraction (100x dilution)) of shell ginger extract (broth) against dengue type 2 virus. 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)のBHK-21細胞に対する毒性試験結果を示すグラフGraph showing the results of toxicity tests on BHK-21 cells for shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, and distilled water) 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)のVero細胞に対する毒性試験結果を示すグラフGraph showing the results of toxicity tests on Vero cells for shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, and distilled water) 月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)のHep2細胞に対する毒性試験結果を示すグラフGraph showing the results of toxicity tests on Hep2 cells for shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, and distilled water)

本発明の効果を確認するため、次の条件で実験を行った。 To confirm the effectiveness of the present invention, experiments were conducted under the following conditions.

1.月桃抽出物
次の3つの方法で、月桃抽出物を得た。
(1) 絞り汁
ショウガ科ハナミョウガ属の月桃(ゲットウ)(以下、単に「月桃」という。)の茎葉部分を圧搾機(YBK-2型、ヤビク農機具製作所)に投入し、水を添加することなく、月桃から抽出される液を回収して遠心機(6000rpm、5分間)により夾雑物を除去し、上清を濾紙及び孔径0.22μmのフィルター(TPP社製)によって濾過した。得られた液を「絞り汁」とした。
(2)煮汁
7.6kgの月桃の茎と葉に10Lの水を加えて2時間煮沸したあと、植物残渣を除いた液体を濾過滅菌したものを「煮汁」とした。
(3)蒸留水
前記の煮汁を蒸留し、油層と水層に分離した蒸留液のうち最初の1時間の蒸留によって得られた水層を濾過滅菌したものを「蒸留水」とした。
1. Shell Ginger Extract Shell Ginger extract was obtained by the following three methods.
(1) Squeezed juice The stems and leaves of Alpinia speciosa (hereinafter simply referred to as "Shell Ginger") of the Zingiberaceae family were placed in a press (YBK-2 type, Yabiku Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.), and the liquid extracted from the Shell Ginger without adding water was collected and impurities were removed using a centrifuge (6000 rpm, 5 minutes), and the supernatant was filtered through filter paper and a filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm (TPP Co., Ltd.). The obtained liquid was used as the "squeezed juice."
(2) Braising liquid
7.6 kg of shell ginger stems and leaves were added to 10 L of water and boiled for 2 hours. The liquid was then removed from the plant residue and sterilized by filtration to make the "broth."
(3) Distilled water: The broth was distilled, and the distillate was separated into an oil layer and an aqueous layer. The aqueous layer obtained from the first hour of distillation was sterilized by filtration to obtain "distilled water."

2.月桃成分
月桃に含まれる次の成分を使用した。
(1)5,6-Dehydrokawain(富士フィルム和光純薬)
(2)7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(富士フィルム和光純薬)
(3)プロアントシアニジン(Proanthocyanidin)
2. Shell Ginger Ingredients The following ingredients contained in Shell Ginger were used.
(1) 5,6-Dehydrokawain (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
(2) 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
(3) Proanthocyanidin

