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JPS6227126B2 - - Google Patents
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JPS6227126B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPS6227126B2
JPS6227126B2 JP59089375A JP8937584A JPS6227126B2 JP S6227126 B2 JPS6227126 B2 JP S6227126B2 JP 59089375 A JP59089375 A JP 59089375A JP 8937584 A JP8937584 A JP 8937584A JP S6227126 B2 JPS6227126 B2 JP S6227126B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
laser beam
treatment
tension
film
electrical steel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP59089375A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS6046325A (en
Inventor
Motoharu Nakamura
Tooru Inochi
Takahide Shimazu
Tadashi Ishimoto
Kikuji Hirose
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Nippon Steel Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Steel Corp filed Critical Nippon Steel Corp
Priority to JP8937584A priority Critical patent/JPS6046325A/en
Publication of JPS6046325A publication Critical patent/JPS6046325A/en
Publication of JPS6227126B2 publication Critical patent/JPS6227126B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1294Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties involving a localised treatment

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

本発明はすぐれた磁気特性を有する電磁鋼板を
安定して製造する方法に関するものである。 電磁鋼板としては、モーター等の回転機に使用
される無方向性電磁鋼板あるいはトランス等に使
用される方向性電磁鋼板がある。無方向性電磁鋼
板は純鉄系または3.5%以下の珪素を含有する珪
素鋼板で、これはホツトコイルを酸洗後、1ない
し2回の冷延と焼鈍をくり返して磁化容易軸を圧
延方向に対してランダムとし、その後絶縁皮膜処
理を施して製造される。 一方、方向性電磁鋼板は一般に次の様にして製
造される。すなわち、2.5〜4.0%の珪素を含有
し、インヒビターとしてAlN,MnS,BN,Se,
CuS,Sb等を形成する元素の1種又は2種以上
を所定量含有するホツトコイルを酸洗し、1〜2
回の冷間圧延、焼鈍をくり返した後、2次再結晶
により(110)〔001〕の方位を有する結晶を選択
的に成長させるために、1000〜1200℃で仕上げ焼
鈍される。仕上げ焼鈍をコイルの状態で行なうバ
ツチ式の場合には焼付を防止するために焼鈍分離
剤としてマグネシヤ、シリカ、アルミナ、酸化チ
タン、酸化カルシウム等の耐火性酸化物が使用さ
れる。 この場合、マグネシヤを主成分とする焼鈍分離
剤を用いると、焼付が防止されると同時に鋼板表
面のシリカとマグネシヤが反応して、フオルステ
ライト(2MgO・SiO2)を主成分とするグラス皮
膜を形成する。このグラス皮膜は絶縁皮膜として
有効であるのみならず、鋼板に比べて熱膨張係数
が小さく、冷却時に鋼板に張力を与えて鉄損、磁
歪の減少に効果があり、一般にはこの様なグラス
皮膜を有する方向性電磁鋼板の製造が主流であ
る。 この様に仕上げ焼鈍により2次再結晶を起させ
て、グラス皮膜を形成した電磁鋼板は、次に余剰
マグネシヤを除去した後、絶縁皮膜処理として、
例えば特公昭27―1268号公報に示されるようにリ
ン酸マグネシウム系処理液や特公昭53―28375号
公報に示される様にコロイダルシリカ―リン酸ア
ルミニウム―クロム酸系処理液が塗布され、700
〜900℃で皮膜の焼付と同時に鋼板の巻ぐせを取
り除き、平坦にするためのフラツトニングが実施
されている。この場合700℃以上の高温で皮膜焼
付けを行なうと、皮膜がグラス化し、冷却時に鋼
板に張力を与えることにより、鉄損の向上に効果
が認められる(以下この様に鋼板に張力を与えて
鉄損を低下させる効果を有する皮膜を張力皮膜と
呼ぶ)。 上記のようにグラス皮膜と700℃以上の焼付皮
膜の張力効果による鉄損向上に比べ更にすぐれた
鉄損向上を行なう方法を提供することが、この発
明の目的である。 本発明ではかかる目的を達成するために基本的
にはレーザービームを使用して、上記張力皮膜を
有する電磁鋼板の表面にレーザービームの連続線
状照射を行なうことを特徴とする方法を提供する
ものである。 レーザービーム照射処理による鉄損の向上効果
は、鋼板表面にレーザー痕が生じる程度に行なう
ことが最良の結果をもたらすことができる。この
レーザー痕は絶縁性および耐電圧性の観点からな
いことが望ましいが、本発明者らの検討によれ
ば、レーザービーム照射処理として、連続線状の
レーザービームを照射することにより、絶縁性、
耐電圧性を実用上使用に供し得ない程大きく低下
させることなく、鉄損を向上させ得るものであ
る。 本出願人は、既に特願昭55―7000号によつてグ
ラス皮膜なし電磁鋼板、グラス皮膜あり電磁鋼板
に対してレーザービーム照射後レーザービーム照
射による鉄損向上効果が消失しない温度で絶縁皮
膜を焼付けて、レーザービーム照射痕による絶縁
性、耐電圧性の低下を改善する方法を提案した。
この提案によればレーザービーム照射による鉄損
向上効果が大きいために前記の張力皮膜を有しな
い場合でも有効である。しかるに本発明者らは更
に詳細に検討した結果、レーザービーム照射処理
を実施しても、張力皮膜処理が行えるのなら、よ
り一層の鉄損向上効果が得られるとの構想にもと
づき、張力皮膜の適用の可能性につき鋭意検討し
た結果、レーザービーム照射処理前であれば焼付
温度は任意に取り得ることに着目し、このレーザ
ービーム照射処理前に張力皮膜処理を行なうこと
により、張力皮膜の適用に成功したものである。
而して実際に電磁鋼板の表面に張力皮膜を形成
し、その上にレーザービーム照射処理を行なえば
張力皮膜上へのレーザービーム照射処理という相
乗作用により鉄損が飛躍的に向上するものであ
る。これをレーザー照射に及ぼす電磁鋼板表面の
張力皮膜の影響を示す第1図により説明する。図
において曲線はグラス皮膜のみ、は張力皮膜
付、はグラス皮膜+レーザービーム照射、は
張力皮膜+レーザービーム照射(本発明方法)を
示す。なお連続レーザービーム照射条件は(i)パワ
ー:2.0W、(ii)照射痕巾:0.2mm、(iii)痕跡列L方向
間隔:5mm,(iv)照射スピード:200mm/秒であ
る。第1図から明らかな様にグラス皮膜上にフラ
ツトニングと同時に張力皮膜を形成させる(曲線
参照)と、グラス皮膜のみ(曲線参照)に比
べて鉄損が向上し、更に張力皮膜上にレーザービ
ーム照射する(曲線参照)と、グラス皮膜上に
レーザービーム照射した場合(曲線参照)に比
べて0.05〜0.07も鉄損が向上し、非常にすぐれた
鉄損が得られることがわかつた。 本発明の実施において用いるレーザービーム照
射については連続線状照射を採用する。又、電磁
鋼板に対する照射方向は圧延方向(L)の磁気特性を
向上するには直角方向(C)より20゜以内の傾きで照
射すると鉄損向上代が大きい。逆に圧延方向と直
角方向の鉄損を向上するには圧延方向が好まし
い。 レーザービームを連続的に出力されて照射する
場合、レーザービーム直径を0.01〜1mmの痕跡で
エネルギー密度が0.01〜1000J/cm2となるよう
に、レーザービームを走査すればよい。更に照射
処理する面も片面、両面のいずれでもよいが片面
照射の方が工業的に有利である。 本発明方法における一つの実施工程は、マグネ
シヤを主成分とする焼鈍分離剤を塗布した電磁鋼
板を1100〜1200℃で仕上高温焼鈍し、フオルステ
ライト(2MgO・SiO2)を主成分とするグラス皮
膜を形成させる。このコイルを700〜900℃の温度
で巻ぐせを除くためにフラツトニングを行ない、
同時に張力皮膜を塗布焼付し、鋼板に張力を与え
その後、レーザービームを連続線状照射処理す
る。 本発明でのフラツトニングと同時に実施する張
力皮膜処理は700℃以上の焼付けに耐え、冷却時
に鋼板に張力を与える例えば前記の特公昭53―
28375号公報記載のコロイダルシリカ、リン酸ア
ルミニウム、クロム酸系処理液、特開昭52―
25296号公報記載のコロイダルシリカ、リン酸
塩、クロム酸塩系処理液、米国特許第580449号明
細書記載のマグネシウムイオン、リン酸、シリ
カ、クロムイオンを含む処理液等の処理液を用い
るものであるが、鋼板への張力を与えられる処理
液であれば、何ら上記処理液に限定されるもので
ない。 以上は主として方向性電磁鋼板の場合について
説明したが、その他無方向性電磁鋼板についても
適用できる。 次に実施例により説明する。 実施例 1 Si3.0%,C0.003%,Mn0.075%,Al0.03%を含
有する一方向性電磁鋼板(0.30mm板厚)を次の工
程により製造した。ホツトコイルを1回の冷延―
焼鈍後、マグネシヤを塗布乾燥し、コイルに巻取
り、1150℃で2次再結晶のための仕上げ高温焼鈍
を行ない、その後余剰のマグネシヤを除去し、グ
ラス皮膜を有する電磁鋼板を得た。このコイルを
2分割し、1コイルは850℃×70secでフラツトニ
ングと同時に処理液Aを塗布し焼付けた。塗布量
は4.5g/m2であつた(本発明材)。他方のコイル
は850℃×70secでフラツトニングのみを行ない比
較材とした。この様にして得られた一方向性電磁
鋼板から試料を採取して本発明材については次の
B処理を行ない、比較材についてはC,D処理を
行なつて諸特性の試験を行なつた。 本発明材 A処理:フラツトニングと同時に張力皮膜を焼付
けたもの。 (1) 張力皮膜処理液(A) 20%コロイダルシリカ 120c.c. 50%リン酸アルミニウム 60c.c. 無水クロム酸 6g B処理:A処理後に連続線状レーザービーム照射
処理 (1) レーザー照射条件 () パワー :2.0W () 照射痕巾 :0.2mm () 痕跡列L方向間隔 :5mm () 照射スピード :200mm/秒 比較材 C処理:フラツトニングのまま D処理:C処理後にレーザービーム照射処理 レーザー照射条件はB処理に同じ。
