JP7714980B2 - Piloting ability training assessment method and piloting ability training assessment device - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a piloting ability training assessment method and a piloting ability training assessment device.

One example of a technology for training vehicle operators to improve their driving skills is disclosed in Patent Document 1. In this technology, an electroencephalograph is attached to the subject undergoing driving training. Then, for a set period of time after the subject is given a three-dimensional visual spatial cognitive task, the intensity of gamma-band brain wave activity detected in one of the occipital visual cortex, parietal lobe, or frontal higher motor cortex, among the areas detected by the electroencephalograph, is recorded. Furthermore, the subject's driving ability is determined based on a relationship between the maximum value of the recorded brain wave activity intensity and driving ability determined in advance through experiments.

Patent No. 6472709

The technology disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a technology for determining the piloting ability of a subject based on a relational expression between the maximum value of the subject's electroencephalogram activity intensity and the piloting ability determined in advance through experiments. Therefore, with the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1, it is difficult to train the piloting ability of the subject according to the level of piloting ability, and it is difficult to efficiently improve the piloting ability of the subject.
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a piloting ability training assessment method and piloting ability training assessment device that can efficiently improve piloting ability.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the relationship between brain activity values in the motor-related areas of the human brain, which are areas related to movement, brain activity values in the spatial recognition areas, which are areas of the brain that recognize space, and piloting ability, which is a person's ability to pilot a moving object, is pre-stored. Furthermore, motor-related brain activity values, which are brain activity values in the motor-related areas of the brain of a trainee who is being trained for piloting ability to a moving object, and spatial recognition brain activity values, which are brain activity values in the spatial recognition areas of the brain of the trainee, are acquired. Additionally, the piloting ability, which is the trainee's ability to pilot a moving object, is determined for the trainee based on the stored relationship and the acquired motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values. A piloting ability training assessment method and piloting ability training assessment device are then provided that determine whether to prioritize training of one of the trainee's motor-related areas or spatial recognition areas over the other, based on the determined piloting ability of the trainee and the acquired motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values.

This invention makes it possible to efficiently improve the piloting ability of trainees who are training to pilot a moving object.

1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a piloting ability training determination device in a first embodiment. FIG. This is a diagram showing the locations of the supplementary motor area and parietal association area when the brain is viewed from above. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the results of measuring brain activity values for three pilots with different levels of piloting ability. 4 is a flowchart showing a piloting ability training determination method in the first embodiment. 4 is a flowchart showing processing performed in the first embodiment. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing changes in brain activity values. 10 is a flowchart showing a process performed in a second embodiment. 10 is a flowchart showing a piloting ability training determination method according to a third embodiment. 10 is a flowchart showing a process performed in a third embodiment.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. In the description of the drawings, identical or similar parts will be designated by identical or similar reference numerals, and redundant explanations will be omitted. The drawings are schematic and may differ from the actual product. The embodiments shown below exemplify devices and methods that embody the technical concept of the present invention, but the technical concept of the present invention is not limited to the devices and methods exemplified in the following embodiments. The technical concept of the present invention can be modified in various ways within the technical scope described in the claims.

(First embodiment)
Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
(composition)
The configuration of a piloting ability training assessment device 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
The piloting ability training assessment device 1 is a device for training the piloting ability of a trainee who is to train the piloting ability of a moving body that moves by being piloted by a crew member of a vehicle, a ship, a manned aircraft, etc., or by being remotely operated such as an unmanned aircraft (e.g., a drone). In the first embodiment, a case will be described in which the moving body is a vehicle (automobile).
The piloting ability training assessment device 1 also includes an activity value acquisition unit 10 , a relationship storage unit 20 , a piloting ability assessment unit 30 , an information input unit 40 , and a training assessment unit 50 .

<Activity value acquisition section>
The activity value acquisition unit 10 acquires the brain activity value of the trainee and outputs brain activity value information, which is information including the acquired brain activity value, to the piloting ability assessment unit 30 and the training assessment unit 50. The brain activity value of the trainee is at least one of the trainee's brain activity intensity and brain activity volume. In the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the brain activity value of the trainee is both the trainee's brain activity intensity and the trainee's brain activity volume. The brain activity value is acquired using a brain activity acquisition unit 60. The brain activity acquisition unit 60 is formed using, for example, fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging).

When acquiring a trainee's brain activity values, for example, the trainee is first placed in a supine position inside the fMRI gantry. Next, the trainee is placed at rest and the brain shape is scanned. The MRI measurement parameters are set, for example, to a range of 100 to 300 slices and a repetition time (TR) of 5 to 30 ms. The trainee is then asked to watch a video projected from their feet for approximately 1 to 5 minutes using overhead prism glasses or similar devices, while their brain activity values are measured using fMRI. The fMRI measurement parameters are set, for example, to a range of 30 slices and a TR of approximately 2 ms. The video the trainee is shown may, for example, be a simple scene of a car driving or a scene of a car driving through a city. In other words, when acquiring a trainee's brain activity values, the trainee is presented with an image of operating a moving vehicle.

The data acquired using fMRI is processed using, for example, SPM12, a statistical processing software that runs on Matlab manufactured by Mathworks, Inc., to generate brain activity value information. Images showing the brain structure of the training subject measured using fMRI are analyzed using the following procedure.
First, the image showing the training subject's brain structure is aligned so that it is parallel to the AC-PC line. Next, as preprocessing, the functional brain image is corrected for position due to body movement and time. After that, the structural image and functional image of each individual are aligned, and then standardized using an MNI standard brain. Next, a smoothing process is performed using a filter of approximately 6 mm. Then, statistical tests are performed on the blood flow model and partial regression coefficients for each individual's voxels to extract significant active areas. The image is then overlaid on the MNI standard brain to identify the active areas.

