JP7847780B2 - Output system, output method, and output program - Google Patents

Description

This invention relates to an output system, an output method, and an output program.

Traditionally, technologies for displaying optimized screens for each user were known.

For example, the portal site generation system described in Patent Document 1 stores user identification information and keywords entered by the user in association. When the system receives a request from a user to generate a portal site including a portlet, it generates a portlet using the portlet data. If the generated portlet contains keywords corresponding to the user's identification information (the source of the portal site generation request), it modifies the generated portlet so that the characters containing the keywords are highlighted. The system then generates the portal site using the generated or modified portlet.

Japanese Patent Publication No. 2011-180909

In recent years, the application of behavioral science approaches, based on theories of behavioral science that scientifically study human behavior, to service development has been spreading in various fields such as public policy, healthcare, retail, and education. By using behavioral science approaches, it is possible to provide services optimized for users. In other words, by using behavioral science approaches, users can receive various types of information in a manner that is tailored to their individual behavioral characteristics, for example, in a simpler, more efficient, or less likely to be overlooked manner.

However, the portal site generation system described in Patent Document 1 assumes that keywords corresponding to users are stored in advance. Therefore, the system does not consider user behavior characteristics, and user convenience is limited.

Therefore, the present invention aims to provide information while taking into account the user's behavioral characteristics.

An output system according to one aspect of the present invention comprises: a behavioral characteristic acquisition unit that acquires behavioral characteristic information relating to behavioral characteristics indicating the nature of a user's actions, in response to access from a user's information processing device; and a display information output unit that outputs first display information for displaying a display screen on an information processing device in a display mode corresponding to the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristic information, based on the correspondence between the behavioral characteristics and the display mode of a display screen that displays the information provided to the user.

Furthermore, in this invention, "part" does not merely mean a physical means, but also includes cases where the functions of that "part" are realized by software. Also, even if the functions of one "part" or device are realized by two or more physical means, devices, or software, the functions of two or more "parts" or devices may be realized by one physical means, device, or software.

According to the present invention, it becomes possible to provide information while taking into account the user's behavioral characteristics.

This figure shows an overview of the processing in an output system 100, which is one embodiment of the present invention. This is a diagram showing the configuration of an output system 100, which is one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows an example of prior action information stored in the memory unit 110. This figure shows an example of condition information stored in the memory unit 110. This figure shows an example of behavioral characteristic information stored in the memory unit 110. This figure shows an example of a display screen shown on the information processing device 200. A flowchart showing an example of processing in the output system 100. This figure shows an example of the hardware configuration of computer 800.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. Figure 1 is a diagram showing an overview of the processing in an output system 100, which is one embodiment of the present invention.

The output system 100 is an information processing system implemented by an output program. The output system 100 is an information processing system that outputs display information for displaying the information provided to the user on the user's information processing device, in a display mode corresponding to the user's behavioral characteristics.

First, the user accesses the display system through their information processing device. The display system is, for example, a homepage (e.g., a portal site) that provides information. At this time, the user's information processing device outputs behavioral characteristic information to the display system (S101). The display system outputs the behavioral characteristic information to the output system 100 (S102).

Next, the output system 100 outputs first display information to the display system (S103) for displaying the display screen showing the provided information in a display mode corresponding to the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information, based on the correspondence between the behavioral characteristics and the display mode of the display screen that displays the provided information. The display system outputs the first display information to the user's information processing device. The user refers to the display screen displayed by the first display information (S104).

The information provided to users (information viewers) here is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, publicly available information provided by the national or local government to citizens, or privately available information provided by private companies or organizations to users. Publicly available information includes, for example, information on health checkups, vaccinations, tax payments, or information on public systems (e.g., subsidy programs, grant programs, etc.). Privately available information includes, for example, information on products or services provided by private companies or organizations.

The purpose of providing information is not simply to provide the information to the user, but to encourage the user who receives the information to take action corresponding to that information. Traditionally, when providing information, for example, from the perspective of fairness among users or design cost, the same information, UI (user interface), or UX (user experience) has been provided to all users.

