JPS605546B2 - Immersion nozzle for continuous casting - Google Patents
Immersion nozzle for continuous castingInfo
- Publication number
- JPS605546B2 JPS605546B2 JP51083878A JP8387876A JPS605546B2 JP S605546 B2 JPS605546 B2 JP S605546B2 JP 51083878 A JP51083878 A JP 51083878A JP 8387876 A JP8387876 A JP 8387876A JP S605546 B2 JPS605546 B2 JP S605546B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- nozzle
- weight
- continuous casting
- powder
- molten metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000221535 Pucciniales Species 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 hydroxymethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明はとくにスラグパウダーに対する耐倉虫性を改善
するとともにマンガン（Ｍｎ）を含有する溶融金属の鋳
込みに適した連続鋳造用浸薄ノズルに関するものである
。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a dipping nozzle for continuous casting that has particularly improved resistance to mold worms against slag powder and is suitable for casting molten metal containing manganese (Mn).
一般に、連続鋳造用浸債ノズルはタンデイッシュなどの
容器から溶融金属を酸化させることなく鋳造鋳型内に鋳
込む場合に用いられるが、その浸債ノズル下部は鋳込み
時、常に鋳型内の溶融金属に浸潰しているとともに、そ
の溶融金属上面に浮遊する酸化防止のためのスラグパウ
ダー（王に弗化カルシウム、酸化珪素、酸化アルミニウ
ム、アルカリ物質等からなる）と懐蝕している。Generally, a continuous casting nozzle is used to pour molten metal from a container such as a tundish into a casting mold without oxidizing it, but the lower part of the nozzle is always in contact with the molten metal in the mold during casting. At the same time, the molten metal is eroded by slag powder (mainly composed of calcium fluoride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, alkaline substances, etc.) floating on top of the molten metal to prevent oxidation.
このため、主に浸濃ノズルの該接触部がスラグパゥダー
により激しく浸蝕されて局部的な損傷を生じ、その結果
他の部分が十分使用に耐えるにもかかわらず、ノズルと
して使用不可能となる問題があった。ところで従来は連
続鋳造用浸債ノズルとして、アルミナー黒鉛系のものが
使用されているが、上述したスラグパウダーに対する耐
蝕性がかならずしも十分ではなく、該スラグパウダ−と
の接触部がいまいま溶断して長期間使用できない欠点が
あつた。For this reason, the contact area of the enrichment nozzle is severely eroded by the slag powder, causing local damage, resulting in the problem that the nozzle cannot be used even though other parts are sufficiently durable. there were. Conventionally, alumina-graphite type nozzles have been used as immersion nozzles for continuous casting, but the corrosion resistance against the above-mentioned slag powder is not necessarily sufficient, and the parts that come into contact with the slag powder are fused and become long. There was a drawback that it could not be used for a period of time.
このようなことから、最近連続鋳造用浸漬ノズルとして
、アルミナに代つてジルコニアを用いたジルコニアー黒
鉛系のものが使用されている。For these reasons, zirconia graphite-based immersion nozzles using zirconia instead of alumina have recently been used as immersion nozzles for continuous casting.
この浸漬ノズルは骨格をなすジルコニアの働によってス
ラグパウダーに対する耐軸性を著しく向上できるという
効果を有する。しかし、この浸債ノズルを用いてマンガ
ン（Ｍｎ）を含有する溶融金属を鋳込むと該ノズルを構
成するジルコニアにマンガンが溶け込んで溶損せしめ、
その結果談浸債ノズルのノズル孔の口径拡大を招いて短
期間で使用不可能となる欠点があった。これに対し本発
明者は上記欠点を解決するため鋭意研究を重ねた結果、
ジルコニァ、黒鉄にァルミナと金属シリコンとを併用し
、かつ各成分値を規定することにより、ジルコニアの周
囲にマンガンの溶け込みが少ないアルミナで保護して、
マンガンを含有する溶融金属の鋳込時にノズル孔が溶損
されるのを防止し、かつジルコニア自身の殴れた耐蝕性
によってスラグパウダー、溶融金属との接触部が浸蝕さ
れるのを阻止し、しかも黒鉛と金属シリコンの相互作用
によって耐スポーリング性、機械的強度の優れた連続鋳
造用浸濃ノズルが得られることを見し、出した。This immersion nozzle has the effect of significantly improving shaft resistance against slag powder due to the action of the zirconia skeleton. However, when molten metal containing manganese (Mn) is cast using this immersion nozzle, the manganese melts into the zirconia that makes up the nozzle, causing melting and damage.