Furthermore, the brain activity values acquired using the brain activity acquisition unit 60 are movement-related brain activity values, which are brain activity values in movement-related areas of the brain of the training subject, and spatial recognition brain activity values, which are brain activity values in spatial recognition areas of the brain of the training subject. That is, the activity value acquisition unit 10 acquires movement-related brain activity values, which are brain activity values in movement-related areas of the brain of the training subject, and spatial recognition brain activity values, which are brain activity values in spatial recognition areas of the brain of the training subject.
In addition, the activity value acquisition unit 10 acquires movement-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values by measuring the brain activity of the trainee who is presented with an image of operating a moving object.

The motor-related areas are areas related to movement. Furthermore, the motor-related areas are areas that show statistical significance when comparing motor-related brain activity values based on differences in control ability. Furthermore, the motor-related areas exist in multiple locations in the brain.
In the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires a movement-related brain activity value of a characteristic brain region, which is a region with the highest statistical significance among a plurality of movement-related regions present in the brain. Also, in the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires a movement-related brain activity value in the supplementary motor area of the brain of the training subject as the movement-related brain activity value of the characteristic brain region. The level of statistical significance of the movement-related region is determined, for example, by measuring the brain activity values of the movement-related region using fMRI for a plurality of people (e.g., approximately 100 people) with different levels of piloting ability.

As shown in Figure 2, the supplementary motor area is an area located near the center of the brain when viewed from above (viewed from the top of the head toward the feet). The supplementary motor area is also the area of the brain where spontaneous movements, coordinated movements of the limbs, and the sequence of movements are processed.

The spatial recognition area is the area that recognizes space. Furthermore, the spatial recognition area is the area that shows statistical significance when comparing spatial recognition brain activity values due to differences in piloting ability. Furthermore, the spatial recognition area exists in multiple parts of the brain.
In the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires a spatial recognition brain activity value of a characteristic brain region from among spatial recognition regions present in multiple locations. Also, in the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires a spatial recognition brain activity value in the parietal association area of the brain of the training subject as the spatial recognition brain activity value of the characteristic brain region. Note that the level of statistical significance in the spatial recognition region is determined, for example, by measuring the brain activity values in the spatial recognition region using fMRI for multiple people (e.g., approximately 100 people) with different levels of piloting ability, etc.

As shown in Figure 2, the parietal association area is an area located posterior to the supplementary motor area and near the top of the head when the brain is viewed from above. The parietal association area is also the area of the brain where spatial perception, which is a challenge when training to control a mobile object, is processed.

(Reason for acquiring motor-related brain activity values in the supplementary motor area and spatial recognition brain activity values in the parietal association area)
Here, the reason why the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires the movement-related brain activity value in the supplementary motor area and the spatial recognition brain activity value in the parietal association area as the brain activity value of the training subject will be explained.
The inventors measured brain activity using fMRI while presenting a video of drivers driving a car to drivers with three different levels of driving ability, and confirmed that there is a correlation between driving ability, brain activity in the parietal association area, and brain activity in the supplementary motor area.The three levels are, for example, a beginner level, an intermediate level with a higher level of driving ability than the beginner level, and an advanced level with a higher level of driving ability than the intermediate level.
Specifically, as shown in Figure 3, it was confirmed that the beginner level had lower brain activity values in the supplementary motor area (motor-related brain activity values) and the parietal association area (spatial recognition brain activity values) compared to the intermediate level. In particular, it was confirmed that there was almost no brain activity value in the supplementary motor area. Also, as shown in Figure 3, it was confirmed that the intermediate level had higher brain activity values in the supplementary motor area and the parietal association area compared to the advanced level. In particular, it was confirmed that the brain activity value in the parietal association area was significantly higher than that of the advanced level.

<Relationship Memory Unit>
The relationship storage unit 20 pre-stores, as information, relationships between brain activity values in motor-related regions of the human brain, brain activity values in spatial recognition regions of the human brain, and piloting ability, which is the ability of a human to pilot a moving object. Specifically, the relationship storage unit 20 stores, as relationships, criteria for determining piloting ability based on brain activity values. In the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the relationship storage unit 20 stores, as information, relationships between brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in motor-related regions, brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in spatial recognition regions, and piloting ability.
The "humans" whose brain activity values and piloting abilities are pre-stored in the relationship storage unit 20 are, for example, a plurality of "humans" (e.g., about 100 people) with different levels of piloting ability, etc. The brain activity values pre-stored in the relationship storage unit 20 are brain activity values in movement-related areas and brain activity values in spatial recognition areas measured using fMRI for a plurality of humans.

<Piloting Ability Assessment Unit>
The piloting ability determination unit 30 acquires from the relationship storage unit 20 the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the motor-related regions, the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the spatial recognition regions, and piloting ability, which are stored as information. In addition, the piloting ability determination unit 30 references the trainee's motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values contained in the brain activity value information received from the activity value acquisition unit 10. The piloting ability determination unit 30 then determines the piloting ability of the trainee based on the relationships stored in the relationship storage unit 20, the motor-related brain activity values acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60, and the spatial recognition brain activity values acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60. The piloting ability determination unit 30 also outputs piloting ability information, which is information including the determined piloting ability, to the training determination unit 50. In the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the piloting ability of the trainee is determined based on the motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values of the characteristic brain regions acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60 and the relationships stored in the relationship storage unit 20. The processing performed by the driving ability determination unit 30 will be described later.

<Information input section>
The information input unit 40 includes, for example, a keyboard or the like that can input numerical values. Furthermore, movement-related brain activity values, spatial recognition brain activity values, driving history, and the like can be input as data to the information input unit 40. The information input unit 40 then outputs external data information, which is information including the movement-related brain activity values, spatial recognition brain activity values, driving history, and the like that have been input as data, to the piloting ability assessment unit 30. Note that in the first embodiment, as an example, a case will be described in which the piloting ability training assessment device 1 is used without inputting data into the information input unit 40.