The present invention relates to a method for stably manufacturing electrical steel sheets having excellent magnetic properties. Examples of electromagnetic steel sheets include non-oriented electromagnetic steel sheets used in rotating machines such as motors, and grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheets used in transformers and the like. Non-oriented electrical steel sheets are pure iron-based or silicon steel sheets containing 3.5% or less silicon, and after pickling hot coils, they are cold-rolled and annealed once or twice to change the axis of easy magnetization to the rolling direction. It is manufactured by making it random and then applying an insulation coating treatment. On the other hand, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets are generally manufactured as follows. That is, it contains 2.5 to 4.0% silicon and contains AlN, MnS, BN, Se,
A hot coil containing a predetermined amount of one or more of the elements forming CuS, Sb, etc. is pickled and
After repeated cold rolling and annealing, final annealing is performed at 1000 to 1200°C in order to selectively grow crystals having the (110) [001] orientation by secondary recrystallization. In the case of a batch type in which final annealing is performed on coils, refractory oxides such as magnesia, silica, alumina, titanium oxide, calcium oxide, etc. are used as annealing separators to prevent seizure. In this case, using an annealing separator mainly composed of magnesia will prevent seizure and at the same time, the silica on the steel plate surface will react with the magnesia, forming a glass film mainly composed of forsterite (2MgO・SiO 2 ). Form. This glass coating is not only effective as an insulating coating, but also has a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than steel plates, and is effective in reducing iron loss and magnetostriction by applying tension to the steel plate during cooling. The mainstream is the production of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets. The electrical steel sheet that has undergone secondary recrystallization through final annealing to form a glass film is then subjected to an insulating film treatment after removing excess magnesia.
For example, as shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 27-1268, a magnesium phosphate-based treatment solution or as shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-28375, a colloidal silica-aluminum phosphate-chromic acid-based treatment solution is applied.
Flattening is carried out at ~900°C to remove curls and flatten the steel plate at the same time as baking the film. In this case, if the film is baked at a high temperature of 700°C or higher, the film turns into glass, and by applying tension to the steel plate during cooling, it is effective in improving iron loss. A coating that has the effect of reducing loss is called a tension coating). It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for improving iron loss that is more excellent than the improvement in iron loss due to the tension effect of the glass film and the baked film at 700° C. or higher as described above. In order to achieve such an object, the present invention basically provides a method characterized in that a laser beam is used to continuously irradiate the surface of the electrical steel sheet having the tension coating with the laser beam in a continuous line. It is. The best result can be obtained by performing the laser beam irradiation treatment to the extent that laser marks are generated on the surface of the steel sheet. It is desirable that these laser marks be absent from the viewpoint of insulation and voltage resistance, but according to the studies of the present inventors, by irradiating a continuous linear laser beam as a laser beam irradiation treatment, insulation and voltage resistance can be improved.
It is possible to improve iron loss without reducing voltage resistance to such a degree that it cannot be used practically. The present applicant has already proposed in Japanese Patent Application No. 1983-7000 that an electrical steel sheet without a glass coating and an electrical steel sheet with a glass coating be coated with an insulating coating after irradiation with a laser beam at a temperature at which the iron loss improvement effect of the laser beam irradiation does not disappear. We proposed a method of baking to improve the reduction in insulation and voltage resistance caused by laser beam irradiation marks.
According to this proposal, since the effect of improving iron loss by laser beam irradiation is large, it is effective even when the above-mentioned tension coating is not provided. However, as a result of a more detailed study, the inventors of the present invention found that if a tension film treatment can be performed even after laser beam irradiation treatment, an even greater effect of improving iron loss can be obtained. As a result of careful consideration of the possibility of application, we focused on the fact that the baking temperature can be set arbitrarily before the laser beam irradiation treatment. It was a success.