In this regard, humans have a characteristic of abandoning or postponing understanding information if they cannot instantly grasp its purpose and content. Furthermore, this characteristic varies from person to person, and it is possible that it changes over time even within the same individual. Therefore, considering user behavioral characteristics is a crucial element when designing information delivery media. Designing information delivery media without considering constraints stemming from attention resources (mental bandwidth) wastes users' time and effort, potentially damaging, for example, citizens' satisfaction with administrative services and their trust in the government as a whole, or in private companies or organizations.

Therefore, the output system 100 outputs display information that takes into account the user's behavioral characteristics. This allows for the provision of user-specific information using a user-specific UI (User Interface) or UX (User Experience). Furthermore, users can instantly grasp the purpose and content of the guidance and take actions corresponding to the provided information.

Figure 2 shows the configuration of an output system 100, which is one embodiment of the present invention. The output system 100 is connected to the information processing device 200 and the display system 300 via a network such as the Internet. Details of the output system 100 will be described later.

The information processing device 200 is a computer used by the user, such as a smartphone, tablet device, or personal computer.

The user accesses the display system 300 through the information processing device 200 and refers to the display information output by the output system 100 (for example, the first display information and the second display information described later).

Furthermore, the information processing device 200 may directly access the output system 100 to acquire display information without going through the display system 300.

The display system 300 is an information processing system that displays a display screen showing the provided information on the information processing device 200 based on the displayed information. For example, the display system 300 is an information processing system that displays a portal site or landing page that provides the provided information to the user.

In Figure 2, one information processing device 200 and one display system 300 are shown, but there may be multiple information processing devices 200 and multiple display systems 300.

Next, the details of the output system 100 will be described. The output system 100 comprises a storage unit 110, a pre-evaluation unit 120, a pre-action acquisition unit 130, a condition setting unit 140, an action characteristic acquisition unit 150, a display information generation unit 160, and a display information output unit 170. Each of the units shown in Figure 2 can be implemented, for example, by using a storage area or by having a processor execute a program stored in the storage area.

The memory unit 110 stores information processed by the output system 100. For example, the memory unit 110 can store pre-action information, condition information, and behavioral characteristic information, as described later.

The pre-evaluation unit 120 generates behavioral science component information for the pre-display screen, which displays the information to be provided in advance.

Here, the pre-display screen may be a screen displayed with display information different from the display information output by the display information output unit 170, which will be described later. In other words, the pre-display screen may be a display screen that is not optimized based on the user's behavioral characteristics.

Behavioral science component information is, for example, data that associates each of several predetermined behavioral science component elements with the numerical values of those elements displayed on the pre-display screen. In other words, the pre-evaluation unit 120 evaluates the strength of each behavioral science component element on the pre-display screen, thereby making it possible to clearly identify behavioral science components that should be avoided and those that should be utilized.

The pre-evaluation unit 120 can, for example, combine scraping technology or behavioral characteristic discrimination technology to automatically calculate the total amount of information provided on the pre-display screen (number of characters, number of bytes, etc.) and behavioral science quality (average viewing time, other quantitative indicators such as sampling map analysis, etc.), and generate behavioral science component information.

The algorithm for generating behavioral science component information by the pre-evaluation unit 120 is not particularly limited, but may include, for example, an algorithm that mimics the on-center and off-center mechanisms within ganglion cells in human retinal cells, an algorithm that utilizes a deep learning model trained using human gaze data when viewing images, or a combination or application of these.

The pre-action acquisition unit 130 acquires pre-action information regarding the user's actions before they refer to the pre-display screen that displays the information to be provided, and stores the pre-action information in the storage unit 110.

Pre-visit behavior information, for example, is information showing the browsing history of pre-display screens by pre-visit users. This information includes, for example, the time a pre-visit user browsed the pre-display screen, the duration of their browsing, and the scope of their browsing. If a pre-visit user includes multiple users, the pre-visit behavior information may also be statistically analyzed information (e.g., the mean, median, and mode of each value) obtained from the pre-visit behavior information of those multiple users.

The pre-view behavior information may also include information showing heatmaps for each of the multiple sections included in the pre-view screen. For example, these heatmaps may show higher values for sections that the user viewed for longer periods.