絞り汁を、透析膜として分画分子量3,500の膜(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製、SnakeSkin Pleated Dialysis Tubing)にいれ、蒸留水(4リットル×3回)に対して透析して得られた透析内液を凍結乾燥し、これによって得た乾燥物を、「プロアントシアニジン」(Proanthocyanidin)とした。
プロアントシアニジンの純度の検定は、沖らの報告(沖智之ら、Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol.60, No6, 301-309(2013))に記載された4-ジメチルアミノシンナムアルデヒド(DMAC)を用いる方法におおむね従った。
すなわち、別途精製して得た検量線用プロアントシアニジン水溶液(10mg/ml)を、アッセイ溶液A(エタノール:メタノール:2-プロパノール=90:5:5)で、20倍希釈したものを、さらにアッセイ溶液B(アッセイ溶液A:水=95:5)で、2倍希釈系列を作成し、検量線用サンプルとした。絞り汁から得た凍結乾燥物を蒸留水にて5mg/mlに溶解したものを、アッセイ溶液A(エタノール:メタノール:2-プロパノール=90:5:5)で20倍希釈し、測定用サンプルXとした。また、測定用サンプルXを、アッセイ溶液Bで、2倍および4倍希釈したものを、測定用サンプルYおよびZとした。濃塩酸(3ml)を上記アッセイ溶液A(27ml)に添加し、氷上で15分間冷却した溶液にDMAC(30mg)を添加して攪拌により溶解し、使用直前まで氷上で保管した(DMAC溶液)。96穴マイクロプレートのウェルに検量線用および測定用サンプルをそれぞれ40μl分注し、8連マイクロピペッターを用いて、サンプルを添加したウェルにDMAC溶液を200μl添加した。次いで、プレート上面にプレートシールを貼付し庫内温度を30℃に設定したプレートリーダー中で攪拌して20分間放置後、各ウェルの640nmにおける吸光度を測定した。検量線用サンプルから得られた吸光度値と濃度から検量線を作成し、測定用サンプルX、Y、Zに含まれるプロアントシアニジン濃度の平均濃度と、凍結乾燥物を溶解した濃度(5mg/ml)から、絞り汁から得た凍結乾燥物のプロアントシアニジンの純度を78.8%と換算した。
The juice was placed in a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 3,500 (SnakeSkin Pleated Dialysis Tubing, manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.) and dialyzed against distilled water (4 liters x 3 times). The dialyzed liquid was freeze-dried, and the dried material obtained was named "proanthocyanidin."
The purity of proanthocyanidins was assayed largely following the method using 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) described in the report by Oki et al. (Oki Tomoyuki et al., Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. 60, No. 6, 301-309 (2013)).
That is, the calibration curve sample was prepared by diluting the proanthocyanidin aqueous solution (10 mg/ml) obtained by purification separately with assay solution A (ethanol: methanol: 2-propanol = 90: 5: 5) 20 times, and then diluting it 2 times with assay solution B (assay solution A: water = 95: 5) to prepare a 2-fold series of dilutions. The freeze-dried product obtained from the juice was dissolved in distilled water at 5 mg/ml, and then diluted 20 times with assay solution A (ethanol: methanol: 2-propanol = 90: 5: 5) to prepare measurement sample X. In addition, measurement sample X was diluted 2 times and 4 times with assay solution B to prepare measurement samples Y and Z. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (3 ml) was added to the above assay solution A (27 ml), and the solution was cooled on ice for 15 minutes. DMAC (30 mg) was added to the solution, which was then dissolved by stirring, and the solution was stored on ice until just before use (DMAC solution). 40μl of each of the calibration curve and measurement samples was dispensed into the wells of a 96-well microplate, and 200μl of DMAC solution was added to the wells to which the samples were added using an 8-series micropipette. Next, a plate seal was attached to the top of the plate, and the plate was stirred in a plate reader with the internal temperature set to 30℃ and left for 20 minutes, after which the absorbance at 640nm of each well was measured. A calibration curve was created from the absorbance value and concentration obtained from the calibration curve sample, and the purity of the proanthocyanidins in the freeze-dried product obtained from the squeezed juice was calculated to be 78.8% from the average concentration of the proanthocyanidins contained in the measurement samples X, Y, and Z and the concentration (5mg/ml) of the dissolved freeze-dried product.

検量線用プロアントシアニジン水溶液の調整法:月桃の茎葉の搾汁液(120ml)を、逆相担体(日本ウォーターズ(株)製Sep-Pak C18(35cc))にかけ、超純水(100ml)で洗浄した後、20%アセトニトリル(100ml)で溶出した画分を得た。得られた画分に含まれるアセトニトリルを、エバポレーター(50℃、15分間)にて留去したのち、残った溶液を、分画分子量10,000の透析膜(スペクトラム社製)に入れ、蒸留水(4リットル×4回)に対して透析した。得られた透析内液を凍結乾燥(4日間)し、月桃由来プロアントシアニジン精製物(492.7mg)を得た。この精製物を検量線用プロアントシアニジン水溶液とした。 Preparation method of proanthocyanidin aqueous solution for calibration curve: Squeezed juice (120 ml) from shell ginger stems and leaves was applied to a reverse phase carrier (Sep-Pak C18 (35 cc) manufactured by Nihon Waters Co., Ltd.), washed with ultrapure water (100 ml), and then eluted with 20% acetonitrile (100 ml) to obtain a fraction. The acetonitrile contained in the obtained fraction was removed using an evaporator (50°C, 15 minutes), and the remaining solution was placed in a dialysis membrane (manufactured by Spectrum Co., Ltd.) with a molecular weight cutoff of 10,000, and dialyzed against distilled water (4 liters x 4 times). The obtained dialyzed liquid was freeze-dried (4 days) to obtain a shell ginger-derived proanthocyanidin purified product (492.7 mg). This purified product was used as the proanthocyanidin aqueous solution for calibration curve.

