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JPS6250071B2 - - Google Patents
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JPS6250071B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPS6250071B2
JPS6250071B2 JP4166481A JP4166481A JPS6250071B2 JP S6250071 B2 JPS6250071 B2 JP S6250071B2 JP 4166481 A JP4166481 A JP 4166481A JP 4166481 A JP4166481 A JP 4166481A JP S6250071 B2 JPS6250071 B2 JP S6250071B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
light
birefringence
lens
plane
coupling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP4166481A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS57157584A (en
Inventor
Masatoshi Saruwatari
Toshihiko Sugie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NTT Inc
Original Assignee
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp filed Critical Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Priority to JP4166481A priority Critical patent/JPS57157584A/en
Publication of JPS57157584A publication Critical patent/JPS57157584A/en
Publication of JPS6250071B2 publication Critical patent/JPS6250071B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4206Optical features
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4216Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details incorporating polarisation-maintaining fibres
    • G02B6/4218Optical features

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

この発明は半導体レーザの光を光フアイバに結
合させる光回路に関するものである。 従来半導体レーザ(以下単にレーザと記す)の
光を光フアイバへ結合させる方法は種々の例が考
案されているが我々は約1mmφのルビー球とセル
フオツクレンズを組合せる方法(文献M.
Saruwatari & T.Sugie Electronics Letters
4th Dec.1980、Vol.16、No.25/26 pp955−956
“Efficient Laser−diode−Single−Mode−Fibre
Coupling Using Two Confocal Lenses.”)が、
単一モード光フアイバへ最も効率よく結合し、し
かもレンズ系の実装精度もゆるいということを明
らかにした。しかしながらルビー球はルビー結晶
が光学的にわずかに複屈折を示すため結合系とし
て使用するにはルビーの光学軸を最適な方向に選
ぶ必要があることがわかつた。このことは複屈折
性を示すサフアイア球(ルビーはサフアイアに
Crを添加したもの)、水晶球、等でも同様であ
る。従来はサフアイア(ルビーを含む)では複屈
折が極めて小さいため複屈折による結合効率の劣
化は見過ごされこの点に注意した結合方法は考え
られていないのが現状である。 本発明は複屈折を有するルビー又はサフアイア
球を使用した結合系において複屈折による結合効
率の低下をなくすように工夫したもので、その特
徴は、半導体レーザと光フアイバとの結合回路に
おいて、該結合回路が複屈折率を有する球レンズ
をふくみ、該球レンズがその結晶で定まる光学軸
を半導体レーザの発振光の偏光方向に垂直な面内
又は光の進行方向に垂直な面内に設定したごとき
半導体レーザ用光結合回路にある。以下図面によ
り説明する。 第1図は複屈折を有する物質を透過した光がど
のように曲げられるかを示す説明図である。aは
入射光線、bは複屈折結晶、cは出射光線であ
る。pおよびsは偏光方向がそれぞれ紙面に垂直
(〇印)および紙面に平行(|印)な偏光に対応
する。複屈折結晶の光学軸(c軸)が第1図に示
すように紙面内にあり光線の入射方向(光軸)よ
りαだけ傾いているとすると図に示すように垂直
偏光(〇印)は常光となり直進するが平行偏光
(|印)は異常光となりdだけ平行移動した場所
に出射する。このdの大きさは複屈折(n0、n
e)、光学軸の角度α、および結晶厚lに依存し以
下の式で表わされる。 d=l・(n −n )sinαcosα/(n sin2
α +n cos2α) ………(1) 最大のdは角度αを
The present invention relates to an optical circuit that couples light from a semiconductor laser to an optical fiber. Conventionally, various methods have been devised for coupling the light of a semiconductor laser (hereinafter simply referred to as laser) to an optical fiber, but we have proposed a method that combines a ruby ball of about 1 mm diameter and a self-occurring lens (Reference M.
Saruwatari & T.Sugie Electronics Letters
4th Dec.1980, Vol.16, No.25/26 pp955−956
“Efficient Laser−diode−Single−Mode−Fibre
Coupling Using Two Confocal Lenses.”
It was revealed that the most efficient coupling to a single-mode optical fiber was possible, and that the mounting accuracy of the lens system was also loose. However, since the ruby crystal of a ruby sphere exhibits slight optical birefringence, it was found that the optical axis of the ruby must be selected in an optimal direction in order to be used as a coupling system. This means that the sapphire sphere exhibits birefringence (ruby is similar to sapphire).
The same applies to Cr-added products), crystal balls, etc. Conventionally, since sapphire (including ruby) has extremely small birefringence, deterioration in coupling efficiency due to birefringence has been overlooked, and no coupling method has been considered that takes this point into consideration. The present invention is devised to eliminate the reduction in coupling efficiency due to birefringence in a coupling system using ruby or sapphire spheres having birefringence. When the circuit includes a spherical lens having a birefringent index, and the optical axis of the spherical lens determined by its crystal is set in a plane perpendicular to the polarization direction of the oscillated light of the semiconductor laser or in a plane perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light. Located in optical coupling circuits for semiconductor lasers. This will be explained below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing how light transmitted through a substance having birefringence is bent. a is an incident ray, b is a birefringent crystal, and c is an outgoing ray. p and s correspond to polarized light whose polarization directions are perpendicular to the plane of the paper (marked with a circle) and parallel to the plane of the paper (marked with |), respectively. Assuming that the optical axis (c-axis) of the birefringent crystal lies within the plane of the paper as shown in Figure 1 and is tilted by α from the incident direction (optical axis) of the light ray, the vertically polarized light (marked with a circle) is as shown in the figure. It becomes ordinary light and travels in a straight line, but the parallel polarized light (marked with |) becomes extraordinary light and is emitted to a location shifted by d in parallel. The size of this d is the birefringence (n 0 , n
e ), the angle α of the optical axis, and the crystal thickness l, and is expressed by the following formula. d = l・( n20 n2e ) sinαcosα /( n20sin2
α + n 2 e cos 2 α) ………(1) The maximum d is the angle α