<Training Judgment Department>
The training determination unit 50 determines that one of the motor-related parts and the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the other, based on the piloting ability included in the piloting ability information and the motor-related brain activity value and the spatial recognition brain activity value acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60. The training determination unit 50 also displays the results of the determination of the training to be performed on the trainee on, for example, a display. The processing performed by the training determination unit 50 will be described later.

<Processing performed by the piloting ability determination unit>
The piloting ability determination unit 30 first compares the training subject's movement-related brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information with a movement-related first threshold. The movement-related first threshold is a threshold that corresponds to the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in movement-related areas and piloting ability, which is a person's ability to pilot a moving object, and is a threshold that is set in advance for the movement-related brain activity value. The setting of the movement-related first threshold will be described later.
Then, if the training subject's movement-related brain activity value included in the brain activity value information is less than the movement-related first threshold, the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value included in the brain activity value information is compared with the spatial recognition first threshold. The spatial recognition first threshold is a threshold that corresponds to the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the spatial recognition region and the piloting ability, which is a human's ability to pilot a moving object, and is a threshold that is set in advance for the spatial recognition brain activity value. Note that the setting of the spatial recognition first threshold will be described later. Then, if the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value included in the brain activity value information is less than the spatial recognition first threshold, the training subject's piloting ability is determined to be at a "beginner level." On the other hand, if the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value included in the brain activity value information is equal to or greater than the spatial recognition first threshold, the training subject's piloting ability is determined to be at an "intermediate level," which is a level between the "beginner level" and the "intermediate level."

In addition, if the training subject's movement-related brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information is equal to or greater than the movement-related first threshold, the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information is compared with the spatial recognition first threshold.
If the brain activity value information includes a spatial recognition brain activity value equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold, the piloting ability of the trainee is determined to be at an "intermediate level." On the other hand, if the brain activity value information includes a spatial recognition brain activity value less than the first spatial recognition threshold, the brain activity value of the trainee included in the brain activity value information is compared with a second spatial recognition threshold. The second spatial recognition threshold is a threshold corresponding to the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the spatial recognition region and piloting ability, which is a human's ability to pilot a moving object, and is a threshold that is preset as a value equal to or less than the first spatial recognition threshold. The setting of the second spatial recognition threshold will be described later. If the brain activity value information includes a spatial recognition brain activity value less than the second spatial recognition threshold, the piloting ability of the trainee is determined to be at an "advanced level." On the other hand, if the brain activity value information includes a spatial recognition brain activity value equal to or greater than the second spatial recognition threshold, the piloting ability of the trainee is determined to be at an "intermediate level."

<Processing performed by the training determination unit 50>
If the piloting ability information indicates the "beginner level," the training determination unit 50 determines that the training subject's spatial recognition parts will be trained preferentially over the motor-related parts until the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value indicated in the brain activity value information becomes equal to or greater than the first motor-related threshold. If the piloting ability information indicates the "intermediate level," the training determination unit 50 determines that the training subject's motor-related parts will be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition parts until the training subject's motor-related brain activity value indicated in the brain activity value information becomes equal to or greater than the first motor-related threshold.
If the piloting ability information indicates that the piloting ability is at an "intermediate level," the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee's spatial recognition parts should be trained preferentially over motor-related parts until the trainee's spatial recognition brain activity value indicated in the brain activity value information becomes less than a second spatial recognition threshold. If the piloting ability information indicates that the piloting ability is already at an advanced level, the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee does not need training.

As described above, in the first embodiment, the moving body is a vehicle (automobile). Therefore, in the first embodiment, a case will be described in which the training determination unit 50 is configured to determine that the training of the spatial recognition body parts is mainly performed by driving an actual vehicle, and that the training of the exercise-related body parts is mainly performed by training using a driving simulator.
Training that primarily involves driving a real vehicle to train spatial cognition areas involves, for example, having a trainee drive a real vehicle on a road where obstacles exist, without hitting the obstacles. Examples of obstacles that can be used include curbs that form the edge of the road, or pylons installed on the road for training purposes. Training that primarily involves using a driving simulator to train motor-related areas involves having a trainee drive a virtual course, performing operations such as accelerating, braking, steering, and gearshifting, including sudden acceleration, sudden braking, and sharp turns. In this way, training that primarily involves using a driving simulator involves repeatedly performing agile vehicle driving operations.

<Setting the first motor-related threshold, first spatial recognition threshold, and second spatial recognition threshold>
When setting the first movement-related threshold and the first spatial recognition threshold, the vehicle control ability (driving ability) of multiple people (e.g., approximately 100 people) is measured in advance, and the multiple people are classified into levels of control ability according to the measured control ability. In this case, the control ability levels are classified into three levels, for example, beginner level, intermediate level, and intermediate level. Furthermore, for each of the three levels, the movement-related brain activity value and the spatial recognition brain activity value are measured and analyzed. As a result, the first movement-related threshold and the first spatial recognition threshold are set as thresholds for distinguishing between the beginner level and the intermediate level, and between the intermediate level and the intermediate level.

When setting the first movement-related threshold and the first spatial awareness threshold, in addition to analyzing the measured movement-related brain activity values and spatial awareness brain activity values, the first movement-related threshold and the first spatial awareness threshold may be set by referencing a database in which measured piloting abilities are stored. Furthermore, when setting the second spatial awareness threshold, for example, four levels are divided into beginner level, intermediate level, intermediate level, and advanced level. Furthermore, for each of the four levels, the movement-related brain activity values and spatial awareness brain activity values are measured and analyzed. In this way, the first movement-related threshold and the second spatial awareness threshold are set as thresholds for distinguishing between the intermediate level and the advanced level. Note that the second spatial awareness threshold may be set to the same value as the first spatial awareness threshold, if necessary.