3.使用ウイルス
抗ウイルス効果を確認するため、次のフラビウイルスを使用した。
(1)デング1型ウイルス(DENV1) Hawaiian株(プロトタイプ)
(2)デング2型ウイルス(DENV2) New Guinea B株(プロトタイプ)
(3)デング3型ウイルス(DENV3) H-87株(プロトタイプ)
(4)デング4型ウイルス(DENV4) H-241株(プロトタイプ)
(5)日本脳炎ウイルス Beijing株(ワクチン株)
3. Viruses Used The following flaviviruses were used to confirm the antiviral effects.
(1) Dengue virus type 1 (DENV1) Hawaiian strain (prototype)
(2) Dengue serotype 2 virus (DENV2) New Guinea B strain (prototype)
(3) Dengue 3 virus (DENV3) H-87 strain (prototype)
(4) Dengue 4 virus (DENV4) H-241 strain (prototype)
(5) Japanese encephalitis virus, Beijing strain (vaccine strain)

4.使用細胞その他
(1)細胞
BHK-21細胞(ハムスター腎細胞)
Vero細胞(アフリカミドリザル腎細胞)
Hep2細胞(HeLa deviation)(ヒト喉頭癌細胞)
細胞はインキュベータで培養(37度5%CO2)した。
(2)培養液 Eagle’s MEM
(3)継代培養に用いた培養液 8%FBS(ウシ胎仔血清)加MEM
(4)培養培地に用いた培養液 2%FBS(ウシ胎仔血清)加MEM
(5)免疫染色用抗体
ア.一次抗体 anti DENV1 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody(作製)
anti DENV2 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody(作製)
anti DENV3 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody(作製)
anti DENV4 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody(作製)
anti Beijing polyclonal hyperimmune rabbit antibody(作製)
イ.二次抗体 Peroxidase conjugated anti mouse antibody (American qualex, CA)
Peroxidase conjugated anti rabbit antibody (American qualex, CA)
ウ.発色試薬 diaminobenzidine (sigma, MO)
4. Cells used: Other (1) Cells
BHK-21 cells (hamster kidney cells)
Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells)
Hep2 cells (HeLa deviation) (human laryngeal cancer cells)
The cells were cultured in an incubator (37°C, 5% CO 2 ).
(2) Culture solution Eagle's MEM
(3) Culture medium used for subculture: MEM supplemented with 8% FBS (fetal bovine serum)
(4) Culture medium: MEM supplemented with 2% FBS (fetal bovine serum)
(5) Antibodies for immunostaining
a. Primary antibody anti DENV1 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody (prepared)
Anti-DENV2 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody (produced)
Anti-DENV3 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody (produced)
Anti-DENV4 polyclonal hyperimmune mouse antibody (produced)
anti Beijing polyclonal hyperimmune rabbit antibody (preparation)
stomach. Secondary antibody Peroxidase conjugated anti mouse antibody (American qualex, CA)
Peroxidase conjugated anti rabbit antibody (American qualex, CA)
C. Color-developing reagent: diaminobenzidine (Sigma, MO)