As a result, the diameter of the nozzle hole of the bond nozzle becomes enlarged, resulting in a drawback that the bond nozzle becomes unusable in a short period of time. In response, the present inventor has conducted extensive research to solve the above drawbacks, and as a result,
By using alumina and metallic silicon in combination with zirconia and black iron, and by specifying the values of each component, the zirconia is protected by alumina, which has little manganese dissolution, and
It prevents the nozzle hole from being damaged by melting when casting molten metal containing manganese, and the corrosion resistance of zirconia itself prevents the contact area with slag powder and molten metal from being corroded. We found that an immersion nozzle for continuous casting with excellent spalling resistance and mechanical strength could be obtained through the interaction of graphite and metallic silicon.
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。The present invention will be explained in detail below.
本発明の連続鋳造用浸薄ノズルは重量割合にて、安定ま
たは未安定のジルコニア３１〜６５％、黒鉛１０〜４０
％、アルミナ１〜１９％および金属シリコン１〜１０％
からなるものである。The dipping nozzle for continuous casting of the present invention has a weight ratio of 31 to 65% stable or unstable zirconia and 10 to 40% graphite.
%, alumina 1-19% and metallic silicon 1-10%
It consists of
本発明における浸債ノズル中のジルコニアの配合量を上
記範囲に限定した理由は、ジルコニアの量を３１重量％
未満にすると、耐蝕性の改善化効果が期待できず、一方
その量が６５重量％を越えると耐蝕性は向上するが、Ｍ
ｎ含有の溶融金属による溶損が激しくなったり、耐スポ
ーリング性、湯詰りの点で問題となるからである。The reason why the amount of zirconia in the bond immersion nozzle in the present invention is limited to the above range is that the amount of zirconia is 31% by weight.
If the amount is less than 65% by weight, no improvement in corrosion resistance can be expected, while if the amount exceeds 65% by weight, the corrosion resistance will be improved, but M
This is because the melting loss due to n-containing molten metal becomes severe, and problems arise in terms of spalling resistance and clogging.
また、浸漬ノズル中の黒鉛の配合量を上記範囲に限定し
た理由は、黒鉛の量を１の重量％未満にすると、耐熱衝
撃性（耐スポーリング性）の改善化効果が期待できず、
一方その量が４の重量％を越えると、耐食性が低下する
からである。In addition, the reason why the amount of graphite blended in the immersion nozzle was limited to the above range is that if the amount of graphite is less than 1% by weight, no improvement in thermal shock resistance (spalling resistance) can be expected.
On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 4% by weight, corrosion resistance decreases.
さらに、浸債ノズル中のアルミナの配合量を上記範囲に
限定した理由は、アルミナの量を１重量％未満にすると
、ジルコニアの保護作用を十分発揮できず、Ｍｎ含有の
溶融金属の錆込時、溶損され易くなり、一方その量が１
９重量％を越えると、耐スポーリング性が低下するから
である。Furthermore, the reason why the amount of alumina in the bonding nozzle was limited to the above range is that if the amount of alumina is less than 1% by weight, the protective effect of zirconia cannot be sufficiently exerted, and when molten metal containing Mn rusts. , it becomes easy to be eroded, and on the other hand, the amount is 1
This is because if the content exceeds 9% by weight, the spalling resistance will decrease.
さらにまた、浸薄ノズル中の金属シリコンの配合量を上
言己範囲に限定した理由は、金属シリコンの量を１重量
％未満にすると、加熱時における黒鉛質との結合効果が
損なわれ、かつ耐酸化性も低下する他銭込時の熔融金属
或いは溶融スラグとの“濡れ”が大きくなり、一方その
量が１０重量％を越えると、耐蝕性が低下するからであ
る。Furthermore, the reason why the amount of metal silicon in the dipping nozzle was limited to the above-mentioned range is that if the amount of metal silicon is less than 1% by weight, the bonding effect with graphite during heating will be impaired, and This is because not only the oxidation resistance is lowered, but also the "wetting" with molten metal or molten slag becomes large during pouring, and on the other hand, if the amount exceeds 10% by weight, the corrosion resistance is lowered.
次に、本発明の連続鋳造用浸薄ノズルをうるための方法
を一例を示して説明する。Next, a method for obtaining the dipping nozzle for continuous casting of the present invention will be explained by showing an example.