【式】に 選んだとき得られ以下の式になる。 d=l・(n −n )/2n0ne ………(2) ここでサフアイアの複屈折ne=1.759、n0
1.751を使つて計算すると d=4.56×10-3×l となる。これは1mm厚のサフアイアを通過すると
4.6μmずれた位置に光が分離することを示す。
例えば入射偏光方向が紙面に対して45度傾むいて
いると紙面に垂直と紙面内の偏光に1:1のパワ
ー比で4.6μm分離することになる。ここで半導
体レーザとフアイバ間の結合系に複屈折物質があ
る場合を考察する。 第2図は複屈折結晶の平行平板がある場合で、
1はレーザ、2,3はレンズ、4は光フアイバ、
5は複屈折結晶である。光学軸は第1図と同様の
方向にあるとする。第1レンズでレーザのビーム
は平行になり第2レンズ3で光フアイバに絞りこ
む結合系である。よく知られているように複屈折
によりdだけ軸ずれをうけた異常光ビーム(破線
で示す)はレンズ3で絞られると軸ずれをうけな
い常光のビームの位置に絞られるが角度ずれθ
をともなう。θはθ=d/f2(f2は第2レン
ズの焦点距離)で表わされるので現実に使用され
る焦点距離1mm以上の場合は1mm厚のサフアイア
をとおつて位置ずれd≠4.6μmがおきても0.3度
以下の角度ずれしか生じなく結合上問題はない。 次に複屈折を有する球レンズを透過した場合を
考える。これは第3図に示すように我々が提案し
たルビー球とセルフオツクレンズを組合せた結合
系に相当する。複屈折により第1図に示すように
βだけ折曲つたビーム(紙面内の偏光)は入射面
と2βの角度を有する面を通して出現するため、
第1図で示した平行位置ずれだけでなく第3図に
示すように角度ずれを伴なう。式の導出は複雑で
あるのではぶくが角度ずれの大きさは上記のサフ
アイアの複屈折の値を用いて計算すると約θ
6.9×10-3ラジアンとなる。この角度ずれは第2
レンズ3(f2焦点距離)を通過すると位置ずれx
はx=f2θで表わされるのでf2=1.8mmのセルフ
オツクレンズを使用するとx=12μmとなる。こ
の値は単一モードフアイバのコア直径10μmより
大きいため複屈折で曲げられたビームは単一モー
ドフアイバには全く結合しないことがわかる。ま
たマルチモードフアイバにおいても大きな損失要
因となる。 第4図a〜cは本発明の原理構成図である。a
は複屈折レンズの光学軸を紙面内においた例であ
る。レーザは通常接合面に平行方向の直線偏光で
発振する。図の中で接合面は紙面に垂直な面内に
あるとした。したがつて発振光は紙面に垂直方向
(第1図の〇印)であるので球レンズの光学軸が
紙面内にあれば常光の屈折率n0しか感じずビーム
が分離することはない。次にbは光学軸が偏光方
向と平行な場合である。この時は光は異常光とな
るが第1図で示した角度αが90度となるため式(1)
で判るようにレンズに入射後に曲ることはない。
したがつてこの場合も高結合効率を維持する。c
は光学軸が光の進む光軸に垂直な面内にある場合
である(この例の特殊な場合がbである。)。この
時は入射偏光は常光と異常光の両方を感じるため
位相差をうけて楕円偏光になる。光フアイバとの
結合の観点からは楕円偏光になつても問題ない。
しかし直線偏光を利用する素子(例えばアイソレ
ータ等)が必要な場合はcの例は排除しなければ
ならない。一方、球レンズを通過したあと、レン
ズ3やフアイバ入射端からの反射を低減する方法
として円偏光にする方法がある。この時は光学軸
をレーザの偏光方向に対して45度に設置し、球の
直径を複屈折からうける位相差がλ/4+mλ、
(m:整数)となるようにすればよい。これは
(41+163×m)μmとなる。 以上説明したように本発明を使用すると複屈折
があるルビーやサフアイア球をレンズとして用い
たレーザとフアイバとの結合回路において、ビー
ムが分離して結合効率が著しく劣化するという欠
点をなくす利点がある。ルビー球やサフアイア球
はボールペンのペン先等に多く使用され非常に安
価で外径精度も1μm以下になつており、結合用
レンズに使用するとレーザモジユールの高効率化
と低価格化がはかれる。さらにサフアイア球レン
ズはフアイバ同志を接続する光コネクタにも使用
されているが、本発明を用いれば複屈折による影
響をなくすことができ低損失で低価格の光コネク
タが実現する。
When [formula] is selected, the following formula is obtained. d=l・(n 2 0 − n 2 e )/2n 0 n e ………(2) Here, the birefringence of sapphire ne = 1.759, n 0 =
Calculating using 1.751 gives d=4.56×10 -3 ×l. When this passes through 1mm thick sapphire,
This shows that the light is separated at a position shifted by 4.6 μm.
For example, if the incident polarization direction is tilted at 45 degrees with respect to the plane of the paper, the polarization perpendicular to the plane of the paper and the light polarized within the plane of the paper will be separated by 4.6 μm with a power ratio of 1:1. Here, we will consider the case where there is a birefringent material in the coupling system between the semiconductor laser and the fiber. Figure 2 shows the case where there is a parallel plate of birefringent crystal.
1 is a laser, 2 and 3 are lenses, 4 is an optical fiber,
5 is a birefringent crystal. It is assumed that the optical axis is in the same direction as in FIG. This is a coupling system in which the laser beam is parallelized by the first lens and focused onto the optical fiber by the second lens 3. As is well known, when the extraordinary light beam (indicated by the broken line) which has undergone an axis shift by d due to birefringence is focused by the lens 3, it is focused to the position of the ordinary light beam which is not subject to the axis shift, but the angular shift is θ 1