The pre-action acquisition unit 130 can, for example, acquire pre-action information by analyzing the access log of the information processing device 200 that references the pre-display screen.

Figure 3 shows an example of pre-action information stored in the memory unit 110. The pre-action information stored in the memory unit 110 includes, for example, a pre-action ID, average dwell time information, and average scroll count information.

The pre-action ID is information that identifies the pre-action information processed by the output system 100. The average dwell time information indicates the average dwell time of each of the multiple pre-users who continued to view the pre-displayed screen. The average scroll count information indicates the average value of the range (number of scrolls on the web page) that each of the multiple pre-users viewed on the pre-displayed screen.

The condition setting unit 140 sets conditions related to the display mode of the display screen that shows the provided information based on the prior action information, and stores the condition information related to the set conditions in the storage unit 110.

The conditions indicated by the conditional information, for example, represent the conditions under which a certain percentage of users who receive the display screen can actually access the screen. These display screen conditions may include, for example, the time required to access the screen, the number of scrolls, or the number of characters displayed on the screen.

Furthermore, the conditions indicated by the conditional information could also be a condition that, if the user is elderly, video-format information should not be placed around important information. Because human vision tends to focus more on dynamic videos than static images, even if important information is placed in the center for elderly users, their attention will be drawn to dynamic elements such as videos surrounding it.

Furthermore, the conditions indicated by the conditional information may also be referred to as, for example, the attention resource budget allocation.

Figure 4 shows an example of condition information stored in the memory unit 110. The condition information stored in the memory unit 110 includes, for example, a condition ID, required time condition information, and scroll count condition information.

The condition ID is information that identifies the condition information processed by the output system 100. The required time condition information is information regarding the time required to view the display screen. The scroll count condition information is information regarding the number of scrolls required to view the display screen.

The behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 acquires behavioral characteristics information related to the nature of the user's behavior, which is associated with the user, in response to access via the information processing device 200, and stores it in the storage unit 110.

The behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 acquires behavioral characteristics information based, for example, on access method information indicating how the information processing device 200 accesses the display system 300. Specifically, for example, the output system 100 may acquire access method information based on identification information indicated by a QR code (registered trademark) issued individually to the user, or identification information indicated by a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) issued individually to the user. This individual issuance may be carried out, for example, by sending a postcard to the user, sending an email, sending a short message, or notifying the user account.

In this case, the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 may acquire behavioral characteristics information based on a predetermined correspondence between access methods and behavioral characteristics.

Furthermore, at this time, the behavioral characteristic acquisition unit 150 may acquire behavioral characteristic information based on a MECE (Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive) type nudge cocktail or an adaptive nudge cocktail linked to the access method. This allows the behavioral characteristic acquisition unit 150 to assign certain behavioral characteristic information to users who accessed the site via a notification linked to that information.

Here, a nudge cocktail is a set of data (e.g., messages to a user) that can be generated in accordance with each of several behavioral characteristics that can be associated with a user. A MECE-type nudge cocktail is, for example, a nudge cocktail generated for all participants in the initial stages of an intervention using a behavioral science approach. An adaptive nudge cocktail is, for example, a nudge cocktail generated based on behavioral change factors adapted to the participants, and is generated for participants who have shown some response to a MECE-type nudge cocktail. Nudge cocktails, MECE-type nudge cocktails, and adaptive nudge cocktails can be generated by techniques known to those skilled in the art.

Furthermore, if the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 cannot acquire behavioral characteristics information based on the access method, the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 may acquire predicted behavioral characteristics information based, for example, the user's access time, information about the homepage the user accessed immediately before accessing the display system 300 (i.e., site information before transition), etc.

Furthermore, the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 can acquire behavioral characteristics information again based on behavioral information related to actions on the display screen, which will be displayed according to the display information described later. This allows the display information generation unit 160, described later, to generate even more optimized display information according to the user's actions on the display screen.

Figure 5 shows an example of behavioral characteristic information stored in the memory unit 110. The behavioral characteristic information stored in the memory unit 110 includes, for example, a user ID and behavioral characteristic content information.

The User ID is information that identifies the user of output system 100. The Behavioral Characteristics Information is information related to the content of behavioral characteristics.

