【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は作物の生育、収量、品質、病害虫抵抗
性に寄与する土壌有効微生物である光合成細菌、
酵母、放線菌、糸状菌、窒素固定菌などをバラン
スよく増殖させた有機肥料を製造する方法に関す
るものである。
〔従来の技術〕
除草剤、殺菌剤等の農薬の使用や、化学肥料の
連用によつて地力が低下することは一般的な常識
である。このような地力の低下の主原因は土壌有
機物並びに土壌有効微生物の減少によるものであ
り、その対策として堆肥等の有機質肥料の利用、
有効微生物活性剤の施用が行われている。
このような要請により、堆肥等の有機肥料の重
要性が認識され、その需要が急増するに伴つて有
機質肥料の製造方法も長期の日数を要する自然醗
酵完熟堆肥から、人工的に醗酵菌を処理する急速
醗酵法に変わり、極めて短期間に製造し得るよう
になつた。急速醗酵法は耐熱性細菌例えば枯草
菌、耐熱性放線菌、耐熱性糸状菌等を培養し、こ
れを有機材料例えば牛、豚の糞、オガクズ等に混
ぜて１〜２ケ月醗酵させて製造している。それに
使用している微生物はいずれも耐熱性又は高温性
の細菌が中心となり、醗酵温度も60〜80℃にも上
昇し、土壌有効微生物である低、中温菌の大半の
ものが死滅した状態で袋詰めされた製品と言え
る。
また、耐熱又は高温性菌処理の堆肥の殆どがそ
の急激な醗酵による高温のため、部分的に自熱乾
燥し、その乾燥部分が未熟のまま混和されて製品
化される例が多数認められる。このような急速製
造法による製品に水を加えると再醗酵し悪臭を発
するものが多く、特に水分調節にオガクズを使用
したものにその傾向が著しい。
作物の生育、収量、品質、病害虫の抵抗性に直
接的に関与する土壌有効微生物の大半のものが中
温菌に属している。従つて、60〜80℃の高温醗酵
による急速製造の堆肥が自然醗酵堆肥に比較して
効果が著しく劣ると言われているのも、有効な
中、高温菌を死滅させた後、その復活を待たずに
製品化され使用される点にある。また、水を加え
ると、再醗酵し悪臭を発する。このような堆肥は
作物の根を害するのみならず、病害虫の多発の原
因となり、堆肥施用上の大きな問題となつてい
る。
以上の問題に鑑み耐熱性菌の他に光合成菌や放
線菌等の有効性微生物を培養し、これに塩基性岩
石粉を混和した土壌活性剤も開示されている。例
えば、特開昭55−38834，40723，137186号公報
等。
しかし、上記の場合も、醗酵過程において、そ
の高温のため殆どの中温菌や耐熱性のやや劣る高
温菌も死滅し、自然の完熟堆肥を上まわる十分な
成果を上げるに至つてない。また、醗酵済みの堆
肥に複数の有効微生物を添加し、有機質肥料とし
て使用することも試みられるが水分を50〜60％含
む一般の有機質肥料においては製品の保存中に微
生物のバランスが大きく変化し再現性が低く、特
定の菌を除けば、期待し得る結果を得ることがで
きなかつた。
〔発明が解決しようとする問題点〕
本発明は従来の方法で製造される有機肥料にお
いて、その生存が困難であつた作物の生育、収
量、品質、病害中の抵抗性に関与する中温菌であ
る土壌有効微生物を死滅させることなく、しかも
各種土壌有効微生物がバランスよく十分に増殖し
た有機肥料の製法を提供するものである。
〔問題点を解決するための手段〕
本発明者は、土壌有効微生物中の作物の生育、
収量及び品質の向上に特に有効である光合成細菌
の比率の高いこの細菌の増殖された有機肥料を得
るべく研究を重ねたところ、光合成細菌と他の中
温性微生物を同時に培養すると光合成細菌が他の
中温性細菌の基質となり、どうしてもこの増殖が
抑制されることを見出し、この光合成細菌のみを
始め増殖させる方法を試みた。しかし、一般の醗
酵条件で光合成細菌を増殖させ、のち他の中温性
微生物と共に増殖させても、やはり光合成細菌の
濃度を高めることは困難であつた。そこで更に研
究を重ねた結果、光合成細菌の増殖を高電圧処理
した石灰岩、塩基性鉱物等の粉体を用いて上記２
段醗酵を行つたところ、光合成細菌の濃度が高
く、しかも他の酵母、放線菌、糸状菌窒素固定菌
等のバランスのとれた有機肥料が得られ、しか
も、この肥料は長期に保存しても含有微生物のバ
ランスに変化が生じない優れた有機肥料が得られ
た。
本発明は醗酵済みにの有機物に高電圧処理した
石灰岩粉末又は塩基性鉱物粉末を混和し、これに
光合成細菌を加え明、嫌気条件で同菌を増殖させ
た後、酵母、放線菌、糸状菌、窒素固定菌の１種
又は２種以上を混和増殖せしめることを特徴とす
る有効微生物群を増殖させた有機肥料の製法であ
る。
本発明に使用する醗酵済み有機物は、一般の堆
肥の製造に用いる牛糞、豚糞、稲わら、麦わら、
オガクズなどの有機物を混合し、必要に応じ石灰
などを加えて得られるものである。
本発明に使用する高電圧処理を行なつた石灰岩
粉末、塩基性鉱物粉末は石灰岩、高炉滓などの塩
基性鉱物粉末を20000〜25000Vの電圧で10分〜１
時間処理したものである。
上記高電圧処理は、１般に小規模においては島
津理化器機（株）静電高圧発生器VG−150を用
い、放電球の中間に石灰岩粉末を静置し、
20000Vの電圧で10分間放電を行い高電圧処理し
た石灰岩粉末を得る。
また工業的な規模においては、絶縁耐力の強い
密閉式アクリル容器に石灰岩粉末を入れ、
20000V用ネオン・トランスより取り出した高電
圧源に放電用端子（京都セラミツク（株）30KV
端子−25.1）を取り付け石灰岩粉末中に埋設し、
20000Vの高圧放電を約10分間行つて高電圧処理
した石灰岩粉末を得る。
本発明の第１段階は、上記醗酵済み有機物と高
電圧処理した石灰岩又は塩基性鉱物粉末を50：50
〜60：40（重量比）で混合する。これに、別途、
定法又は天然物で培養した紅色非イオウ菌、紅色
イオウ菌等の光合成細菌を混和する。
高電圧処理した石灰岩粉末又は塩基性鉱物粉末
はカチオンレベルが高く、有機物のアニオンのレ
ベルを引きあげ、有機物の結合を良くし、同物質
の急速な分解を抑制するのみならず、微生物の吸
着性を増大し、乾燥を促進し、微生物の保存性を
安定させる作用がある。
この状態で光合成細菌を明、嫌気条件で増殖さ
せるには、光を透過する部分を有する密閉容器で
行う、例えば自然光が直接当てられる場所に上記
光合成細菌を混和した水分ほぼ50〜60％の醗酵済
み有機物と高電圧処理石灰岩粉末、塩基性鉱物粉
末の混合物を敷いて、その上から透明のビニール
フイルムで密閉状に覆いをして明、嫌気条件で48
〜72時間放置すると光合成細菌が増殖する。
本発明の第２段階は上記の如くして第１段階の
操作え終えた光合成細菌が増殖した培地に、別途
常法又は天然物で培養した酵母菌、放線菌、糸状
菌、窒素固定菌の１種又は２種以上の各有用菌を
混合してもよく、また酵母菌、糸状菌の２種を混
合してもよい。
かくして光合成菌が増殖した培地に酵母菌、放
線菌、糸状菌、窒素固定菌を混合した後ビニール