accompanied by. θ 1 is expressed as θ 1 = d/f 2 (f 2 is the focal length of the second lens), so if the focal length actually used is 1 mm or more, the positional deviation d≠4.6 μm through a 1 mm thick saphire. Even if this occurs, the angular deviation will only occur by 0.3 degrees or less, and there will be no problem with connection. Next, consider the case where light passes through a spherical lens with birefringence. This corresponds to the combined system that we proposed combining a ruby ball and a self-cleaning lens, as shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 1, a beam bent by β due to birefringence (polarized light in the plane of the paper) emerges through a plane that has an angle of 2β with the plane of incidence.
In addition to the parallel positional deviation shown in FIG. 1, there is also an angular deviation as shown in FIG. Since the derivation of the formula is complicated, the magnitude of the angular deviation is calculated using the above birefringence value of saphire, and is approximately θ 2 =
It becomes 6.9×10 -3 radian. This angular deviation is the second
When passing through lens 3 (f 2 focal length), positional deviation x
is expressed as x=f 2 θ 2 , so if a self-occurring lens with f 2 =1.8 mm is used, x=12 μm. Since this value is larger than the core diameter of a single mode fiber of 10 μm, it can be seen that the beam bent by birefringence is not coupled into the single mode fiber at all. It also becomes a major loss factor in multimode fibers. FIGS. 4a to 4c are diagrams showing the basic structure of the present invention. a
is an example in which the optical axis of the birefringent lens is placed within the plane of the paper. A laser normally oscillates with linearly polarized light parallel to the bonded surface. In the figure, the joint surface is assumed to be in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Therefore, since the oscillation light is perpendicular to the plane of the paper (marked with a circle in FIG. 1), if the optical axis of the spherical lens is within the plane of the paper, only the refractive index n 0 of the ordinary light will be felt, and the beams will not be separated. Next, b is a case where the optical axis is parallel to the polarization direction. At this time, the light becomes extraordinary light, but since the angle α shown in Figure 1 is 90 degrees, formula (1)
As you can see, it does not bend after entering the lens.
Therefore, high coupling efficiency is maintained in this case as well. c.
is a case where the optical axis is in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis along which light travels (a special case of this example is b). At this time, the incident polarized light senses both ordinary light and extraordinary light, so it undergoes a phase difference and becomes elliptically polarized light. From the viewpoint of coupling with an optical fiber, there is no problem even if the light becomes elliptically polarized.
However, if an element (such as an isolator) that utilizes linearly polarized light is required, example c must be excluded. On the other hand, after passing through the spherical lens, there is a method of making the light into circularly polarized light to reduce reflection from the lens 3 or the input end of the fiber. At this time, the optical axis is set at 45 degrees with respect to the polarization direction of the laser, and the phase difference caused by the diameter of the sphere due to birefringence is λ/4 + mλ,
