JP7797033B2 - Precast concrete roof panels, roofs made of roof panels, and three-dimensional structures including roofs - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to precast concrete roof panels, roofs constructed from these roof panels, and three-dimensional structures including these roofs.

So-called prefabricated structures, three-dimensional structures assembled on-site from components prefabricated in a factory, have been widely used for some time. As an example of a prefabricated three-dimensional structure, the following Patent Document 1 discloses a three-dimensional structure that was previously patented by the applicant of the present application. The roof of the three-dimensional structure shown in Patent Document 1 is constructed by arranging multiple roof panels in parallel. These roof panels are constructed by combining multiple components made of different materials, and the upper surface of the roof panel has a sloped main portion that slopes downward toward the edge. Meanwhile, the following Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a construction method for constructing a three-dimensional structure, including a roof, using precast concrete panels, known as the wall-type precast concrete construction method (W-PC construction method).

Patent No. 3635467 Prefabricated Building Association website, "Mid-to-High-Rise Buildings (PC Construction Committee), Structure and Construction Methods," Internet <URL: https://www.purekyo.or.jp/bukai/pc-kenchiku/structure-concrete-mid-to-high-rise.html> Prefabricated Building Association website, "Single-family homes, rentals, and renovations (Housing Division), Basic performance, structure and construction methods, concrete systems for prefabricated homes," Internet <URL: https://www.purekyo.or.jp/bukai/jyutaku/structure-concrete.html>

The roof panel shown in Patent Document 1 is constructed by combining multiple components made of different materials, which makes the manufacturing process complicated and not necessarily durable. Furthermore, it is difficult to completely prevent rainwater from entering the interior through the joints between the components. Furthermore, according to the experience of the inventors of this application, all roofs of three-dimensional structures constructed using the W-PC method, including those in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, are flat roofs, so-called flat roofs, with the top surface of the roof being essentially horizontal, making it difficult to easily drain rainwater that accumulates on the roof.

The present invention was made in light of the above facts, and its main technical objective is to provide a new and improved roof panel that is easy to manufacture, has good durability, and can completely prevent rainwater from entering the interior while easily draining it, as well as a roof using this roof panel and a three-dimensional structure including this roof.

After extensive research, the inventor discovered that the above-mentioned main technical problem could be solved by providing a main inclined portion on the top surface of a precast concrete roof panel that slopes downward toward the edge.

That is, according to the present invention, as a roof panel that solves the above-mentioned main technical problems, there is provided a roof panel made of precast concrete that constitutes the roof of a three-dimensional structure, characterized in that the upper surface is rectangular in a plan view and has a pair of end edges and a pair of side edges , the upper surface is provided with an inclined main portion that slopes downward toward the end edges, and each of the pair of side edges of the inclined main portion is provided with an upright wall that rises upward along the side edges .

Preferably, the upper surface has a ridgeline extending in the short direction at the longitudinal center, and the inclined main portion slopes downward from the ridgeline toward both longitudinal edges. The inclined main portion slopes downward to the end edges of the upper surface, and a groove is preferably formed along the lower edge of the inclined main portion at the end edges. In this case, the groove preferably has a drain hole communicating in the vertical direction. Furthermore, it is convenient for the bottom surface of the groove to slope downward toward the drain hole. The upper surface preferably has an upright wall that rises upward along the edge. Preferably, a threaded fastener is embedded in the lower surface, exposing it. The lower surface is preferably horizontal. The lower surface may also slope downward toward the edge along the inclined main portion of the upper surface.

The roof panel of the present invention is made of precast concrete and can be molded as a single unit, making it easy to manufacture, highly durable, and able to reliably prevent rainwater from entering the interior. However, the upper surface has a sloping main portion that slopes downward toward the edge, allowing rainwater to be drained quite easily.