(operation)
Next, referring to FIGS. 1 to 3, an example of a piloting ability training assessment method performed using the piloting ability training assessment device 1 will be described using FIGS.
In the piloting ability training assessment method, first, in step S10, a trainee is placed in a supine position inside the fMRI gantry and is presented with an image of piloting a moving object, as shown in Figure 4. In step S20, the brain activity acquisition unit 60 measures the trainee's brain activity values, including motor-related brain activity in the supplementary motor area and spatial recognition brain activity in the parietal association area.
In step S30, the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires the motor-related brain activity value in the supplementary motor area of the brain of the training subject as the motor-related brain activity value of the characteristic brain region. In step S40, the brain activity acquisition unit 60 acquires the spatial recognition brain activity value in the parietal association area of the brain of the training subject as the spatial recognition brain activity value of the characteristic brain region.

In step S50, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines the piloting ability of the trainee. The detailed processing in step S50 will be described later. In step S60, the training determination unit 50 determines that one of the trainee's motor-related parts and spatial recognition parts should be trained preferentially over the other. The detailed processing in step S60 will be described later.

(Details of the process in step S50)
In step S50, as shown in FIG. 5, first, in step S51, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the training subject's movement-related brain activity value A included in the brain activity value information is less than the movement-related first threshold a1. If it is determined that the movement-related brain activity value A is less than the movement-related first threshold a1 (step S51: Yes), the process proceeds to step S52. On the other hand, if it is determined that the movement-related brain activity value A is equal to or greater than the movement-related first threshold a1 (step S51: No), the process proceeds to step S53. Note that "A" is the training subject's movement-related brain activity value included in the brain activity value information and is also the movement-related brain activity value acquired from the training subject. Furthermore, "a1" is the movement-related first threshold and is also a threshold that is preset for "A".
In step S52, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the spatial recognition brain activity value B of the trainee included in the brain activity value information is less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1. If it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S52: Yes), the processing proceeds to step S61. On the other hand, if it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S52: No), the processing proceeds to step S62. Note that "B" is the spatial recognition brain activity value of the trainee included in the brain activity value information and is also the spatial recognition brain activity value acquired from the trainee. Furthermore, "b1" is the first spatial recognition threshold and is also a threshold value that is preset for "B".

In step S53, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold b1. If it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S53: Yes), the process proceeds to step S63. On the other hand, if it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S53: No), the process proceeds to step S54.
In step S54, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2. If it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2 (step S54: Yes), the process proceeds to step S64. On the other hand, if it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the second spatial recognition threshold b2 (step S54: No), the process proceeds to step S65. Note that "b2" is the second spatial recognition threshold and is also a threshold that is preset for "B" as a value equal to or less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1.

(Details of the process in step S60)
In step S60, depending on the result of the process performed in step S50, one of the processes from step S61 to step S65 is performed as shown in FIG.
In step S61, the training determination unit 50 determines that the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained with priority over the exercise-related parts until the spatial recognition brain activity value B becomes equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold b1. As a result, in step S61, the training determination unit 50 determines that the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained with priority over the exercise-related parts for a beginner-level trainee.

When a beginner-level trainee is given priority in training the spatial recognition area over the motor-related area, the trainee's brain activity transitions, for example, from the state shown in Figure 6(a) to the state shown in Figure 6(b). Specifically, by giving priority to training the spatial recognition area over the motor-related area, brain activity in the parietal association area increases.
In step S62, the training determination unit 50 determines that the training of the training subject's movement-related body parts should be prioritized over the spatial recognition body parts until the movement-related brain activity value A becomes equal to or greater than the movement-related first threshold value a1. As a result, in step S62, the training determination unit 50 determines that the training of the training subject's movement-related body parts should be prioritized over the spatial recognition body parts for an intermediate-level training subject.

When the motor-related areas of an intermediate-level trainee are trained preferentially over the spatial recognition areas, the trainee's brain activity transitions, for example, from the state shown in Fig. 6(b) to the state shown in Fig. 6(c). Specifically, by training the motor-related areas preferentially over the spatial recognition areas, brain activity in the supplementary association area increases while maintaining brain activity in the parietal association area.
In step S63, the training determination unit 50 determines that the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the exercise-related parts until the spatial recognition brain activity value B becomes less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2. As a result, in step S63, the training determination unit 50 determines that the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the exercise-related parts for an intermediate-level trainee.

When the spatial recognition area is trained preferentially over the motor-related area in an intermediate-level trainee, the trainee's brain activity transitions, for example, from the state shown in Figure 6(c) to the state shown in Figure 6(d). Specifically, by training the spatial recognition area preferentially over the motor-related area, brain activity in the parietal association area decreases. This is because repeated training of the same area of the brain results in efficient use of the repeatedly trained area of the brain, resulting in a decrease in brain activity in the repeatedly trained area of the brain.
For example, it has been confirmed that athletes who have undergone long-term repetitive training have efficient brain activity in the supplementary motor area, resulting in a decrease in brain activity in the supplementary motor area. Therefore, athletes with high athletic ability who have undergone long-term repetitive training have reduced brain activity in the areas of the brain that have been repeatedly trained, and are therefore able to perform the same movements with less brain activity than athletes with low athletic ability.

In step S64, the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee does not need training. As a result, in step S64, the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee, who is already at an advanced level, does not need training. The brain activity of an advanced-level trainee is, for example, brain activity in a state where both the brain activity value in the supplementary association area and the brain activity value in the parietal association area are small, as shown in FIG. 6( d ).
In step S65, the training determination unit 50 determines that the exercise-related parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition parts until the spatial recognition brain activity value B becomes less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2. As a result, in step S65, the training determination unit 50 determines that the exercise-related parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition parts for an intermediate-level trainee.