The display information generation unit 160 generates display information (particularly first display information) for displaying the display screen on the information processing device 200 in a display mode corresponding to the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information, based on the correspondence between behavioral characteristics and the display modes of the display screen that displays the provided information.

Here, the display mode includes, for example, the display mode relating to the display position where the provided information is displayed on the display screen. However, the display mode is not limited to the display position; it may also include, for example, the display size, the display color, or the animation behavior during display.

Furthermore, the display method may include, for example, the duration for which the provided information is displayed, the timing of the display (e.g., time, time zone, date, day of the week, month, season, or year), or a combination thereof. In other words, the display method may display the provided information at a specific time, for a specific duration, and in a specific position. This allows users to grasp the desired or relevant information more easily, for example, without having to scan the entire display screen.

The display information generation unit 160 can, for example, generate provision priority information that associates each of the multiple provision information items with a display priority. The display system 300, which receives the display information output from the display information output unit 170 (described later), displays each of the multiple provision information items in the section corresponding to the priority indicated by the provision priority information. If the number of provision information items exceeds the number of sections, the excess provision information may not be displayed.

Furthermore, the display information generation unit 160 can generate display information based on the condition information. That is, the display information generation unit 160 can generate display information that conforms to the conditions indicated by the condition information.

In other words, the display information generation unit 160 can generate display information that conforms to the attention resource budget indicated by the condition information. This prevents situations where, for example, since human vision tends to focus more on dynamic videos than static images, video-format information is placed around important information for elderly users, causing their attention to be diverted to the surrounding information.

At this time, the output system 100 may, for example, determine whether the generated display information conforms to the conditions indicated by the condition information, and the display information output unit 170, described later, may output the display information according to the determination result. This allows the display information output unit 170 to output display information that conforms to the conditions indicated by the condition information.

Furthermore, the display information generation unit 160 may generate display information for a predetermined user based on its past record of generating first display information for that predetermined user, displaying the provided information that was displayed in the previously generated display information. That is, although the display position of the provided information may differ between the previously generated display information and the newly generated display information, the type of provided information displayed may be the same. This allows the predetermined user to understand the provided information included in previously viewed display screens even when viewing a newly viewed display screen, thus preventing confusion for the predetermined user.

Furthermore, the display information generation unit 160 can generate display information (particularly second display information) for displaying the display screen on the information processing device 200 in a display mode corresponding to the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information acquired again by the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150, based on the behavioral characteristics information acquired again by the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150.

In this case, the display information generation unit 160 may generate second display information in response to a display information update request received from the user (for example, a web page update request). This allows the output system 100 to generate and output the second display data at an appropriate time without interfering with the user's viewing of the display screen.

The display information output unit 170 outputs display information (first display information and second display information).

The display information output unit 170 may output the display information to the display system 300, or to the information processing device 200. When the display information output unit 170 outputs the display information to the display system 300, the display system 300 may further output the display information to the information processing device 200.

Figure 6 shows an example of a display screen shown on the information processing device 200.

The screen shown in Figure 6 is displayed based on either the first or second display information. The screen in Figure 6 includes, for example, a title area 610 for displaying the screen title, and partition areas 611 to 619 indicating multiple sections for displaying provided information. In this case, the provided information is displayed in at least one of the partition areas 611 to 619. Note that the number and arrangement of partition areas are not limited to the example shown in Figure 6.

The partition area 612 is located in the center of the top row of the display screen. Therefore, for example, the highest-priority information is placed in the partition area 612.

Furthermore, the priority ranking of partitioned areas may be the same for all users, or it may differ for each user (for example, based on user attributes). This allows the output system 100 to output display information that provides information with greater accuracy and in a display format optimal for the user.

Furthermore, the information displayed in the partitioned area may all be displayed for the same duration or timing, or at least one of them may be displayed for a different duration or timing. This allows the output system 100 to provide information to the user more flexibly, for example, in a partition, duration, and timing that is suitable for the user.