まず、安定または未安定のジルコニア粉と黒鉛粉とアル
ミナ粉と金属シリコン粒とを上述した割合で混合して原
料粉とし、この原料粉にリグニン、ポリビニルアルコー
ル、力ルボキシメチルセルローズ、フェノールレジン等
の一次結合剤を添加し、たとえばアィソスタティックプ
レス等により成形した後「 この成形体を８５０００の
温度下で焼成して連続鋳造用浸薄ノズルを造る。First, stable or unstable zirconia powder, graphite powder, alumina powder, and metal silicon grains are mixed in the above-mentioned proportions to form a raw material powder, and this raw material powder contains lignin, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxymethyl cellulose, phenol resin, etc. After adding a primary binder and molding using, for example, an isostatic press, the molded body is fired at a temperature of 85,000 ℃ to produce a dipping nozzle for continuous casting.
以下、本発明の実施例を説明する。Examples of the present invention will be described below.
実施例 １
ジルコニア粉 ６４重量％黒鉛粉
３の重量％アルミナ粉
１重量％金属シリコン粉
５重量％の組成割合の原料粉１０の重量部
に界面活性散０．８重量部、リグニン０．５重量部を添
加混合し、アィソスタティックプレス（圧力１０００ｋ
９／地）にて成形した後、この成形体を８５０℃の温度
下でＩＭ時間焼成して連続鋳造用浸濃ノズルを得た。Example 1 Zirconia powder 64% by weight graphite powder
3% by weight alumina powder
1% by weight metal silicon powder
0.8 parts by weight of surfactant powder and 0.5 parts by weight of lignin were added to 10 parts by weight of raw material powder with a composition ratio of 5% by weight, and the mixture was subjected to an isostatic press (pressure 1000 k).
After molding the molded body at a temperature of 850° C. for an IM time, an immersion nozzle for continuous casting was obtained.
この浸債ノズルは見掛け比重３．２３、嵩比重２．６３
気孔率１８．６％であった。比較例
ジルコニア粉 ５５重量％天然黒
鉛粉 ４５重量％の組成割合の
原料粉を使用した以外、上記実施例と同機な方法にて連
続鋳造用浸簿ノズルを得た。This bond nozzle has an apparent specific gravity of 3.23 and a bulk specific gravity of 2.63.
The porosity was 18.6%. Comparative Example An immersion nozzle for continuous casting was obtained in the same manner as in the above example except that raw material powder having a composition ratio of zirconia powder: 55% by weight natural graphite powder: 45% by weight was used.
この浸燈ノズルは見掛け比重２．９７、嵩比重２．４３
、気孔率１８．４％であった。しかして、上記実施例１
および比較例の連続鋳造用浸糟ノズルを、それぞれ容量
２５肌ｎのタンディツシュに連結し、かつ下端部を鋳型
内の溶融金属に浸潰し、マンガン０．１重量％含有する
溶融金属を該タンディツシュ内に流してその溶融金属を
全量鋳込むのを１チャージとして、何チャージ目でノズ
ルの口径が溶損拡大して使用不可能になるか、或いは何
チャージ目で鋳型上面のスラグパウダーと接触するノズ
ル部外径が浸潰されて使用不可能になるかを調べた。This immersion nozzle has an apparent specific gravity of 2.97 and a bulk specific gravity of 2.43.
, the porosity was 18.4%. However, the above Example 1
The continuous casting nozzle of Comparative Example was connected to a tundish having a capacity of 25 n, and the lower end was immersed in the molten metal in the mold, and the molten metal containing 0.1% by weight of manganese was poured into the tundish. One charge is defined as pouring the entire amount of molten metal into the mold, and at what charge the diameter of the nozzle increases due to melting damage and becomes unusable, or at what charge the nozzle comes into contact with the slag powder on the top of the mold. It was investigated whether the outer diameter of the outer diameter would be submerged and become unusable.
