JP7710652B2 - Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods, and systems - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to compositions, methods, and systems that have utility in heat exchange applications, including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In certain aspects, the present invention relates to compositions that are useful in heat transfer systems of the type in which the refrigerant R-410A would be used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful as replacements for the refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications, and as a replacement for the refrigerant R-410A.
The present invention is useful for retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for use with

Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air conditioners are well known in the art for industrial, commercial, and domestic use. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems.
However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has attracted much attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol to Protect the Global Environment, which set a timetable for the phase-out of CFC products. The shift to more environmentally acceptable materials containing hydrogen, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), has been underway.
HCFCs replaced CFCs.

One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants was chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the phase-out of CFCs and scheduled the phase-out of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

In response to the need for non-flammable, non-toxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, industry has
Several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been developed that have zero ozone depletion potential. R-410A (a 50:50 w/w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) has been adopted as an industrial replacement for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and cooling applications because it does not contribute to ozone depletion. However, R-410A is a 50:50 w/w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) that ...
R-10A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22. Therefore, R-10A with R-410A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22.
The replacement of R-410A with R-22 required the redesign of major components in the heat exchange system, including the replacement and redesign of the compressor to accommodate the substantially higher operating pressures and volumes of R-410A compared to R-22.

While R-410A has a more acceptable Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than R-22, continued use of R-410A is problematic due to its high Global Warming Potential of 2088. Thus, there is a need in the art to replace R-410A with more environmentally acceptable alternatives.

As shown in Table 1, the EU has set the following HF standards that can be sold in the EU from 2015 onwards:
The United States implemented the F-gas rule to limit C. By 2030, only 21% of the amount of HFCs sold in 2015 will be available. Therefore, as a long-term solution, the GWP
It is desirable to limit R to less than 427.

^* 2015 GWP levels are based on UNEP's 2012 Use Survey where growth rates have not increased.

It is understood in the art that it is highly desirable for an alternative heat transfer fluid to possess a mosaic of difficult to achieve properties, including, among others, excellent heat transfer properties (especially heat transfer properties well suited to the needs of a particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and/or lubricant compatibility. Further, any replacement for R-410A would:
Ideally, it would be a good match to the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid system modifications or redesign. Developing a heat transfer fluid that meets all of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, is a major challenge.

With regard to efficiency of use, it is important to note that the loss of thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency of a refrigerant may result in increased use of fossil fuels as a result of increased demand for electrical energy, and therefore the use of such refrigerants will have secondary negative impacts on the environment.

Flammability is considered an important property for many heat transfer applications. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" means a material that is non-flammable in accordance with ASTM Standard E-681-2009 Standard.
ard Test Method for Concentration Limits
of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and
According to ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Design
gnation and Safety Classification of Ref
rigerants and ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Appendix
"Non-flammable" refers to a compound or composition that is determined to be non-flammable under the conditions set forth in US Pat. No. 6,399,363, issued Dec. 19, 1997, and US Pat. No. 6,399,363, which is incorporated herein by reference and for convenience herein referred to as the "Non-flammable Test."

It is critical to maintaining system efficiency and proper and reliable operation of the compressor that the lubricant circulating in a vapor compression heat transfer system be returned to the compressor to perform its intended lubricating function. Otherwise, the lubricant will accumulate and become contaminated, including in the heat transfer components.
It can become lodged in the coils and pipes of the system. Additionally, if the lubricant accumulates on the inner surfaces of the evaporator, it reduces the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator, thereby reducing the efficiency of the system.

R-410A is a polyol ester (POE) at temperatures encountered during use in such systems.
R-410A is currently commonly used with POE lubricants in air conditioning applications because R-410A is miscible with POEs. However, R-410A is immiscible with POEs at temperatures typically encountered during operation of low temperature refrigeration and heat pump systems. Thus,
Unless measures are taken to mitigate this immiscibility, POE and R-410A cannot be used in low temperature refrigeration or heat pump systems.

Applicants have come to appreciate that it would be desirable to provide compositions that can be used as a replacement for R-410A in air conditioning applications, particularly residential and commercial air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning and chiller air conditioning applications. Applicants have also come to appreciate that the compositions, methods and systems of the present invention have the advantage, for example, of overcoming the drawback of incompatibility with POE in heat pumps and low temperature refrigeration systems at temperatures encountered during operation of these systems.

The present invention provides refrigerant compositions that may be used as a replacement for R-410A and that, in preferred embodiments, exhibit a mosaic of desirable properties of excellent heat transfer properties, chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility and lubricant compatibility, along with low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and near-zero ODP.

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1-4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I);
The lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of from 1% to 20% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may also be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1.

As used herein with respect to percentages based on a list of particular compounds, the term "relative percentage" means the percentage of a particular compound based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

As used herein in relation to weight percent, the term "about" in relation to an amount of a particular component means that the amount of the particular component can vary in an amount of +/- 1 weight %.

In connection with the use of a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene in a heat transfer composition comprising a CF3I refrigerant and a lubricant comprising POE and/or PVE, applicants have determined that the stabilizing effect of the alkylated naphthalene is between 1% and 10% by weight based on the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
less than, or preferably from 1.5% to less than 8% by weight, or preferably from 1.5% to about 6
% by weight, or preferably, a critical range in which there is a beneficial and unexpected enhancement in stabilization effect outside the range of 1.5-5% by weight. The reason for the enhanced performance within this critical range stems from the discovery that when used in amounts greater than about 10%, the stabilization performance of the alkylated naphthalenes may degrade to an extent that is undesirable for some applications in the absence of other solutions described below. Moreover, applicants believe that when used in amounts less than 1%, the stabilization performance of the alkylated naphthalenes falls short of desirable performance for some applications. The existence of this critical range is unexpected.

Accordingly, the present invention also provides a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I);
the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant;
The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may also be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 2 for convenience.

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I);
The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 3. ...

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I);
The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 4. ...

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 5.

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 6.

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 7.

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 8.

The present invention also includes any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is essentially free of ADM. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 8A.

The present invention also includes any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is essentially free of ADM, as defined below, and wherein the stabilizer further comprises BHT. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 8B.

The present invention also provides a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I);
The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 9, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene and an acid scavenging moiety.

As used herein, the term "acid depleting moiety" (sometimes referred to herein for convenience as "ADM") means a compound or radical which, when present in a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant containing about 10% by weight or more of CF3I (said percentages being based on the weight of all refrigerants in the heat transfer composition), has the effect of substantially reducing the acid moieties that would otherwise be present in the heat transfer composition. As used herein, the term "substantially reduce", when used in reference to acid moieties in a heat transfer composition, means reducing the acid moieties sufficiently to lower the TAN value (defined below) by at least about 10 relative percent.

In connection with the use of stabilizers including alkylated naphthalene and ADM, applicants have found that certain materials can substantially and unexpectedly enhance the performance of stabilizers that include or consist essentially of alkylated naphthalene stabilizers. In particular, applicants have found that certain materials can assist in the removal of acidic moieties in heat transfer compositions containing CF3I, including any heat transfer composition of the present invention. Applicants have found that by formulating a heat transfer composition to have ADM, the stability function of at least the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention is unexpectedly and synergistically enhanced. The reason for this synergistic effect is not understood with certainty, but without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention functions primarily by stabilizing free radicals formed from the CF3I of the refrigerant, but that this stabilizing effect is at least somewhat reduced in the presence of acidic moieties. As a result, the presence of the ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer to exert an unexpectedly and synergistically enhanced effect. Additionally, applicants have found that the degradation in performance that applicants observed at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalene (i.e., about 10%) can be offset by incorporating ADM into the heat transfer composition (or stabilized lubricant).

Thus, the present invention includes a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 1.

The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and from 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 2 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 50% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and from 0.1% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 3 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising about 4% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer.
Also included is a stabilizer comprising 0% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to about 30% by weight of ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising about 4% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer.
Also included is a stabilizer comprising 0% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to about 20% by weight of ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 5 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1-4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I).The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 10 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1-4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 11 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 5, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1-4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 12 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 13 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 14 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 15 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 16 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 5, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 17 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention.

LCCP of one of the refrigerants of the present invention and certain known refrigerants are shown.

Description Definition:
For purposes of this invention, the term "about" in reference to temperatures in degrees Celsius (°C) means that the stated temperature is +
+/- 5° C. In preferred embodiments, a temperature specified to be about is preferably +/- 2° C., more preferably +/- 1° C., and even more preferably +/- 0.5° C. of the particular temperature.