The first display information generated by the display information generation unit 160 differs for each user. More specifically, the information provided in each of the partitioned areas 611 to 619 in the display information generated by the display information generation unit 160 differs according to the user's behavioral characteristics. That is, the first provided information may be displayed in partitioned area 611 on the display screen of the first user and in partitioned area 612 on the display screen of the second user.

Furthermore, the second display information generated by the display information generation unit 160 based on the acquired behavioral characteristic information may differ from the first display information. That is, the first provided information may be displayed in partition area 611 on the display screen displaying the first display information, and in partition area 612 on the display screen displaying the second display information.

Figure 7 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in the output system 100.

First, the pre-evaluation unit 120 generates behavioral science component information for the pre-display screen (S701). The pre-behavior acquisition unit 130 acquires pre-behavior information (S702). The condition setting unit 140 sets conditions based on the pre-behavior information and generates condition information (S703).

Next, the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 acquires behavioral characteristics information (S704). The display information generation unit 160 generates first display information based on the correspondence between the behavioral characteristics and the display mode of the display screen that displays the provided information, and the display information output unit 170 outputs the first display information (S705).

Furthermore, the behavioral characteristics acquisition unit 150 acquires behavioral characteristics information generated based on behavioral information related to the user's actions on the display screen corresponding to the first display information (S706). The display information generation unit 160 generates second display information based on the correspondence between the behavioral characteristics and the display mode of the display screen that displays the provided information, and the display information output unit 170 outputs the second display information (S707).

Next, with reference to Figure 8, an example of a hardware configuration when the output system 100 is implemented by the computer 800 will be described. Figure 8 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of the computer 800.

As shown in Figure 8, the computer 800 includes, for example, a processor 801, memory 802, storage device 803, input I/F unit 804, data I/F unit 805, communication I/F unit 806, and display device 807.

Computer 800 may be, for example, a server computer, a personal computer (e.g., desktop, laptop, tablet, etc.), a media computer platform (e.g., cable, satellite set-top box, digital video recorder, etc.), a handheld computer device (e.g., PDA, email client, etc.), or another type of computer or communication platform.

The processor 801 is a control unit that controls various processes in the computer 800 by executing programs stored in memory 802.

Memory 802 is a storage medium such as RAM (Random Access Memory). Memory 802 temporarily stores the program code of the program executed by the processor 801, as well as data required during program execution.

The storage device 803 is a non-volatile storage medium, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or flash memory. The storage device 803 stores the operating system and various programs necessary to implement the above configurations.

The input interface unit 804 is a device for receiving input from the user. The input interface unit 804 may include, for example, a keyboard, mouse, touch panel, various sensors, or wearable devices. The input interface unit 804 may be connected to the computer 800 via an interface such as USB (Universal Serial Bus).

The data I/F unit 805 is a device for inputting data from outside the computer 800. The data I/F unit 805 is, for example, a drive device for reading data stored on various storage media. The data I/F unit 805 may be located outside the computer 800. If the data I/F unit 805 is located outside the computer 800, it is connected to the computer 800 via an interface such as USB.

The communication interface unit 806 is a device for performing data communication with external devices of the computer 800 via a network such as the Internet, either by wired or wireless connection. The communication interface unit 806 may be located outside the computer 800. If the communication interface unit 806 is located outside the computer 800, it is connected to the computer 800 via an interface such as USB.

The display device 807 is a device for displaying various types of information. The display device 807 may be, for example, a liquid crystal display, an organic EL (Electro-Luminescence) display, or a display for a wearable device. The display device 807 may be located outside the computer 800. If the display device 807 is located outside the computer 800, it is connected to the computer 800, for example, via a display cable. Furthermore, if a touch panel is used as the input I/F unit 804, the display device 807 may be integrated with the input I/F unit 804.

Thus, the output system 100, in accordance with the behavioral characteristics of users accessing the display system 300, not only provides information but also outputs display information that enables users to take actions corresponding to that information. Users can obtain information more relevant to themselves and their interests without having to browse the display screen from top to bottom or provide any personal information, thus saving time spent searching for the information they desire.

The present invention has been described above. The output system 100 acquires behavioral characteristic information associated with the user in response to access by the information processing device 200, and can output first display information based on the correspondence between the behavioral characteristics and the display mode of the display screen that displays the provided information. This allows the output system 100 to provide information while considering the user's behavioral characteristics.