5.試験手順と結果
(1)濾過滅菌(0.8um filter, Millipore)した月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM、各50μL)を、各ウェル100ffu(「ffu」は、フォーカス形成単位を示し、数字は、フォーカスを形成することのできるウイルス粒子の数を示す。)に調整したウイルス液(デング1、2、3、4型ウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルス)50μLに添加して混合液とし、37℃で1時間静置後、混合液25μL/wellをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色(図1)を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法(図2の方法A)により測定した。
図3は、月桃抽出物を添加していないウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)12.5μL/wellを細胞に接種したプレートと、絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))12.5μLを混合したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)12.5μL/wellを細胞に接種したプレートを、免疫染色を行った後で撮影した顕微鏡写真(倍率約7倍)である。
写真中の黒く見えるのがフォーカスを形成したウイルス感染細胞である。
そして、月桃抽出物無添加のときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
(2)図4~8は、(1)のデング1、2、3、4型ウイルスと日本脳炎ウイルスに対する実験の結果を示したグラフである(煮汁、蒸留水の階段希釈液は、37希釈の測定値までしか実験をしていない。)。
図4~8のグラフのとおり、絞り汁、煮汁、蒸留水の全ての月桃抽出物が、デング1、2、3、4型ウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルスに対して抗ウイルス効果を有し、抗ウイルス効果との間に用量依存関係が見られた。
なお、絞り汁だけは、抗ウイルス効果が高かったため、あらかじめ10倍に希釈したものをもとに、階段希釈した(10倍未満の希釈では、フォーカスが形成されなかったため。)。
(3)次に、月桃抽出物の影響を減らすため、上記(1)の実験で使用した月桃抽出物を100倍に希釈してからウイルスに接種して、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法(図2の方法B)により測定した。
月桃抽出物を100倍に希釈して、細胞に対する影響を少なくすることで、月桃抽出物の抗ウイルス作用が、ウイルスが細胞に吸着した後に作用したものか、ウイルスに対して直接作用したものかを確認した。
(4)濾過滅菌(0.8um filter, Millipore)した月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM、各50μL)を、10,000ffu/well(100倍感染価)に調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)50μLに添加して混合液とし、37℃で1時間静置後、細胞への作用を少なくするため、混合液を100倍に希釈(絞り汁(1000倍希釈(x1000))、煮汁(100倍希釈(x100))、蒸留水(100倍希釈(x100)))してから、100倍希釈混合液をBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
そして、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。
月桃抽出物無添加のときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
(5)図9~11は、(4)のデング2型ウイルスに対する実験の結果を示したグラフである。
図中の有意差は、t検定で判定し、p<0.05* , p<0.01**として、グラフ内に表した。
図9~11のグラフから、絞り汁10x33~36、煮汁33~35、蒸留水30で有意差が認められた。
特に、絞り汁と煮汁は、直接ウイルスに作用して不活化させる機序と、ウイルスが細胞に吸着した後の段階で作用して不活化させるウイルスの感染を抑制する機序の2段階で、抗ウイルス効果を示すと考えられる。
なお、絞り汁は、抗ウイルス効果が高かったため、あらかじめ10倍に希釈したものをもとに、階段希釈した(10倍未満の希釈では、フォーカスが形成されなかったため。)。
5. Test procedure and results (1) Serial dilutions (2% FBS-added MEM, 50 μL each) of filter-sterilized (0.8 μm filter, Millipore) shell ginger extract (squeezed juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, distilled water) were added to 50 μL of virus solution (dengue types 1, 2, 3, 4 virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) adjusted to 100 ffu per well ("ffu" stands for focus-forming unit, and the number stands for the number of virus particles capable of forming a focus), to prepare a mixture, which was then left to stand at 37°C for 1 hour, after which 25 μL/well of the mixture was inoculated into BHK-21 cells. After leaving the mixture to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100 μL of the dilution was added to each well.
Furthermore, after allowing to stand at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining (Figure 1) was performed, and the virus infectivity was measured by the focus method (Method A in Figure 2).
Figure 3 shows micrographs (magnification approximately 7x) taken after immunostaining of a plate in which cells were inoculated with 12.5 µL/well of a virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) without added shell ginger extract, and a plate in which cells were inoculated with 12.5 µL/well of a virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) mixed with 12.5 µL of juice (10-fold dilution (x10)).
The black areas in the photograph are virus-infected cells that have formed foci.
The number of foci formed when no shell ginger extract was added was set at 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined based on the focus formation rate.
(2) Figures 4 to 8 are graphs showing the results of the experiments on dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4 viruses and Japanese encephalitis virus in (1) (only measurements of 3 to 7 dilutions of serial dilutions of broth and distilled water were performed).
As shown in the graphs of Figures 4 to 8, all of the shell ginger extracts, including the squeezed juice, broth, and distilled water, had antiviral effects against dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4 viruses and Japanese encephalitis virus, and a dose-dependent relationship was observed with the antiviral effect.
Since the juice alone had a strong antiviral effect, it was serially diluted based on a 10-fold dilution (because foci were not formed when it was diluted less than 10-fold).
(3) Next, in order to reduce the influence of the shell ginger extract, the shell ginger extract used in the experiment (1) above was diluted 100-fold and then inoculated into the virus, and the virus infectivity was measured by the focus method (Method B in Figure 2).
By diluting the shell ginger extract 100-fold to reduce its effect on the cells, we were able to determine whether the antiviral effect of the shell ginger extract acted after the virus was adsorbed onto the cells or whether it acted directly on the virus.
(4) Serial dilutions (50 μL each of dilutions of MEM supplemented with 2% FBS) of shell ginger extract (squeezed juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, and distilled water) sterilized through filtration (0.8 μm filter, Millipore) were added to 50 μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 10,000 ffu/well (100-fold infectivity titer) to prepare a mixture, which was then left to stand at 37°C for 1 hour. After that, the mixture was diluted 100-fold (squeezed juice (1000-fold dilution (x1000)), broth (100-fold dilution (x100)), distilled water (100-fold dilution (x100))) to reduce the effect on the cells, and the 100-fold diluted mixture was inoculated into BHK-21 cells. After leaving the mixture to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100 μL of the diluted solution was added to each well.
After allowing to stand at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the viral infectivity was measured by the focus method.
The number of foci formed when no shell ginger extract was added was taken as 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined based on the focus formation rate.
(5) Figures 9 to 11 are graphs showing the results of the experiment on dengue type 2 virus in (4).
Significant differences in the figures were determined by t-test and are indicated in the graphs as p<0.05*, p<0.01**.
From the graphs in Figures 9 to 11, significant differences were observed in the squeezed juice 10x3 3 to 3 6 , the broth 3 3 to 3 5 , and the distilled water 3 0 .
In particular, the juice and broth are thought to have antiviral effects in two stages: one that acts directly on the virus to inactivate it, and another that acts after the virus has adsorbed to cells, thereby suppressing viral infection by inactivating it.
Because the juice had a strong antiviral effect, it was serially diluted based on a 10-fold dilution (because no foci were formed when it was diluted less than 10-fold).