The term "capacity" refers to the amount of cooling provided by a refrigerant in a refrigeration system (B
TU/hr) This is the enthalpy of the refrigerant when it passes through the evaporator (BTU/l
b) by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Enthalpy can be determined from measurements of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The capacity of a cooling system is related to its ability to maintain a particular temperature in an area to be cooled. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides, and provides a measure of the compressor's ability to deliver an amount of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will provide more cooling or heating power.

The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter "COP") is a widely accepted measure of refrigerant performance that is particularly useful for expressing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a particular heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. In refrigeration, the term represents the ratio of available refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor during compression of the vapor, and thus the ability of a given compressor to deliver a quantity of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of a heat transfer fluid, such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. One means for estimating the COP of a refrigerant at a particular operating condition is from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, for example, R.C.D., "Efficiency of Performance of Refrigerants in a Refrigerant-Based Refrigeration System," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
owning, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOO
(See, e.g., J. K., Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988).

The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is that it allows the use of existing equipment, preferably without activating the thermal protection aspects of the system designed to protect the compressor components, and avoids the use of expensive control devices such as liquid injection to reduce the discharge temperature.

The "Global Warming Potential" (hereafter "GWP") was developed to make it possible to compare the global warming impact of various gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emission of one tonne of a gas absorbs over a given period of time, relative to the emission of one tonne of carbon dioxide. The higher the GWP, the more a given gas will warm the Earth over that period, compared to CO2. The period typically used for GWP is 1
The GWP provides a common measure that allows analysts to add up emission estimates of different gases. See www.epa.gov.

The phrase "Life Cycle Climate Profile" (hereinafter "LCCP") is the method by which air conditioning and refrigeration systems can be evaluated for their global warming impact over the course of their product life.
CCP includes the direct impact of refrigerant emissions and the indirect impact of energy consumption used to operate the system, energy to manufacture the system, and transportation and safe disposal of the system. The direct impact of refrigerant emissions is obtained from the GWP value of the refrigerant. For indirect emissions, the measured refrigerant properties are used to obtain system performance and energy consumption. LCCP is determined using Equation 1 and Equation 2 as follows: Equation 1 is Direct Emissions = Refrigerant Charge (kg) x (Annual Leak Rate x Product Life + Loss at End of Product Life) x
GWP. Equation 2 is: Indirect emissions = annual electricity consumption x product life x kW-hr of electricity production
The direct emissions as determined by Equation ₁ and the indirect emissions as determined by Equation 2 are added together to give the LCCP.
Produced by Al Renewable Laboratory and BinMaker
The analysis uses TMY2 and TMY3 data available in the TMJ Pro version 4 software. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4
) (2007) are used for the calculation. The LCCP is expressed as the mass of carbon dioxide (kg-CO _2eq ) over the life of the air conditioning or refrigeration system.

The term "mass flow" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

The term "Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)" is defined in ASHRAE Standard 34
-2016 Design and Safety Classificat
The concentration is determined according to the ion of Referents.

As used herein, the term "replacement for" in reference to a particular heat transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as a "replacement for" a particular prior refrigerant refers to the use of the specified composition of the present invention in heat transfer systems that were previously commonly used with that prior refrigerant. Examples include residential and commercial air conditioning (rooftop systems, variable refrigerant flow (
When the refrigerants or heat transfer compositions of the present invention are used in heat transfer systems that have heretofore been designed for and/or commonly used with R410A, such as refrigerants (including VRF) systems and chiller systems, the refrigerants of the present invention become a replacement for R410A in such systems.

The term "thermodynamic glide" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures that have different temperatures during the phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

The term "thermodynamic glide" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures that have different temperatures during the phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

As the term is used herein, "TAN value" refers to the ASHRAE Standard 90001 standard used to simulate the long term stability of a heat transfer composition through accelerated aging.
7- “Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the
Chemical stability of materials for use
The total acid number is determined in accordance with the "ISO 1403:2001" standard within Refrigerant Systems.

HEAT TRANSFER COMPOSITIONS Applicants believe that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 described herein, are particularly useful as a replacement for R-410A, and particularly as a replacement for conventional 410A.
Residential air conditioning systems and conventional R-410A commercial air conditioning systems (conventional R-410A rooftop systems, conventional R-410A variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and conventional R-
It has been found that when used in refrigerant cooling systems (including 410A chiller systems), it can provide highly advantageous properties, particularly in-use stability and non-flammability.

As used herein, reference heat transfer compositions 1-17 are Heat Transfer Compositions 8A and 8B.
The present invention refers to each of the heat transfer compositions 1-17, which include

A particular advantage of the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer composition of the present invention is that they are non-flammable when tested according to the Non-flammability Test, can be used in various systems as a replacement for R-410A, as described above, and have excellent heat transfer properties and low environmental impact (GWP).
It would be desirable in the art to provide refrigerants and heat transfer compositions that have excellent chemical stability, low or no toxicity, and/or lubricant compatibility, and that maintain non-flammability during use. These desirable advantages may be achieved by the refrigerants and heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, contain greater than 40% refrigerant by weight of the heat transfer composition.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, comprise greater than 50%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90% by weight of the heat transfer composition of refrigerant.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, consist essentially of a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may contain other ingredients for the purpose of enhancing or providing particular functionality to the composition, preferably without impairing the enhanced stability provided in accordance with the present invention. Such other ingredients or additives may include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, co-stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and anti-wear additives.

Stabilizers:
Alkylated Naphthalenes Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

wherein each R ₁ -R ₈ is independently selected from straight chain alkyl groups, branched alkyl groups, and hydrogen. The particular lengths of the alkyl chains, as well as mixtures or branched and straight chain and hydrogen, can be varied within the scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art will recognize and understand that such variations will be reflected in the physical properties of the alkylated naphthalenes, particularly the viscosity of the alkylated compounds, and manufacturers of such materials often define their materials by reference to one or more of such properties in lieu of specifying a particular R group.

Applicants have discovered that unexpected, surprising and advantageous results are associated with the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers in accordance with the present invention having the following properties, the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the specified properties being conveniently referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 1 (or AN1) through Alkylated Naphthalene 5 (or AN5), as shown in columns 1-5, respectively, of the table below.

As used herein in reference to viscosity at 40° C. measured according to ASTM D445, the term “about” means +/−4 cSt.

As used herein in reference to viscosity at 100° C. measured according to ASTM D445, the term “about” means +/−0.4 cSt.

As used herein in reference to pour point measured according to ASTM D97, the term "about" means +/- 5°C.

Applicants have also discovered that unexpected, surprising and advantageous results are associated with the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers in accordance with the present invention having the following properties, the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the specified properties being conveniently referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 6 (or AN6) through Alkylated Naphthalene 10 (or AN10), as shown in columns 6-10, respectively, of the table below.

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalene 1 and alkylated naphthalene 6 include NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR
-009, KR-015, KR-019, KR-005FG, KR-015FG, and K
Examples include those sold by King Industries under the trade name R-029FG.

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalene 2 and alkylated naphthalene 7 include NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR
and those sold by King Industries under the trade names KR-009, and KR-005FG.

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and Alkylated Naphthalene 10 include those sold by King Industries under the tradename NA-LUB
An example of such a product is sold as EKR-008.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1, AN2, AN3, or AN4, or AN5, or AN6, or AN7, or AN8, or AN9, or AN10.

Acid removal part (ADM)
One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine, without undue experimentation, a variety of ADMs that are useful in accordance with the present invention, and all such ADMs are within the scope of the present invention.

Epoxides Applicants have found that epoxides, particularly alkylated epoxides, are effective in producing the enhanced stability discussed herein when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers, and, without necessarily being bound by theory, Applicants believe that this synergistic enhancement results at least in part from their effective function as ADMs in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with an acid, thereby removing the acid from the system, but do not otherwise adversely affect the system.

Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides, and alkenyl epoxides.

Preferred epoxides include those of formula I:

(wherein at least one of R _{1 to} R ₄ is a 2 to 15 carbon atom (C2 to C1
5) is selected from acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups, and C2-C15 ethers.
The epoxide according to Formula 1 is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as ADM1.

In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1-R4 of formula I is an ether having the following structure:

where R5 and R6 are each independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group. Epoxides according to this paragraph are referred to herein for convenience as AD
It is sometimes called M2.

In a preferred embodiment, one of R _{1 -R 4} of formula I is an ether having the following structure:

(wherein _R5 and _R6 are each independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 _{- R4} are H.) The epoxide according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as ADM3.

In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether. Epoxides according to this paragraph are referred to herein for convenience as A
It is sometimes called DM4.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of inventive heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM4.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, in which the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM4.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM4.

