JPS6250948B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6250948B2 JPS6250948B2 JP56037845A JP3784581A JPS6250948B2 JP S6250948 B2 JPS6250948 B2 JP S6250948B2 JP 56037845 A JP56037845 A JP 56037845A JP 3784581 A JP3784581 A JP 3784581A JP S6250948 B2 JPS6250948 B2 JP S6250948B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- matrix
- fuel cell
- phosphoric acid
- gas diffusion
- present
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006501 ZrSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
- H01M8/0293—Matrices for immobilising electrolyte solutions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0005—Acid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は、リン酸を電解液とする燃料電池に係
り、特に一対のガス拡散電極間にリン酸を保持す
る燃料電池用マトリツクスを配置した構成の燃料
電池に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a fuel cell using phosphoric acid as an electrolyte, and more particularly to a fuel cell having a structure in which a fuel cell matrix for holding phosphoric acid is arranged between a pair of gas diffusion electrodes. be.
従来、リン酸を電解液とする燃料電池において
は、リン酸を保持するマトリツクスとして、フエ
ノール樹脂の繊維布や炭化ケイ素粉末に結着剤と
してポリテトラフルオロエチレンを混合したもの
が用いられていた。しかしながら、これらのマト
リツクスにおいては以下のような欠点が存在して
いる。すなわち、フエノール樹脂の繊維布をマト
リツクスとして用いたものでは、燃料電池の作動
温度が130℃以上になると、フエノール樹脂が
徐々に炭化され、この結果、長期間の運転ができ
なくなるという欠点がある。このような欠点を除
去するためには、燃料電池の作動温度を低くする
ことが考えられるが、この場合燃料電池の出力が
著しく低下するという重大な問題が生じる。ま
た、燃料電池の温度制御に充分に注意し、部分的
に高温になることを防止しなければならないとい
う困難さもある。一方、炭化ケイ素をマトリツク
スとして用いるものでは、燃料電池の運転温度を
190〜200℃程度に高くすることができるという利
点を有するが、一方において、炭化ケイ素は完全
な絶縁物ではなく、比抵抗値が103〜107Ω・cmで
あり、電子導電性を有するという欠点がある。す
なわち、燃料電池内部で短絡を生じ、性能が劣る
という問題がある。さらに、炭化ケイ素では、そ
の製造時に炭素と酸化ケイ素を高温下で反応させ
るために、未反応の炭素が残留し、これによる電
子導電性も問題である。また、不純物として存在
する鉄により触媒の活性化を劣化させる等の悪影
響も大きな問題である。 Conventionally, in fuel cells using phosphoric acid as an electrolyte, a matrix for holding phosphoric acid has been used that is a mixture of phenolic resin fiber cloth or silicon carbide powder with polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder. However, these matrices have the following drawbacks. That is, in the case of using a phenolic resin fiber cloth as a matrix, when the operating temperature of the fuel cell exceeds 130° C., the phenolic resin gradually carbonizes, and as a result, long-term operation becomes impossible. In order to eliminate these drawbacks, it is conceivable to lower the operating temperature of the fuel cell, but in this case a serious problem arises in that the output of the fuel cell is significantly reduced. Another difficulty is that sufficient care must be taken to control the temperature of the fuel cell to prevent it from becoming partially high temperature. On the other hand, in those that use silicon carbide as a matrix, the operating temperature of the fuel cell is
Silicon carbide has the advantage of being able to be heated to temperatures as high as 190 to 200°C, but on the other hand, silicon carbide is not a perfect insulator, has a specific resistance value of 10 3 to 10 7 Ω・cm, and has electronic conductivity. There is a drawback. That is, there is a problem that a short circuit occurs inside the fuel cell, resulting in poor performance. Furthermore, in the case of silicon carbide, since carbon and silicon oxide are reacted at high temperatures during its manufacture, unreacted carbon remains, which causes problems in electronic conductivity. In addition, iron present as an impurity causes adverse effects such as deterioration of catalyst activation, which is a major problem.
本発明の目的は以上のような欠点に鑑みなされ
たもので、電池性能を大幅に向上させた燃料電池
を提供するにある。 The object of the present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell with significantly improved cell performance.
このような目的を達成するために、本発明は一
対のガス拡散電極を備え、該ガス拡散電極間にリ
ン酸を電解液として介在させる燃料電池におい
て、前記ガス拡散電極間にリン酸を保持するマト
リツクスを配置すると共に、該マトリツクスを、
酸化ジルコニウムを主成分とする複合酸化物を結
着剤で結合して構成したものである。 In order to achieve such an object, the present invention provides a fuel cell comprising a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, in which phosphoric acid is interposed between the gas diffusion electrodes as an electrolyte, and in which phosphoric acid is held between the gas diffusion electrodes. While arranging the matrix, the matrix is
It is constructed by bonding a composite oxide whose main component is zirconium oxide with a binder.