の覆いを除去し、好気条件下で24〜48時間培養を
行うと上記菌が増殖し、水分が５％に自然乾燥さ
せ、菌が休眠に入つた所で製品とする。
以上の如くして製造された有機肥料中の微生物
群は長期間そのバランスを保持し、安定に保存す
ることができる。
次に本発明の実施例を示す。
〔実施例〕
オガクズ、牛糞、豚糞を混合し醗酵させた醗酵
済み有機物200Kgに20000Vの電圧で10分間処理し
た石灰岩粉末200ｇを混合し、これに紅色非イオ
ウ菌の飽和液（１億個／c.c.）を1000倍にうすめた
液20を振りかけて混和し、ビニールで覆つた容
器に10cmの厚さに敷き、自然光の照射のもとで48
時間醗酵させる。後、ビニールを除き、酵母菌、
放線菌、糸状菌、窒素固定菌各150ｇを混合し、
醗酵して自然乾燥により水分がほぼ５％になつ
て、菌が休眠状態になつた時製品とする。
〔発明の効果〕
本発明の方法は光合成細菌を２段階で増殖さ
せ、しかも、高電圧処理石灰岩粉末、塩基性鉱物
粉末を用いるため、光合成細菌の含有率が高く、
しかも、酵母菌、放線菌、糸状菌、窒素固定菌な
どの中温性菌が死滅することなく長期間各菌のバ
ランスを保持して安定的に保存することができ
る。
従つて、本発明により得られた有機肥料は、光
合成細菌の有する作物の生育、収量及び品質の向
上に安定した効果が得られる。また、酵母菌は放
線菌、糸状菌を始め土壌有用微生物の増殖を促進
し、微生物の生態系のバランスを良好にする。窒
素固定菌は空中窒素の固定により、肥料効果をよ
り高めるために重要な役割を果たす、のみならず
光合成細菌と共生することによつて、窒素固定能
力が倍加されるため土壌をより肥沃にする効果が
ある。また、糸状菌は放線菌ではコントロールし
得ない菌核病やナス立枯れ病に予防効果があり、
幅広い病害及び線虫抑制効果が認められ、病原性
の連作障害の防止に効果がある。
本発明により得られた有機肥料は有機肥料とし
ての効果の他に土壌の生物性、物理性、化学性の
改良及び病害虫予防、抑制に効果の高い総合的な
有機質肥料である。
次に本発明で得られた有機肥料の効果を明らか
にするため、有機物を醗酵しただけの肥料を対照
として、メロン、トマト、スイカ、サトウキビ、
ナスについての効果試験を行なつつた。その結果
は次表の通りであつた。
[Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to photosynthetic bacteria, which are soil-effective microorganisms that contribute to the growth, yield, quality, and pest resistance of crops.
This invention relates to a method for producing organic fertilizer in which yeast, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, etc. are grown in a well-balanced manner. [Prior Art] It is common knowledge that the fertility of soil decreases due to the use of agricultural chemicals such as herbicides and fungicides, and the continuous use of chemical fertilizers. The main cause of this decline in soil fertility is a decrease in soil organic matter and soil effective microorganisms, and countermeasures include the use of organic fertilizers such as compost,
Application of effective microbial activators is being carried out. Due to these demands, the importance of organic fertilizers such as compost has been recognized, and with the rapid increase in demand, the method of manufacturing organic fertilizers has changed from naturally fermented fully ripened compost, which takes a long time, to artificially processing fermentation bacteria. This changed to a rapid fermentation method, which enabled production in an extremely short period of time. The rapid fermentation method involves culturing heat-resistant bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, heat-resistant actinomycetes, heat-resistant filamentous fungi, etc., mixing this with organic materials such as cow and pig dung, sawdust, etc., and fermenting the mixture for 1 to 2 months. ing. The microorganisms used in this process are mainly heat-resistant or thermophilic bacteria, and the fermentation temperature rises to 60-80℃, killing most of the low and mesophilic bacteria that are effective soil microorganisms. It can be said to be a packaged product. In addition, most of the compost treated with heat-resistant or thermophilic bacteria is partially dried by its own heat due to the high temperature caused by its rapid