The present invention relates to an alkylated naphthalene having AN2, AN3, AN4, or AN6.
AN7, AN8, or AN9, and further comprising ADM1.
8 and 9-17, respectively.

The present invention relates to an alkylated naphthalene having AN2, AN3, AN4, or AN6.
AN7, AN8, or AN9, and further comprising ADM2.
8 and 9-17, respectively.

The present invention relates to an alkylated naphthalene having AN2, AN3, AN4, or AN6.
AN7, AN8, or AN9, and further comprising ADM3.
The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of the alkylated naphthalenes AN2, AN3, AN4, AN6, AN7, AN8, or AN9, AN10, AN11, AN12, AN13, AN14, AN15, AN16, AN17, AN18, AN19, AN20, AN21, AN22, AN23, AN24, AN25, AN26, AN27, AN28, AN29, AN30, AN31, AN32, AN33, AN34, AN35, AN36, AN37, AN38, AN39, AN40, AN41, AN42, AN43, AN44, AN45, AN46, AN47, AN48, AN49, AN41, AN4
9 and further comprising ADM4.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, each contain ADM.
When present, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to about 3.5%, these amounts being weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus refrigerant in the system.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, each contain ADM.
When present, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or 1,
It is present in an amount of from 5% to about 10%, or from 1.5% to about 8%, these amounts being weight percentages based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus lubricant in the system.

Carbodiimide The ADM may comprise a carbodiimide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbodiimide comprises a compound having the following structure:

It is contemplated that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalenes and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 17. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

Phenolic Compound In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

The phenolic compounds include 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);
2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol including bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-
methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6
-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert
t-Butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N
'-Dimethylaminomethylphenol);4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert
t-butylphenol);4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);Bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; Bis(3
, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol,
One or more compounds selected from hydroquinone, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone, preferably B
It may be HT.

Phenolic compounds, especially BHT, in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% by weight
up to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably 0.01
The heat transfer composition may be provided in an amount of from about 1% by weight to about 1% by weight, in each case the weight percentage referring to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Phenolic compounds, especially BHT, in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% by weight
up to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably 0.01
The lubricant may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from about 1% by weight to about 1% by weight, where in each case the weight percentage refers to weight based on the weight of the lubricant in the heat transfer composition.

The present invention also provides a composition comprising from about 40% to about 90% by weight of all stabilizer components in the composition.
5% by weight of each of AN1 to AN10 and
% by weight of BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 6 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a composition comprising from about 40% to about 90% by weight of all stabilizer components in the composition.
alkylated naphthalenes containing 5% by weight of each of AN1 to AN10;
0% by weight of each of ADM1 to ADM4, and 0.1 to about 10% by weight of B
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 7 for convenience.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of the heat transfer compositions 1-17 of the present invention that include a stabilizer 6.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including each of the heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-26 of the present invention, which include stabilizer 7.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of inventive heat transfer compositions 1-17, which comprise AN1 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of inventive heat transfer compositions 1-17, which comprise AN5 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of inventive heat transfer compositions 1-17, which include AN10 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including inventive heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, which include AN5, ADM4, and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including inventive heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17, respectively, which include AN10, ADM4, and BHT.

Diene-Based Compounds Diene-based compounds include C3-C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3-C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene-based compound is selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene-based compound is preferably a terpene, including, but not limited to, terben, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3 carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fencene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are:
No. 60/0167044(A1), filed Dec. 12, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.
No. 638,003.

Additionally, the diene compound may be present in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.01% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.01% to about 2.5% by weight.
It may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentages are:
Refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Phosphorus-Based Compounds The phosphorus compound may be a phosphorous or phosphoric acid compound. For the purposes of the present invention, the phosphorous compound may be one or more compounds selected from diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl, and/or trialkyl phosphites and/or mixed aryl/alkyl di- or tri-substituted phosphites, especially hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, iso-octyl diphenyl phosphite, iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite, tri-iso-decyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diphenyl phosphite, especially diphenyl phosphite.

The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkyl monoacid phosphate, aryl diacid phosphate, amine phosphate, preferably triaryl phosphate and/or trialkyl phosphate, especially tri-n-butyl phosphate.

Phosphorus compounds are present in amounts greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight.
In each case, by weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Nitrogen Compounds When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, it may comprise an amine-based compound such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. The amine-based compound may be an amine antioxidant, for example, a substituted piperidine compound, i.e., an alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyloxypiperidinyl derivative, in particular, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,
6-pentamethylpiperidyl) sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate; poly(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-
4-Hydroxy-piperidyl succinate; alkylated paraphenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N
, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamines such as tallow amine, methyl bis tallow amine, and bis tallow amine, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine, or Tinuvin® 765 (Ciba), BL
S® 1944 (Mayzo Inc.), and BLS® 1770 (M
For purposes of the present invention, the amine-based compound may also be one or more amine antioxidants selected from the group consisting of alkyldiphenylamines such as bis(nonylphenylamine), dialkylamines such as (N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-
Preferably, the amine compound is one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, more preferably phenyl-alpha-
It is naphthylamine (PANA).

Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds identified above, one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] may be used as stabilizers.

The nitrogen compounds are in the range of greater than 0 and 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.00
It may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of from 1% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight, in each case the weight percentages referring to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Isobutylene Isobutylene may also be used as a stabilizer according to the present invention.

Additional Stabilizer Compositions The present invention also provides a method for preparing an alkylated naphthalene composition comprising:
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 8 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 9 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 10 for convenience.

The present invention also provides an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25% by weight, and a phosphate, a phenol, and an ester of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39
and combinations thereof, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 11 for convenience.

The present invention also provides an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight, and a phosphate, a phenol, and an ester of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39
and combinations thereof, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 12 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 13 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 14 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 15 for convenience.

The present invention also relates to alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM
The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 16 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 17.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 18.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and a third stabilizer compound selected from BHT, phosphate, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 1% to about 55% by weight, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 19.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM4 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 20.

The stabilizers of the present invention, including Stabilizers 1-20, are included in Heat Transfer Compositions 1-8 and 9-1.
7 may be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

Also, the stabilizers of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 6, are included in Heat Transfer Compositions 8A and 8B.
It can be used in any of the above.

Lubricant Generally, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-45, include a POE lubricant and/or a PVE lubricant, preferably in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 5%, or from 0.1% to about 1%, or 0.1% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.
It is present in an amount of up to about 0.5% by weight.

POE Lubricants The POE lubricants of the present invention, in a preferred embodiment, comprise neopentyl POE lubricants. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricants refers to polyol esters (POE) derived from the reaction of neopentyl polyols (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, or neopentyl glycol, and in higher viscosity preferred embodiments, dipentaerythritol) with linear or branched chain carboxylic acids.

Commercially available POEs include Emery 2917® and Hatcol 23
Neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, available as CP 70®,
I Fluid Engineering, under the trade name Emkarate RL32-
Pentaerythritol derivatives such as those sold as Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H.
ATE RL68H is a preferred neopentyl POE lubricant having the properties specified below.

Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

Viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cS at 40° C. as measured in accordance with ASTM D445
and a viscosity of about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt measured at 100° C. according to ASTM D445.
The lubricant consisting essentially of POE, cSt, is referred to herein as Lubricant 1.

Viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cS at 40° C. as measured in accordance with ASTM D445
The lubricant consisting essentially of neopentyl POE, t, is referred to as Lubricant 2 for convenience.

The present invention also provides heat transfer compositions including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, which include a POE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, are
The lubricant consists essentially of a POE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, are
The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant.

The present invention also relates to heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and/or Lubricant 2.
Also provided is a heat transfer composition comprising each of:

PVE Lubricant The lubricant of the present invention may generally comprise a PVE lubricant. In a preferred embodiment,
The PVE lubricant is a PVE according to Formula II below.

(wherein R ₂ and R ₃ are each independently a C1 to C10 hydrocarbon, preferably
R ₁ and R ₄ are each independently an alkyl, alkylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene glycol unit; n and m are preferably
The values of n and m are selected according to the needs of those skilled in the art to obtain a lubricant having the desired properties, and are preferably selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 to about 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured according to ASTM D445. The PVE lubricant according to the above description is referred to as Lubricant 3 for convenience. Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include FV
Lubricants sold as FVC32D and FVC68D are included.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, are
Contains PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, are
The lubricant consists essentially of a PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, are
The lubricant comprises a PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the PVE in the present heat transfer compositions, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, is a PVE according to Formula II.

The present invention also provides heat transfer compositions comprising each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, which comprise Lubricant 1 or Lubricant 2 or Lubricant 3.