1 is an exploded perspective view showing the overall configuration of a preferred embodiment of a single-story three-dimensional structure using roof panels constructed in accordance with the present invention; 2 is a view showing the (outer) roof panel of the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 alone. FIG. 2 is a view showing the (inner) roof panel of the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 alone. 1 shows a variation of an (inner) roof panel constructed in accordance with the present invention; 1 shows a variation of an (inner) roof panel constructed in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the structure of a threaded fastener embedded in the underside of a roof panel. 2 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between a roof panel and side wall panels in the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 . 1 is a partially enlarged plan view of roof panels constructed in accordance with the present invention arranged in parallel; FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 6. FIG. FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line BB in FIG. 6. 2 is a diagram for explaining a fastening structure between a side wall panel, a roof panel, and a foundation in the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 . 2 is a diagram for explaining a fastening structure of two adjacent side wall panels in the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the structure of a drainage pipe in the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 1 . 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a process for constructing a multi-story three-dimensional structure using roof panels constructed in accordance with the present invention;

The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings showing preferred embodiments of a roof panel constructed in accordance with the present invention, a roof constructed using this roof panel, and a three-dimensional structure using this roof.

As shown in Figure 1, the three-dimensional structure, generally designated by the number 2, is composed of a roof 4, side walls 6, and a foundation 8.

Continuing with the explanation with reference to Figure 1, the roof 4 is composed of multiple (four in the illustrated embodiment) precast concrete roof panels 10 arranged in parallel, and has a rectangular shape in plan view. Of the four parallel-arranged roof panels 10, two roof panels 10 located on both longitudinal ends are designated by the reference symbol 10a as outer roof panels, and the other two roof panels 10 are designated by the reference symbol 10b as inner roof panels. As shown in Figure 2-1(b), which shows the outer roof panel 10a alone, and Figure 2-2(b), which shows the inner roof panel 10b alone, appropriate reinforcing bars 12 are arranged inside each roof panel 10. Note that in both Figures 2-1 and 2-2, (a) shows a front view, (b) shows a plan view, and (c) shows a bottom view. In the following description, when the term "roof panel 10" is used without adding "a" or "b," it refers to the outer roof panel 10a and the inner roof panel 10b collectively, and the same applies to the components of each roof panel 10 described below.

In the roof panel 10 of the present invention, it is important that the upper surface 14 has a sloping main portion 16 that slopes downward toward the edge. Referring to Figures 2-1(a) and (b), the illustrated outer roof panel 10a has a rectangular upper surface 14a in a plan view. A ridge line 18a extending linearly in the short direction is provided in the longitudinal center of the upper surface 14a, and the sloping main portion 16a slopes downward from the ridge line 18a toward both longitudinal edges. (The "side edge" here refers to the edge extending in the short direction at both longitudinal ends of the outer roof panel 10a, and the "end edge" described below refers to the edge extending in the long direction at both short ends of the outer roof panel 10a.) The sloping main portion 16a slopes downward to the side edge 20a of the upper surface 14a, and a groove 22a extending linearly in the short direction is formed in the side edge 20a along the lower edge of the sloping main portion 16a. A circular drain hole 24a penetrating vertically is formed in the longitudinal center of the groove 22a (and therefore in the transverse center of the outer roof panel 10a), and the bottom surface of the groove 22a is inclined downward toward the drain hole 24a. The side edge 20a also has a side edge upright wall 26a that rises upward along the side edge of the outer roof panel 10a outside the groove 22a. In the outer roof panel 10a, an outer edge upright wall 28a that rises upward along the edge of the outer roof panel 10a is formed at one edge of the top surface 14a. The side edge upright wall 26a and the outer edge upright wall 28a are connected at the corners of the top surface 14a to form a U-shape facing downward in plan view, and the top surface is substantially horizontal. An inner edge upright wall 30a is formed on the other side edge of the inclined main portion 16a of the upper surface 14a, excluding the side edge 20a, and rising upward along the edge of the outer roof panel 10a. The upper surface of the inner edge upright wall 30a is parallel to the upper surface 14a and is flush with the upper surfaces of the side edge upright walls 26a and the outer edge upright wall 28a at the center in the longitudinal direction. Threaded fasteners 32, used to lift the outer roof panel 10a, are embedded near the corners of the upper surface 14a with their upper surfaces exposed. The threaded fasteners 32 will be described later.