fermentation, and there are many cases in which the dried parts are mixed and turned into products while still being immature. When water is added to products manufactured by such rapid production methods, many products re-ferment and emit a bad odor, and this tendency is particularly noticeable in products that use sawdust to adjust the moisture content. Most of the soil-effective microorganisms that are directly involved in crop growth, yield, quality, and resistance to pests and diseases belong to mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, the reason why rapidly produced compost through high-temperature fermentation at 60 to 80 degrees Celsius is said to be significantly less effective than naturally fermented compost is that while it is effective, high-temperature bacteria must be killed and then revived. The point is that it can be commercialized and used without waiting. Also, if water is added, it will re-ferment and produce a bad odor. Such compost not only harms the roots of crops, but also causes frequent occurrence of pests and diseases, posing a major problem in the application of compost. In view of the above problems, a soil activator has also been disclosed in which effective microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes are cultured in addition to heat-resistant bacteria, and basic rock powder is mixed therein. For example, JP-A-55-38834, 40723, 137186, etc. However, in the above case as well, most mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic bacteria with slightly inferior heat resistance are killed during the fermentation process due to the high temperature, and it has not been possible to achieve sufficient results to surpass natural fully ripened compost. In addition, attempts have been made to add multiple effective microorganisms to fermented compost and use it as an organic fertilizer, but with general organic fertilizers that contain 50 to 60% water, the balance of microorganisms changes significantly during storage of the product. Reproducibility was low, and expected results could not be obtained except for specific bacteria. [Problems to be Solved by the Invention] The present invention is a mesophilic bacterium that is involved in the growth, yield, quality, and disease resistance of crops, which has been difficult to survive in organic fertilizers produced by conventional methods. To provide a method for producing an organic fertilizer in which various soil-effective microorganisms are sufficiently multiplied in a well-balanced manner without killing certain soil-effective microorganisms. [Means for Solving the Problems] The present inventors have discovered that the growth of crops in soil-effective microorganisms,