以下、本発明について説明する。 The present invention will be explained below.
一般に、燃料電池用マトリツクスとしての重用
な性質は、(1)高温（190℃〜200℃）のリン酸に対
して安定していること（高温のリン酸に溶けない
こと）、(2)リン酸の保持力が大であること、(3)電
子導電性がないこと（絶縁物であること）、(4)リ
ン酸との親和性が大きいこと、が挙げられる。し
かるに、これらの性質を満足する物質について
種々検討したところ、酸化ジルコニウムを主成分
とする複合酸化物が、これらの諸条件を満足する
ことが明らかになつた。すなわち、酸化ジルコニ
ウムを主成分とする複合酸化物の微粉末に結着剤
としてポリテトラフルオロエチレンを１〜15重量
％混合したものをマトリツクスにしたものであ
る。このようにして作られたマトリツクスは、高
温のリン酸に対して安定しており、しかも、電子
導電性を有せず、さらにリン酸との親和力が大
で、リン酸の保持力も従来のマトリツクスの２〜
３倍という特徴を有している。なお、酸化ジルコ
ニウムを主成分とする複合酸化物としては、ジル
コニウムとケイ素、セレンあるいはリン等の化合
物があるが、特にジルコン（ZrSiO4）が有効であ
る。 In general, important properties for a fuel cell matrix are (1) stability against phosphoric acid at high temperatures (190°C to 200°C) (not soluble in high-temperature phosphoric acid); (3) It has no electronic conductivity (being an insulator), and (4) It has a high affinity for phosphoric acid. However, after various studies were conducted on materials that satisfy these properties, it became clear that a composite oxide containing zirconium oxide as a main component satisfies these conditions. That is, the matrix is made by mixing 1 to 15% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder to fine powder of a composite oxide containing zirconium oxide as a main component. The matrix made in this way is stable against high-temperature phosphoric acid, has no electronic conductivity, and has a high affinity for phosphoric acid, and its retention of phosphoric acid is better than that of conventional matrices. 2~
It has the feature of 3 times as much. Note that as a composite oxide containing zirconium oxide as a main component, there are compounds of zirconium and silicon, selenium, phosphorus, etc., and zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) is particularly effective.
以下、実施例によつて本発明を詳細に説明す
る。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to Examples.
酸化ジルコニウムを主成分とする複合酸化物と
して、ジルコン（ZrSiO4）を採用した。この採用
したジルコン粉末は200メツシユの金網を通過し
たものである。そして、このジルコン微粉末98ｇ
にポリテトラフルオロエチレン微粉末を界面活性
剤によつて水中に懸濁させた溶液30mlを加えてペ
ースト状物を作つた。ポリテトラフルオロエチレ
ン微粉末量は約２ｇである。次に、この混合物を
200℃で約８時間加熱して、水分を除去した後、
98％に濃縮したリン酸を加えて、該リン酸を保持
するマトリツクスを得た。リン酸量は約50重量％
である。このようにして作られたマトリツクス
を、一方のガス拡散電極上に厚さ0.3mmになるよ
うに塗布した後、他方のガス拡散電極を重ねて一
体化し、燃料電池を組み立てた。第１図に本発明
による燃料電池の構造を示す。ガス拡散電極は、
白金を担持した炭素粉末をカーボンペーパ上に塗
布したものである。第１図において、１はリン酸
を含浸したマトリツクス、２はアノード（燃料
極）、３はカソード（空気極）であり、アノード
２には水素が、またカソード３には空気がそれぞ
れ接するようになつている。第２図に本発明で得
たマトリツクスを用いた燃料電池の電流密度−電
圧特性を、第３図に200ｍＡ／cm2の電流密度で連
続放電させた時の電池電圧の経時変化をそれぞれ
記号Ａで示している。なお、第２図および第３図
には比較のために、従来の炭化ケイ素をマトリツ
クスにしたものを用いた燃料電池の特性を記号Ｂ
で示している。 Zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) was used as a composite oxide whose main component is zirconium oxide. The zircon powder used was passed through a 200-mesh wire mesh. And this zircon fine powder 98g
A paste was prepared by adding 30 ml of a solution of polytetrafluoroethylene fine powder suspended in water with a surfactant. The amount of polytetrafluoroethylene fine powder is about 2 g. Then add this mixture to
After heating at 200℃ for about 8 hours to remove moisture,
A matrix retaining the phosphoric acid was obtained by adding phosphoric acid concentrated to 98%. The amount of phosphoric acid is approximately 50% by weight
It is. The matrix thus produced was applied to a thickness of 0.3 mm on one gas diffusion electrode, and then the other gas diffusion electrode was stacked and integrated to assemble a fuel cell. FIG. 1 shows the structure of a fuel cell according to the present invention. The gas diffusion electrode is
Carbon powder supporting platinum is coated on carbon paper. In Figure 1, 1 is a matrix impregnated with phosphoric acid, 2 is an anode (fuel electrode), and 3 is a cathode (air electrode), so that the anode 2 is in contact with hydrogen and the cathode 3 is in contact with air. It's summery. Fig. 2 shows the current density-voltage characteristics of a fuel cell using the matrix obtained in the present invention, and Fig. 3 shows the change in cell voltage over time when continuously discharging at a current density of 200 mA/cm 2 , respectively with the symbol A. It is shown in For comparison, Figures 2 and 3 show the characteristics of a fuel cell using a conventional silicon carbide matrix with symbol B.