Continuing the explanation with reference to Figures 2-1(a) and (c), the underside 34a of the illustrated outer roof panel 10a is substantially horizontal, but the underside 34a is locally displaced upward to form two grooves: a water flashing 36a and a guide groove 38a. Both grooves have a portion that extends linearly in the short direction at both longitudinal ends of the outer roof panel 10a and a portion that extends linearly in the long direction at one short end of the outer roof panel 10a, and are roughly U-shaped and facing downward when viewed from the bottom. The water flashing 36a is located outside the guide groove 38a, and the groove width of the water flashing 36a is narrower than the groove width of the guide groove 38a. As described below, the upper end of the side wall 6 is fitted into the guide groove 38a, and a threaded fastener 32 used to fasten the upper end of the side wall 6 to the outer roof panel 10a is embedded in the guide groove 38a with its underside exposed. A plurality of (five in the illustrated embodiment) threaded fasteners 32 are embedded in the guide groove 38a at intervals. The threaded fasteners 32 will be described later.

Because the inner roof panel 10b has almost the same configuration as the outer roof panel 10a, only the differences between the inner roof panel 10b and the outer roof panel 10a will be described below. The same components as the outer roof panel 10a will be designated by the same reference numerals with a "b" and omitted from the description. For example, as can be seen by comparing Figures 2-2(b) and 2-1(b), in plan view, the inner roof panel 10b and the outer roof panel 10a have the same longitudinal length, but the inner roof panel 10b is slightly longer than the outer roof panel 10a in the transverse direction. Furthermore, the inner roof panel 10b does not have an outer edge upright wall (28a) on its upper surface 14b. However, the upper surface 14b, excluding the side edges 20b, has inner edge upright walls 30b that rise upward along the edges of the inner roof panel 10b on both sides of the inclined main portion 16b. Furthermore, the drip edge 36b and guide groove 38b formed on the underside 34b of the inner roof panel 10b are not generally U-shaped, but extend linearly in the lateral direction at both longitudinal ends.

Figure 3-1 shows a roof panel constructed in accordance with the present invention, more specifically, a modified inner roof panel. This inner roof panel, generally designated 10b', differs from the aforementioned inner roof panel 10b in that the lower surface 34b' is not substantially horizontal. Specifically, the inner roof panel 10b' is composed of a central wall portion 11b' whose upper and lower surfaces 14b' and 34b' are parallel, slope downward from the ridge line 18' toward both side edges, and have a constant thickness in the longitudinal direction, and an endless outer peripheral wall portion 13b' that hangs downward from the periphery of this central wall portion 11b'. The lower surface of the outer peripheral wall portion 13b' is substantially horizontal. Figure 3-2 shows another modified inner roof panel. In this inner roof panel, generally designated 10b'', a relatively light-weight member 39, such as expanded polystyrene, is embedded, as indicated by the dashed line in the figure. The member 39 is embedded in concrete together with reinforcing bars. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3-2, the members 39 are rectangular panels, and many of them are arranged in parallel at intervals in a plan view. By embedding the members 39, the amount of concrete used can be reduced, and the weight of the roof panel can also be reduced. Similar modifications can be made to the outer roof panel.

Next, the threaded fastener 32 will be described with reference to Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows a cross-sectional view of the portion of the underside 34 of the roof panel 10 where the threaded fastener 32 is embedded, and Figure 4(b) shows a view of Figure 4(a) from below. The threaded fastener 32 is a cylindrical metal member with an internal thread 40 formed on its inner surface. The threaded fastener 32 is fixed between the reinforcing bars 12 by welding and is embedded in concrete along with the reinforcing bars 12, with the lower end surface of the threaded fastener 32 exposed. As shown in Figure 4(a), auxiliary reinforcing bars 42 are also locally placed in the portion where the threaded fastener 32 is fixed, and the threaded fastener 32 is also fixed to the auxiliary reinforcing bars 42 by welding. The same applies when the threaded fastener 32 is disposed on the upper surface 14 of the roof panel 10, but in this case, the upper end surface of the threaded fastener 32 is exposed.