(Effects of the first embodiment)
(1) Depending on the determined piloting ability of the trainee, it becomes possible to train the motor-related or spatial recognition parts of the trainee that are related to the abilities necessary to improve piloting ability, rather than other parts.
As a result, it is possible to identify differences in brain activity values that vary depending on the level of piloting ability and to determine the content of training based on the identified differences in brain activity values, making it possible to provide a piloting ability training assessment method that can efficiently improve the piloting ability of a trainee.In addition, it is possible to provide a piloting ability training assessment device 1 that can efficiently improve the piloting ability of a trainee.

(2) By setting a threshold value a1 for the motor-related brain activity value A and threshold values b1 and b2 for the spatial recognition brain activity value B and comparing the set threshold values with the brain activity value, the areas that need to be trained to improve piloting ability at the time the brain activity value is obtained become clear.
As a result, it becomes possible to determine a training method that will efficiently improve the piloting ability of the trainee.

(3) By presenting the trainee with an image of piloting (driving), it becomes possible to acquire motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values related to piloting ability, thereby improving the accuracy of determining how to train piloting ability.

(4) Using the motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values of the areas most advantageous for the ability to control a moving object, it becomes possible to assess the control ability of a trainee, thereby improving the accuracy of determining methods for training control ability.

(5) By limiting the areas from which brain activity values are acquired to the supplementary motor area and parietal association area, which are areas related to controlling a moving object, it is possible to improve the accuracy of determining methods for training control abilities.

(6) By measuring the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume of the training subject as brain activity values, it becomes possible to clarify the areas that need to be trained to improve the ability to control a moving object at the time the brain activity value is obtained.
In addition, compared to when the brain activity value is only one of the brain activity intensity or brain activity volume of the person being trained, it is possible to improve the accuracy of determining piloting ability and the accuracy of determining the method of training piloting ability.

(7) The method for training the spatial awareness area is training that mainly involves driving an actual vehicle, which allows the patient to be aware of spatial awareness. The method for training the motor-related area is training that mainly involves driving a driving simulator, which allows the patient to be aware of the operations involved in driving a vehicle.
As a result, it becomes possible to determine a method of training driving skills that can efficiently train the ability to drive a vehicle.

(Modification of the first embodiment)
(1) A configuration may be adopted in which motor-related brain activity values of motor-related areas present in a plurality of locations are acquired, and spatial recognition brain activity values of spatial recognition areas present in a plurality of locations are acquired, respectively. In this case, a configuration may be adopted in which the piloting ability of the trainee is determined based on the stored relationship between the sum of the values obtained by multiplying the acquired plurality of motor-related brain activity values by a motor-related weighting coefficient and the sum of the values obtained by multiplying the acquired plurality of spatial recognition brain activity values by a spatial recognition weighting coefficient.

The movement-related weighting coefficient is a weighting coefficient that is set in advance according to the movement-related brain activity value. Specifically, if the total movement-related brain activity value is "X" and the individual values of the movement-related parts present in multiple locations are "Xn (n = 1, 2, ..., n)," the movement-related weighting coefficient can be expressed as "Wan (n = 1, 2, ..., n)." Then, the total value XA of the values obtained by multiplying the multiple movement-related brain activity values by the movement-related weighting coefficient is calculated using the following formula (1).
XA=Wa1×X1+Wa2×X2+Wa3×X3…Wan×Xn… (1)

The spatial recognition weighting coefficient is a weighting coefficient that is set in advance according to the spatial recognition brain activity value. Specifically, if the total value of the spatial recognition brain activity value is "Y" and the individual values of the spatial recognition brain activity values present at multiple locations are "Yn (n = 1, 2, ..., n)," the spatial recognition weighting coefficient can be expressed as "Wbn (n = 1, 2, ..., n)." Then, the total value YB of the values obtained by multiplying the multiple acquired spatial recognition brain activity values by the spatial recognition weighting coefficient is calculated using the following formula (2).
YB=Wb1×Y1+Wb2×Y2+Wb3×Y3…Wbn×Yn… (2)

With this configuration, it is possible to use the sum of weighted values for multiple brain activity values that are superior to the ability to control a moving object as a value representing the motor-related brain activity value and the spatial recognition brain activity value. As a result, it is possible to improve the accuracy of determining control ability and the accuracy of determining methods for training control ability.

(2) The piloting ability training assessment device 1 may be configured to input the trainee's motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values as data to the information input unit 40 from outside the device. In addition, the piloting ability of the trainee may be assessed using the motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values input as data instead of the motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values acquired from the trainee. Note that the motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values input as data may be, for example, values previously acquired from the trainee, or values acquired from a person with similar piloting ability. Furthermore, values previously acquired from the trainee may be corrected to reflect the passage of time.
With this configuration, the brain activity values of the trainee are obtained from data input from outside, eliminating the need for time to measure the brain activity values, thereby shortening the time required to assess piloting ability and the time required to determine how to train piloting ability.

(3) The brain activity value may be the brain activity intensity or brain activity volume of the training subject.
(4) The moving body may be a motorcycle, a ship, a manned aircraft, an unmanned aircraft (unmanned flying object), etc.

Second Embodiment
A second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
(composition)
The configuration of the second embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 1 to 6. Note that in the figures and in the following description, the same components as those in the first embodiment described above will be designated by the same reference numerals. Furthermore, in the following description, description of the same components as those in the first embodiment described above may be omitted. The piloting ability training assessment device 1 of the second embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment described above, except for the processing performed by the training assessment unit 50. Therefore, description of the configurations of the activity value acquisition unit 10, the relationship storage unit 20, the piloting ability assessment unit 30, and the information input unit 40 will be omitted.