It is shown in
この第２図および第３図から明らかなように、
本発明のマトリツクスを用いた場合、従来のもの
に比較してすぐれた性能を得ることができる。こ
の原因としては、本発明のマトリツクスには、電
子導電性がなく、かつリン酸の保持力が大である
と共に、リン酸との親和力も大で、しかもリン酸
に対して安定しているためと考えられる。 As is clear from Figures 2 and 3,
When using the matrix of the present invention, superior performance can be obtained compared to conventional matrices. The reason for this is that the matrix of the present invention has no electronic conductivity, has a high retention capacity for phosphoric acid, has a high affinity for phosphoric acid, and is stable with respect to phosphoric acid. it is conceivable that.
以上述べたように本発明によれば、マトリツク
スを酸化ジルコニウムを主成分とする複合酸化物
と結着剤とから成る構成としたので、従来の欠点
を除去したすぐれたマトリツクスを得ることがで
きるようになり、したがつて、電池の性能を大幅
に向上させることができ、その実用的価値は極め
て大である。 As described above, according to the present invention, since the matrix is composed of a composite oxide mainly composed of zirconium oxide and a binder, it is possible to obtain an excellent matrix that eliminates the drawbacks of the conventional matrix. Therefore, the performance of the battery can be greatly improved, and its practical value is extremely large.
第１図は本発明に係るマトリツクスを用いた燃
料電池の断面図、第２図は本発明のマトリツクス
を用いた燃料電池と従来のマトリツクスを用いた
燃料電池における電流密度と電圧との関係を示す
図、第３図は本発明のマトリツクスを用いた燃料
電池と従来のマトリツクスを用いた燃料電池にお
ける放電時間と電圧との関係を示す図である。
１……マトリツクス、２……アノード、３……
カソード。
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a fuel cell using the matrix of the present invention, and Fig. 2 shows the relationship between current density and voltage in a fuel cell using the matrix of the present invention and a fuel cell using a conventional matrix. 3 are diagrams showing the relationship between discharge time and voltage in a fuel cell using the matrix of the present invention and a fuel cell using a conventional matrix. 1...matrix, 2...anode, 3...
cathode.
Claims (1)
間にリン酸を電解液として介在させる燃料電池に
おいて、前記ガス拡散電極間にリン酸を保持する
マトリツクスを配置すると共に、該マトリツクス
を酸化ジルコニウムを主成分とする複合酸化物を
結着剤で結合したことを特徴とする燃料電池。 ２ 前記複合酸化物としてジルコンを用いた特許
請求の範囲第１項記載の燃料電池。[Claims] 1. In a fuel cell comprising a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, in which phosphoric acid is interposed between the gas diffusion electrodes as an electrolyte, a matrix holding phosphoric acid is disposed between the gas diffusion electrodes, and A fuel cell characterized in that the matrix is bonded with a composite oxide containing zirconium oxide as a main component using a binder. 2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein zircon is used as the composite oxide.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56037845A JPS57152679A (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1981-03-18 | Fuel cell |
| US06/357,278 US4493879A (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1982-03-11 | Fuel cell |
| EP82102131A EP0060560A1 (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1982-03-16 | Fuel cell |
| CA000398513A CA1171903A (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1982-03-16 | Fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56037845A JPS57152679A (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1981-03-18 | Fuel cell |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS57152679A JPS57152679A (en) | 1982-09-21 |
| JPS6250948B2 true JPS6250948B2 (en) | 1987-10-27 |
Family
ID=12508865
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56037845A Granted JPS57152679A (en) | 1981-03-18 | 1981-03-18 | Fuel cell |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS57152679A (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-03-18 JP JP56037845A patent/JPS57152679A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS57152679A (en) | 1982-09-21 |
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