The multiple roof panels 10 (outer roof panel 10a and inner roof panel 10b) described above are each supported and fastened from below by the side wall 6. The relative positions of the roof panels 10 and the side wall 6 are shown in Figure 5. The fastening structure between the roof panels 10 and the side wall 6 will be described later. As shown in Figure 5, two roof panels 10 are arranged with their edges adjacent to each other, and a gap 44 exists between the two roof panels 10 arranged side by side on the side wall 6. Referring to Figures 6 and 7 in addition to Figure 1, a cover member 46 is installed across the upper surfaces of the adjacent edges of the two adjacent roof panels 10 (in Figure 6, the cover member 46 is indicated by a two-dot chain line). The cover member 46 extends along each edge. Figures 6 and 7 show the case where the outer roof panel 10a and the inner roof panel 10b are arranged adjacent to each other, and the following description will only cover this case. However, the same applies when two inner roof panels 10b are arranged adjacent to each other. In the illustrated embodiment, inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b are formed at the edge portions of the outer roof panel 10a and the inner roof panel 10b, respectively, and the cover member 46 is straddled so as to cover the entire longitudinal length of the inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b (when two inner roof panels 10b are arranged adjacent to each other, the cover member 46 is straddled over each inner edge upright wall 30a).

The cover member 46 will be described with reference to Figures 6, 7, and 8. Figure 8(a) shows a front view of the cover member 46, Figure 8(b) shows a bottom view, and Figure 8(c) shows a side view. The cover member 46 is also made of precast concrete and includes a top wall 48 that is elongated and rectangular in plan view (bottom view) and an endless hanging wall 50 that hangs downward from the outer edge of the top wall 48. The top wall 48 is L-shaped in front view, and its inclination angle is the same as the inclination angle of the inclined main portion 16 of the roof panel 10. As shown in Figure 8(c), the upper surface of the top wall 48 is arc-shaped but the lower surface is flat, and the thickness of the top wall 48 is constant in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, the hanging length of the hanging wall 50 from the top wall 48 is constant, and the lower surface of the hanging wall 50 is parallel to the lower surface of the top wall 48. When such a cover member 46 is placed across the inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b, as shown in Figure 7, the upper ends of the inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b are accommodated inside the hanging wall 50, and the upper surfaces of the inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b are abutted against the lower surface of the top wall 48, and thus the gap 44 existing between the inner edge upright walls 30a and 30b and the cover member 46 is covered.

Continuing the explanation with reference to Figures 6 and 9, a waterproof tape 51 is laid across the longitudinal ends of the grooves 22 provided in each of two adjacent roof panels 10. At the portion of the side edge 20 where the waterproof tape 51 is laid across, the upper surface 14 is slightly cut out before the waterproof tape 51 is laid across, and after the waterproof tape 51 is laid across, waterproof mortar 53 is applied to adjust the height relative to the surrounding area. In this way, the grooves 22 provided in the two roof panels 10 are made to communicate with each other.

As shown in FIG. 1, the side wall 6 has a generally rectangular cylindrical shape and is constructed by combining four precast concrete side wall panels 52. Of the four side wall panels 52, two side wall panels 52 located on the long sides of the side wall 6 are designated by the reference numeral 52a as long side side wall panels, and the other two side wall panels 52 are designated by the reference numeral 52b as short side side wall panels. The long side side wall panel 52a is substantially flat, but both ends of the short side side wall panel 52b are bent inward by 90 degrees in a plan view, allowing the side end faces of the long side side wall panel 52a and the short side side wall panel 52b to face each other and be connectable. The fastening structure between the side end faces of the long side side wall panel 52a and the short side side wall panel 52b will be described later. In the following description, when the term "side wall panel 52" is used without adding "a" or "b," it refers to the long-side side wall panel 52a and the short-side side wall panel 52b collectively. The side wall panels 52 are appropriately formed with openings 54, such as windows or doorways, that penetrate from the inner surface to the outer surface. The thickness (plate thickness) of the lower end portion 56 of the side wall panel 52 is increased, and as shown in Figure 10, an upwardly displaced groove 58 is formed on the underside of the lower end portion 56. The groove 58 extends continuously in the front-to-rear direction of the page in Figure 10. Appropriate reinforcing bars 12 are also arranged inside the side wall panel 52.