Stabilized Lubricant The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 1.

The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 2.

The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 1 and (b) a stabilizer of the invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 3.

The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 2 and (b) a stabilizer of the invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 4.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 5 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may also be referred to herein as Stabilizer 6 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 7 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may also be referred to herein as Stabilizer 8 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 9 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) from 1% to less than 10% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 10.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) 1% to 8% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 11.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant, and (b) 1.5% to 8% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 12.

The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) 1.5% to 6% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 13.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions of the present invention including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, where the lubricant and stabilizer are stabilized lubricants of the present invention including Stabilized Lubricants 1-13, respectively.

Methods, Uses, and Systems The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein are provided for use in heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred air conditioning applications including residential air conditioning applications, commercial air conditioning applications (such as rooftop applications, VRF applications, and chillers).

The present invention also includes methods of providing heat transfer, including air conditioning methods, with highly preferred air conditioning methods including providing residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as methods of providing rooftop air conditioning, methods of providing VRF air conditioning, and methods of providing air conditioning using chillers).

The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including air conditioning systems, and highly preferred air conditioning systems include residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems (including rooftop air conditioning systems, V
RF air conditioning systems, and air conditioning chiller systems.

The present invention also relates to refrigeration, heat pumps, and water coolers (including portable and centralized water coolers).
Uses of the heat transfer compositions in connection with coolers, methods of using the heat transfer compositions, and systems including the heat transfer compositions are also provided.

Any reference to any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention refers to each of any of the heat transfer compositions described herein. Thus, for the following discussion of the uses, methods, systems, or applications of the compositions of the present invention, the heat transfer composition may include or consist essentially of any of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

With respect to the heat transfer system of the present invention including a compressor, and a lubricant for the compressor therein,
The system may have a lubricant loading of about 5% to 60% by weight, or about 10% by weight in the system.
up to about 60% by weight, or from about 20% to about 50% by weight, or from about 20% to about 40% by weight,
Or about 20% to about 30% by weight, or about 30% to about 50% by weight, or about 30% by weight
The system may include a lubricant and refrigerant charge of between about 40% and about 40% by weight. As used herein, the term "lubricant charge" refers to the total weight of lubricant contained within the system as a percentage of the total of lubricant and refrigerant contained within the system. Such a system may also include a lubricant charge of between about 40% and about 40% by weight.
The lubricant loading may be from about 5% to about 10%, or about 8%, by weight of the heat transfer composition.

The heat transfer system according to the present invention comprises a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with each other within the system, heat transfer compositions 1-17, and a sequestering material (seques
The sequestration material may preferably comprise i. copper or a copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or iv. an anion exchange resin, or v. a moisture removing material, preferably a moisture removing molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the above.

The present invention also provides a method of transferring heat of a type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeated cycles, comprising:
(a) providing a heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17;
(b) optionally, but preferably, providing a lubricant to said compressor;
(b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and/or at least a portion of the lubricant to a sealing material.

Uses, Equipment, and Systems In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method used in the heating mode has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the commercial air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the hot water system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the medium temperature system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the refrigeration system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the rooftop air conditioning system and method operates at a temperature between about 0° C. and about 10
The refrigerant has an evaporation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the VRF system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, in residential air conditioning systems.

The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, in a chiller system.

Examples of commonly used compressors, for purposes of this invention, include reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotary valve), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Accordingly, the present invention provides each of the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system comprising a reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotary valve), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor.

Examples of commonly used expansion devices, for purposes of this invention, include capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermostatic expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Accordingly, the present invention provides each of the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system comprising a capillary tube, fixed orifice, thermostatic expansion valve, or electronic expansion valve.

For purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, and a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Thus, the present invention provides each of the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system in which the evaporator and condenser together form a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, or a tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

Thus, the system of the present invention preferably comprises a sequestration material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and/or at least a portion of the lubricant according to the present invention, the temperature of the sequestration material and/or the temperature of the refrigerant and/or the temperature of the lubricant during said contacting is preferably at least about 10 C, and the sequestration material preferably comprises a combination of anion exchange resin, activated alumina, zeolite molecular sieves containing silver, and a molecular removal material, preferably a molecular removal molecular sieve.

As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is intended in its broadest sense to include each of the sealing materials and any combination of sealing materials in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and/or lubricant in the system, and is intended to include, but is not necessarily limited to, embodiments in which each type or particular sealing material is a combination of: (i) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located together with one another; (ii) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located separately from one another; and (iii) two or more materials that are physically together and at least one sealing material that is physically separate from at least one other sealing material.

The heat transfer composition of the present invention can be used for heating and cooling applications.

In a particular aspect of the invention, the heat transfer composition can be used in a cooling method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of cooling in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition described herein;
ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled;
The evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is within the range of about -40°C to about +10°C.

Alternatively, or in addition, the heat transfer composition may be used in a heating method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition near the article or body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of heating in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated;
ii) evaporating the composition, wherein an evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is about −3
The heating method is in the range of 0°C to about 5°C.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in air conditioning applications, including both transport and stationary air conditioning applications. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be:
- air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, in particular train and bus air conditioning;
- mobile heat pumps, in particular for electric vehicles;
- coolers, in particular positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers, either modular or conventionally packaged;
- residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems,
- Residential heat pumps,
- Residential air-to-water heat pumps/hot water systems,
- Industrial air conditioning systems,
- Commercial air conditioning systems, specifically packaged rooftop units and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems;
- It can be used in any one of the following commercial air source, water source, or ground source heat pump systems.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in refrigeration systems. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or device, or any part or portion of such a system or device, that uses a refrigerant to provide cooling. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be:
- low temperature refrigeration systems,
- Medium temperature refrigeration systems,
- Commercial refrigerators,
- Commercial freezers;
- Ice maker,
- Vending machines,
- Transport refrigeration systems,
- home freezer,
- Domestic refrigerators,
- industrial freezers,
It can be used in one of the following: industrial refrigerators; and chillers.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, among others, comprises:
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided for use in residential air conditioning systems, particularly those having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, particularly about 7° C., and/or in the range of about −20 to about 3° C. for heating, particularly about 0.5° C. Alternatively or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided for use in residential air conditioning systems, particularly those having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll compressors.

Each of the described heat transfer compositions, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, is particularly provided for use in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C., specifically about 4.5° C.), particularly air-cooled chillers with positive displacement compressors, more particularly air-cooled chillers with reciprocating scroll compressors.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, among others, comprises:
Residential air-water heat pump hot water circulation system (within the range of about -20 to about 3°C, particularly about 0
.5°C, or within the range of about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, among others, comprises:
It is provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature within the range of about -12 to about 0°C, specifically about -8°C).

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, among others, comprises:
It is provided for use in low temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature within the range of about -40 to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C, or preferably about -32°C).

Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems used, for example, to supply cool air to buildings during the summer, the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.

Thus, heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in split-type residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.).

Thus, heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in ducted split type residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.).

Thus, heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in window residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (e.g., the air having a temperature of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.).

Thus, heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.).

Residential air conditioning systems described herein, including the residential air conditioning system of the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round tube plate fin, fin tube, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor may be a reciprocating, or rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll type compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermostatic expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably 0.
The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40°C to 70°C.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, are effective in providing warm air (the air being
For example, the present invention is provided for use in a residential heat pump system used to supply refrigerant to a building (e.g., having a temperature of about 18° C. to about 24° C., particularly about 21° C.). This may be the same system as the residential air conditioning system, but in the heat pump mode, the refrigerant flow is reversed,
The indoor coil serves as the condenser and the outdoor coil serves as the evaporator. Typical system types are split and mini-split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are typically round tube plate fin, finned, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is typically a reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is typically a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably
The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about -20 to about 3°C or about -30 to about 5°C.
It is in the range of 5°C to about 50°C.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, which may be chillers used to provide chilled water (e.g., having a temperature of about 7° C.) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application,
Chiller systems may operate year-round. Chiller systems may be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers typically have a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-in-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a round-tube plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel condenser to exchange heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have a shell-and-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube condenser to exchange heat with a cooling tower or water from lakes, oceans, and other natural sources, and a cooling tower.
and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably about 0° C. to about 10° C.
°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water circulation systems used to supply hot water (e.g., having a temperature of about 50° C. or about 55° C.) to buildings for underfloor heating or similar applications during the winter. Hot water systems typically have a round tube plate fin, fin tube, or microchannel evaporator for exchanging heat with ambient air, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-and-tube condenser for heating the water, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about -20° C. to about 3° C. or -30° C. to about 5° C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 50° C. to about 90° C.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, are preferably used when the refrigerant is at about -12
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a medium temperature refrigeration system having an evaporating temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about 0° C., in which the refrigerant in such a system preferably has a condensing temperature in the range of from about 40° C. to about 70° C., or from about 20° C. to about 70° C.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a medium temperature refrigeration system used to cool food or beverages, such as a refrigerator or bottle cooler, in which the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such a system, the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 7
A medium temperature refrigeration system is provided having a condensing temperature within the range of 0°C or about 20°C to about 70°C.