6.接種時期別の抗ウイルス効果の違いを確認する実験
(1)月桃抽出物が、どのタイミングでウイルスに作用するかを調べるため、月桃抽出物を添加するタイミングを、ア)ウイルスが細胞に感染する前、イ)ウイルスが細胞に吸着した時、ウ)ウイルスが細胞に感染した後、の3に分けて、次の実験を行った。
ア.階段希釈した月桃抽出物(濾過滅菌(0.8um filter, Millipore)した絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))と煮汁)各12.5μLをBHK-21細胞に添加し、37℃で1時間静置後、添加した月桃抽出物をBHK-21細胞から取り除き、100ffu/wellに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)12.5μLをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。月桃抽出物無添加のときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
イ.階段希釈した月桃抽出物(濾過滅菌(0.8um filter, Millipore)した絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))と煮汁)各12.5μLをBHK-21細胞に添加し、37℃で1時間静置後、添加した月桃抽出物を取り除かずに、100ffu/wellに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)12.5μLをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。月桃抽出物無添加のときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
ウ.100ffu/wellに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)12.5μLをBHK-21細胞に接種して、37℃で1時間静置後、接種したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)をBHK-21細胞から取り除き、BHK-21細胞をリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で洗浄した後、月桃抽出物(濾過滅菌(0.8um filter, Millipore)した絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))と煮汁)各12.5μLの階段希釈液をBHK-21細胞に添加した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。月桃抽出物無添加のときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
6. Experiment to confirm differences in antiviral effects depending on inoculation time (1) In order to investigate when the shell ginger extract acts on the virus, the following experiment was conducted by adding the shell ginger extract at three different times: a) before the virus infects the cells, b) when the virus is adsorbed onto the cells, and c) after the virus infects the cells.
A. 12.5μL each of serially diluted shell ginger extract (filter sterilized (0.8um filter, Millipore) squeezed juice (10-fold dilution (x10)) and boiled liquid) was added to BHK-21 cells and left to stand at 37℃ for 1 hour, after which the added shell ginger extract was removed from the BHK-21 cells and 12.5μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100ffu/well was inoculated into the BHK-21 cells. After leaving to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100μL of the diluted solution was added to each well.
After standing at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the viral infectivity was measured by the focus method. The number of foci formed without addition of shell ginger extract was set at 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined by the focus formation rate.
A. 12.5μL each of serially diluted shell ginger extract (filter sterilized (0.8um filter, Millipore) squeezed juice (10-fold dilution (x10)) and boiled liquid) was added to BHK-21 cells and left to stand at 37℃ for 1 hour, after which 12.5μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100ffu/well was inoculated into the BHK-21 cells without removing the added shell ginger extract. After leaving to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100μL of the diluted solution was added to each well.
After standing at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the viral infectivity was measured by the focus method. The number of foci formed without addition of shell ginger extract was set at 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined by the focus formation rate.
C. 12.5μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100ffu/well was inoculated into BHK-21 cells and allowed to stand at 37℃ for 1 hour, after which the inoculated virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) was removed from the BHK-21 cells, the BHK-21 cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and then 12.5μL of serially diluted shell ginger extract (filter-sterilized (0.8um filter, Millipore) squeezed juice (10-fold dilution (x10)) and cooking liquid) were added to the BHK-21 cells. After inoculation, the cells were allowed to stand for 1.5 hours, and 100μL of the diluted solution was added to each well.
After standing at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the viral infectivity was measured by the focus method. The number of foci formed without addition of shell ginger extract was set at 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined by the focus formation rate.