<Processing performed by the training determination unit 50>
When the piloting ability information indicates that the piloting ability is at the "beginner level,""intermediatelevel,""intermediatelevel," or "advanced level," the processing performed by the training determination unit 50 is the same as that in the first embodiment described above, and therefore will not be described again. When the piloting ability information indicates that the piloting ability is at the advanced level, the training determination unit 50 determines that the training subject's motor-related body parts should be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition body parts until the training subject's motor-related brain activity value included in the brain activity value information becomes less than the motor-related second threshold. The motor-related second threshold is a threshold set in advance according to the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the motor-related body parts and the piloting ability, which is a person's ability to pilot a moving object, and may be a value greater than, less than, or equal to the motor-related first threshold.
Furthermore, when setting the movement-related second threshold, for example, five levels are divided into beginner level, intermediate level, intermediate level, advanced level, and ideal level. Furthermore, for each of the five levels, movement-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values are measured and analyzed. As a result, the movement-related second threshold and spatial recognition second threshold are set as thresholds for distinguishing between the advanced level and the ideal level.

(operation)
7 will be used to describe an example of a piloting ability training determination method performed using the piloting ability training determination device 1, with reference to Figures 1 to 6. The piloting ability training determination method of the second embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment described above, except for the detailed processing in step S50 and the detailed processing in step S60. Therefore, in the following description, the detailed processing in step S50 and the detailed processing in step S60 will be described.

(Details of the process in step S50)
In step S50, one of the processes from step S51 to step S54 is performed as shown in Fig. 7. Note that the processes from step S51 to step S53 are the same as those in the first embodiment described above, and therefore description thereof will be omitted.
In step S54, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2. If it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the second spatial recognition threshold b2 (step S54: Yes), the process proceeds to step S66. On the other hand, if it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the second spatial recognition threshold b2 (step S54: No), the process proceeds to step S65.

(Details of the process in step S60)
In step S60, depending on the result of the processing performed in step S50, one of the processing steps S61 to S63 and step S65 to step S66 is performed, as shown in Fig. 7. Note that the processing steps S61 to S63 and step S65 are the same as those in the first embodiment described above, and therefore their explanation will be omitted.

In step S66, the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee's motor-related areas should be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition areas until the motor-related brain activity value A becomes less than the second motor-related threshold a2. As a result, in step S66, the training determination unit 50 determines that the trainee's motor-related areas should be trained preferentially over the spatial recognition areas for a trainee with advanced piloting ability. If the trainee's motor-related areas are trained preferentially over the spatial recognition areas for a trainee with advanced piloting ability, the brain activity value in the supplementary association area will decrease.

(Effects of the second embodiment)
(1) In addition to a1, which is a threshold value for the motor-related brain activity value A, and thresholds b1 and b2, which are for the spatial recognition brain activity value B, a2, which is a threshold value for the motor-related brain activity value A, is set, and the set threshold is compared with the brain activity value. This makes it clear to trainees who have already reached an advanced level which parts to train in order to improve their piloting ability to an ideal state at the time when the brain activity value is obtained.
As a result, it becomes possible to determine a training method that will efficiently improve the piloting ability of a trainee who has already reached an advanced level.

(Third embodiment)
A third embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
(composition)
The configuration of the third embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 1 to 7. Note that in the figures and in the following description, the same components as those in the first embodiment described above will be designated by the same reference numerals. Furthermore, in the following description, description of the same components as those in the first embodiment described above may be omitted. The piloting ability training assessment device 1 of the third embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment described above, except for the processing performed by the piloting ability assessment unit 30. Therefore, description of the configurations of the activity value acquisition unit 10, the relationship storage unit 20, the information input unit 40, and the training assessment unit 50 will be omitted.

<Piloting Ability Assessment Unit>
The piloting ability determination unit 30 acquires the relationship between the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the movement-related areas, the brain activity intensity and brain activity volume in the spatial recognition areas, and piloting ability, which are stored as information, from the relationship storage unit 20. In addition, the piloting ability determination unit 30 references the trainee's movement-related brain activity value and spatial recognition brain activity value, which are included in the brain activity value information received as input from the activity value acquisition unit 10. Furthermore, the piloting ability determination unit 30 acquires the piloting history of the trainee's past operation of moving objects. The piloting history is acquired by receiving input from the information input unit 40.

The piloting ability determination unit 30 then determines the piloting ability of the trainee based on the relationships stored in the relationship memory unit 20, the movement-related brain activity values acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60, and the spatial recognition brain activity values acquired by the brain activity acquisition unit 60. In addition, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines, based on the acquired piloting history, whether the piloting ability level of the trainee is at a level where piloting ability training is required or at a level where piloting ability training is not required.

Furthermore, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines the piloting ability of the trainee if it determines that the trainee is at a level requiring training, and determines that the trainee does not require training if it determines that the trainee is at a level not requiring training. Furthermore, the process by which the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines the piloting ability of the trainee when it determines that the trainee is at a level requiring training is the same as in the first embodiment described above. The process performed by the piloting ability determination unit 30 will be described later.