As shown in Figure 1, the foundation 8 is formed by pouring concrete into the ground. Although not shown, reinforcing bars are also arranged inside the foundation 8, so that the foundation 8 has sufficient load-bearing capacity even when a three-dimensional concrete structure is placed on top of it. In the illustrated embodiment, the foundation 8 is rectangular in plan view, and an endless frame-like rising portion 60 that protrudes upward is formed on its upper surface. The rising portion 60 corresponds to the side wall 6 in plan view, and as will be described later, the rising portion 60 is fitted into the groove 58 of the side wall panel 52. A number of anchors 62 made of reinforcing bars are provided at intervals on the rising portion 60, extending upward beyond its upper surface. The base ends of the anchors 62 are fixed by welding to the reinforcing bars arranged inside the foundation 8.

Next, we will explain the fastening structure between the panels and between the panels and the foundation 8, as well as the assembly process for the three-dimensional structure 2. The panels are fastened to each other and between the panels and the foundation 8 using a fastening aid 64 shown in Figure 12. The fastening aid 64 is made of metal and is box-shaped with an internal space 66 accessible from the outside. The fastening aid 64 also has a small through-hole 68 that communicates with the internal space 66. The fastening aid 64 shown in Figure 12 has a hollow cubic shape with one open face and five closed faces. The small through-hole 68 is formed in the center of one of the five closed faces. As will be described later, the small through-hole 68 may be formed on each of two faces. Referring to Figures 10 and 11, the fastening aid 64 is embedded in the side wall panel 52 at the upper and lower ends of both left and right ends of the side wall panel 52 and at the vertical middle. The fastening aid 64 is fixed to the reinforcing bar 12 by welding and is embedded in concrete together with the reinforcing bar 12, but the inner space 66 is exposed through one open side. In other words, the inner space 66 of the fastening aid 64 is accessible from the outside of the side wall panel 52.

Continuing the explanation with reference to Figures 10 and 11, in the fastening aid 64 disposed at the upper end of the side wall panel 52, small through holes 68 are formed on each of two surfaces, with the small through holes 68 formed on one surface being exposed at a side end face of the side wall panel 52 and the small through holes 68 formed on the other surface being exposed at the upper end face of the side wall panel 52. In the fastening aid 64 disposed in the vertically middle portion of the side wall panel 52, small through holes 68 are formed on only one surface and are exposed at a side end face of the side wall panel 52. In the fastening aid 64 disposed at the lower end of the side wall panel 52, small through holes 68 are formed on each of two surfaces, with the small through holes 68 formed on one surface being exposed at a side end face of the side wall panel 52. The small through-hole 68 formed in the other surface is positioned downward, and a sleeve 70 is provided on the surface on which the small through-hole 68 is formed, surrounding the outer periphery of the small through-hole 68, hanging downward and communicating with the groove 58. The sleeve 70 is also made of metal and is fixed to the underside of the fastening aid 64 by welding, and is embedded in concrete together with the fastening aid 64 and the reinforcing bar 12 when the side wall panel 52 is formed.

Referring also to FIG. 1, when constructing a three-dimensional structure 2 at a construction site, the foundation 8 is first formed at the construction site. Next, prefabricated sidewall panels 52 are placed on the foundation 8 to form the roof 4. When placing the sidewall panels 52 on the foundation 8, they are lifted by an appropriate lifting device such as a crane, moved to the required position, and then lowered. When lowering the sidewall panels 52, the anchors 62 extending upward from the top surface of the foundation 8 are inserted into the sleeves 70 attached to the lower ends 56, and the raised portions 60 are fitted into the grooves 58. Once the sidewall panels 52 are placed in the required position on the foundation 8, the upper ends of the anchors 62 pass through the sleeves 70 and enter the internal spaces 66 of the fastening aids 64. A male thread is then formed on the upper ends of the anchors 62, and a nut 72 is threaded onto the male thread, thereby securing the sidewall panels 52 to the foundation 8. A male thread may be formed in advance on the upper end of the anchor 62. Since the fastening aids 64 of two adjacent side wall panels 52 are adjacent to each other, a bolt 74 is inserted from a small through hole 68 formed in the fastening aid 64 arranged on one side wall panel 52 to a small through hole 68 formed in the fastening aid 64 arranged on the other side wall panel 52, and a nut 72 is screwed onto the tip of the bolt 74 in the inner space 66 of the fastening aid 64 arranged on the other side wall panel 52, thereby fastening the two adjacent side wall panels 52 together. In this way, the side wall 6 is formed on the foundation 8.