その結果、本発明の連続鋳造用浸債ノズル（実施例１）
は３チャージ以上もノズルの口径拡大を起こすことなく
、しかも外蓬浸蝕が顕著とならず使用可能であることが
確認された。これに対し、従来の浸債ノズル（比較例）
は１チャージまで外径浸蝕が顕著とならなかったが、ノ
ズルの口径拡大が激しく、実質的に使用不可能となった
。実施例 ２
ジルコニア粉 ４母重量％黒鉛
粉 ３の重量％アルミナ
粉 １塁重量％金属シリコン
粉 ５重量％の組成割合の原料粉１
０の重量部に界面活性散０．８重量部、液状フェノール
樹脂８重量部を添加混合し、アイソスタテイツクプレス
（圧力１０００ｋｇ／洲）にて成形した後、この成形体
を８５０ｑｏの温度下で１０時間焼成して連続鋳造用浸
債ノズルを得た。As a result, the continuous casting nozzle of the present invention (Example 1)
It was confirmed that the nozzle diameter did not enlarge even after three charges or more, and the erosion of the outer layer did not become noticeable, making it possible to use the nozzle. In contrast, a conventional bond nozzle (comparative example)
Although the outer diameter corrosion did not become noticeable until the first charge, the diameter of the nozzle expanded so much that it became practically unusable. Example 2 Zirconia powder 4% by weight graphite powder 3% by weight alumina powder 1% by weight metal silicon powder 5% by weight raw material powder 1
After adding and mixing 0.8 parts by weight of surfactant powder and 8 parts by weight of liquid phenolic resin to parts by weight of 0.0 parts by weight, the molded body was molded using an isostatic press (pressure: 1000 kg/day). After firing for 10 hours, a continuous casting nozzle was obtained.
得られた浸債ノズルは見掛け比重３．０２、嵩比重２．
４４、気孔率１９．２％であった。The obtained bond nozzle had an apparent specific gravity of 3.02 and a bulk specific gravity of 2.02.
44, and the porosity was 19.2%.
また、上記浸債ノズルを前記実施例１と同様Ｍｎｏ．１
重量％含有の溶融金属を満す容量２５仇ｏｎのタンディ
ツシュに設置し、何チャージ目でノズルの口径が溶損、
拡大するか、或いは鋳型上面のスラグパウダーと接触す
るノズル部外径が浸蝕されるかして使用不可能になるか
を調べた。In addition, the above-mentioned bonding nozzle was used in the same manner as in the first embodiment. 1
It was installed in a tundish with a capacity of 25 on filled with molten metal containing % by weight, and the diameter of the nozzle was melted and damaged after several charges.
It was investigated whether the nozzle expanded or the outer diameter of the nozzle that came into contact with the slag powder on the upper surface of the mold eroded, making it unusable.
その結果、本発明の連続鋳造用浸糟ノズルは３チャージ
以上もノズルの口径拡大を起こすことなく、しかも外軽
浸蝕が顕著とならず使用可能であることが認められた。
以上詳述した如く、本発明によればマンガンを含有する
溶融金属に対する耐熔損性に優れて鏡込時の口径拡大を
防止でき、かつ溶融金属、溶融金属スラグおよびスラグ
パゥダーに対し優れた耐蝕性を有して外蓬浸蝕を阻止で
き、しかも耐スポーリング性、機械的強度の改善でき、
もって耐用寿命が長く、鋳造物の生産性を著しく向上で
きる連続鋳造用浸薄ノズルを提供できるものである。As a result, it was confirmed that the continuous casting nozzle of the present invention could be used without causing any enlargement of the nozzle diameter even after 3 charges or more, and without significant external corrosion.
As detailed above, according to the present invention, it has excellent corrosion resistance against molten metal containing manganese, can prevent diameter expansion when mirror is inserted, and has excellent corrosion resistance against molten metal, molten metal slag, and slag powder. It can prevent external erosion and improve spalling resistance and mechanical strength.
Therefore, it is possible to provide a dipping nozzle for continuous casting that has a long service life and can significantly improve the productivity of castings.
Claims (1)
〜４０％、アルミナ１〜１９％および金属シリコン１〜
１０％からなる連続鋳造用浸漬ノズル。1. Zirconia 31-65%, graphite 10% by weight
~40%, alumina 1~19% and metallic silicon 1~
Immersion nozzle for continuous casting consisting of 10%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP51083878A JPS605546B2 (en) | 1976-07-14 | 1976-07-14 | Immersion nozzle for continuous casting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP51083878A JPS605546B2 (en) | 1976-07-14 | 1976-07-14 | Immersion nozzle for continuous casting |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS539228A JPS539228A (en) | 1978-01-27 |
| JPS605546B2 true JPS605546B2 (en) | 1985-02-12 |
Family
ID=13814906
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP51083878A Expired JPS605546B2 (en) | 1976-07-14 | 1976-07-14 | Immersion nozzle for continuous casting |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS605546B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58166953U (en) * | 1982-04-30 | 1983-11-07 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | Immersion nozzle for continuous casting |
| JP5330434B2 (en) * | 2011-03-14 | 2013-10-30 | 明智セラミックス株式会社 | Continuous casting nozzle |
-
1976
- 1976-07-14 JP JP51083878A patent/JPS605546B2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS539228A (en) | 1978-01-27 |
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