<Processing performed by the piloting ability determination unit>
The piloting ability determination unit 30 first compares the trainee's movement-related brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information with the movement-related first threshold, and if the trainee's movement-related brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information is less than the movement-related first threshold, compares the trainee's spatial recognition brain activity value contained in the brain activity value information with the spatial recognition first threshold.
If the training subject's spatial recognition brain activity value included in the brain activity value information is less than the spatial recognition first threshold, the acquired driving history is compared with a preset driving history threshold. Note that the driving history is, for example, information such as the time elapsed since license acquisition, annual mileage and driving time, and license holding indicating driving ability. The driving history threshold is set, for example, as follows.
The vehicle control ability (driving ability) of a plurality of people (e.g., about 100 people) is measured in advance, and the plurality of people are classified into levels of control ability according to the measured control ability. In this case, the control ability levels are classified into two levels, for example, beginner level and advanced level. Furthermore, for each of the two levels, control history information is acquired, and the acquired control history information is analyzed to determine a control history corresponding to the boundary between the beginner level and the advanced level, which is set as a control history threshold.
If the acquired driving history exceeds the driving history threshold, the trainee's driving ability level is determined to correspond to an advanced level, and it is determined that no training in driving ability is required. On the other hand, if the acquired driving history is equal to or less than the driving history threshold, the trainee's driving ability level is determined to correspond to a beginner level, and it is determined that no training in driving ability is required. If it is determined that the trainee's driving ability level is at a level that no training in driving ability is required, the same processing as in the first embodiment described above is performed.

(operation)
Next, referring to FIGS. 1 to 7, an example of a piloting ability training determination method performed using the piloting ability training determination device 1 will be described using FIGS. 8 and 9.
8, in the piloting ability training assessment method, first, in step S70, the piloting ability assessment unit 30 acquires the piloting history of the trainee using information received from the information input unit 40. Next, similar to the first embodiment described above, the processes of steps S10 to S40 are performed.

Then, in step S80, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines, based on the piloting history acquired in step S70, whether the piloting ability level of the trainee is at a level where piloting ability training is required or at a level where piloting ability training is not required. The detailed processing in step S80 will be described later. If it is determined in step S80 that the piloting ability level of the trainee is at a level where piloting ability training is required, in step S60 the training determination unit 50 determines that one of the trainee's motor-related parts and spatial recognition parts should be trained preferentially over the other. The processing in step S60 is the same as in the first embodiment described above.

(Details of the process in step S80)
9 , in step S80, first, in step S81, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the training subject's movement-related brain activity value A included in the brain activity value information is less than the movement-related first threshold value a1. If it is determined that the movement-related brain activity value A is less than the movement-related first threshold value a1 (step S81: Yes), the process proceeds to step S82. On the other hand, if it is determined that the movement-related brain activity value A is equal to or greater than the movement-related first threshold value a1 (step S81: No), the process proceeds to step S86.
In step S82, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the spatial recognition brain activity value B of the training subject included in the brain activity value information is less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1. If it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is less than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S82: Yes), the processing proceeds to step S83. On the other hand, if it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value B is equal to or greater than the first spatial recognition threshold b1 (step S82: No), the processing proceeds to step S86.

In step S83, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines whether the piloting history acquired in step S70 exceeds the piloting history threshold. That is, in step S83, it determines whether the piloting history of the trainee acquired in step S70 is longer than the piloting history threshold. If it is determined that the piloting history acquired in step S70 exceeds the piloting history threshold (step S83: Yes), the processing proceeds to step S84. On the other hand, if it is determined that the piloting history acquired in step S70 is equal to or less than the piloting history threshold (step S83: No), the processing proceeds to step S86.
In step S84, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines that the piloting ability level of the trainee corresponds to an advanced level, and determines that piloting ability training is not required.

In step S85, the piloting ability determination unit 30 outputs the result of determining that the piloting ability is at a level where training is not necessary to the training determination unit 50.
In step S86, the piloting ability determination unit 30 determines that the piloting ability level of the trainee corresponds to a level at which piloting ability training is required, and determines that piloting ability training is required.
In step S87, the control ability determination unit 30 proceeds to the process of determining the control ability. The process performed in step S87 is the same as the process in step S50 described above.

(Effects of the third embodiment)
(1) For example, when the motor-related brain activity value or the spatial recognition brain activity value is low, it is possible to use the acquired driving history to determine whether the level of the trainee's driving ability is at a level where training is required or at a level where training is not required.

(Other embodiments)
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the descriptions and drawings that form part of this disclosure should not be understood to limit the present invention. From this disclosure, various alternative embodiments, examples, and operational techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Naturally, the present invention also encompasses various embodiments not described herein, such as configurations that arbitrarily apply the configurations described in the above embodiments. Therefore, the technical scope of the present invention is defined solely by the invention-specifying matters according to the scope of the claims that are appropriate from the above description.

1... Piloting ability training assessment device, 10... Activity value acquisition unit, 20... Relationship memory unit, 30... Piloting ability assessment unit, 40... Information input unit, 50... Training assessment unit, 60... Brain activity acquisition unit

Claims (12)