Furthermore, the output system 100 can set conditions regarding the display mode of the display screen based on prior behavior information, and output first display information based on the condition information. This allows the output system 100 to provide information that takes into account the user's behavioral characteristics, within a range acceptable to the user.

Furthermore, the output system 100 can re-acquire behavioral characteristic information generated based on user behavior information on the display screen, and output second display information based on the re-acquired behavioral characteristic information. This allows the output system 100 to provide information while further considering user behavior on the display screen.

This embodiment is provided to facilitate understanding of the present invention and is not intended to limit its interpretation. The present invention may be modified or improved without departing from its spirit, and equivalents thereof are also included.

100 Output system, 110 Storage unit, 120 Pre-evaluation unit, 130 Pre-action acquisition unit, 140 Condition setting unit, 150 Action characteristic acquisition unit, 160 Display information generation unit, 170 Display information output unit, 200 Information processing device, 300 Display system

Claims (7)

A behavioral characteristics acquisition unit acquires access method information indicating how the user accesses the information processing device, and behavioral characteristics information including behavioral characteristics indicating the nature of the user's actions.
A display information generation unit associates the behavioral characteristics with the display modes of the display screen that displays the information provided to the user, and generates first display information that includes information to display the display screen on the information processing device in a display mode associated with the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information,
A display information output unit that outputs the first display information,
Equipped with,
The behavioral characteristic acquisition unit associates certain behavioral characteristic information with a notification, the access method information includes the notification information, and acquires the behavioral characteristic information by assigning the behavioral characteristic information associated with the notification to the user who accessed the information processing device via a notification having individually issued identification information , based on the notification information included in the access method information .
Output system. A pre-action acquisition unit acquires pre-action information regarding the actions of a user who refers to a pre-display screen that displays the aforementioned information in advance.
The system further comprises a condition setting unit that associates the aforementioned pre-action information with the display mode conditions of the display screen, sets the conditions associated with the pre-action information, and generates condition information.
The display information generation unit generates the first display information that conforms to the conditions indicated by the condition information.
The output system according to claim 1. The behavioral characteristics acquisition unit acquires the behavioral characteristics information again,
The display information generation unit generates second display information, which includes information to display the display screen on the information processing device in a display mode associated with the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information acquired again.
The display information output unit outputs the second display information.
The output system according to claim 1 or 2. The output system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the display mode includes a display mode relating to the display position where the provided information is displayed. The aforementioned display screen includes a plurality of sections for displaying the provided information,
The display position includes at least one of the plurality of sections.
The output system according to claim 4. Computers
The system acquires access method information indicating how the user accesses the system through its information processing device, and behavioral characteristics information including behavioral characteristics indicating the nature of the user's actions.
The behavioral characteristics are associated with the display mode of the display screen that displays the information provided to the user, and first display information is generated that includes information to display the display screen on the information processing device in a display mode associated with the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information.
Outputting the first display information,
Output method,
The acquisition of the aforementioned behavioral characteristic information involves associating certain behavioral characteristic information with a notification, and the access method information includes the notification information. The user who accessed the information processing device via the notification having individually issued identification information is then assigned the behavioral characteristic information associated with the notification, based on the notification information included in the access method information, and the behavioral characteristic information is acquired by using this information .
Output method. On the computer,
A behavioral characteristics acquisition unit acquires access method information indicating how a user accesses an information processing device, and behavioral characteristics information including behavioral characteristics indicating the nature of the user's actions.
A display information generation unit associates the behavioral characteristics with the display modes of the display screen that displays the information provided to the user, and generates first display information that includes information to display the display screen on the information processing device in a display mode associated with the behavioral characteristics indicated by the behavioral characteristics information,
A display information output unit that outputs the first display information,
This is an output program for achieving the following:
The behavioral characteristic acquisition unit associates certain behavioral characteristic information with a notification, the access method information includes the notification information, and acquires the behavioral characteristic information by assigning the behavioral characteristic information associated with the notification to the user who accessed the information processing device via a notification having individually issued identification information , based on the notification information included in the access method information .
Output program.