In fact, if a tension film is actually formed on the surface of an electrical steel sheet and a laser beam irradiation treatment is performed on it, the iron loss will be dramatically improved due to the synergistic effect of the laser beam irradiation treatment on the tension film. . This will be explained with reference to FIG. 1, which shows the influence of a tension film on the surface of an electrical steel sheet on laser irradiation. In the figure, the curve shows only the glass film, the curve shows the tension film, the curve shows the glass film + laser beam irradiation, and the curve shows the tension film + laser beam irradiation (method of the present invention). The continuous laser beam irradiation conditions were (i) power: 2.0 W, (ii) irradiation trace width: 0.2 mm, (iii) interval between trace rows in the L direction: 5 mm, and (iv) irradiation speed: 200 mm/sec. As is clear from Figure 1, when a tension film is formed on the glass film at the same time as flattening (see curve), the iron loss improves compared to when only the glass film is formed (see curve), and furthermore, the tension film is irradiated with a laser beam. When doing so (see curve), the iron loss improved by 0.05 to 0.07 compared to the case where the glass film was irradiated with a laser beam (see curve), and it was found that extremely excellent iron loss could be obtained. Continuous linear irradiation is employed as the laser beam irradiation used in implementing the present invention. Furthermore, in order to improve the magnetic properties in the rolling direction (L), the irradiation direction for the electrical steel sheet should be irradiated at an angle of 20° or less from the perpendicular direction (C), which will increase the iron loss. On the other hand, in order to improve iron loss in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction, the rolling direction is preferable. When the laser beam is continuously output and irradiated, the laser beam may be scanned so that the laser beam diameter becomes a trace of 0.01 to 1 mm and the energy density P becomes 0.01 to 1000 J/cm 2 . Further, the surface to be irradiated may be either one or both sides, but single-sided irradiation is industrially more advantageous. One of the steps in the method of the present invention is to finish and high-temperature annealing an electrical steel sheet coated with an annealing separator mainly composed of magnesia at 1100 to 1200°C to form a glass coating mainly composed of forsterite (2MgO・SiO 2 ). to form. This coil is flattened at a temperature of 700 to 900℃ to remove curls,
At the same time, a tension coating is applied and baked to apply tension to the steel plate, followed by continuous linear irradiation treatment with a laser beam. The tension coating treatment carried out simultaneously with flattening in the present invention can withstand baking at temperatures above 700°C and imparts tension to the steel plate during cooling.
Colloidal silica, aluminum phosphate, and chromic acid-based treatment liquid described in Publication No. 28375, JP-A-1987-
It uses a processing solution such as a colloidal silica, phosphate, or chromate-based processing solution described in Publication No. 25296, or a processing solution containing magnesium ions, phosphoric acid, silica, or chromium ion described in U.S. Patent No. 580449. However, the treatment liquid is not limited to the above treatment liquid as long as it can apply tension to the steel plate. Although the above description has mainly been given to the case of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, the present invention can also be applied to other non-oriented electrical steel sheets. Next, an example will be explained. Example 1 A unidirectional electrical steel sheet (0.30 mm thick) containing 3.0% Si, 0.003% C, 0.075% Mn, and 0.03% Al was manufactured by the following process. One cold rolling of hot coil
After annealing, magnesia was applied, dried, wound into a coil, and subjected to final high-temperature annealing at 1150°C for secondary recrystallization, after which excess magnesia was removed to obtain an electrical steel sheet with a glass coating. This coil was divided into two parts, and one coil was flattened at 850°C for 70 seconds, and at the same time, treatment liquid A was applied and baked. The coating amount was 4.5 g/m 2 (inventive material). The other coil was subjected to only flattening at 850°C for 70 seconds and was used as a comparative material. Samples were taken from the unidirectional electrical steel sheets obtained in this way, and the following B treatment was applied to the inventive material, and C and D treatments were applied to the comparative materials, and various properties were tested. . Invention material A treatment: A tension film was baked at the same time as flattening. (1) Tension coating treatment solution (A) 20% colloidal silica 120c.c. 50% aluminum phosphate 60c.c. chromic anhydride 6g B treatment: Continuous linear laser beam irradiation treatment after A treatment (1) Laser irradiation conditions () Power: 2.0W () Irradiation trace width: 0.2mm () Interval between trace rows in the L direction: 5mm () Irradiation speed: 200mm/sec Comparative material C treatment: Flattening D treatment: Laser beam irradiation treatment after C treatment Irradiation conditions are the same as for B treatment.