The medium temperature systems of the present invention, including the systems described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably include an air-refrigerant evaporator, reciprocating, for example, for cooling food or beverages contained therein.
Scroll, screw or rotary compressors, for exchanging heat with the surrounding air -
The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-17, are provided for use in low temperature refrigeration systems in which the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40 to about 70°C, or about 20 to about 70°C.

Thus, the present invention provides a low temperature refrigeration system used to provide cooling in a freezer, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20 to about 70°C.

Thus, the present invention also provides a low temperature refrigeration system for use in providing cooling in a cream machine, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C or about 20 to about 70°C.

The refrigeration systems of the present invention, including the system described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverages, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, the AN5 being provided in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT is about 0.0
The use is provided in an amount of from 0.01% to about 5% by weight.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, in a cooler, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT and AN5.
is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, based on the weight of the heat transfer composition;
Uses are provided where the BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

For purposes of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided for use in a cooler having an evaporating temperature in the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C. and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40° C. to about 70° C. The cooler is provided for use in air conditioning or refrigeration, preferably for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, especially an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler (either modular or conventionally single packaged).

Thus, the present invention provides for the use of each heat transfer composition according to the invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial or commercial air conditioning.

The present invention therefore relates to the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, in stationary air conditioning, in particular residential, industrial or commercial air conditioning, comprising:
The invention provides a use where the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, the AN5 being present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT being present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

The present invention therefore relates to the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, in stationary air conditioning, in particular residential, industrial or commercial air conditioning, comprising:
The invention provides a method for preparing a heat transfer composition comprising the steps of: providing an alkylated naphthalene having a molecular weight of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition; and providing a heat transfer composition comprising the alkylated naphthalene having a molecular weight of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 17, is compatible with refrigerant R-
Offered as a low global warming potential (GWP) alternative to 410A.

Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 17, is compatible with refrigerant R-
It is offered as a low global warming potential (GWP) retrofit of the 410A.

Thus, the present invention includes a method of retrofitting existing heat transfer systems designed for and containing R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering changes to the existing system, particularly without modification of the condenser, evaporator, and/or expansion valves.

Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning refrigerants, without requiring substantial engineering changes to existing systems, particularly without modifications to condensers, evaporators, and/or expansion valves.

Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in chiller systems.

Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system containing an R-410A refrigerant, comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

The replacement step preferably involves removing at least a substantial portion, preferably substantially all, of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention, and introducing a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17. Preferably, the method involves removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 7% by weight of the existing refrigerant without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention.
It involves removing 5% by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

Alternatively, the heat transfer compositions may be used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains an R410A refrigerant, where the system is modified for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

Alternatively, the heat transfer compositions may be used as replacements in heat transfer systems designed to contain or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

The present invention relates to the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17, R-4
It will be understood that the present invention encompasses use as a low global warming replacement for R-410A refrigerant, or in methods for retrofitting existing heat transfer systems, or in heat transfer systems that are suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when the heat transfer composition is provided for use in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system as described above, the method preferably includes removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the method includes removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 100% by weight of R-410A.
%, or about 75% by weight, from the system and adding it to heat transfer compositions 1-17
and replacing said composition with the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of said components.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may be used as replacements in systems that are used or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as existing or new heat transfer systems.

The compositions of the present invention exhibit many of the desirable properties of R-410A, but have a substantially lower GWP than R-410A, while at the same time having operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and/or efficiency (COP), that are substantially similar to or substantially identical to, and more preferably as high as, or higher than, R-410A. This allows for, for example, improved condenser, evaporator, and/or
The claimed compositions can replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any major system modifications to the expansion valve or expansion valve. Thus, the compositions can be used as a direct replacement for R-410A in heat transfer systems.

Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition in a heat transfer system is greater than 90% of the efficiency of R-410A.

Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A such that their capacity in heat transfer systems is 95-105% of the capacity of R-410A.

It will be appreciated that R-410A is an azeotrope-like composition. Therefore, in order to make the claimed compositions compatible with the operating characteristics of R-410A, heat transfer compositions 1-17 are
It is desirable that any of the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1-17 according to the present invention described herein, exhibit a low level of glide. Thus, the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1-17 according to the present invention described herein, may provide an evaporator glide of less than 2° C., preferably less than 1.5° C.

Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics, as compared to R-410A, such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition in a heat transfer system is 100-102% of the efficiency of R-410A, and the capacity in the heat transfer system is 92-102% of the capacity of R-410A.

Preferably, in heat transfer systems in which the compositions of the present invention replace R-410A refrigerant, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit the following operating characteristics as compared to R-410A:
the efficiency of the composition (COP) is between 100 and 105% of that of R-410A, and/or the capacity is between 92 and 102% of that of R-410A.

In a heat transfer system in which the composition of the present invention is used to replace R-410A refrigerant, in order to increase the reliability of the heat transfer system, the heat transfer composition of the present invention is
It is preferred that the polymer further exhibits the following properties compared to:
It is preferred that the said compressor further exhibits the following characteristics: a discharge temperature is not more than 10° C. higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A, and/or a compressor pressure ratio is between 98 and 102% of the compressor pressure ratio of R-410A,

The existing heat transfer compositions used to replace R-410A are preferably used in air conditioning heat transfer systems, including both mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. As used herein, the term mobile air conditioning system refers to systems that are used in trucks, buses,
and train air conditioning systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17,
- Mobile air conditioning systems, in particular including air conditioning systems for trucks, buses and trains,
Air conditioning system,
- mobile heat pumps, in particular for electric vehicles;
- coolers, in particular positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally packaged);
- residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems,
- Residential heat pumps,
- Residential air-to-water heat pumps/hot water systems,
- industrial air conditioning systems, and - commercial air conditioning systems, in particular packaged rooftop units or variable refrigerant flow (VF) units.
RF (radio frequency) system,
- It can be used to replace R-410A in any one of the commercial air-source, water-source, or ground-source heat pump systems.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are alternatively provided to replace R410A in refrigeration systems. Accordingly, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, comprises:
- low temperature refrigeration systems,
- Medium temperature refrigeration systems,
- Commercial refrigerators,
- Commercial freezers;
- Ice maker,
- Vending machines,
- Transport refrigeration systems,
- home freezers,
- Domestic refrigerators,
- industrial freezers,
It can be used to replace R10A in any one of the following: industrial refrigerators; and chillers.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, is particularly useful for residential air conditioning systems (within the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C. for cooling, and more particularly about 7° C. for cooling).
and/or for heating, within the range of about -20°C to about 3°C or 30°C to about 5°C, in particular within the range of about 0
Alternatively or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided to replace R-410A in residential air conditioning systems, particularly those having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll type compressors.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C., and more specifically about 4.5° C.), particularly air-cooled chillers with positive displacement compressors, and more particularly air-cooled chillers with reciprocating scroll compressors.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, has a high R-temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity, particularly in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water circulation systems (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C or about -30°C to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C).
410A.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and specifically about -8°C).

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, is particularly provided for replacing R-410A in low temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C, or preferably about -32°C).

Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or containing, or suitable for use with, an R-410A refrigerant, comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains, or is suitable for use with, an R-410A refrigerant, comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

The present invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication, comprising within the system a heat transfer composition according to the present invention, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

In particular, the heat transfer system is suitable for use in residential air conditioning systems (within the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C. for cooling, in particular about 7° C., and/or about −20° C. to about 3° C. or about −30° C. for heating).
to about 5°C, in particular with an evaporator temperature of about 0.5°C.

In particular, the heat transfer system is an air-cooled chiller (within the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C., in particular about 4.5° C.
°C), specifically an air-cooled chiller with a positive displacement compressor, more specifically an air-cooled chiller with a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air-to-water heat pump hot water circulation system (approximately -2
0°C to about 3°C or about -30°C to about 5°C, in particular having an evaporator temperature of about 0.5°C)
It is.