Next, prefabricated roof panels 10 are placed on the sidewalls 6 to form the roof 4. A suitable lifting device, such as a crane, is used to place the roof panel 10 on the sidewalls 6. The roof panel 10 is lifted by attaching suitable lifting aids, such as eyebolts (not shown), to the threaded fasteners 32 on the upper surface 14. The roof panel 10, once lifted by the lifting device, is then lowered to a position where the threaded fasteners 32 on the lower surface 34 align with the fastening aids 64 on the upper ends of the sidewall panels 52, and the upper ends of the sidewall panels 52 are fitted into the guide grooves 38 formed on the lower surface 34. The roof panel 10 and the sidewall panels 52 are then fastened together by threading bolts 74 into the threaded fasteners 32 through the small through-holes 68 formed in the fastening aids 64.

In a three-dimensional structure 2 assembled as described above, it is advisable to connect a gutter 76 to the underside of the roof 4, as shown in Figure 13, to guide water that flows into the drain hole 24 to the ground.

The precast concrete roof panels constructed in accordance with the present invention, the roof constructed using these roof panels, and the three-dimensional structure including this roof have been described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and appropriate modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the present invention. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the roof 4 is constructed using four roof panels 10 arranged in parallel. However, if desired, the roof 4 may be constructed using a single roof panel 10. Furthermore, the length of the three-dimensional structure 2 can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the number of roof panels 10 arranged in parallel and the number of side wall panels that make up the side walls 6 supporting the roof. Furthermore, the precast concrete roof constructed in accordance with the present invention and the roof constructed using these roof panels can be applied not only to single-story three-dimensional structures, but also to multi-story three-dimensional structures, as shown in Figure 14.

2: Three-dimensional structure 4: Roof:
6: Side wall 8: Foundation 10: Roof panel 14: Top surface (of roof panel) 16: Sloping main section

Claims (14)

A precast concrete roof panel that forms the roof of a three-dimensional structure, characterized in that the upper surface is rectangular in plan view and has a pair of end edges and a pair of side edges, the upper surface has a sloping main portion that slopes downward toward the end edges, and each of the pair of side edges of the sloping main portion has an upright wall that rises upward along the side edge. A roof panel as described in claim 1, wherein a ridgeline extending in the short direction is provided in the longitudinal center of the upper surface, and the inclined main portion slopes downward from the ridgeline toward both end edges located on both sides in the longitudinal direction. 3. A roof panel according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the inclined main portion slopes downward to the edge of the upper surface, the edge having a groove formed along the lower edge of the inclined main portion. A roof panel as described in claim 3, wherein the groove has a drain hole that communicates in the vertical direction. The roof panel of claim 4, wherein the bottom surface of the groove is sloped downward toward the drain hole. A roof panel as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein threaded fasteners are embedded and exposed on the underside. A roof panel as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the lower surface is horizontal. 7. A roof panel according to claim 1, wherein the lower surface also slopes downwardly towards the edge along the main slope of the upper surface. A roof constructed by arranging a plurality of roof panels according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in parallel, with a gap being present between two adjacent roof panels.
10. The roof according to claim 9, wherein a cover member is provided across the upper surfaces of the adjacent upright walls of two adjacently arranged roof panels, the cover member extending along the respective side edges . A roof that relies on at least claim 3 in claim 9 or 10 , wherein waterproof tape is placed across the ends of the grooves provided in two adjacent roof panels, and the grooves provided in the two roof panels are connected. 10. A three-dimensional structure in which the roof according to claim 9 is supported by one or more precast concrete side wall panels. A three-dimensional structure as described in claim 12, wherein a box-shaped fastening aid is embedded in the upper end surface of the side wall panel with the inner space exposed, and a through hole extending in the vertical direction is formed in the upper surface of the fastening aid. The three-dimensional structure according to claim 12 or 13 , which is placed on a concrete foundation.