【表】 第1表からも明らかな如く、フラツトニングと
同時に張力皮膜を焼付けたもの(A)は、フラツトニ
ングのみ(C)の場合に比べて鉄損の良好なものが得
られ、更にこれらの両材料(A)(C)にレーザービーム
照射(B)(D)すると本発明の張力皮膜を有する電磁鋼
板の方(B)がより大きな鉄損の向上が得られ、しか
も張力皮膜は完全には破壊されずに実用上十分に
使用に供しうる張力効果ならびに絶縁性を保有し
得るものである。
[Table] As is clear from Table 1, when the tension coating is baked at the same time as flattening (A), a better core loss can be obtained than when flattening alone (C) is used. When materials (A) and (C) are irradiated with a laser beam (B) and (D), the electrical steel sheet with the tension coating of the present invention (B) has a greater improvement in core loss, and the tension coating is not completely removed. It is capable of maintaining sufficient tensile strength and insulation properties for practical use without being destroyed.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は鉄損向上に及ぼす張力皮膜と連続レー
ザービーム照射の影響を示す図である。
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the influence of tension coating and continuous laser beam irradiation on iron loss improvement.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 電磁鋼板の表面に張力皮膜を形成し、その上
からレーザービームを連続線状照射処理すること
を特徴とする電磁鋼板の処理方法。
1. A method for processing an electrical steel sheet, which comprises forming a tension film on the surface of the electrical steel sheet and subjecting the film to continuous linear irradiation treatment with a laser beam.
JP8937584A 1984-05-07 1984-05-07 Treatment of electromagnetic steel plate Granted JPS6046325A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP8937584A JPS6046325A (en) 1984-05-07 1984-05-07 Treatment of electromagnetic steel plate