The heat transfer system may be a refrigeration system, for example, a low temperature refrigeration system, a medium temperature refrigeration system,
It can be a commercial refrigerator, a commercial freezer, an ice machine, a vending machine, a transport refrigeration system, a domestic freezer, a domestic refrigerator, an industrial freezer, and a chiller.

The refrigerant compositions identified in Table 2 below as Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 are refrigerants within the scope of the invention as described herein. Each of the refrigerants was subjected to thermodynamic analysis to determine its ability to match the operating characteristics of R-4104A in various refrigeration systems.
An analysis was performed using experimental data collected on the properties of various binary pairs of components used in the composition.
The vapor/liquid equilibrium behavior of _F3I was measured and investigated. In the experimental evaluation, the composition of each binary pair was varied over a range of relative percentages, and the mixing parameters of each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally obtained data. In the examples, the National Institute of Sc
ience and Technology (NIST) Reference Flu
id Thermodynamic and Transport Property
Database software (Refprop 9.1 NIST Standard
The binary pairs HFC-32 and HFC-32 available in the RD Database 2013
Vapor/liquid equilibrium behavior data for the refrigerant column of refrigerant column 125 was used. The parameters selected to perform the analysis were the same compressor volume for all refrigerants, the same operating conditions for all refrigerants, and the same compressor adiabatic efficiency and volumetric efficiency for all refrigerants. For each example, simulations were performed using measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Simulation results are reported for each example.

Refrigerant A1 contains, in relative percentages, 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2,
Refrigerant A1 consists of three compounds, listed in relative percentages in Table 2:
Refrigerant A2 is non-flammable and contains 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages. Refrigerant A2 is non-flammable and contains the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages. Refrigerant A3 is non-flammable and contains 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages. Refrigerant A3 is non-flammable and contains the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages.
It consists of two compounds and is non-flammable.

Example 1 - Environment/GWP
The LCCPs of R410, other known refrigerants, and the refrigerants of the present invention were determined and reported in Table 3. In Table 3, the refrigerants with a GWP of 400 are the refrigerants of the present invention. As known refrigerants, refrigerants with GWPs of 1, 150, 250, 750, and 2088 were used.
A known refrigerant with a P of 2088 is R410A.

Table 3 shows the results of LCCP in four regions: the United States, the EU, China, and Brazil. As GWP decreases, direct emissions become smaller. However, indirect emissions increase due to the lower system efficiency, which consumes more energy. Thus, total emissions (kg-CO _2eq ) decrease first and then increase as GWP decreases. Due to the various energy structures within these regions, the optimal GCP with the lowest total emissions is obtained.
The values of WP are shown. The number of AC units also differs between these regions.
SA and EU have more AC units than China and Brazil. Figure 1 and the last column of Table 3 show the total emissions considering all four regions and the total number of AC units. As the GWP decreases, the total emissions decrease until it reaches the lowest value for the refrigerants of the present invention, which has a GWP of 400. In the range of GWP 250-750, the total emissions are very similar. However, the total emissions increase significantly when the GWP is less than 150, due to the significant increase in indirect emissions. Thus, the present invention demonstrates surprising and unexpected results.

Example 2A - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling)
The residential air conditioning system is used to provide cool air (26.7°C) to a building during the summer. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of the residential air conditioning system as described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 4 below. The operating conditions are as follows:
Condensation temperature = 46°C, Condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, Evaporation temperature = 7°C, Evaporator superheat = 5.5°C,
Isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in intake line = 5.5°C
.

Table 4 shows the thermodynamic performance of the residential air conditioning system compared to the R410A system. Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 92% capacity and efficiency compared to R410A, indicating that the system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show 100% pressure ratio compared to R410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 2B.- Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling)
A residential air conditioning system having a POE lubricant included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) was configured to provide cool air in accordance with Example 2A. The system so configured was operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant was tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 3A - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating)
The residential heat pump system is used to supply hot air (21.1°C) to a building during the winter season. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of the residential air conditioning system as described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 5 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensing temperature = 41°C, Condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, Evaporating temperature = 0.5°C, Evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, Isotropic efficiency = 70%, Volumetric efficiency: 100%, Temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C.

Table 5 shows the thermodynamic performance of the residential heat pump system compared to the R410A system. The capacity of refrigerant A1 can be recovered with a larger compressor. Refrigerants A2-A
Refrigerants A1-A3 show a capacity and efficiency of 90% or more compared to R410A, which indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show a capacity and efficiency of 10% or more compared to R410A.
This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and the pressure ratio of R410 is 0.
No change to a 0A compressor is required.

Example 3B.- Residential Heat Pump System (Heating)
A heat pump system in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) is constructed according to Example 3A. The system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 4A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller A commercial air conditioning system (chiller) provides chilled water (7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals.
Refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in a simulation of the above commercial air conditioning system and the performance results are shown in Table 6 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensing temperature = 46°C, Condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, Evaporating temperature = 4.5°C, Evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, Isotropic efficiency = 70%, Volumetric efficiency: 100%, Temperature rise in intake line = 2°C.

Table 6 shows the thermodynamic performance of the commercial air conditioning system compared to the R410A system.
Refrigerants A1 to A3 show a capacity and efficiency of 92% or more compared to R410A. This is because:
It shows that the system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show 100% pressure ratio compared to R410A. This shows that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no modification to R410A compressor is required.

Example 4B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller A commercial air conditioning system is constructed according to Example 4A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 5A - Residential Air to Water Heat Pump Hot Water Circulation System A residential air to water heat pump hot water circulation system is used to supply hot water (50°C) to a building for underfloor heating or similar applications during the winter. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of a residential heat pump system as described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 7 below. The operating conditions are as follows: condensing temperature = 60°C, condenser subcooling = 5.5°C, evaporating temperature = 0.5°C, evaporator superheat = 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 7
0%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in intake line = 2°C.

Table 7 shows the thermodynamic performance of the residential heat pump systems compared to the R410A system. Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 93% capacity and efficiency compared to R410A.
This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A.
It shows a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A, which indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no modification to the R410A compressor is required.

Example 5B - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water circulation system in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) is constructed according to Example 5A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 6A - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System Medium temperature refrigeration systems are used to cool food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, etc. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of a medium temperature refrigeration system as described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 8 below. Operating conditions: Condensing temperature =
40.6°C, Condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver), Evaporation temperature = -6.7
° C., evaporator superheat = 5.5 ° C., isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and
Superheat in suction line = 19.5°C.

Table 8 shows the thermodynamic performance of the medium temperature cooling system compared to the R410A system.
Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 94% capacity and efficiency compared to R410A, indicating that the system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A2 show 100% pressure ratio compared to R410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A, and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 6B. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System A medium temperature refrigeration system is configured to cool food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like, and a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) is constructed according to Example 6A. The system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 7A - Low Temperature Refrigeration System Low temperature refrigeration systems are used to freeze food, such as in ice cream makers and freezers. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of a low temperature refrigeration system as described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 9 below. Operating conditions: Condensing temperature = 40.6°C, Condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver), Evaporating temperature = -28°C.
.9°C, superheat at evaporator outlet = 5.5°C, isentropic efficiency = 65%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and superheat in suction line = 44.4°C.

Table 9 shows the thermodynamic performance of the low temperature refrigeration system compared to the R410A system.
Refrigerants A1-A3 show capacity and efficiency of 96% or more compared to R410A, indicating that system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show pressure ratios of 99% or 100% compared to R410A, indicating that compressor efficiency is similar to R410A, and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 7B. Low Temperature Refrigeration System A low temperature refrigeration system is configured to freeze food products, such as in an ice cream machine and a freezer, and a POE lubricant is included in the system, and an alkylated naphthalene (
A low temperature refrigeration system stabilized with AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) is constructed according to Example 7A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 8A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to provide cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system was a packaged rooftop air conditioning/
The heat pump system includes an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows:
1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approx. 45°C)
2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C
3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C)
4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C
5. Insulation efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature rise in intake line = 5.5°C
Performance with each of refrigerants A1-A3 is found to be acceptable.

Example 8A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system having a POE lubricant included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) is configured to supply cool or hot air to a building in accordance with Example 8A. The system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 9A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Refrigerant Flow System A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow configured to deliver cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system is a multiple (four or more) air-refrigerant evaporator (
The system includes an indoor coil, a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of the results that would be obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests were as follows:
1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 45°C
2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C
3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C)
4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C
5. Insulation efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5° C. The performance with each of the refrigerants A1-A3 is found to be acceptable.