(2)図12~14は、(1)の絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10)についてのアからウの実験結果を示すグラフであり、図15~17は、(1)の煮汁についてのアからウの実験結果を示すグラフである。絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10)、煮汁ともに、ウイルスの感染前と吸着段階に働き、ウイルスの増殖を抑制する効果が見られたが、ウイルスの吸着後の段階でウイルスの増殖を抑制する効果は少なかったことが確認できた。 (2) Figures 12 to 14 are graphs showing the experimental results A to C for the juice (1) (10-fold dilution (x10)), and Figures 15 to 17 are graphs showing the experimental results A to C for the broth (1). Both the juice (10-fold dilution (x10)) and the broth acted before the virus was infected and at the adsorption stage, and were found to have an effect of suppressing virus proliferation, but were confirmed to have little effect in suppressing virus proliferation at the stage after the virus was adsorbed.

7.5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)と7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)の抗ウイルス効果を確認する実験
(1)月桃に含まれていることが知られている5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)、7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM、各50μL)を、各ウェル100ffuに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)50μLに添加して混合液とし、37℃で1時間静置後、混合液25μL/wellをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。
そして、5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)、7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)を添加しないときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
(2)図18は、(1)の実験の結果を示したグラフである。
5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)と7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)は、抗ウイルス効果との間に用量依存関係が見られた。
7. Experiment to confirm the antiviral effect of 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) and 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) (1) Serial dilutions of 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) and 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK), known to be contained in shell ginger (dilution solution MEM with 2% FBS, 50 μL each), were added to 50 μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100 ffu per well to make a mixture, and after standing at 37°C for 1 hour, 25 μL/well of the mixture was inoculated into BHK-21 cells. After standing for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100 μL of the dilution was added to each well.
Furthermore, after leaving the plate at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the virus infectivity was measured by the focus method.
The number of foci formed when 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) or 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) was not added was set at 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined based on the focus formation rate.
(2) FIG. 18 is a graph showing the results of the experiment (1).
5,6-Dehydrokawain (DK) and 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) showed a dose-dependent relationship between their antiviral effects.

8.プロアントシアニジンの抗ウイルス効果を確認する実験
(1)月桃に含まれていることが知られているプロアントシアニジン(月桃の絞り汁を精製して純度を78.8%まで純化したもの。)の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM、各50μL)を、各ウェル100ffuに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)50μLに添加して混合液とし、37℃で1時間静置後、混合液25μL/wellをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。
そして、プロアントシアニジンを添加しないときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
(2)図19は、(1)の実験の結果を示したグラフである。
プロアントシアニジンは、抗ウイルス効果との間に用量依存関係が見られた。
8. Experiment to confirm the antiviral effect of proanthocyanidins (1) Serial dilutions (50μL each of dilutions in MEM with 2% FBS) of proanthocyanidins (purified to 78.8% purity by refining the juice of shell ginger), known to be contained in shell ginger, were added to 50μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100 ffu per well to make a mixture, which was then left to stand at 37℃ for 1 hour, and 25μL/well of the mixture was inoculated into BHK-21 cells. After leaving to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100μL of the dilution was added to each well.
Furthermore, after leaving the plate at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the virus infectivity was measured by the focus method.
The number of foci formed when no proanthocyanidin was added was taken as 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined based on the focus formation rate.
(2) FIG. 19 is a graph showing the results of the experiment (1).
Proanthocyanidins showed a dose-dependent relationship with their antiviral effects.