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP8937584A JPS6046325A (en) 1984-05-07 1984-05-07 Treatment of electromagnetic steel plate

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP56035962 Division

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS6046325A JPS6046325A (en) 1985-03-13
JPS6227126B2 true JPS6227126B2 (en) 1987-06-12

Family

ID=13968936

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP8937584A Granted JPS6046325A (en) 1984-05-07 1984-05-07 Treatment of electromagnetic steel plate

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS6046325A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6152506A (en) * 1984-08-22 1986-03-15 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd Method of re-burning unburned component in fluidized-bed combustion boiler
JPH0672266B2 (en) * 1987-01-28 1994-09-14 川崎製鉄株式会社 Method for manufacturing ultra low iron loss unidirectional silicon steel sheet
US5146063A (en) * 1988-10-26 1992-09-08 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Low iron loss grain oriented silicon steel sheets and method of producing the same
US5721089A (en) * 1990-11-16 1998-02-24 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Photosensitive material, color filter and liquid crystal device having the color filter
JP4176795B2 (en) 2006-09-27 2008-11-05 本田技研工業株式会社 Window glass and glass molding mounting structure
CN103562418B (en) * 2011-06-13 2015-05-06 新日铁住金株式会社 Manufacturing method of grain-oriented electrical steel sheet
JPWO2012172624A1 (en) * 2011-06-13 2015-02-23 新日鐵住金株式会社 Manufacturing method of unidirectional electrical steel sheet

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5328043A (en) * 1977-07-09 1978-03-15 Nippon Steel Corp Process for forming insulating coating on directional silicon steel
JPS5518566A (en) * 1978-07-26 1980-02-08 Nippon Steel Corp Improving method for iron loss characteristic of directional electrical steel sheet

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20230018881A (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-02-07 가톨릭대학교 산학협력단 Leg splint

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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