Example 9B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Flow Refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow is configured to provide cool or hot air to a building, and a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% by weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of the lubricant) constructed according to Example 9A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time and the lubricant is tested after such operation, and
It has been found to remain stable during such practical operation.

Comparative Example 1 - Heat Transfer Composition with Refrigerant and Lubricant and BHT To simulate the long term stability of a heat transfer composition with accelerated aging, the heat transfer composition of the present invention was subjected to ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass
s Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stabilization
Property of Materials for Use within Refrigeration
The test refrigerant was 41% by weight of R-32, 3
The POE lubricant tested had a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40° C. and a viscosity of 3.5% by weight of R-125 and 55.5% by weight of CF3I, with 1.7% by volume of air in the refrigerant.
The lubricant was an ISO 32 POE (Lubricant A) with a water content of less than 0.00 ppm. Included with the lubricant was the stabilizer BHT, but no alkylated naphthalenes or ADM.
After testing, the fluid is observed for clarity and the Total Acid Number (TAN) is determined. The TAN value is considered to reflect the stability of the lubricant in the fluid under the conditions of use in the heat transfer composition. The fluid is also tested for the presence of trifluoromethane (R-23), a compound found in the presence of CF3I.
It is believed to be a product of breakdown of the refrigerant and is therefore considered to reflect refrigerant stability.

The experiments are carried out by preparing sealed tubes containing 50% by weight of R-466a refrigerant and 50% by weight of the specified lubricant, each of which has been degassed. Each tube includes steel, copper, aluminum, and bronze coupons. The sealed tubes are placed in an oven maintained at approximately 175° C. for 14 h.
The stability was tested by placing the mixture on a 2-day cycle. The results were as follows:
Appearance of lubricant - Yellow to brown TAN -> 2mgKOH/g
R-23->1% by weight

Example 10 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Comparative Example 1 is repeated except that 2 wt. % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (denoted as E10) are reported in Table 10 below, along with the results obtained from Comparative Example 1 (denoted as CE1).

As can be seen from the above data, refrigerant/lubricant fluids that do not contain an alkyl naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention exhibit less than ideal appearance and relatively high TAN and R-23 values.
This result is achieved despite the inclusion of a BHT stabilizer. In contrast, the addition of 2% alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention results in dramatic and unexpected improvements in all tested stability results, including dramatic orders of magnitude improvements in both TAN and R-23 concentration.

Example 11 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 is repeated except that 4 wt% alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

Example 12 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 is repeated, except that 6 wt. % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

Example 13 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 is repeated except that 8 wt. % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

Example 14 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Comparative Example 1 is repeated except that 10 wt% alkylated naphthalene (AN4) is added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (denoted as E14) are reported in Table 11 below, along with the results obtained from Comparative Example 1 (denoted as CE1) and Example 10 (denoted as E10).

As can be seen from the above data, refrigerant/lubricant fluids containing 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer (and no ADM) unexpectedly exhibit a substantial degradation in stabilization performance for each criterion tested, compared to fluids having a 2% AN level.

Example 15 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 14 is repeated except that in addition to the 10 wt% alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt%) of ADM (ADM4) is also added. The results (denoted E15) are reported in Table 12 below, along with the results from Comparative Example 1 (denoted CE1), Example 10 (denoted E10), and Example 14 (denoted E14).

As can be seen from the above data, the refrigerant/lubricant fluid containing 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer and 0.1 wt % (1000 ppm) ADM unexpectedly exhibited the best performance, with R-23 values even better than the excellent results obtained from Example 10.

Example 16 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerant and lubricant The tests of Example 15 were repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 74 POE (Lubricant B) having a viscosity of about 74 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were as follows:
Lubricant appearance - transparent to slightly yellow TAN - <0.1mgKOH/g
R-23-<0.05% by weight

Example 17 - Stabilizer for heat transfer composition containing refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 15 is repeated except that the lubricant is an ISO 68 PVE (lubricant c) having a viscosity of about 68 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less.
The results were as follows:
Appearance of the lubricant - transparent and clear TAN - <0.1mgKOH/g
R-23-0.028% by weight

Example 18 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerant and lubricant The tests of Example 15 were repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 32 PVE (lubricant c) with a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were similar to those of Example 17.

Example 19 - Miscibility with POE Oil The miscibility of ISO POE-32 oil (having a viscosity of about 32 cSt at a temperature of 40°C) is tested with R-410A refrigerant and with each of the refrigerants A1 and A3 shown in Table 1 in Example 1 above, at various weight ratios of lubricant and refrigerant, and at various temperatures.
The results of this test are reported in Table 11 below.

As can be seen from the above table, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil below about -22°C and therefore will not last long unless steps are taken to overcome the build-up of POE oil in the evaporator.
R-410A cannot be used for low-temperature refrigeration. Furthermore, R-410A is prone to PO at temperatures above 50°C.
POE oil, which can cause problems in condensers and liquid delivery lines when using R-410A at high ambient conditions (e.g., trapped and accumulated separated POE oil).
It has been found to be completely miscible with POE oils over the temperature range of -40°C to 80°C, and therefore offers substantial and unexpected advantages when used in such systems.

Numbered Embodiments The present invention is further illustrated by the following numbered embodiments, the subject matter of which may be further combined with one or more subject matter of this specification or claims.

Numbered Embodiment 1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each present in the following relative percentages: 39-45% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1-4% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF
3I), a heat transfer composition wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene.

Numbered Embodiment 2. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10%.

Numbered Embodiment 3. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1.5% to less than 10%.

Numbered Embodiment 4. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1.5% to less than 8%.

Numbered Embodiment 5. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1.5% to less than 6%.

Numbered Embodiment 6. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1.5% to less than 5%.

Numbered Embodiment 7. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-6, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% ±0.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% ±0.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I).

Numbered embodiment 8. The alkylated naphthalene is AN1, or AN2, or AN
The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-7, selected from AN 1, AN 2, AN 3, AN 4, AN 5, AN 6, AN 7, AN 8, AN 9, or AN 10.

Numbered Embodiment 9. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

Numbered Embodiment 10. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists essentially of AN5.

Numbered Embodiment 11. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists of AN5.

Numbered Embodiment 12. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10.

Numbered Embodiment 13. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists essentially of AN10.

Numbered Embodiment 14. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists of AN10.

Numbered embodiment 15. The method of numbered embodiments 1-1, wherein the stabilizer further comprises ADM.
5. The heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 4 to 4.

Numbered embodiment 16. Any of numbered embodiments 1 to 15, in which the ADM includes ADM4.
2. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1 .

Numbered Embodiment 17. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-15, wherein the ADM consists essentially of ADM4.

Numbered Embodiment 18. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-15, wherein the ADM naphthalene consists of ADM4.

Numbered embodiment 19. The stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of stabilizer 1, stabilizer 2, stabilizer 3, stabilizer 4,
The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-9, selected from Stabilizer 5, Stabilizer 6, Stabilizer 7, Stabilizer 8, Stabilizer 9, Stabilizer 10, Stabilizer 11, Stabilizer 12, Stabilizer 13, Stabilizer 14, Stabilizer 15, Stabilizer 16, Stabilizer 17, Stabilizer 18, Stabilizer 19, Stabilizer 20.

Numbered Embodiment 20. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant comprises POE.

Numbered Embodiment 21. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant consists essentially of POE.

Numbered embodiment 22. The method of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant comprises POE.
2. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1 .

Numbered Embodiment 23. Any of numbered embodiments 1-22, wherein the lubricant includes Lubricant 1.
2. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1 .

Numbered Embodiment 24. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-22, wherein the lubricant consists essentially of Lubricant 1.

Numbered embodiment 25. The lubricant of numbered embodiments 1-2, wherein the lubricant consists of Lubricant 1.
3. The heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 2 to 3.

Numbered Embodiment 26. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant comprises a PVE.

Numbered Embodiment 27. The heat transfer composition of any of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant consists essentially of PVE.

Numbered Embodiment 28. Any of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant consists of PVE.
2. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1 .

Numbered Embodiment 29. The composition of numbered embodiment 1, further comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and antiwear additives.
29. The heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28.

Numbered Embodiment 30. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiments 1-29, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

Numbered Embodiment 31. The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiments 1-30, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phosphorus compound and/or a nitrogen compound.

Numbered embodiment 32. The alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-00
7A, KR-008, KR-009, KR-0105, KR-019, and KR-005
The heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1-8 and 15-31, wherein the composition is one or more of: FG.

Numbered embodiment 33. The alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-00
The heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1-8 and 15-31, wherein the composition is one or more of KR-005FG, KR-008, KR-009, and KR-005FG.