After repeated research to obtain an organic fertilizer grown with photosynthetic bacteria, which has a high proportion of photosynthetic bacteria that is particularly effective in improving yield and quality, it was found that when photosynthetic bacteria and other mesophilic microorganisms are cultivated simultaneously, photosynthetic bacteria We found that this serves as a substrate for mesophilic bacteria, and its growth is inevitably suppressed, so we tried a method of growing only these photosynthetic bacteria. However, even if photosynthetic bacteria were grown under normal fermentation conditions and later grown together with other mesophilic microorganisms, it was still difficult to increase the concentration of photosynthetic bacteria. As a result of further research, we found that the growth of photosynthetic bacteria was inhibited using powders of limestone, basic minerals, etc. treated with high voltage.
When stage fermentation was carried out, an organic fertilizer with a high concentration of photosynthetic bacteria and a good balance of other yeasts, actinomycetes, filamentous nitrogen-fixing bacteria, etc. was obtained. Moreover, this fertilizer could be stored for a long period of time. An excellent organic fertilizer with no change in the balance of microorganisms contained was obtained. The present invention involves mixing limestone powder or basic mineral powder treated with high voltage with fermented organic matter, adding photosynthetic bacteria to this, growing the same bacteria under anaerobic conditions, and then producing yeast, actinomycetes, and filamentous bacteria. This is a method for producing an organic fertilizer in which an effective microorganism group is grown, characterized by mixing and growing one or more types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The fermented organic matter used in the present invention is cow manure, pig manure, rice straw, wheat straw, etc. used in the production of general compost.
It is obtained by mixing organic substances such as sawdust and adding lime as necessary. Limestone powder and basic mineral powder that have been subjected to high-voltage treatment used in the present invention are basic mineral powders such as limestone and blast furnace slag that are heated at a voltage of 20,000 to 25,000 V for 10 minutes to 1 hour.
It is time-processed. The above high voltage treatment is generally carried out on a small scale by using an electrostatic high voltage generator VG-150 manufactured by Shimadzu Rikakiki Co., Ltd., and placing limestone powder in the middle of the discharge bulb.
Discharge is performed at a voltage of 20,000V for 10 minutes to obtain high voltage treated limestone powder. On an industrial scale, limestone powder is placed in a sealed acrylic container with strong dielectric strength.
A discharge terminal (Kyoto Ceramics Co., Ltd. 30KV) is connected to the high voltage source taken out from a 20000V neon transformer.
Attach the terminal-25.1) and bury it in limestone powder.
A high voltage discharge of 20,000 V is performed for about 10 minutes to obtain high voltage treated limestone powder. The first step of the present invention is to mix the above-mentioned fermented organic matter and high-voltage treated limestone or basic mineral powder in a 50:50 ratio.