9.月桃抽出物の限外濾過分画物の抗ウイルス効果を確認する実験
(1)月桃抽出物である煮汁を、Amicon(登録商標)Ultra-4 10K遠心式フィルターデバイス(Merck Millipore Ltd. アイルランド製)を用いて限外濾過した。フィルターデバイスで濾過された画分(分子量≦10kDa)を低分子画分、フィルターデバイス上に残留した画分(分子量≧10kDa)を高分子画分として得た。
この分画物(高分子画分(分子量≧10kDa)、低分子画分(分子量≦10kDa))の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM、各50μL)を、各ウェル100ffuに調整したウイルス液(デング2型ウイルス)50μLに添加して混合液とし、37℃で1時間静置後、混合液25μL/wellをBHK-21細胞に接種した。接種後、一時間半静置後、各ウェルに希釈液を100μL添加した。
さらに、37℃で48時間静置後、免疫染色を行い、ウイルス感染価をフォーカス法により測定した。
そして、分画物を添加しないときのフォーカス形成数を100%とし、フォーカス形成率で抗ウイルス効果を判定した。
(2)図20~22は、(1)の実験の結果を示したグラフである。
図20は、煮汁の限外濾過分画物である高分子画分(1倍希釈)と低分子画分(1倍希釈)の抗ウイルス効果を測定した結果、図21は、高分子画分(100倍希釈)と低分子画分(100倍希釈)の抗ウイルス効果を測定した結果、図22は、高分子画分(1倍希釈)と高分子画分(100倍希釈)の抗ウイルス効果を測定した結果である。
煮汁の限外濾過分画物である高分子画分と低分子画分を比較すると、高分子画分の方が、抗ウイルス効果が高いことを確認できた。また、煮汁の高分子画分は、絞り汁、煮汁と同様に、直接ウイルスに作用して不活化させる機序と、ウイルスが細胞に吸着した後の段階で作用して不活化させるウイルスの感染を抑制する機序の2段階で、抗ウイルス効果を示すと考えられる。
9. Experiment to confirm the antiviral effect of ultrafiltrated fraction of shell ginger extract (1) The broth of shell ginger extract was ultrafiltered using an Amicon (registered trademark) Ultra-4 10K centrifugal filter device (Merck Millipore Ltd., Ireland). The fraction filtered through the filter device (molecular weight ≦10 kDa) was obtained as the low molecular weight fraction, and the fraction remaining on the filter device (molecular weight ≧10 kDa) was obtained as the high molecular weight fraction.
Serial dilutions (50 μL each of MEM with 2% FBS) of these fractions (high molecular weight fraction (molecular weight ≧10 kDa), low molecular weight fraction (molecular weight ≦10 kDa)) were added to 50 μL of virus solution (dengue type 2 virus) adjusted to 100 ffu per well to prepare a mixture, which was then left to stand at 37°C for 1 hour, after which 25 μL/well of the mixture was inoculated into BHK-21 cells. After leaving the mixture to stand for 1.5 hours after inoculation, 100 μL of the dilution was added to each well.
Furthermore, after leaving the plate at 37°C for 48 hours, immunostaining was performed and the virus infectivity was measured by the focus method.
The number of foci formed when no fraction was added was taken as 100%, and the antiviral effect was determined based on the focus formation rate.
(2) Figures 20 to 22 are graphs showing the results of the experiment in (1).
FIG. 20 shows the results of measuring the antiviral effects of the high molecular weight fraction (1-fold dilution) and low molecular weight fraction (1-fold dilution), which are ultrafiltration fractions of the broth. FIG. 21 shows the results of measuring the antiviral effects of the high molecular weight fraction (100-fold dilution) and low molecular weight fraction (100-fold dilution). FIG. 22 shows the results of measuring the antiviral effects of the high molecular weight fraction (1-fold dilution) and high molecular weight fraction (100-fold dilution).
When comparing the high molecular weight fraction and low molecular weight fraction, which are ultrafiltrated fractions of the broth, it was confirmed that the high molecular weight fraction has a stronger antiviral effect. In addition, like the squeezed juice and broth, the high molecular weight fraction of the broth is thought to have an antiviral effect in two stages: it acts directly on the virus to inactivate it, and it acts after the virus has adsorbed to the cells, suppressing viral infection by inactivating it.