(m: integer). This becomes (41+163×m) μm. As explained above, the use of the present invention has the advantage of eliminating the drawback of beam separation and significant deterioration of coupling efficiency in laser-fiber coupling circuits that use ruby or sapphire spheres with birefringence as lenses. . Ruby spheres and sapphire spheres are often used in ballpoint pen nibs, etc., and are very inexpensive and have an outer diameter accuracy of 1 μm or less. When used in coupling lenses, they can increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of laser modules. Furthermore, the sapphire ball lens is also used in optical connectors that connect fibers, and by using the present invention, the effects of birefringence can be eliminated, resulting in a low-loss, low-cost optical connector.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は複屈折の説明図、第2図は複屈折結晶
の平行平板がある場合の光結合回路の動作説明
図、第3図a及びbは複屈折率を有する球レンズ
による光結合回路の説明図、第4図a〜cは本発
明の構成例を示す図である。 1;レーザ、2;球レンズ、3;セルフオツ
ク、4;光フアイバ、c;光学軸。
Fig. 1 is an explanatory diagram of birefringence, Fig. 2 is an explanatory diagram of the operation of an optical coupling circuit when there is a parallel plate of birefringent crystal, and Fig. 3 a and b is an optical coupling circuit using a ball lens with birefringence. 4A to 4C are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of the present invention. 1: Laser, 2: Ball lens, 3: Self-lock, 4: Optical fiber, c: Optical axis.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 半導体レーザと光フアイバとの結合回路にお
いて、該結合回路が複屈折率を有する球レンズを
ふくみ、該球レンズがその結晶で定まる光学軸を
半導体レーザの発振光の偏光方向に垂直な面内又
は光の進行方向に垂直な面内に設定したことを特
徴とする半導体レーザ用光結合回路。
1. In a coupling circuit between a semiconductor laser and an optical fiber, the coupling circuit includes a ball lens having a birefringent index, and the ball lens has an optical axis determined by its crystal in a plane perpendicular to the polarization direction of the oscillated light of the semiconductor laser. Alternatively, an optical coupling circuit for a semiconductor laser, characterized in that the circuit is set in a plane perpendicular to the traveling direction of light.
JP4166481A 1981-03-24 1981-03-24 Photocoupling circuit for semiconductor laser Granted JPS57157584A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP4166481A JPS57157584A (en) 1981-03-24 1981-03-24 Photocoupling circuit for semiconductor laser

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP4166481A JPS57157584A (en) 1981-03-24 1981-03-24 Photocoupling circuit for semiconductor laser

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS57157584A JPS57157584A (en) 1982-09-29
JPS6250071B2 true JPS6250071B2 (en) 1987-10-22

Family

ID=12614645

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP4166481A Granted JPS57157584A (en) 1981-03-24 1981-03-24 Photocoupling circuit for semiconductor laser

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS57157584A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01210227A (en) * 1988-01-30 1989-08-23 Joh Friedrich Behrens Ag Control valve
JPH03111179A (en) * 1989-09-21 1991-05-10 Kanematsu Duo Fast Co Ltd Trigger mechanism for fastener driving machine

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01210227A (en) * 1988-01-30 1989-08-23 Joh Friedrich Behrens Ag Control valve
JPH03111179A (en) * 1989-09-21 1991-05-10 Kanematsu Duo Fast Co Ltd Trigger mechanism for fastener driving machine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS57157584A (en) 1982-09-29

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