Mix at ~60:40 (weight ratio). In addition, separately
Mix photosynthetic bacteria such as purple non-sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria cultured using standard methods or natural products. Limestone powder or basic mineral powder treated with high voltage has a high cation level, which increases the level of anions of organic matter, improves the binding of organic matter, and not only inhibits the rapid decomposition of the same material, but also improves the adsorption of microorganisms. It has the effect of increasing the number of microorganisms, promoting drying, and stabilizing the storage life of microorganisms. In order to grow the photosynthetic bacteria in this state under light or anaerobic conditions, fermentation should be carried out in a closed container with a part that allows light to pass through, for example, in a place where the photosynthetic bacteria can be directly exposed to natural light. A mixture of treated organic matter, high-voltage treated limestone powder, and basic mineral powder was laid down, covered tightly with a transparent vinyl film, and heated under anaerobic conditions for 48 hours.
If left for ~72 hours, photosynthetic bacteria will proliferate. The second step of the present invention is to add yeast, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the medium in which the photosynthetic bacteria grown in the first step have been grown as described above. One type or two or more types of useful bacteria may be mixed, or two types of yeast and filamentous fungi may be mixed. After mixing yeast, actinomycetes, filamentous bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria into the medium in which photosynthetic bacteria have grown, the plastic cover is removed and culture is performed under aerobic conditions for 24 to 48 hours, causing the bacteria to multiply. The product is dried naturally to a moisture content of 5% and the bacteria enter dormancy. The microbial population in the organic fertilizer produced as described above maintains its balance for a long period of time and can be stably stored. Next, examples of the present invention will be shown. [Example] 200 kg of fermented organic matter mixed with sawdust, cow dung, and pig dung was mixed with 200 g of limestone powder treated at a voltage of 20,000 V for 10 minutes, and a saturated solution of red non-sulfur bacteria (100 million pieces/ cc) diluted 1000 times, mix it, spread it in a container covered with vinyl to a thickness of 10 cm, and place it under natural light.
Ferment for hours. After that, remove the vinyl, yeast,
Mix 150g each of actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
After fermentation and natural drying, the moisture content is reduced to approximately 5% and the bacteria are in a dormant state. [Effects of the Invention] The method of the present invention multiplies photosynthetic bacteria in two stages, and uses high-voltage treated limestone powder and basic mineral powder, so the content of photosynthetic bacteria is high.
Furthermore, mesophilic bacteria such as yeast, actinomycetes, filamentous bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria do not die, and the balance of each type of bacteria can be maintained for a long period of time and stored stably. Therefore, the organic fertilizer obtained by the present invention has stable effects on improving the growth, yield, and quality of crops possessed by photosynthetic bacteria. In addition, yeast promotes the growth of soil-beneficial microorganisms, including actinomycetes and filamentous fungi, and improves the balance of the microbial ecosystem. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria not only play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of fertilizers by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, but also make soil more fertile by doubling their nitrogen-fixing ability by coexisting with photosynthetic bacteria. effective. In addition, filamentous fungi have a preventive effect on sclerotia and eggplant damping-off, which cannot be controlled by actinomycetes.
It is effective in controlling a wide range of diseases and nematodes, and is effective in preventing pathogenic continuous crop failure. The organic fertilizer obtained by the present invention is a comprehensive organic fertilizer that is highly effective not only as an organic fertilizer but also in improving the biological, physical, and chemical properties of soil, and in preventing and suppressing pests and diseases. Next, in order to clarify the effects of the organic fertilizer obtained in the present invention, we used a fertilizer made by simply fermenting organic matter as a control, and tested it on melons, tomatoes, watermelons, sugarcane,
We were conducting efficacy tests on eggplant. The results were as shown in the table below.
【表】【table】
【表】
以上のように、本発明の有機質肥料は従来のも
のに比較し、収量、品質ともに極めて優れた効果
が認められるとともに線虫や斑点病、立ち枯れ病
の発生に極めて強い抑制効果が確認された。
なお上記の試験は西原町千原道田59番地におい
て行われたものである。[Table] As shown above, compared to conventional fertilizers, the organic fertilizer of the present invention has been found to have extremely superior effects on both yield and quality, and has also been confirmed to have an extremely strong suppressive effect on the occurrence of nematodes, spot disease, and damping-off disease. It was done. The above test was conducted at 59 Chiharamichida, Nishihara-cho.