Numbered embodiment 34. The alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-00
8. The heat transfer composition of any one of the numbered embodiments and 1-33.

Numbered Embodiment 35. The heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the stabilizer comprises a phenolic compound selected from: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);
2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol, including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);
4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-
2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-
Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2
, 6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol);
4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-
6-tert-butylphenol); Bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert
-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-
tert-Butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone.

Numbered embodiment 36. Numbered embodiments 30-34, wherein the stabilizer comprises BHT.
13. The heat transfer composition according to claim 12,

Numbered Embodiment 37. The heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 30-34, wherein the phenolic consists essentially of BHT.

Numbered embodiment 38. The method of numbered embodiment 30, wherein the phenol comprises BHT.
35. The heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 1 to 34.

Numbered Embodiment 39. The phenol is greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5%, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5%, more preferably 0.
The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 30-35, wherein the polyaniline is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of 0.01 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, the weight percentages referring to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Numbered Embodiment 40. The phenol is greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5%, preferably 0.001% to about 4%, more preferably 1% by weight
The heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 30-35, wherein the composition is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of up to 4 wt.%, the weight percentages referring to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Numbered Embodiment 41. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with one another, and the heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1-40.

Numbered embodiment 42. The method further comprising the steps of: i. copper or a copper alloy; ii. activated alumina; iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof; iv. an anion exchange resin; or v.
42. The heat transfer system of numbered embodiment 41 comprising a moisture scavenging material, preferably a moisture scavenging molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the above.

Numbered Embodiment 43. The heat transfer system of any one of numbered embodiments 41 and 42, which is a residential air conditioning system, or an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system.

Numbered embodiment 44. A method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) a refrigerant, optionally
condensing the heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5;
ii) evaporating a refrigerant in the vicinity of the body or item to be cooled;
A method of cooling, wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is within the range of about -40°C to about +10°C.

Numbered embodiment 45. A method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) a refrigerant, optionally
condensing the heat transfer composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5;
ii) evaporating the composition;
The heating method, wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is within the range of about -30°C to about 5°C.

Numbered Embodiment 46. Use of a heat transfer composition according to any one of the heat transfer compositions according to any of numbered embodiments 1 to 33, optionally for use in air conditioning.

Numbered embodiment 47. A commercial air conditioning system, wherein the use in air conditioning is a residential air conditioning system, an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system, or a rooftop system;
47. The use of the present invention as described in numbered embodiment 46, selected from use in a commercial air conditioning system that is a variable refrigerant flow system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a chiller system, or a transport air conditioning system, or a stationary air conditioning system.

Numbered Embodiment 48. Use of the heat transfer composition according to any one of the heat transfer compositions according to any of the numbered embodiments 1 to 33, as appropriate, for use in a mobile heat pump, or a positive displacement cooler, or an air or water cooled direct expansion cooler, or a residential heat pump, or a residential air to water heat pump/hot water circulation system, or a commercial air source, water source, or geothermal source heat pump system, or a refrigeration system, or a low temperature refrigeration system, or a medium temperature refrigeration system, or a commercial refrigerator, or a commercial freezer, or an ice cream machine, or a transport refrigeration system, or a domestic freezer, or a domestic refrigerator, or an industrial freezer, or an industrial refrigerator, or a cooler.

Numbered embodiment 49. The use of the heat transfer composition of numbered embodiment 46, wherein the use in air conditioning is selected from use in a residential air conditioning system with a reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary vane) or scroll type compressor, or a split type residential air conditioning system, or a ducted residential air conditioning system, or a window residential air conditioning system, or a portable residential air conditioning system, or a medium temperature refrigeration system.

Numbered Embodiment 50. Use of the heat transfer composition of any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 33 for use as a replacement for R410A.

Numbered Embodiment 51. A method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or containing, or suitable for use with, an R-410A refrigerant, comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition as described in numbered embodiments 1-33.

Numbered embodiment 52. The method of numbered embodiment 51, wherein the use of the heat transfer composition of numbered embodiments 1-33 to replace R410A does not require modification of the condenser, evaporator, and/or expansion valve in the heat transfer system.

Numbered Embodiment 53. The method of numbered embodiment 51, wherein the use of the heat transfer composition of embodiments 1-33 is provided as a replacement for R-410A in a chiller system, or a residential air conditioning system, or an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a rooftop system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a variable refrigerant flow system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a chiller system.

Numbered Embodiment 54. The method of numbered embodiments 51-53, comprising removing at least about 5 wt.% of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of numbered embodiments 1-33.
The present invention includes the following aspects.
[1]
1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I);
1. A heat transfer composition, wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
[2]
The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
[3]
The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
[4]
The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.
[5]
The heat transfer composition according to [4], wherein the lubricant is a PVE lubricant.
[6]
The heat transfer composition according to claim 4, wherein the stabilizer further comprises an acid scavenging moiety (ADM).
[7]
7. The heat transfer composition of claim 6, wherein the stabilizer comprises about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of the alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer.
[8]
The heat transfer composition according to [7], wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.
[9]
The heat transfer composition according to [8], wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10.
[10]
10. The heat transfer composition according to claim 9, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenol.
[11]
The heat transfer composition according to [10], wherein the phenol comprises BHT and the ADM comprises ADM4.
[12]
11. The heat transfer composition according to claim 10, wherein the phenol consists essentially of BHT and the ADM consists essentially of ADM4.
[13]
The heat transfer composition according to [10], wherein the lubricant is POE.
[14]
The heat transfer composition according to [10], wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40°C, as measured in accordance with ASTM D445, and a viscosity of about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100°C, as measured in accordance with ASTM D445.
[15]
The heat transfer composition according to [10], wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured in accordance with ASTM D445.

Claims (26)

1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
1-4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I);
1. A heat transfer composition, wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. 2. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32);
3.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
55.5% by weight ± 0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). 2. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),
3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
55.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ₃ I). The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition of claim 6 wherein the lubricant is a PVE lubricant. The heat transfer composition of claim 6 wherein the lubricant is a POE lubricant. The heat transfer composition of claim 6 , wherein the stabilizer further comprises an acid scavenging moiety (ADM), wherein the ADM is an epoxide or a carbodiimide. 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 9 , wherein the stabilizer comprises 40% to 99.9% alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to 50% ADM by weight, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The heat transfer composition of claim 10 wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5. The heat transfer composition of claim 11 , wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10. The heat transfer composition of claim 12 , wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenol. The heat transfer composition of claim 13 , wherein the phenol comprises BHT and the ADM comprises ADM4, where the ADM4 is 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether. 15. The heat transfer composition of claim 14 , wherein said phenol consists essentially of BHT and said ADM consists essentially of ADM4, where said ADM4 is 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether . The heat transfer composition of claim 15 wherein the lubricant is a POE. 16. The heat transfer composition of claim 15, wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of 30 cSt to 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured according to ASTM D445 and a viscosity of 5 cSt to 10 cSt at 100° C. as measured according to ASTM D445 . The heat transfer composition of claim 13 , wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of 30 cSt to 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured according to ASTM D445. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with one another, and the heat transfer composition of any of claims 1-18. 20. The heat transfer system of claim 19, which is a residential air conditioning system, or an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system. 21. The heat transfer system of claim 20, which is a residential air conditioning system or a commercial air conditioning system. Use of a heat transfer composition according to any of claims 1 to 18 for use in air conditioning. 23. The use according to claim 22, wherein the use in air conditioning is selected from use in a residential air conditioning system, an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a rooftop system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a variable refrigerant flow system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a chiller system, or a transportation air conditioning system, or a stationary air conditioning system. 24. The use according to claim 23, wherein said use in air conditioning is selected from use in a residential air conditioning system equipped with a reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary vane) or scroll type compressor, or a split type residential air conditioning system, or a ducted residential air conditioning system, or a window residential air conditioning system, or a portable residential air conditioning system, or a medium temperature refrigeration system. Mobile heat pumps, or positive displacement chillers, or air- or water-cooled direct expansion chillers, or residential heat pumps, or residential air-to-water heat pump/hot water recirculating systems, or commercial air-source, water-source, or ground-source heat pump systems, or
20. Use of the heat transfer composition according to any of claims 1 to 18 for use in a refrigeration system, a low temperature refrigeration system, or a medium temperature refrigeration system, or a commercial refrigerator, or a commercial freezer, or an ice maker, or a transport refrigeration system, or a domestic freezer, or a domestic refrigerator, or an industrial freezer, or an industrial refrigerator, or a chiller. Use of a heat transfer composition according to any of claims 1 to 18 for use as a replacement for R410A.