10.細胞毒性試験
(1)月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)の細胞毒性について試験をするため、BHK-21細胞、Vero細胞、Hep2細胞の各細胞を、各5000cells/wellに調整し、月桃抽出物を添加する24時間前から96ウェルプレートで培養してから、月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)の階段希釈液(希釈液2%FBS加MEM)を、各ウェル10μLずつ添加して48時間培養後、生細胞数測定試薬SF(WST-8,nacalai tesque,京都市)を各ウェル10μLずつ添加して2時間静置後、450nmの波長で吸光度測定を行なった。
月桃抽出物無添加の吸光度を100%とし、各細胞生残率を求めた。
(2)図23~25は、月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)ごとに、BHK-21細胞、Vero細胞、Hep-2細胞に対する細胞毒性試験の結果を示したグラフである。
絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水のいずれも、BHK-21細胞、Hep-2細胞に対しては、毒性は認められなかった。
絞り汁は、高濃度でVero細胞に対する濃度依存性の毒性が認められたが、10x32倍以上では認められなかった。
煮汁、蒸留水は、Vero細胞に対する毒性は認められなかった。
以上の結果から、BHK-21細胞を用いた月桃抽出物(絞り汁(10倍希釈(x10))、煮汁、蒸留水)の抗ウイルス効果は、BHK-21細胞に対する毒性によるものではないことを確認できた。
10. Cytotoxicity test (1) To test the cytotoxicity of shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, distilled water), BHK-21 cells, Vero cells, and Hep2 cells were adjusted to 5,000 cells/well and cultured in a 96-well plate 24 hours before adding shell ginger extract. Then, 10 μL of serial dilutions (2% FBS-added MEM) of shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, distilled water) were added to each well and cultured for 48 hours. Then, 10 μL of viable cell count reagent SF (WST-8, Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto) was added to each well and left to stand for 2 hours, after which the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm.
The absorbance without addition of shell ginger extract was taken as 100%, and the survival rate of each cell was calculated.
(2) Figures 23 to 25 are graphs showing the results of cytotoxicity tests on BHK-21 cells, Vero cells, and Hep-2 cells for each shell ginger extract (squeezed juice (10-fold diluted (x10)), broth, and distilled water).
None of the juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), the broth, or the distilled water was found to be toxic to BHK-21 cells or Hep-2 cells.
The juice was found to have a concentration-dependent toxicity to Vero cells at high concentrations, but not at concentrations greater than 10x3 .
The broth and distilled water showed no toxicity to Vero cells.
From these results, it was confirmed that the antiviral effect of shell ginger extract (juice (10-fold dilution (x10)), broth, and distilled water) using BHK-21 cells was not due to toxicity to the BHK-21 cells.

11.考察
月桃抽出物は、絞り汁、煮汁、蒸留水のいずれも、デング2型ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス効果を示した。
特に、絞り汁は、細胞毒性が見られない希釈濃度(10x31~35)で、非常に高い抗ウイルス効果を示し、その作用段階は、直接ウイルスに対する作用(殺ウイルス作用)と、吸着段階、吸着後の段階に作用する機序で、抗ウイルス効果を示した。
また、月桃抽出物は、絞り汁、煮汁、蒸留水のいずれも、デング1型ウイルス、デング3型ウイルス、デング4型ウイルスに対して、抗ウイルス作用が認められた。
なお、日本脳炎ウイルスに対しては、月桃抽出物の絞り汁、煮汁で抗ウイルス効果が認められたが、蒸留水ではウイルスの増強反応が認められた。
したがって、月桃抽出物は、デング1、2、3、4型ウイルスに対して、抗ウイルス効果を発揮するから、月桃抽出物を含むデングウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤として、安全に使用できる。

11. Discussion Shell ginger extract, whether squeezed juice, boiled juice or distilled water, showed antiviral effects against dengue type 2 virus.
In particular, the juice exhibited extremely high antiviral effects at dilute concentrations ( 10x31 to 10x35 ) where no cytotoxicity was observed, and the antiviral effects were demonstrated through a mechanism of action that acted directly on the virus (viricidal action), as well as at the adsorption and post-adsorption stages.
Additionally, it was found that the shell ginger extract, whether squeezed juice, boiled juice or distilled water, had antiviral effects against dengue type 1 virus, dengue type 3 virus and dengue type 4 virus.
In addition, against the Japanese encephalitis virus, the juice and boiled juice of shell ginger extract were found to have an antiviral effect, but distilled water was found to enhance the virus.
Therefore, since the shell ginger extract exhibits an antiviral effect against dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4 viruses, it can be safely used as an antiviral agent containing the shell ginger extract against dengue viruses.

Claims (5)

月桃抽出物を含む、日本脳炎ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤。 An antiviral agent against Japanese encephalitis virus, containing shell ginger extract. 月桃の絞り汁を含む、日本脳炎ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤。 An antiviral agent against Japanese encephalitis virus that contains shell ginger juice. 月桃の煮汁を含む、日本脳炎ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤。 An antiviral agent against Japanese encephalitis virus that contains shell ginger juice. 分画分子量が10kDa以上である限外濾過膜により濃縮して得られる月桃の煮汁を含む、日本脳炎ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤。 An antiviral agent against Japanese encephalitis virus, containing shell ginger juice obtained by concentrating the juice using an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kDa or more. 5,6-Dehydrokawain(DK)または7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain(DDK)を有効成分とする、デングウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤。
An antiviral agent against dengue virus whose active ingredients are 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) or 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK).
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