A relationship between brain activity values in a movement-related area, which is an area of the human brain related to movement, and the ability of the human to perform operations related to driving a vehicle, and a relationship between brain activity values in a space recognition area, which is an area of the brain that recognizes space, and the ability of the human to drive an actual vehicle on a road where an obstacle exists without hitting the obstacle, are stored in advance,
presenting an image of driving the vehicle to a trainee who is to be trained in the vehicle driving ability;
By measuring the brain activity value of the trainee who has been presented with the image while the trainee is not performing any exercise, a motor-related brain activity value, which is the brain activity value in the motor-related area of the brain of the trainee who is training the vehicle driving ability, and a spatial recognition brain activity value, which is the brain activity value in the spatial recognition area of the brain of the trainee, are obtained;
determining a level of the vehicle driving ability classified for the training subject according to the stored relationship, the magnitude of the acquired motor-related brain activity value, and the magnitude of the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value;
A piloting ability training determination method that determines, based on the determined ability , the acquired motor-related brain activity value, and the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value, that one of the motor-related parts and the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the other of the motor-related parts and the spatial recognition parts of the trainee, so that the piloting ability of the trainee will be at a high level. When the acquired motor-related brain activity value is A, the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value is B, a predetermined threshold value for A is a1, a predetermined threshold value for B is b1, and a predetermined threshold value for B that is a value equal to or less than b1 is b2,
If A<a1 and B<b1, it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value is to be trained preferentially until B≧b1 is satisfied;
If A<a1 and B≧b1, it is determined that the exercise-related brain activity value should be trained preferentially until A≧a1 is satisfied;
2. The piloting ability training determination method according to claim 1, wherein if A ≧ a1 and B ≧ b1 , it is determined that the spatial recognition brain activity value is to be trained preferentially until B, which was equal to or greater than b1, decreases to B < b2. When the preset threshold value for A is a2,
3. The piloting ability training determination method according to claim 2, wherein when B, which was greater than or equal to b1, decreases and transitions from a state where A≧a1 and B ≧b1 to a state where B<b2, it is determined that the exercise-related parts should be trained preferentially until A, which was greater than or equal to a1, decreases and A<a2. 4. A driving ability training assessment method according to claim 1, wherein the level of the vehicle's driving ability is determined by assessing the trainee's ability, which is classified into at least three levels: beginner level, intermediate level having a higher ability to perform agile operations related to driving the vehicle than the beginner level, and advanced level having a higher ability to perform agile operations than the intermediate level, based on the magnitude of the motor-related brain activity value; and by assessing the trainee's ability, which is classified into at least three levels: beginner level, intermediate level having a higher ability to drive without hitting the obstacle than the beginner level, and advanced level having a higher ability to drive without hitting the obstacle than the intermediate level, based on the magnitude of the spatial recognition brain activity value. The motor-related areas show statistical significance in a comparison of the motor-related brain activity values due to differences in the piloting ability, and are present in multiple locations in the brain;
The spatial recognition region shows statistical significance in the comparison of the spatial recognition brain activity value due to the difference in the piloting ability, and is present in multiple locations in the brain;
acquiring the movement-related brain activity value of a characteristic brain region that is the region with the highest statistical significance among the movement-related regions present in the plurality of locations;
acquiring the spatial recognition brain activity value of the characteristic brain region among the spatial recognition regions present in the plurality of locations;
A piloting ability training assessment method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which assesses the piloting ability of the trainee based on the acquired motor-related brain activity value of the characteristic brain region, the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value of the characteristic brain region, and the stored relationship. acquiring a motor-related brain activity value in a supplementary motor area of the brain of the training subject as the motor-related brain activity value of the characteristic brain region;
6. A piloting ability training assessment method according to claim 5, wherein the spatial recognition brain activity value of the characteristic brain region is obtained from the parietal association area of the brain of the trainee. The motor-related areas show statistical significance in a comparison of the motor-related brain activity values due to differences in the piloting ability, and are present in multiple locations in the brain;
The spatial recognition region shows statistical significance in the comparison of the spatial recognition brain activity value due to the difference in the piloting ability, and is present in multiple locations in the brain;
Acquire the movement-related brain activity values of the movement-related parts present in the plurality of locations and the space recognition brain activity values of the space recognition parts present in the plurality of locations, respectively;
5. A piloting ability training assessment method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the piloting ability of the trainee is assessed based on the sum of values obtained by multiplying the acquired plurality of motor-related brain activity values by a motor-related weighting coefficient, which is a weighting coefficient set in advance according to the motor-related brain activity values, the sum of values obtained by multiplying the acquired plurality of spatial recognition brain activity values by a spatial recognition weighting coefficient, which is a weighting coefficient set in advance according to the spatial recognition brain activity values, and the stored relationship. acquiring a driving history of the trainee driving the vehicle in the past;
determining whether the level of the piloting ability of the trainee is at a level where the training is necessary or at a level where the training is not necessary according to the acquired piloting history;
A piloting ability training determination method described in any one of claims 1 to 7, which determines the piloting ability of the trainee if it is determined that the training is at a level that requires training, and determines that training is not necessary for the trainee if it is determined that the training is at a level that does not require training. A piloting ability training assessment method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the brain activity value is at least one of the trainee's brain activity intensity and brain activity volume. A driving ability training determination method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which determines that the spatial recognition area will be trained primarily through training by driving an actual vehicle, and determines that the movement-related area will be trained primarily through training using a driving simulator. 11. A driving ability training assessment method according to claim 1, wherein, instead of motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values obtained from the trainee, motor-related brain activity values and spatial recognition brain activity values input as data from outside are used to assess the driving ability of the trainee, which is the ability of the trainee to drive the vehicle . a relationship storage unit that stores in advance information on the relationship between brain activity values in a movement-related area, which is an area of the human brain related to movement, and the ability of the human to perform operations related to driving a vehicle, and the relationship between brain activity values in a space recognition area, which is an area of the brain that recognizes space, and the ability of the human to drive an actual vehicle on a road where an obstacle exists without hitting the obstacle ;
an activity value acquisition unit that acquires a motor-related brain activity value, which is a brain activity value in the motor-related area of the brain of the trainee who is training the ability to drive the vehicle , and a spatial recognition brain activity value, which is a brain activity value in the spatial recognition area of the brain of the trainee, by measuring the brain activity value of the trainee who is training the ability to drive the vehicle while the trainee is not exercising, while being presented with an image of operating the vehicle;
a driving ability determination unit that determines the level of the vehicle driving ability of the trainee, which has been classified, based on the stored relationship, the magnitude of the acquired motor-related brain activity value, and the magnitude of the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value;
and a training determination unit that determines, based on the determined ability , the acquired motor-related brain activity value, and the acquired spatial recognition brain activity value, that one of the motor-related parts and the spatial recognition parts of the trainee should be trained preferentially over the other of the motor-related parts and the spatial recognition parts of the trainee so that the trainee's piloting ability will be at a high level.